Kiran

CONFEDERATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATION

A P APER PRESENT ATION ON

IRIS SCAN TECHNOLOGY V.DEEPAN KIRAN KUMAR (IST YEAR CSE)

([email protected])

MAHENDRA ENGINEERING COLLEGE.

.

IRIS RECOGNITION. INTRODUCTION: Iris recognition is a method of biometric authentication that uses pattern recognition techniques based on high-resolution images of the irides of an individual's eyes. Not to be confused with another less prevalent ocular-based technology, retina scanning, iris recognition uses camera technology, with subtle infrared illumination reducing specular reflection from the convex cornea, to create images of the detailrich, intricate structures of the iris. Converted IRIS OF HUMAN EYE into digital templates, these images provide mathematical representations of the iris that yield unambiguous positive identification of an individual. Iris recognition efficacy is rarely impeded by glasses or contact lenses. Iris technology has the smallest outlier (those who cannot use/enroll) group of all biometric technologies. The only biometric authentication technology designed for use in a one-to many search environment, a key advantage of iris recognition is its stability, or template longevity as, barring trauma, a single enrollment can last a lifetime.

The iris is the green/grey/brown area. The other structures visible are the pupil in the centre and the white sclera surrounding the iris. The overlying cornea is pictured, but not visible, as it is transparent.

Breakthrough work to create the iris recognition algorithms required for image acquisition and one-to-many matching was pioneered by John G. Daugman, Ph.D, OBE (University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory). These were utilized to effectively debut commercialization of the technology in conjunction with an early version of the IrisAccess system designed and manufactured by Korea's LG Electronics. Daugman's algorithms are the basis of almost all currently (as of 2006) commercially deployed irisrecognition systems. (In tests where the matching thresholds are – for better comparability – changed from their default settings to allow a false-accept rate in the region of 10−3 to 10−4 , the IrisCode false reject rates are comparable to the most accurate single-finger fingerprint matchers .

Operating principle: An iris-recognition algorithm first has to identify the approximately concentric circular outer boundaries of the iris and the pupil in a photo of an eye. The set of pixels covering only the iris is then transformed into a bit pattern that preserves the information that is essential for a statistically meaningful comparison between two iris images. The mathematical methods used resemble those of modern lossy compression algorithms for photographic images. In the case of Daugman's algorithms, a Gabor wavelet transform is used in order to extract the spatial frequency range that contains a good best signalto-noise ratio considering the focus quality of available cameras. The results are a set of complex numbers that carry local amplitude and phase information for the iris image. In Daugman's algorithms, all amplitude information is discarded, and the resulting 2048 bits that represent an iris consist only of the complex sign bits of the Gabordomain representation of the iris image. Discarding the amplitude information ensures that the template remains largely unaffected by changes in illumination and virtually negligibly by iris color, which contributes significantly to the long-term stability of the biometric template. To authenticate via identification (one-too many template matching) or verification (one-to one template matching) a template created by imaging the iris, is compared to a stored value template in a database. If the Hamming distance is below the decision threshold, a positive identification has effectively been made.

A practical problem of iris recognition is that the iris is usually partially covered by eye lids and eyelashes. In order to reduce the false-reject risk in such cases, additional algorithms are needed to identify the locations of eye lids and eyelashes, and exclude the bits in the resulting code from the comparison operation. A graphic, entitled "The Challenge of Rapid Iris Capture", illustrates the movement of the eyelids and eyelashes, as well as the contemporaneous movements of the eyeball within the orbit (eye socket).

Advantages: The iris of the eye has been described as the ideal part of the human body for biometric identification for several reasons:

 It is an internal organ that is well protected against damage and wear by a highly transparent and sensitive membrane (the cornea). This distinguishes it from fingerprints, which can be difficult to recognize after years of certain types of manual labor.

 The iris is mostly flat and its geometric configuration is only controlled by two complementary muscles (the sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae), which control the diameter of the pupil. This makes the iris shape far more predictable than, for instance, that of the face.

 The iris has a fine texture that – like fingerprints – is determined randomly during embryonic gestation. Even genetically identical individuals have completely independent iris textures, whereas DNA (genetic "fingerprinting") is not unique for the about 1.5% of the human population who have a genetically identical monozygotic twin.

 An iris scan is similar to taking a photograph and can be performed from about 10 cm to a few meters away. There is no need for the person to be identified to touch any equipment that has recently been touched by a stranger, thereby eliminating an objection that has been raised in some cultures against finger-print scanners, where a finger has to touch a surface, or retinal scanning, where the eye can be brought very close to a lens (like looking into a microscope lens).

 Some argue that a focused digital photograph with an iris diameter of about 200 pixels contains much more longterm stable information than a fingerprint.

 The originally commercially deployed iris recognition algorithm, John Daugman's Iris Code, has an unprecedented false match rate (better than 10−11).

 While there are some medical and surgical procedures that can affect the colour and overall shape of the iris, the fine texture remains remarkably stable over many decades. Some iris identifications have succeeded over a period of about 30 years.  As the morphogenesis of the iris that occurred during the month of seven remains stable throughout life it never changes with the time.  Uniqueness will be maintained between even the multi-birth children and so it is very difficult to forge.  There will be no effect on our eyes since there is no direct contact.

 The accurateness of the scanning technology is great with error rates being very low.  speed is high

Security considerations: Like with most other biometric identification technology, a still not satisfactorily solved problem with iris recognition is the problem of "live tissue verification". The reliability of any biometric identification depends on ensuring that the signal acquired and compared has actually been recorded from a live body part of the person to be identified, and is not a manufactured template. Many commercially available iris recognition systems are easily fooled by presenting a highquality photograph of a face instead of a real face, which makes such devices unsuitable for unsupervised applications, such as door access-control systems. The problem of live tissue verification is less of a concern in supervised applications (e.g., immigration control), where a human operator supervises the process of taking the picture. Methods that have been suggested to provide some defence against the use of fake eyes and irises include:

 Changing ambient lighting during the identification (switching on a bright lamp), such that the papillary reflex can be verified and the iris image be recorded at several different pupil diameters

 Analyzing the 2D spatial frequency spectrum of the iris image for the peaks caused by the printer dither patterns found on commercially available fake-iris contact lenses

 Analyzing the temporal frequency spectrum of the image for the peaks caused by computer displays

 Using spectral analysis instead of merely monochromatic cameras to distinguish iris tissue from other material

 Observing the characteristic natural movement of an eyeball (measuring nystagmus, tracking eye while text is read, etc.)

 Testing for retinal retro reflection (red-eye effect)

 Testing for reflections from the eye's four optical surfaces (front and back of both cornea and lens) to verify their presence, position and shape

 Using 3D imaging (e.g., stereo cameras) to verify the position and shape of the iris relative to other eye features

 A 2004 report by the German Federal Office for Information Security noted that none of the iris-recognition systems commercially available at the time implemented any livetissue verification technology. Like any pattern-recognition technology, live-tissue verifiers will have their own falsereject probability and will therefore further reduce the overall probability that a legitimate user is accepted by the sensor.

Deployed applications: Pakistan Iris recognition technology has been implemented by BioID Technologies SA in Pakistan for UNHCR repatriation project to control aid distribution for Afghan refugees. Refugees are repatriated by UNHCR in cooperation with Government of Pakistan and they are paid for their travel. To make sure people do no get paid more than once their Iris is scanned and the system will detect the refugees on next attempt. By database size this is the world's largest Iris Recognition having more than 1.3 million Iris code templates and around 4000 registrations per day. The one-much iris comparison takes place within 1.5 second against 1.3 million iris codes. United Arab Emirates Homeland Security Border Control / Iris Guard Iris Expellee Tracking System® based on its Iris Farm Architecture® (IFA) have been operating in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) since 2001 when the UAE launched a national border-crossing security initiative. Today all of the UAE’s Land, Air and Sea ports of entry are equipped with Iris Guard systems. All foreign nationals who possess a visa to enter the UAE are processed through Iris Guard iris cameras installed at all primary and auxiliary immigration inspection points.

One of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardized by ICAO for use in future passports (the other two are fingerprint and face recognition) At Schiphol Airport, Netherlands, iris recognition has permitted passport free immigration since 2001

UK's IRIS - Iris Recognition Immigration System Used to verify the recognition of the "Afghan Girl" (Sharbat Gula) by National Geographic photographer Steve McCurry. In a number of US and Canadian airports, as part of the NEXUS program that facilitates entry into the US and Canada for preapproved, low-risk travellers. In several Canadian airports, as part of the CANPASS Air program that facilitates entry into Canada for pre-approved, lowrisk air travellers. Demolition Man (1993) Character played by Wesley Snipes uses the Warden's gouged eye to gain access through security door. In Dan Brown's 2000 novel Angels and Demons, an assassin gains access to a top secret CERN laboratory using a scientist's eye.

Steven Spielberg's 2002 science fiction film Minority Report depicts a society in which what appears to be a form of iris recognition has become daily practice. The principal character undergoes an eye transplant in order to change his identity but continues to use his original eyes to gain access to restricted locations. The Simpsons Movie (2007) features a scene that illustrates the difficulty of image acquisition in iris recognition.[4] Numbers features a scene where a robber gets into the CalSci facility by cracking the code assigned to a specific iris. NCIS uses an Iris scanner in the garage, where forensic vehicle investigations are carried out and evidence is stored. The sequence of Leroy Jethro Gibbs being verified is shown in the title sequence.

Iris Scans' Leader Looks Secure Dominant player Iridian's patent on the technology is expiring. Rivals plan to jump in, but overtaking the pioneer is unlikely anytime soon in the mid-1980s, ophthalmologists Leonard Flom and Aran Safir realized that no two patients' irises were alike, and the idea of identifying people by their irises -- the colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil -- was born. In 1987, the pair was issued the so-called Flom patent, which has given the company they founded, Iridian Technologies, dominance in the iris-recognition market.

But Iridian's market leadership is about to be challenged. The Flom patent expired in the U.S. in February, and it will expire in Europe and much of Asia in 2006. This means a struggle over the rollout of new iris-recognition products, with smaller startups already beginning to challenge Iridian's lock on a business expected to grow more than six fold by 2009. ACQUISITION TARGET? Competitors, however, will have a hard time catching up to Iridian, which is flush with cash and likely to become more so. In April, the privately held company closed yet another $5 million round of funding. Now that iris scans are showing such promise, many venture-capital firms view Iridian as an attractive investment or acquisition prospect. Take Robert LaPenta, co-founder of defense contractor L-3 Communications Holdings (LLL ), who formed a $250 million biometrics fund on June 7. He says the money will be used to cobble together a biometrics powerhouse. LaPenta plans to purchase several outfits in fingerprinting and facial and iris recognition to develop a single, super reliable system integrating several biometric methods. And Iridian is on the short list, says LaPenta. "We're looking at market leaders to acquire," LaPenta says. Iridian says only that it might seek more funding in the future. CROWDING FIELD:

Since its founding in 1990, Moorestown (N.J.)-based Iridian has controlled about 99% of the market, licensing its software and know-how to a few iris camera makers such as Panasonic (MC ) and LG Electronics. It has successfully sued for patent infringement every company that has tried to slip into the market without its blessing. While Iridian still holds some two dozen active patents on everything from ways to digitize an iris scan to camera design, expiration of the Flom patent will finally allow a stream of competitors to enter the iris-recognition market. Within a year, at least five well-established players will be in the market, believes Maxine Most, principal for Boulder (Colo.) biometrics consultancy Acuity Market Intelligence. Other analysts peg the number at a dozen companies. This influx should boost the iris-scanning market, which has long lagged behind that of fingerprinting (the leading biometric today) and facial identification. Iris recognition -- widely considered to be the most accurate method of quick biometric identification -- hasn't taken off due to governments and large corporations hesitating to rely on a single vendor, says Prianka Chopra, an analyst with Frost & Sullivan. A year ago, Iridian had to start offering no-cost licenses to developers for use in passport and visa verification so the International Civil Aviation Organization, which sets standards for international travel documents, wouldn't axe the possibility of the technology's future use over concern about having a single supplier. AIRPORT SECURITY: Now that the Flam patent is becoming history, the iris-recognition market is projected to skyrocket. It's set to raise from $81 million last year to $518 million by 2009, Chopra estimates. That would make it one of biometrics' fastestgrowing areas. Iridian is still expected to be a big beneficiary in the next few years. But other iris-scanner startups will get a piece of the action, as various governments and agencies are expected to adopt the technology within a couple of years.

Several U.S. government and international agencies are close to rolling out iris recognition. For example, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is winding up a year of pilot studies involving 10,000 people at six U.S. airports. The decision to deploy the technology at all airports is expected within months. IMPLEMENTATION IN AIRPORT SECURITY:

• It is designed to allow only authorized people around the airport terminal in certain areas. • But there is a chance that an unauthorized person had time to dash in behind an authorized person once the irisrecognition allowed access a practice it termed "piggybacking" or "tail-gating." • To avoid this problem we can have two doorways. • The first door opens upon iris recognition and hand geometry and then closes behind the person, leaving them in a small portal. The next door will only open upon confirming there is just one person in the portal.

THROUGH THE ROOF." Chances are the technology will get the green light. After all, unlike fingerprints, irises can't be destroyed. Iris recognition is also more sanitary, since people don't have to touch a scanner. The latest iris cameras can snap an image at a distance of up to 24 inches. So, they could eventually be used to identify patients at hospitals, protect sites like nuclear plants, and safeguard various countries' borders. That's good news for a growing crop of startups. "The level of interest in the past couple of months has gone through the roof," says most. Many of these companies will make their public debut in August, when the National Institute of Standards & Technology kicks off the first phase of its Iris Challenge Evaluation. In this first-ever, large-scale competition among various irisrecognition technologies, NIST will conduct independent evaluation of various techniques. The FBI, TSA, and a halfdozen other U.S. agencies -- potentially prime users of the technology in the coming years -- are sponsoring the competition. Startups that do well could have an easier time securing their first contracts. LOYAL PARTNERS. Some new entrants are already releasing their first iris-recognition products. Vienna (Va.)-based IriTech and its two camera-maker licensees will start shipping within two months, says Ken Nosker, IriTech's vice-president for business development. Their cameras will sell for as much as 20% less than those manufactured by Iridian's partners, he says. "We're going after, essentially, the same markets," says Nosker. "Our strategy is to undercut the competition dramatically." Already, existing Iridian customers are starting to expect price concessions. "I'm sure Iridian will adjust prices as competitors come in," says Imad Malhas, CEO of Iris Guard, an integrator that negotiates prices with Iridian on behalf of buyers such as the United Arab Emirates, the only country in the world currently deploying iris-scanning systems at

borders and airports nationwide. Acuity's Most expects camera prices to fall by more than 50% in the next couple of years. Still, Iridian is unlikely to see any customer defections any time soon. Most of its partners already have purchased longterm licenses. LG's license expires in 2015. Plus, Iridian's technology is already proven, and its camera-maker licensees have invested lots of money into developing their devices. "We're very, very happy with the way our current system works," says David Johnston, vice-president for worldwide marketing at LG Electronics USA. And if even LG, currently embroiled in a bitter contract dispute with Iridian over royalties, feels that way, then Iridian appears to be secure.

NEXT UP: LAPTOPS

What's more, Iridian is far ahead of rivals in its designs, say several industry experts, including Frost & Sullivan's Chopra. The outfit's partners are already shipping the world's first handheld iris-recognition cameras. The size of a candy bar, the camera can be carried by police officers to identify suspects or be used at hospitals to identify patients at check-in. And in the second half of 2005, Iridian will introduce a chip for laptops and personal digital assistants that will verify their users' identities -- with irises snapped by a cheap, built-in 1- to 2-megapixel camera. The chip's introduction should dramatically push down prices on iris-recognition systems and take the technology into a myriad of everyday consumer-electronics devices, believes Frank Fitzsimmons, Iridian's president and CEO. Given such potential and growing markets globally, losers will be unlikely in the Flom patent's quiet passing.

After the latest news from London and the United Kingdom regarding terrorist plots and airport security, many travelers are unhappy with the no-liquids rule and the barebones carry on-luggage refusal. Many travelers ask, can't there be an easier way? The joint implementation of a new biometric technology could be finalized just in time. If you've traveled in Canada recently or between certain main airports between the United States and Canada, you may have seen some passengers boarding with special tags. And luggage. These travelers are part of the NEXUS Air pilot project. Their identification has already been established and their physical selves identified by biometric technology, via an optical machine scan of their iris. The NEXUS Air pilot project is a joint initiative of the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA), and United States Customs and Border Protection. If successful, secure and easier travel may be possible for crowded airports and waiting business persons flowing into airports every day. Biometrics is the study of automated methods for uniquely recognizing humans based upon one or more intrinsic physical or behavioral traits. The NEXUS technology makes possible quick and secure entry into Canada and the United States for pre-approved, low-risk air travellers. The NEXUS Air pilot project was implemented at the Vancouver International Airport in November 2004. In the wake of recent terror events, pressure may be brought to bear that this program be opened up to nationwide travel. Business travelers (and their employer corporations) especially may clamor for anything that facilitates shorter delays and more carry-on luggage. The NEXUS Air pilot project would normally seem like a James Bond type measure if it were not for events of September 11 and stepped-up levels of terrorism alerts. But volumes of travel must be allowed to continue unless the United States Government wants to underwrite more airline aid should sagging ticket sales occur.

CONCLUSION: • Users no longer have to worry about remembering passwords and having weak passwords that are easily cracked. •

The uniqueness of the iris and low probability of a false acceptance or false rejection all contribute to the benefits of using iris recognition technology.

•

As according to our implementation the comparison time of the iris code with the iris database is very much less from the current system.

THIS HARD COPY IS PREPARED BY MAHENDRA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CSE BRANCH STUTENTS. V.DEEPAN KIRAN KUMAR, C.HENRY SAMUEL.