Kenneth's Ch 25 Outline, Pt 1

Kenneth Li Euro Hist. 6th Period 11-26-07 Ch. 25, pg 689-699 I. Revolutions in the Transatlantic World A. Introduction 1) Between 1776 and 1824, series of revolution occurred in France and Americas. i) In half a century, Americas were independent of England. 2) All revolutionary leaders wanted to make new governments based on Enlightenment principles. 3) Seven Years War made Britain, Spain, and France pay many fees. i) France aided Americas in American Revolution. ii) French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars made Spain and Portugal seek independence. iii) Made crusade to end slave trade, then eventually slavery. 4) Political and economic dislocations helped antislavery forces succeed. II. Revolution in the British Colonies in North America A. Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue 1) Treaty of Paris in 1763 ended 7 years war. 2) British faced 2 major problems. i) Couldn’t carry costs of empire. ii) Defeat of French required British to organize given lands. 3) British drive for revenue began in 1764 with Sugar Act. i) Attempted to produce more revenue from imports by collecting reduced tax on sugars. ii) Next year, Parliament passed Stamp Act; put legal tax on certain items. iii) Americas responded that they can tax themselves. 4) In October 1765, Stamp Act Congress met in America; drew up protest to crown. i) Much disorder in colonies, but then agreed to boycott British goods. B. American Political Ideas 1) Political ideas from America rose from 17th century English aristocrats. i) Colonists said that British Parliament were attacking liberties and bonds between two people by the use of measures imposed from 1763 to 1776. 2) Throughout 18th century Americans became familiar with British political writers named the Commonwealthmen. i) Had republican political ideas and relentlessly criticized the government ii) Had little impact on British government. iii) Most Britons regarded themselves as most free people of the world. iv) Only Treaty of Paris made Great Britain realize worst fear of Commonwealthmen were true. C. Crisis and Independence

1) In 1767 Charles Townshend led Parliament to regulate tax. i) Had to bring soldiers to protect these new officers. ii) Tension resulted, leading in 5 colonists killed in the Boston massacre. iii) Same year, Parliament repealed all Townshend duties except for tea. 2) In 1773, Parliament allowed East India Company to import tea into colonies i) Price of tea was lowered, but taxes stayed. ii) Colonists didn’t let tea into harbors, and threw one pack away into the ocean. iii) Known as the Boston Tea Party. 3) 1774, passed series of laws to America known as Intolerable Acts. i) Measures closed ports of Boston, let troops be quartered in American homes, etc. 4) Same year, Parliament approved Quebec Act i) Extended boundaries of Quebec to include Ohio River Valley. 5) Committees of correspondence had been established throughout colonies. i) Composed of citizens critical to Britain. ii) In 1774, organized First Continental Congress. iii) Hoped to persuade Parliament to restore self-government in colonies. iv) Britain didn’t agree; fought many battles with colonists. 6) Second Continental Congress gathered in 1775. i) Wanted conciliation with Britain, but then undertook government of colonies. ii) Paine’s pamphlet Common Sense galvanized public opinion on separation from Britain. iii) July 4th, 1776, Continental Congress accepted Declaration of Independence. 7) American colonies saw themselves as the first to preserve English liberties against tyrannical Crown and corrupt Parliament. i) Constitutional Convention met in 1787. ii) After it was adopted in 1788, Americans insisted protecting civil rights. iii) Americans embraced all equality, but didn’t set slaves free. iv) Nor did they set women or Native Americans as white men’s equals. v) Still was most free society out of all the world. III. Revolution in France 1) French monarchy lost Seven Years’ War, and was deeply in debt. i) French later supported Americas in American Revolution. ii) Exacerbated the fees due. 2) France failed in ability to collect reasonable taxes. i) Debts weren’t small but weren’t large either. 3) Between 1786 and 1788, Louis XVI tried to collect taxes and failed. i) Parliament of Paris said only Estates General can collect taxes. A. Revolutions of 1789 1) Estates General had 3 divisions: 1st Estate of Clergy, 2nd Estate of nobility, and 3rd Estate representing everyone else. i) People argued that 3rd estate should have twice as many members of either nobility.

ii) 3rd estate wanted each member to vote individually. 2) From beginning, 3rd estate made largely of officials, professionals, etc. i) Refused to sit as separate order as the king desired. ii) 3rd Estate invited clergy and nobles to join new legislative body. iii) That body declared itself National Assembly. 3) 3 days later, they found themselves locked out of own meeting place. i) Met at a nearby tennis court; took the Tennis Court Oath. ii) Continued to sit until they’ve given France a constitution. iii) Louis XVI ordered them to desist; afterwards most clergy and nobles joined. 4) Louis formally requested 1st an 2nd estate to meet with National Assembly. B. Fall of the Bastille 1) Two new factors intruded. i) Louis XVI tried regaining initiative by gathering troops near Versailles and Paris. ii) National Contituent Assembly wanted create constitutional monarchy. iii) Louis refuse, stopping it, but not permanently. 2) Second factor was populace of Paris. i) Gathering of royal troops; led to several bread riots. 3) On July 14th, 800 people went to Bastille to look for weapons for ht emilitia. i) Great fortress that held political prisoners; troops fired into crowd through miscalculations. ii) 98 died, many others wounded. iii) People stormed fortress, killing many soldiers and the governor. iv) They found no weapons. 4) First of many journees, or days, when populace of Paris would redirect course of revolution. i) Louis XVI came to Paris and recognized new elected government and its National Guard. 5) Movement known as Great Fear swept across French countryside. i) Movement was by peasants destroying property and refusing to pay taxes. 6) On 1789, aristocrats in National Constituent Assembly tried to stop disorder in countryside. i) Nobles had to give up special rights. ii) Was later compensated for their losses. iii) After that day, everyone was equal under law. 7) In 1789, assembly issued Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. i) French declaration said that all men were born and remain free and equal in rights. ii) Natural rights were liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. iii) Someone is innocent until proven guilty. iv) Freedom of religion and reasonable taxation. 8) Louis hesitated before he ratified these. i) Hesitation led to suspicions that he might use force.

ii) Many Parisian women marched to Versailles demanding more bread. iii) Milled around palace to demand; king had no choice but to submit. iv) Parisians demanded the king needed to be kept under watchful eye. v) Had no choice but to move to Paris. C. Reconstruction of France 1) National Constituent Assembly set about reorganizing France. i) While championing equality before the law, Assembly spurned social equality and extensive democracy. ii) Charted general course that many countries would follow. 2) Constitution of 1791 established constitutional monarchy. i) Monarch can delay but couldn’t halt legislation. ii) System of voting was complex and restricted. iii) Only about 50,000 citizens of 26 million can vote. 3) Leaving women out of the possibility of being able to vote didn’t go by unnoticed. i) Olympe de Gouges became major radical in Paris, and composed Declaration of the Rights of Woman. ii) Said that Declaration of the Right of Man and Citizen had some other things uncovered. 4) Assembly abolished ancient French Provinces and made departments. i) Ancient judicial courts were suppressed and replaced with uniform courts with elected judges and prosecutors.