Kapampangan Dialects

a seq uel to the dial ect stu dy of ka pamp an gan (1984 ) THE CALAGUIMAN AND MABATANG KAPAMPANGAN

by Anicia Del Corro, PhD

introduction • This research study is a sequel to the dialect study of Kapampangan done in 1983-84. • The highlights of the project are: – Classification of Kapampangan dialects – Description of the linguistic features that make each dialect distinct – The discovery of the Calaguiman and Mabatang dialect

retained diphthongs • Kapampangan regularly change the final diphthong of Tagalog or Sebuano into a monophthong: KAP TAG KAP SEB sukle suklay bale balay sabo sabaw sige sigay pane panay silo silaw

retained diphthongs • In Calaguiman and Mabatang (CM-Kap) however, diphthongs are consistently retained both in word-medial and word-final positions. • 1732 dictionary of Diego Bergano and other dictionaries: 1732 Bergano acay, albay ----- Tag-Engl dictionary bancay, altao, bante, abe 1874 Dimalanta albe 1875 Brabo aldo

retained diphthongs • Modern Kapampangan (SF-Kap) has no word-final diphthong.

goals of the study • To present a theory explaining the development of CM-Kap dialects • To present a grammatical analysis of either Calaguiman of Mabatang Kapampangan • To compare the grammatical and lexical differences – Between Calaguiman and Mabatang Kapampangan – Then with SF-Kap and CM-Kap • To check whether CM-Kap or a similar dialect is spoken in other towns neighboring Samal and Abucay • To prove or disprove the hypothesis of borrowing of diphthongs in CM-Kap

calaguiman-mabatang kapampangan

historical background The Abucay Massacre • At least 150 Pampango soldiers were tasked to defend the Church against Dutch invasion in 1647. • The Pampangos were defeated but upon the arrival of reinforcements, the Dutch were repulsed.

historical background The Samal Massacre • Upon the surrender of the Katipuneros and voluntarios in the fight over Samal, a Pampango voluntario killed a Katipunero according to accounts. This incident started the butchering of the prisoners. • This attests to Spaniards hiring people from Kapampangan speaking towns.

historical background Abucay as center of commerce • 1587, Abucay became center of missionary activities. • The first printing press in the Philippines was in Abucay. • The route of ships increased movement of Kapampangan speakers to the area.

geography

distinctions Psychological • CM-Kap speakers generally regard their dialect as samutan or haluan, and SF-Kap as the ‘genuine’ or ‘real’ Kapampangan.

Linguistic Features

Phonol ogic al L eve l

phonological level Pro-Tagalog Features • Diphthongization SF-Kap

salol marok balen papaten ken manugse manos

CM-Kap

pants bad town killing there to throw to wash

salawal marawak balayan papatayan kayan magugsay manwas

phonological level • Portmanteau Pronouns ku + ya > kuya ‘my + it’ > kuay metathesis > kue monophthongization >ke vowel coalescence • mu and na + ya undergo the same process.

phonological level • Classification of CM-Kap pronouns under diphthongization SF-Kap ke me ne

ku ‘my’ + ya ‘she or it’ mu ‘your’ + ya ‘she or it’ na ‘his’ + ya ‘she or it’

CM-Kap kwa mwa nya, naya

phonological level • Glottal stop Insertion: transitional glide substitution SF-Kap mayalikabuk malulam, maulap manasan batwin maimpis

dusty cloudy to fish star thin

CM-Kap maalikabuk maulap magasan bituin maimpis

phonological level • Glottal stop Insertion: voiceless consonant substitution SF-Kap busbus sipsipan kuskus kinaskas atlu atbu matbud

hole to sip wipe rubbed three sugarcane not durable

CM-Kap bubus sisipan kukus kinakas alu abu mabud

phonological level • Vowel Lowering SF-Kap mu tatakut pusu kabayu sanduk upu

your afraid heart horse laddle gourd

CM-Kap mo tatakot puso kabayo sandok upo

phonological level • [ ] and [a] SF-Kap bituk asaw lup byas ik

intestines spouse face smart you

CM-Kap bituka asawa lupa byasa ika

phonological level • Addition of /h/ SF-Kap tawul, kaung tindaan salawaan

CM-Kap kahul tindahan salawahan

phonological level Retention of CV Syllable Pattern • Insertion of full glide between vowels SF-Kap ta u pa u mayli bina u kayli

man turtle smiling smelled left handed

CM-Kap tawu pawu mayili binawu kayili

phonological level • Vowel Coalescence SF-Kap ya+itang ya+ining ya+ing/ining ya+ing ya+ing

pron+demo pron+demo pron+demo pron+art pron+art

CM-Kap yetang yening yening yetang yetang/yeng

phonological level • Loss of Initial Vowel /i/ SF-Kap ibye me ini kaya sipsipan me ini ayta itang gubat

CM-Kap ibyay me ni kaya sisipan me ni tayu tang gubat

Mor pho log ica l Le vel

morphological level • Usage of Tagalog affixes in CM-Kap SF-Kap a neng kalutu makaramdam

CM-Kap napakaluto maramdam

maputi mabilug

puti bilug

mangasyas

kumasyas

Le xica l L ev el

lexical differences • From the inventory of lexicon used in the questionnaire, CMKap showed 39% difference from SF-Kap. • From the 81 unique items to CM-Kap, 59% were similar for Calaguiman and Mabatang. 38% of items shows difference between Calaguiman and Mabatang.

co nc lu sion