Kasus Pneumonia

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PRESENTASI KASUS

IDENTITAS PASIEN  Nama  Jenis

: An. AMJ

Kelamin

 Tanggal

: Perempuan

Lahir : 05-09-2002

 Umur

: 6 tahun

 Alamat

: Bolopleret, Juwirang, Klaten

Mulai dirawat di bangsal Melati L 18 agustus -07 september 2009

ANAMNESIS

Demam hari ke 7 (rujukan dari Puskesmas Juwiring)

RIWAYAT PENYAKIT SEKARANG ±3 MSMRS batuk (+) berdahak putih, darah (-), pilek (-), demam (+), sesak (-)  ke dr. Umum, dx(?), Tx= obat puyer putih dan orange  demam menurun dan batuk menetap.

RIWAYAT PENYAKIT SEKARANG

5

±7 HSMRS

demam (+) naik turun dimulai siang hari sepulang sekolah, batuk (+) berdahak warna putih kental, sesak (-), terapi lanjut

RIWAYAT PENYAKIT SEKARANG

6

±6 HMRS demam (+), batuk (+), anak tampak sesak dan lemah  di bawa ke Puskesmas  di Dx= radang paru diterapi dan tidak membaik.

RIWAYAT PENYAKIT SEKARANG HMRS Keluhan menetap, makan minum menurun, orang tua minta untuk di rawat ke RS. Klaten

RIWAYAT PENYAKIT DAHULU 

Riwayat asma (-)



Riwayat alergi (-)

RIWAYAT PENYAKIT KELUARGA 

Riwayat sakit TBC (-)



Riwayat alergi (-)



Riwayat asma (-)

SILSILAH KELUARGA

39 thn

32 thn

6 thn

RIWAYAT KEHAMILAN & PERSALINAN Kehamilan

: kontrol rutin ke bidan setiap bulan, vitamin (+), Fe (+), TT (+), riwayat muntah berlebihan (+). Riwayat hipertensi (-), perdarahan (-)

Persalinan

: Lahir spontan ditolong bidan, Usia kehamilan 7 bulan kurang 1 minggu, langsung menangis,gerak aktif, biru(-), BB =1,7 kg, PB=?cm.

Pasca

lahir : kontrol rutin di Posyandu untuk imunisasi

Kesan : riwayat Kehamilan dan persalinan kurang baik

RIWAYAT MAKANAN  

0 – 4 bulan : ASI 4 – 12 bulan : ASI + susu formula



1 – 2 tahun : ASI + nasi tim + buah pisang



2 tahun– sekarang : Nasi biasa + laiuk pauk

Kesan : Kualitas dan kuantitas kurang

RIWAYAT PERTUMBUHAN & PERKEMBANGAN 

Motorik kasar :  duduk : 6 bln  berdiri : 9 bln  berjalan : 12 bln  sepeda roda empat : 6 thn



Motorik halus :  menggenggam pensil 9 bl  coret-coret 3 thn  menulis 5 thn

RIWAYAT PERTUMBUHAN & PERKEMBANGAN 

Bahasa bicara 1 kata : 9 bulan bicara 2 kata : 12 bulan merangkai kata : 3 thn



Sosial Tersenyum 2 bl melambai tangan 9 bln Bermain dengan teman 24 bln Kesan : Tidak ada gangguan perkembangan

IMUNISASI 

Hepatitis



BCG

: 0 bulan



Polio

: 2,3,4 bulan



DPT

: 2, 3, 4 bulan



Campak : 9 bulan



Booster : (-)

: 0, 2, 3 bulan

Kesan : Imunisasi dasar lengkap menurut PPI tidak sesuai IDAI

SOSIAL, EKONOMI DAN LINGKUNGAN  Sosio

ekonomi : Saat ini ayah bekerja sebagai tukang kayu, penghasilan ± Rp 700.000/bulan

 Lingkungan:

Tinggal bersama OT dan kakek dan nenek, saudara ibu 2 orang, di rumah dengan dinding tembok, lantai semen, 2 kamar tidur, satu kamar mandi di dalam rumah, buang air besar di sungai. Di samping rumah banyak terdapat kandang ayam. Ukuran rumah 6 x 9 m Sumber air dari sumur. Kesan: sosioekonomi kurang, lingkungan kurang

ANAMNESIS SISTEM 

Sistem serebrospinal : kejang (-), Demam (+)

 Sistem

kardiovaskular : biru (-), sesak (-)

 Sistem

respirator : sesak nafas (+),batuk (+) Pilek (-)

 Sistem

gastrointestinal : mual (-) muntah (-)

 Sistem

muskuloskeletal: tidak ada keluhan

 Sistem

urogenital

 Sistem

: BAK normal

integumentum : tampak papul, multipel, tersebar

PEMERIKSAAN FISIK (PADA TANGGAL 18/08/09)

KESAN UMUM

Lemah,CM, kesan status gizi kurang Nadi

120x /menit, teratur, isi dan tegangan cukup

RR

68 kali/menit

Suhu

39°C

Tensi

100/60 mmHg

PEMERIKSAAN FISIK 3. Status gizi

: klinis: edema (-)

Kurus : (+) BB : 15,0 kgBMI/U: -3 < z < -2 TB : 112,0 cm

BB/U : -3 < z < -2

LK : 47,0 cm

TB/U : -2 < z < -1

LD : 51,0 cm LLA

: 14,0 cm

BMI

: 11,96

Kesan : status gizi kurang

PEMERIKSAAN FISIK 4. Kulit 5. Kelenjar Limpe

: UKK (-) : ttb

6. Otot

: Eutrofi

7. Tulang

: Deformitas (-)

8. Sendi

: Deformitas (-)

PEMERIKSAAN KHUSUS 1.

Leher : kaku kuduk (-), kelenjar limfe: ttb, massa (-)

2.

Dada : Simetris, KG (-), Retraksi (+) suprasternal dan subcostal a) Jantung : Batas kanan atas : Sela iga II, garis parasternal kanan, batas kanan bawah : Sela iga IV, garis parasternal kanan, batas kiri atas : Sela iga II, garis parasternal kiri, batas kiri bawah : Sela iga IV, garis midklavikula kiri, - Suara jantung : Suara 1 tunggal, suara 2 tidak konstan, Bising (-)

PEMERIKSAAN KHUSUS Kanan

Kiri

Inspeksi

KG (-), retraksi (+) suprasternal dan subcostal

KG (-), retraksi (+) suprasternal dan subcostal

Palpasi

fremitus normal

fremitus normal

Perkusi

Sonor

Sonor

Auskultasi

Vesikular (+), krepitasi Vesikular (+), krepitasi (+) (+)

3. Perut

: Supel, BU (+) N, T/E normal, Nyeri tekan (-)

Hepar ttb, Lien ttb. 4. Anogenital 5. Anggota

: perempuan, kelainan(-)

gerak : akral hangat, nadi kuat teraba, isi dan tegangan cukup, perfusi jaringan <2detik, sianosis (-)

PEMERIKSAAN KHUSUS Tungkai

Lengan

Kanan

Kiri

Kanan

Kiri

Gerakan

Bebas

Bebas

Bebas

Bebas

Trofi

Eutrofi

Eutrofi

Eutrofi

Eutrofi

Tonus

Normal

Normal

Normal

Normal

Kekuatan

5

5

5

5

Klonus

-

-

Ref. fisiologis

+

+

+

+

Ref. patologis

-

-

-

-

Tanda Meningeal

-

Sensibilitas Kesan normal

PEMERIKSAAN KHUSUS 6.

Kepala Ukuran

: Normosefal

Uub

: menutup

Mata

: CA (-), SI (-), Isokor, diameter 3mm

Hidung

: nafas cuping hidung (-), discharge (-)

Telinga

: discharge (-)

Mulut

: Mukosa basah (+), sianosis (-)

Pharynx : hiperemis (-) Gigi

: caries (+)

RINGKASAN DATA DASAR ANAMNESIS 

Demam (+) 7 hari



Batuk (+) sejak 3 minggu yang lalu berdahak putih, darah (-)



Sesak (+) 1 minggu



Riwayat kontak TBC (-)



Riwayat alergi (-)



Riwayat asma (-)

RINGKASAN DATA DASAR

26

PEMERIKSAAN FISIK 

Ku : CM



Takipnea



Demam (+)



Dada: retraksi suprasternal dan subcostal



Paru : krepitasi (+)



Gizi kurang

TB SCORING 

Kontak dengan TB BTA (+)



PPD test

= (-)



Demam

=1



Status Gizi

=1



Batuk kronik

=1



Limfonodi

=0



Bone swelling

=0



Rontgen thoraks



Jumlah skor

=4

=0

=0

DIAGNOSIS BANDING 

Pneumonia



Gizi kurang

PENATALAKSANAAN 

Plan: 



Monitor ku/vs/wob

Diet: 

E = 1350 kcal/hari



P = 300 g/hari



C = 1250 cc/hari 

Oral = 650 cc/hari



Iv = 600 cc/hari (25 tpm mikro dextrose)

PENATALAKSANAAN 

Terapi: 

O2 nasal kanul 2 l/menit



Ampisilin 100 mg/kgBB/hari = 4x375mg



Kloramphenikol 100 mg/kgBB/hari = 4 x 375 mg



Parasetamol 10 mg/KgBB/kali = 150 mg k/p



Salbutamol 1, 5 mg tiap 8 jam

PLANNING

31



Pemeriksaan penunjang 

Darah rutin



Rontgen thoraks

HASIL PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG Darah Rutin tanggal 19/08/09: RBC 4,23

WBC 5.0

HGB 11,8 g/dL

Lym 47,1%

HMT 37 % MCV 87,7 (80-99) MCH 27,9 (27-31) MCHC Plt

31,8 (33-37)

125/micL

Mxd 8,5% Neu 46,4%

RONTGEN THORAKS 

Pneumonia duplex 19 Agustus 2009

RONTGEN THORAKS

27 Agustus 2009

RONTGEN THORAKS

31 Agustus 2009

RONTGEN THORAKS

7 September 2009

DIAGNOSIS KERJA 

Pneumonia



Gizi Kurang

PENATALAKSANAAN 

Plan: 



Monitor ku/vs/wob

Diet: 

E = 1350 kcal/hari



P = 300 g/hari



C = 1250 cc/hari 

Oral = 650 cc/hari



Iv = 600 cc/hari (25 tpm mikro dextrose)

PENATALAKSANAAN 

Terapi: 

O2 nasal kanul 2 l/menit



Ampisilin 100 mg/kgBB/hari = 4x375mg



Kloramphenikol 100 mg/kgBB/hari = 4 x 375 mg



Parasetamol 10 mg/KgBB/kali = 150 mg k/p



Salbutamol 1, 5 mg tiap 8 jam

FOLLOW UP

40

Tgl 1 Agustus 2009 

S/O : demam (-), sesak (-), batuk (+), tampak kurus, BB : 12 kg



HR :90x

RR : 32x t : 37

Dada : simetris, ketinggalan gerak (-), Paru : krepitasi (-) 

Ass : Pneumonia membaik, Gizi buruk Marasmik



Plan : Cefadroxil 3 x 200mg Salbutamol 0,1 mg/kgbb Tatalaksana 10 langkah KEP

PEMERIKSAAN FISIK 3. Status gizi

: klinis: edema (-)

Kurus : (+) BB : 12,5 kg TB : 112,0 cm

BB/U : -3 < SD

LK : 47,0 cm

TB/U : -0 < z < -1

LD : 51,0 cm LLA

: 14,0 cm

BMI

: 11,96

BMI/U : -3 SD Kesan : Status gizi Buruk

PENATALAKSANAAN 

Plan: Monitor ku/vs/wob



Tata laksana gizi Buruk : 10 Langkah KEP 

E 80 – 100 kcal/hari



P = 1 – 1,5 g/hari



C = 130 cc/kgbb/hari 

Oral

= F75 8 x 175 cc



Asam folat 1 x 5 mg



Vitamin A 200.000 IU



Bcomp 1 x 1 tab

FOLLOW UP

43

1 2

1 2

1 2

12, 5

1 3

13, 5

N

140

R

80

S 20/8 21/8 22/8 23/8 24/8 26/8 28/8 30/8 31/8 1/9 4/9 6/9

41

44

130

70

40

120

50

39

110

40

38

100

30

37

90

20

36 1 1

Ampisilin 4 x 375 mg Chloramp 4x375 mg

2 2

3 3

4 4 1

Ceftriaxon 2x750 mg

3

5

7

Cefadroxyl 2x300 mg

1

2

Eritromycin 3 x100mg

4 1

2

Nasi TKTP Muntah/ Defekasi Berat badan

_ 15 kg

_

_

_

15 kg

15 kg

15 kg 15 kg

15 kg

15 kg

15 kg

15 kg

15 kg

12 kg

12 kg

45

Perempuan, 6 tahun Demam 1 minggu Batuk 3 minggu Sesak 1 minggu Gizi kurang

Sosio ekonomi rendah Pendidikan OT rendah

ANALISA MASALAH TB Skor TB : 4 ASMA Riw. Atopi (-) Mengi (-) PNEUMONIA Takipnea (+) Retraksi dada (+) PF : Krepitasi (+) Rontgen pneumonia lobaris Intake nutrisi rendah

AB

Gizi buruk

Infeksi kronis

10 Langkah KEP

PNEUMONI A IS THE NO 1 KILLER OF CHILDREN

Indonesian National Health Survey 2001 Mortality of Infectious diseases Diarrhea 13%

Pneumonia 23%

Infants Perinatologi 35%

Neurology 12%

Typhoid 7%

Respiratory 28% Unknow n 21%

Neurology 3%

Gastro enteritis 4%

Diarrhea 9%

Others 39%

Gastro disturb 6%

Children <5 yr age

ETIOLOGY Pathogen

Role

Discussion

Streptococcus Leading S. pneumoniae is the leading pathogen in pneumoniae almost all studies from around the world. This

proportion may vary in different parts of the world.

Haemophilus Major influenzae

Other important pathogens

Most disease is caused by type b (Hib). Vaccine studies from Bangladesh, Chile and the Gambia suggest that Hib causes around 20% of severe pneumonia cases, although the proportion may vary in different parts of the world.

Less These pathogens include important viruses common such as respiratory synctitial virus (RSV) and influenza; other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae Unicef - WHO, Pneumonia the forgotten killer, 2006

49

AAP, 2008

50

AAP, 2008

DIAGNOSIS 

Chest X-rays and laboratory tests are used to confirm the presence of pneumonia, including the extent and location of the infection and prediction of its cause.

 But

in resource-poor settings, suspected cases of pneumonia are diagnosed by their clinical symptoms.

 Children

and infants are presumed to have pneumonia if they exhibit a cough and fast or difficult breathing.

Unicef - WHO, Pneumonia the forgotten killer, 2006

SIMPLE CLINICAL MANIFESTATION 

Fast breathing

Age respiratory rate < 2 mo 60 2 - 12 mo 50 1 - 5 yr 40



Chest indrawing

PNEUMONIA CLASSIFICATION Signs Classification • Fast breathing Severe pneumonia • Chest indrawing • Stridor in calm child • Fast breathing • No fast breathing

Non-severe pneumonia Other respiratory illness

Unicef - WHO, Pneumonia the forgotten killer, 2006

54

DIAGNOSIS

Evid. Based Med. 2000;5;152

TREATMENT 

Prompt treatment of pneumonia with a full course of appropriate antibiotics is lifesaving.



UNICEF & WHO have published guidelines for diagnosing and treating pneumonia in community settings in the developing world



This approach is proven, affordable and relatively straightforward to implement



Cotrimoxazole & amoxicillin are effective drugs against bacterial pathogens and are often used to treat children with pneumonia in developing countries.

Unicef - WHO, Pneumonia the forgotten killer, 2006

56

AAP, 2008

57

AAP, 2008

58

AAP, 2008

59

AAP, 2008

60

AAP, 2008

61

AAP, 2008

ZINC DAN PNEUMONIA

62



The preventive effects of zinc increased with respiratory disease severity



Zinc treatment was associated with an 8% reduction in the incidence of URI, a 12% reduction in cases of bronchiolitis, a 49% reduction in severe pneumonia, and a reduction in mortality from pneumonia by 100%. (relative risk, 15; 95% CI, 0.03-0.67). Lancet. 2005;366:999-1004.

TERIMAKASIH

63

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