Jesus In Control Table Of Contents.pdf

IMPLEMENTATION OF AVoIP LIVE BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY

REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON

REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN

Peace-Work-Fatherland

Paix-Travail-Patrie

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEURE

UNIVERSITY OF BUEA FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING INTERNSHIP REPORT ON THE THEME:

IMPLEMENTATION OF AVoIP LIVE BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY

Written and Presented by: BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD FE15A031 [email protected] Offered by:

CAMEROON RADIO TELEVISION MBALLA II Internship Report Submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Buea, in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) Degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, specialized in Telecommunications. Internship Duration: Monday 3rd September 2018 to Friday 28th of December 2018 Professional Supervisor:

Academic Supervisor:

Mr. Norbert NDONGO

Dr. Pierre TSAFACK

[email protected]

[email protected]

Academic Year 2018/2019 BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD / FE15A031/ INTERNSHIP REPORT 2018-2019/UB/ CRTV

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TITLE PAGE

IMPLEMENTATION OF AVoIP LIVE BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD Matriculation Number: FE15A031 Academic Year: 2018/2019

Internship Report Submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Buea, in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) Degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, specialized in Telecommunications System Engineering.

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LETTER OF SUBMISSION TO THE DEPARTMENT This internship report is submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering of the Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET) of the University of Buea, in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) Degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, specialized in Telecommunications System Engineering. This report is equivalent to Four months of full internship training at the Cameroon Radio Television, Mballa II Headquarters. Contact Information:  Author: BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD FE15A031/ [email protected] Faculty of Engineering and Technology Tel: +237 654142287/ 656134335 E-Mail: [email protected]  Professional Supervisor: Mr. NDONGO Norbert ONANA Head of Unit of Mobile and TV Retransmission Links, CRTV. Tel: +237 696601101 E-Mail: [email protected] CRTV, Mballa II  Academic Supervisor: Dr. TSAFACK Pierre Head of Department (HOD), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, FET Tel: +237 670913197 E-Mail: [email protected] P.O. Box 63, University of Buea

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INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE

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DECLARATION I, BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD with Matriculation Number FE15A031, declare that this internship report with theme “IMPLEMENTATION OF AVoIP LIVE BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY” carried out at CRTV Yaoundé from Monday the 3rd of September 2018 to Friday the 28th of December 2018 was done by me alone and has not received any previous academic credit by this or any other institution.

Signature……………………………………..........Date……………………………………...... Student (FE15A031)

Signature…………………………………………...Date……………………………………… Professional Supervisor

Signature…………………………………………...Date……………………………………… Academic Supervisor

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and most importantly, I thank GOD Almighty for his unconditional love, grace, protection and guidance throughout my lifetime, and especially throughout my internship training. I thank my dear parents, Mr. and Mrs. TATAP who love me and have shown me the light of the world, Jesus Christ. I also thank my brothers and sisters, and all my family for their refreshing presence. Special thanks to my elder brother TIWE TATAP Joel Ulrich. I thank the Cameroon Radio Television for giving me the opportunity to intern in such a good place. I thank Mr. Charles NDONGO, the Director General of CRTV, Mr. Jean Pierre CONGE, Mr. Michel NGOUBE, Director of Technology and TV Solutions, Mr. Lucien BAMBOK, to Mr. NDONGO Norbert my supervisor, Mr. NDANGA Thomas, and all those of the Retransmission team. I also appreciate Mr. EBONG Frank who transferred true Engineering skills in me. I also think of Mr. Charles EBUNE, Mr. Henry ECHU, Mr. MBALLA, Mr. BEKOLO Thierry, Mr. Joseph LEISEN, and Mr. EYA’AN Parfait for his practical expertise, Mr. Benjamin BAMBE for his social support, and many more. I thank the University of Buea and our Faculty with all our lecturers for their continuous investments in my life. I think of Professor Emmanuel TANYI, Dr. Pierre TSAFACK, Dr. AKANA, Dr. NGWASHI, who taught me the ethics of report writing, Mme FENDJI Danielle for her great support, Mr. Serge NOUADJEP, Mr. Valery NKEMENI, Dr. Janvier FOTSING and Mr. Emmanuel BISSONG, just to name a few. I also thank my elders, fellow classmates and friends for their motivations: Ferdinand NDILLE, GOUMMO Yves Privat, TABE BIAYE Bismac, Husserl FONOU, NGOUNE Bobby, Mohammed TATAH, TABAH Franklin, Gloria DEMGNE, NYAMSI Dimotho, SCHOUNE Berthe Djambane, and many more. I also sincerely thank the Church, and Pastor ADE Jacques-Dominique for spiritual and moral advice. Thanks to all.

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ABSTRACT The Cameroon Radio Television is an audiovisual company that produces TV and radio signals to the service of the public via satellite and DTT. These signals contain informational, cultural, educational and social contents. The field of video transport is constantly evolving. As new technologies emerge, they are put to work in transporting video signals for live broadcasting. This has been true for radio, coaxial cable, microwave, satellite, and optical fiber, and will also be true for the Internet Protocol, or IP. This latest step in the path of evolution may be the most important yet, because IP allows so many different types of video, audio, and data formats to be transported economically to any corner of the globe. The methodology I employed for solving this problem is to implement a real-time video streaming system using OBS Studio software. This enables live transmission of AV signals via internet for TV production. The key parts of my report are in the explanation of the various retransmission techniques employed, and the implementation of the AVoIP technology in Chapter Three. This report will benefit the CRTV and many other Telecommunication and Broadcasting structures in the deployment of the technology for live broadcasting events. It can also be used for other applications, such as teleconferencing and e-learning.

General Terms: Telecommunications, Wireless Communications, Live Broadcasting. Keywords: AVoIP, H.264/AVC, RTP, SMPTE-2022, Real-time video streaming, OBS Studio.

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LIST OF TABLES Tab 1:

Acronyms……………………………………………………………………….IV

Tab 2:

CRTV Regional Television Stations……………………………………………12

Tab 3:

CRTV Radio Proximity Channels……………………………………………...13

Tab 4:

CRTV’s Identification Elements……………………………………………….18

Tab 5:

Retransmission events done during my internship training…………………….38

Tab 6:

IPv4 Address Classes…………………………………………………………...53

Tab 7:

Various Departments I have worked through…………………………………..66

Tab 8:

Work Planning at the Unit of Video and Camera Exploitation………………...67

Tab 9:

Work Planning at the Unit of Audio Exploitation……………………………...68

Tab 10: A summary of video codecs……………………………………………………79 Tab 11: Network Streaming Protocols…………………………………………………..79

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LIST OF FIGURES Fig 1:

How IP Fits into the Data Communications Hierarchy…………………………..XXII

Fig 2:

Logo of CRTV………………………………………………………………………..3

Fig 3:

Logo of CRTV News…………………………………………………………………3

Fig 4:

CRTV Institutional Structures viewed from Google Maps…………………………..9

Fig 5:

Organizational Flowchart of the Department of Technology and TV Solutions……22

Fig 6:

Interior view of the OB Van………………………………………………………...32

Fig 7:

Transmission Principle of Analog Microwave………………………………….......39

Fig 8:

Methodology Flow Chart for AVoIP system implementation………………………48

Fig 9:

Structure of an AVoIP work system………………………………………………...49

Fig 10: Video Streaming Protocols………………………………………………………….52 Fig 11: Skills gained…………………………………………………………………………64

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LIST OF PICTURES Pic 1: CRTV Television Station………………………………………………………………1 Pic 2: Mr. Charles NDONGO, Director General of CRTV…………………………………..2 Pic 3: Mr. Emmanuel WONGIBE (Left), Deputy DG of CRTV discussing with the President of Rwanda, Paul KAGAME (Right)………………………………………………………2 Pic 4: CRTV Web Page…………………………………………………………………….....4 Pic 5: CRTV Television Station viewed from Google Earth…………………………………7 Pic 6: Mr. Florent ETOGA EILY, First DG of CRTV………………………………………..8 Pic 7: CRTV Radio Station at Avenue Konrad Adeneur, Yaoundé…………………………10 Pic 8: CRTV Television Station at Mballa II………………………………………………..11 Pic 9: Heads of CRTV Regional Stations……………………………………………………13 Pic 10: The IFCPA Institute at Ekounou, branch of the CRTV………………………………15 Pic 11: CRTV Top Management……………………………………………………………...17 Pic 12: My Internship Work Plan……………………………………………………………..22 Pic 13: Various cameras used for TV production: a) Standard studio video camera b) Special Panasonic HC V100 12 V/ 27.4 W………………………………………………………24 Pic 14: Colour Potentiometer used at the CCU……………………………………………….25 Pic 15: TRICASTER used for Live Production………………………………………………25 Pic 16: Video Mixing Equipment…………………………………………………………….26 Pic 17: The Administration Matrix: i) Matrix Racks ii) Control Machine…………………..27 Pic 18: Automation Matrix: a) Screen view b) Computer control……………………………28 Pic 19: G500: i) Monitoring screen ii) editing software…........................................................28 Pic 20: Sound connection bay at studio 1…………………………………………………......29 Pic 21: The Sound Control Station of Studio 1……………………………………………….30 Pic 22: Work done at a Post production cell: i) complete video editing set ii) special AVID Media Composer Keyboard iii) video editing in process iv) degree view with central processing unit…………………………………………………………………………...32 Pic 23: Working with OB Vans for live retransmission at the National Assembly…………..33 Pic 24: Some transmission and reception equipment used at the nodal………………………35 Pic 25: Some equipment found at the nodal: i) Analog Microwave Link Receiver ii) The Specialized Internet link iii) A TV Screen for the News Feed iv) Digital Microwave Link Receiver………………………………………………………………………………….36 BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD / FE15A031/ INTERNSHIP REPORT 2018-2019/UB/ CRTV

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Pic 26: CRTV DVB-T2 Bouquet offered……………………………………………………..37 Pic 27: Satellite transmission at the Earth Station: a) DVB-T2 Transceiver b) Other installed transceivers………………………………………………………………………………38 Pic 28: Flowchart for signal uplink transmission via satellite………………………………...38 Pic 29: Portable analog Microwave link used for retransmissions……………………………41 Pic 30: Digital Microwave used for retransmission: i) Front view ii) Interior view………….43 Pic 31: CRTV’s motorized satellite system…………………………………………………...45 Pic 32: Ethernet Switch at Nodal……………………………………………………………...46 Pic 33: TVU Pack used for live broadcasting………………………………………………...48 Pic 34: OBS Studio software load page………………………………………………………57 Pic 35: Setting of scene and sources…………………………………………………………..58 Pic 36: Step 5-Youtube live stream key page for OBS……………………………………….58 Pic 37: Youtube Live Streaming Page………………………………………………………...59 Pic 38: An Example of daily report writing: i) Front cover page ii) back page………………49

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LIST OF ACRONYMS Tab 1: Acronyms AND Meanings ACRONYM

MEANING

3G

Third Generation

4G

Fourth Generation

5G

Fifth Generation

ABR

Adaptive Bit Rates

ATSC

Advanced Televisions Systems Committee

ATV

Advanced Television

AV

Audiovisual

AVC

Advanced Video Coding

BNC

Bayonet Neill-Concelman

BUC

Block up converter

CAMTEL CATV

Cameroon Telecommunications Cable Television

CCD

Charged Couple Device

CCU

Camera Control Unit

CDMA COFDM CRTV CTV

Coded Division Multiple Access Coded Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplex Cameroon Radio Television Cameroon Television

DG

Director General

DSL

Direct Subscriber Line

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DTH

Direct-To-Home

DTV

Digital Television

DVB-T

Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial

EPG

Electronic Program Guide

EM

Electromagnetic

FCC

Federal Communications Commission

FEC

Forward Error Correction

FECAFOOT

Fédération Camerounaise de Football

GOP

Group of Pictures

GSE

Generic Stream Encapsulation

GSM

Global System for Mobile Communication

HD

High Definition

HDMI

High Definition Multimedia Interface

HDTV

High Definition Television

HLS HTTP

HTTP Live Streaming Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

ID

Identification

IF

Intermediate Frequency

IFCPA

Institut de Formation de la Conservation du Patrimoine Audiovisuel

IoT

Internet of Things

IP

Internet Protocol

IPTV

Internet Protocol Television

IPv4

IP version 4

IPv6

IP version 6

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ISDB-T

Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting-Terrestrial

ISMAT

Institut Supérieure MATAMFEN

ISO

International Standard Organization

ITU-R

International Telecommunications Union- Radio Sector

JPEG

Joint Pictures Experts Group

LAN

Local Area Network

LNB

Low Noise Block

LOS

Line-Of-Sight

LTE

Long Term Evolution

MFN

Multiple Frequency Network

MIMO

Multiple Input Multiple Output

MPEG

Motion Pictures Expert Group

NTSC

National Televisions System Committee

OB OFDM OS PABX

Outside-Broadcasting Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplex Operating System Private Branch Exchange

PAL

Phase Alternate Line

QAM

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QoS QPSK

Quality of Service Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

R/S

Reed/Solomon

RF

Radio Frequency

RTMP

Real Time Messaging Protocol

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RTP

Real Time Protocol

SD

Standard Definition

SDI

Serial Definition Interface

SDTV

Standard Definition Television

SECAM

Séquentiel Couleur à Mémoire

SFN

Single Frequency Network

SIP

Session Initiation Protocol

SMPTE

Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers

SONET

Synchronous Optical Network

STB

Set-top box

TCP

Transmission Control Protocol

TMCC TS

Transmission and Multiplex Control Transport Stream

UDP

User Datagram Protocol

UHF

Ultra-High Frequency

UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems

URL

Uniform Resource Locator

USA

United States of America

VHF

Very High Frequency

VOD

Video on Demand

VPN

Virtual Private Network

VSB

Vestigial Sideband Modulation

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GLOSSARY OF KEYWORDS AND TERMS

IP: It stands for Internet Protocol. It is the main technology for live streaming applications. Its function is to correctly address data packets and route them to their corresponding destinations. SMPTE: It stands for Society of Moving Pictures and Television Engineers. SMPTE is the world’s largest member’s society for those working with the moving image– and its audio and metadata. [22] Broadcasting: It is a way of sending information signals from one source to either one or more destined receivers. The latter do not do same to the transmitter. In case of one-to-one communication, we call it unicast, and in the case of one-to-many communication, we call it multicast. Bit stream: A bit stream is a flow of data in a given rate. It can be 0s and 1s or any other stream of information to be conveyed via a channel. It is measured in bits per second. CODEC: Short for “Encoder and Decoder”; often used to describe video or audio compression equipment. H.264/AVC: It is a strong video codec technique used for live broadcasting. RTP: It stands for Real Time Protocol (or Real Time Transport Protocol). It is a Data transport protocol

that

is

specifically

designed

for

transporting

real-time

signals

such

as streaming video and audio. RTP is often used in conjunction with UDP and provides important functions such as packet sequence numbering and packet time stamping. RTP is used in conjunction with RTCP. [12] OBS Studio: Open Broadcaster Software Studio is an open-source software used to perform live streaming of video, audio and ancillary information over the internet, for various purposes, one of which includes live broadcasting of AV signals. It is downloaded at www.obsproject.com

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TABLE OF CONTENTS COVER PAGE…………………………………………………………………………………I TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………………….II LETTER OF SUBMISSION TO THE DEPARTMENT…………………………………….III INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE……………………………………………………………….IV DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………………...V DECLARATION……………………………………………………………………………..VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…...……………………….………………………....................VII ABSTRACT……………………………………...…………………………………………VIII List of Tables…………………….………………………………….......................................IX List of Figures…………………...…………………..………………………………………...X List of Pictures...……….……………………….………………………………………….....XI List of Acronyms…..……..……………………..………………………...….......................XIII Glossary of Keywords and Terms…………………………………………………………XVII Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………XVIII General Introduction…………………….….…………………………….……………....XXI Chapter One: BACKGROUND OF CRTV………………………………………................1 1.1 Introduction……………………………………………............................................1 1.2 Vision…..…...………………………………………...….........................................1 1.3 Mission……………………………………………………………………………...4 1.4 Core Values……………………………………………………………....................5 1.5 Quality Assurance given by CRTV………………………........................................6 1.6 Company Structure……………………………………………………………….....6 1.6.1 Location and Geographical Background…......................................................6 1.6.2 Historical Background………………………………………………………..7

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1.6.3 Institutional Structure...............................………………...............................8 1.7 Organization and Management…………………………………………………….16 1.8 Field of Specialization……………………………………………………………..18 1.9 International Experience…………………………………………………………...19 1.10Reference Projects and Services Furnished by CRTV………………………….....19 1.10.1 Projects Furnished..…………………………………………………………19 1.10.2 Services Offered………………...…………………………………………...19 1.11Partial Conclusion…………………………………………………………………20 Chapter Two: OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE…………………………...…..21 2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………..................................21 2.2 Joining of the company……………………………………………………………21 2.3 Section of the company I have been working………………………………….....22 2.3.1 Unit of Video and Camera Exploitation………………………………………23 2.3.2 Unit of Audio Exploitation……………………………………………………...29 2.3.3 Unit of Exploitation of Post-Production Equipment……………………….......30 2.3.4 Unit of Exploitation of OB Van No 3……………………………………….......32 2.3.5 Unit of Exploitation of Mobile and TV Retransmission Equipment……………34 2.3.6 The Earth Station…………………………………………………….................37 2.4 Work Piece or Task I have been performing………………………………………38 2.4.1 Retransmission Performed……………………………………………………38 2.4.2 Project Work: Implementation of AVoIP Live Broadcasting Technology……47 2.5 Procedure I have been using when performing work tasks………………………..60 2.6 My Performance during accomplishing tasks……………………………………..61 2.7 Challenges I have faced……………………………………………………………61 2.8 Measures I have taken for challenges……………………………………………...62 2.9 Partial Conclusion……….…………………………………………………….......62 Chapter Three: OVERALL BENEFITS OF THE INTERNSHIP………………………63 3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………..................63 3.2 Improving Practical Skill………………………………………………………......63 3.3 Upgrading the Theoretical Knowledge……………………………………………63 3.4 Upgrading Interpersonal Communication Skills…………………………………..63 3.5 Improving Team Playing Skill………………………………………………….....64 BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD / FE15A031/ INTERNSHIP REPORT 2018-2019/UB/ CRTV

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3.6 Improving Leadership Skill………………………………………………………..64 3.7 Work Ethics and Related Issues…………………………………………………...64 3.8 Entrepreneurship Skills……………………………………………………………64 3.9 Partial Conclusion……………….....……………………………………………...65 Chapter Four: CONCLUSION ………………………………………………….................66 4.1 General Conclusion…………………………………………..................................66 4.2 Contributions to Engineering and Technology…………………………………….66 4.3 Recommendations…………………………………………………………………66 4.3.1 Recommendations to CRTV…………………………….…………………......66 4.3.2 Recommendations to the University of Buea………………………….............66 4.4 Open Points and Future Scope………………………………………………….....67

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………68 APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………….71

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GENERAL INTRODUCTION  BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW The television industry is no stranger to transition. Over the past two decades, local stations, station groups and networks have completed successful transitions of their entire infrastructure from analog to digital video and transmission. Many, too, have also completed transitions from SD to HD, linear to file-based workflows and single-channel service to multicasting. [38] This latest transition for television broadcasters is the move away from baseband video contribution, routing and switching to IP-based technologies, the same technologies used for years by countless other industries and governments for mission-critical operations. Live video streaming is not new, and is now gaining popularity because of its efficiency. Hardware live video streaming is performed using a multiple of SIM cards to stream over 3G/4G cellular networks. Over the internet, software streaming is used with an encoding software used to prepare the AV signals for transmission. In either case, the latest technological demands have proven that the use of IP for technology is the latest trend in getting to pace with international standards. AVoIP is a future and sure technology for live transmissions that if adopted with excellence would certainly bring about savings in cost, portability and agility compared to other technologies. Due to the ubiquitous nature of the cellular 3G/4G network and the Internet, broadcasting video over the IP networks has gained lot of momentum. However, the lack of QoS required to stream real time video makes broadcasting over these networks very challenging.  MOTIVATION OF STUDY Throughout my internship training program, we went out for many live broadcasting events, such as installations for the 2018 Presidential elections proclamation at the Congress Hall, settings for the Presidential swearing-in at the National Assembly, and installations for the Mutzig Star Awards. In all these live events, the broadcasting techniques used had disadvantages in terms of distance of propagation, cost, weight, latency, delay, fragility and complexity. Since IP is the future of broadcasting and Technology, it would be convenient to implement it for live video productions.

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 OBJECTIVES General Objectives The ultimate objective of this work is to design a new way of broadcasting live AV signals from a production field through the means of the IP technology in real-time streaming using OBS Studio software. Several transport methods are actually already in place, such as SONET, ATM, Ethernet and DSL links. In this case, the public internet shall be used. Specific Objectives  To select the best video codec technique used for AV-over-IP live broadcasting.  To select the best streaming protocols that would be suited for the technology.  To evaluate the impact of design considerations in implementing the technology.  To understand the functioning of OBS Studio software.  To implement and simulate a live AV production.  To retrieve the sent AV signals for use by a TV station.  SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY This study means a lot to the Telecommunications Engineer. It is a step forward to the IT control over every aspect of technology, and a great lift to innovation. As more and more people converge into the IoT, it would also be right for the television to accept its last migration for maximum development.  SCOPE OF STUDY This study requires a good mastery of the norms and protocols used in the Telecommunications sector, the various video compression mechanisms that exist, the QoS design considerations, the principle of live video streaming, and the understanding of the various tools and software needed to design this technology.

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 DELIMITATIONS OF STUDY  Video signals on network may interfere with production network traffic – especially if high resolution, uncompressed video signals are in use. In some cases, network upgrades or even the use of a dedicated network may be required.  Input and output interfaces (transmitters and receivers) are relatively expensive compared to HDBaseT solutions Requires the designer / integrator / customer to have some IP-knowledge (IP addresses, QoS, network capacity, etc.)  Video over IP solutions are relatively new and several technology stacks are in use. Equally, the range of products available is limited  Video over IP solutions require technology from more than one vendor (video vendor and the network switch vendor), which may impact reliability and multiple management tools must be used. [16]  IP doesn’t do everything. IP depends on other software and hardware, and other software in turn depends on IP. Fig.1 illustrates how IP fits in between the actual job of data transport performed by physical networks and the software applications that use IP to communicate with applications running on other servers.  The internet connection speed used here isn’t actually fast enough to perform efficient live AV broadcasting without causing packet loss, latency and delay.

Fig 1: How IP Fits into the Data Communications Hierarchy

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 ADVANTAGES OF AV OVER IP 1 There is great cost reduction in broadcasting AV signals over the Internet Protocol than over other transport links such as optic fibers. 2 Latency is very low. 3 Flexibility. Signals can be received by many other devices with the same hardware and software specifications, not only a given antenna, unlike other retransmission technologies. 4 The system is reliable and easy error-detectable. 5 Efficiency. The QoS delivered by this transport technology is relatively high compared to other transport technologies. 6 There is low bandwidth needed for setup. 7 There is long-term cost effectiveness. [41] 8 AVoIP can be used for videoconferencing and Tele justice [12] 9 It can also be used for e-learning. 10 IPTV is a new technology that can be used from AVoIP or video over IP. It enables consumers to have video, voice and data signals over the internet, without necessarily passing through the satellite, cable or DTH services. 11 There is point-to-multipoint content distribution. Signals can be sent, not only to the broadcasting center, but also to all users of the IP network in place.  INTERNSHIP REPORT LAYOUT This report is easily comprehended in five chapters; Chapter one deals with all information pertaining to my internship training center, CRTV. It clearly describes its vision, mission, core values, quality assurance, structure and organization, the projects and services it offers, and many other key parameters of the institution. Chapter two deals with the work done during my internship: the overall internship experience. It describes the various units where I have been working, the retransmission techniques employed, the challenges faced and measures taken for challenges, the performance during accomplishing tasks, and many more. In summary, it tells about the work done throughout my internship training. The next chapter has to do with the project of real-time broadcasting using OBS Studio software; its concept of operations, system design considerations and simulations.

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD / FE15A031/ INTERNSHIP REPORT 2018-2019/UB/ CRTV

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Chapter Four gives the overall benefits of my internship: how my internship has improved on my practical, theoretical, leadership, entrepreneurship, interpersonal communication, and team playing skills, and work related issues. Finally, the last chapter gives a conclusion of the whole matter, together with recommendations to the internship institution and to the University of Buea. It also projects a future scope to the work done; how it can be ameliorated. Then we have the references and appendices section.

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD / FE15A031/ INTERNSHIP REPORT 2018-2019/UB/ CRTV

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