Jatropha Briquette Journal

ENERGY OF JATROPHA BRIQUETTE PRODUCED FROM JATROPHA OIL PRODUCTION WASTE Mirmanto Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram Jl. Majapahit no. 62, Mataram, NTB, Indonesia Phone (0370)636126, (0370)6570632, Fax (0370)636126, e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRAK Kegiatan industri pasti menghasilkan limbah, tidak terkecuali industri biodiesel jarak pagar. Limbah bisa menimbulkan masalah dalam kehidupan jika tidak ditangani dengan benar. Padahal limbah biodiesel jarak termasuk biomassa yang dapat dijadikan briket sebagai bahan bakar alternatif. Penggunaan briket biomassa tidak menimbulkan polusi, memiliki energi yang tinggi, terbaharukan dan merupakan upaya mencegah pencemaran lingkungan. Bijih jarak yang kering ditumbuk dan diayak sehingga diperoleh bungkil, kulit buah, daun dan campuran kulit buah-daun dan kulit buah-daun-bungkil. Setelah itu dicampur perekat kanji lalu dipress menjadi briket dan dikeringkan. Briket yang terbentuk diuji kadar air dan nilai kalornya. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa briket bungkil jarak memiliki nilai kalor tertinggi yaitu 6.104,2317 kal/g, kemudian kulit buah-daun-bungkil jarak sebesar 4.944,6863 kal/g dan kulit buah-daun jarak sebesar 3.858,5802 kal/g, sedangkan perekat kanji sebesar 5.344,8983 kal/g. Sedangkan briket dengan campuran perekat kaji, nilai kalor briket bungkil jarak paling tinggi yaitu 6.068,3306 kal/g, kemudian briket kulit buah-daun-bungkil jarak sebesar 4.782,2912 kal/g dan briket kulit buah-daun jarak sebesar 4.572,1057 kal/g. Nilai kalor briket akan berbanding terbalik dengan penambahan kuantitas perekat apabila nilai kalor bahan dasar briket lebih tinggi dari nilai kalor perekat, dan sebaliknya. Briket bungkil jarak memiliki prospek yang baik untuk dikembangkan menjadi briket masa depan. Kata Kunci : Limbah jarak, Briket, Nilai kalor, Energi ABSTRACT Industry activities usually produce waste and biodiesel production industry does too. Waste can bring many problems in human life if it is not managed properly. Meanwhile Jatropha biodiesel waste is one of biomasses types, which can be made as briquettes, which are called as alternative fuels. The use of biomass briquette does not cause environment pollution. Dry Jatropha seeds can be extracted by pounding and sifting to be “residue”, husk fruit, leafs, mixture of husk fruit-leaf and husk fruit-leaf-residue. After they are mixed with starch, they can be pressed to become briquettes. The briquettes are then tested by using oven and bomb calorimeter in order to know their water contained and energy contained (calorific value). Research result shows that “residue” briquette has the highest calorific value than others. Its calorific value is about 6104.2317 cal/gr. Briquette produced from husk fruit-leaf-shell has calorific value about 4782.2912 (cal/gr) and briquette produced from husk fruit-leaf has calorific value 4572.1057 cal/gr. The briquette energy will be in contras value with increasing starch quantity. More starch quantities are added, lower energy resulted from briquette, except residue briquette. Jatropha briquette has good prospect to be developed as future alternative fuel. Keyword : Jatropha waste, Briquette, Heating value (calorific value), Energy. 1 Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

cleaner, but also provides energy that can be

INTRODUCTION Fossil energy sources are becoming

utilized for several purposes.

depleted more day and day, while the need of

As known from several mass media,

them surely ongoing increases. Because of

recently the scientists are in a rush time for

that condition, energy experts predict that in

developing

short time coming, fossil energy will be used

alternative energy. One of renewable energy

up. Christ Lewis, in his book of “Biological

is

Fuels” depicted that natural gas, earth oil and

vegetable

oil.

coal would disappear by the year of 2047,

vegetables

oil

2080 and 2180. Christ Lewis also said that

characteristics with diesel fuel. According to

Uranium would also disappear by the year of

Dodi Hidayat (2005), biodiesel is fuel, which

2017, except Nuclear Breeder Technology

is friendlier to the environment.

(Nuclear

biodiesel fuels is biodiesel produced from

Fusion)

were

confidently

developed. Wasrin Syafii (2003) said that

renewable

biodiesel,

which

as

an

is produced

Fuels have

energy

from

produced almost

from

the

same

One of

Jatropha.

people would face difficulties on filling their

Jatropha is a kind of plants that can

demands, particularly demands of fuels.

grow in critical soil or limited water land. In

Therefore, the efforts on searching chemical

Indonesia, there are almost 13 million

energy source and alternative energy are very

hectares that are as dry and infertile land.

important.

Therefore,

growing

Jatropha

plant

in

Several types of alternatives energy

Indonesia is very suitable and it will bring

that can be developed are solar energy, wind

some advantages for both environment and

energy, geothermal energy, OTEC (ocean

filling the demand of energy. Haryadi (2005)

thermal energy conversion), biomass energy

said that developing Jatropha plant in

etc.

of

Indonesia had big chance in the future.

alternatives energy, biomass energy is an

Jatropha biodiesel has octane number 51.

alternative energy that has to be concerned

This is higher than octane number of diesel

primarily because of its benefits. If biomass

fuel. Octane number of diesel fuel is bout 45.

energy is compared with other alternatives

In addition, Jatropha biodiesel has pour point

energy, it is as a winner because it does not

8 degree Celsius, while diesel fuel has pour

only help people to make environment be

point 10 degree Celsius (Dodi Hidayat,

However,

among

those

types

2 Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

2005).

be changed from one form of energy to Production

process

on

making

another form. There are several forms of

Jatropha oil has by product, which is called

energy.

waste.

This waste evolves shell, leaf and

mechanical energy, potential energy, kinetic

husk fruit. It is classified into two groups,

energy, nuclear energy, combustion energy

first is direct waste that comes out from

etc. Sources of energy are such as chemical

presser machine and the other is indirect

reaction

waste that involves leafs, fruit, branch etc.

geothermal, water flows, ocean current,

However, whatever waste can cause negative

wave, and many others. Energy can be used

impact on environment such as pollutant.

for several purposes such as cooking,

Therefore, it is necessary to find the way for

lighting,

converting waste to be useful things. It

electrical power, crops processing, running

actually can be used as stuff of briquette.

industry and so on (Sri Kadarwati, 2001).

According to Erliza et al (2006), the residue

The amount of energy comes into the process

of Jatropha seed contains high quality of

must equal to that of energy comes out from

protein. Meanwhile, the amount of energy

the process. However, value of each energy

contained in the waste is not known yet.

form

Research Aim:

(Tjokrowisastro, dkk. 1990).

This research has some aims as

They

or

are

combustion,

turning

in

this

chemical

sun,

machine,

case

may

energy,

wind,

generating

be

changed

Fuel is a substance that is consumed

follows:

to release some energy when it is burned

1. To know the amount of calorific value

(www.chemeng.ui.ac.id). Specifically, fuel is

(energy) contained in the waste and in the

defined as chemical substance that contains

briquette.

carbon and hydrogen. When it is reacted with

2. To know the influence of starch to the energy contained of waste and briquette. 3. Researcher wants to know the Jatropha plant potency further.

oxygen at certain pressure and temperature, it results gas and energy (Tjokrowisastro, dkk. 1990). Fuel, when it is viewed from its condition and shape, can be classified as

REVERENCES REVIEW AND THEORY Energy is a capability to do a work. It

solid, liquid and gas fuel. Otherwise, when it is viewed from how it happens, it can be classified as natural fuel and unnatural fuel.

cannot be created or be destroyed, but it can 2 Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

Natural solid fuel involves anthracite, coal,

according to Hariyadi (2005), are Jarak

bitumen, lignite, wood, biomasses, while

Gundul (in Java), Jarak Pager (in Bali),

unnatural solid fuel involves cocas, semi-

Jarak lulu mau, Paku kase, Jarak pageh, Jarak

cocas, ash, briquette and nuclear fuel.

pager (in NTB), Kuman nema (in Alor),

Unnatural liquid fuel involves gasoline,

Jarak kosta, Jarak wolanda, Bindalo, Bintalo

kerosene, diesel fuel, residue oil and solid

(in Sulawesi), Ai huwa kamala, Balacai,

fuel processed to be liquid fuel. Natural gas

Kadoto (in Maluku).

fuel involves natural gas, petroleum gas, while unnatural gas fuel involves cracking gas

and

produced

gas

(www.chemeng.ui.ac.id). Combustion Combustion is chemical reaction that runs quickly and is followed by flashing light and releasing heat. Sudden combustion is combustion that undergoes slowly oxidizing.

Figure 1. Jatropha Plant (Source: http://www.rri-online.com)

In this case, heat is not released, but it is used

Jatropha used in this research is

for increasing temperature until flashing

Jatropha Curcas Linnaeus. It is involved in

point. Complete combustion is defined as

Euphorbiaceous Family, or it is in the same

combustion where all of fuel components are

family to cassava. Jatropha is involved as

burned completely and this combustion

shading tree, which has 1-7 m in height and

forms CO2 gas, H2O gas/vapor and SO2 gas,

irregularly branches as well. Its stem releases

so that there is no component unburned

sap when it is scratched. Leafs of Jatropha

(www.chemeng.ui.ac.id).

are corrugated single leaf, which has angles

Jatropha

between three and five spots and green color.

People in several area of Indonesia

The leaf has 5-7 fingers. Jatropha flower has

have known Jatropha because Japanese

green-yellow color. Male flower and female

introduced it in 1942, when Japanese

flower are created in bowl shape. They are at

colonized Indonesia. In that year, people

the top of branch or in armpit of leaf. Fruit of

were forced to plant Jatropha on their yard.

Jatropha has elliptical (egg) shape and 2-4

Several local name that are given to Jatropha,

cm of diameter. Fruit color is green when it 3

Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

is young and it becomes yellow when it is

residue can be changed to be a kind of

old /ripe. In addition, the fruit is divided into

fertilizer, a stuff of biogas generation and fat

3 rooms and each room contains one seed.

food, while the seed shell can be used for

The seeds have egg shapes and brown color.

substituting fuel and fertilizer.

They involve oil, which has 35-45% of its

Although

residue

contains

high

composition and poison (Erliza Hambali, et

protein, it is poisonous because it contains

al, 2006).

poison stuff, calcium, phosphate and forbid ester. Residue cannot be used for being livestock food but for biogas generating and fertilizing because it contains calcium and phosphate (http://www.probisnis.com). Briquette a

b Briquette is a thing that is made of

Figure 2. (a) Fruit, (b) Seeds (Source: Erliza Hambali, et al, 2006)

soft stuff that is dried and hardened first. Stuff of briquette recommended is biomasses

Jatropha oil has yellow color and it will not become turbid although it is untreated for a long time. Residue of seed contains 12.9% water, 10.1 % ash, 45.1 % rough protein and 31.9 % rough fiber as well as

non-nitrogen

organic

stuff

(http://www.probisnis.com). Potency of Jatropha is in the fruit that involves seed. Seed consist of seed core and seed shell. Seed core is a component of seed that contains oil in big percentage. This oil can be converted to be biodiesel fuel. Having been pressed, seed results oil and waste that is called as residue. Jatropha oil is stuff that can be used for making soap, methanol, ethanol, glycerin and biodiesel. Moreover,

because

biomasses

are

free

available,

abundantly available and renewable. The use of briquette is flexible because briquette can be made and shaped in varies sizes and shapes in accordance with the user desire. Except those above, briquette can be utilized by using simple technology and it can release much heat safely in a long time (Adan, I.U, 1998). Briquette is fuel that is very suitable used by trader or entrepreneur who needs ongoing

combustion

in

a

long

time.

According to DKPKM, total briquettes used in

Indonesia

reach

1.97

million

ton

(http://www.tekmira.esdm.go.id). Making briquette is very simple and easy. First, biomasses are dried under the 4

Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

sun, then after being dried, they are crushed

water. However, having been dried, they

to be powder. This powder, next, is mixed

contain high percentage of hydrocarbon. As

with starch or glue uniformly. This mixed

known, that hydrocarbon is a substance that

powder is put into mold that is designed in

consists of potential energy. Based on BPPS

accordance with user’s desire. through the

data year of 2000, utilizing wood fuel and

way of making briquette above, briquette has

charcoal contributes 219.5 barrel of total

characteristics as follows (Tjokrowisastro

barrel fuel needed by Indonesia country.

dkk, 1990):

Eighty five percent from 219.5 barrel is

1. Smoke released from briquette

needed for supporting the household demand.

combustion is less than that from

Organic wastes contain 70-80% wet organic

biomasses.

wastes and 20-30% dry organic wastes.

2. Attractive, simple, flexible and it

Water contained analysis

can be made in required size and

Solid fuel contains water that is classified into: (1) Internal water. Internal

shape.

water is water bounded chemically in the

Biomasses Biomasses are organic stuffs from

solid fuel, (2) External water. External water

plants such as leafs, grasses, branches,

is water from surrounding of solid fuel.

parasite plant, agriculture waste, forestry

Water contained in the fuel decreases fuel’s

waste, husbandry waste etc. Biomasses are

quality because it decreases fuel’s calorific

also called as photosynthesis production

value and fuel needs much heat for

because when they are still alive, they are

increasing temperature when fuel is burned.

grown

In

Water does not only decrease fuel’s calorific

photosynthesis process, chlorophyll absorbs

value, but also delays combustion process

sun light and converts it into substance that

and

contains

(www.chemeng.ui.ac.id)

by

photosynthesis

water,

carbon,

process.

hydrogen

and

oxygen. This substance can be converted to be other products, which can release heat when they are burned (Wagini, dkk, 2001). According to Tatang Sopian (2005), biomasses

are

mostly

called

organics

materials. These materials contain 80 - 90%

adds

volume

of

exhaust

gas

Drying Drying process is a process for decreasing water contained in solid fuel. Principally, drying process involves two fundamental

phenomena.

(1)

Heat

is

transferred from heater media to substance 5

Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

that is being dried. In this case, heat may be

when fuel is being burned. In combustion

carried by air that flows over the substance

process, heat is released from fuel burned to

dried. (2) Water mass is removed by dryer. In

the surrounding. The maximum amount of

here, because of temperature increment, vapor

heat released during perfect combustion

pressure in the substance increases gradually

process per mass or per volume of fuel is

and become higher than surrounding pressure,

defined as calorific value (Tjokrowisastro

so that vapor comes out from the substance.

dkk, 1990). Muhammad el-Wakil (1992)

To know water contained of dry solid

depicted that the calorific value was heat that

fuel, solid fuel can be put into electrical oven

moved when perfect combustion occurred.

at 105 0C, then it is analyzed by using

However, according to Wulan, calorific value

equation below (INFIC, 1997):

is a heat resulted from perfect combustion



D= B – A 

(2)

(3)

Percentage of water contained, G (%) D - E G    x 100  E 

mass

or

per

volume

of

fuel

(www.chemeng.ui.ac.id). Calorific value can be predicted by

Percentage of water contained, F (%) D - E F    x 100  D 



(1)

Dry sample weight, E (g) E=C–A



per

Wet sample weight, D (g)

(4)

using bomb calorimeter. Data resulted from bomb calorimeter can be used for making empirical correlation (Tjokrowisastro, dkk. 1990). There are two ways for determining calorific value. According to Muhammad elWakil (1992), they are HHV and LHV. HHV (higher heating value) is a calorific value

Where A is weight of empty bowel (g), B is

where water vapor has become condensate

weight of sample + bowel (g), C is weight of

during combustion process, whereas LHV

sample + bowel after heated in oven at 105

(lower heating value) is a calorific value

0

F is percentage of water

where water vapor resulted from perfect

contained based on wet mass (%) as well as

combustion has not become condensate yet.

G is percentage of water contained based on

Thus, HHV includes latent heat of water

dry mass (%).

vapor, while LHV does not. Therefore, HHV

Calorific value testing:

is always greater than LHV.

C (g), and

Calorific analysis of fuel is to know the amount of energy released from fuel

Bomb calorimeter According to the Combustion Theory, 6

Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

energy contained in a substance can be

Chemical solutions used for correcting

predicted from its unsure. However, this way

calorific value commonly are:

is very difficult because unsure of a

a) Standard alkali solution. This solution

substance must be known first. Other way to

is used for titrating washer water that

know the energy contained in a substance is

is used for correcting the acid. For

just

this purpose, usually researcher uses

using

bomb

calorimeter.

Bomb

calorimeter is a commonly device, which is

0.0725 N.

used for determining calorific value of solid

b) Methyl Orange Indicator or Methyl

or liquid fuel. By using this device, specimen

Red.

tested with certain mass is burned under standardized

condition.

Combustion

is

activated by adding oxygen from container, which has pressure, varies from 20 – 35 atm. Water

jacket

thermometer

is or

measured

by

temperature

using tester.

Differences between initial temperature and final temperature can be used for predicting

Figure 3. Adiabatic bomb calorimeter

calorific value. Unit used of measurement

Heat analysis using bomb calorimeter

using bomb calorimeter is cal/gr. One calorie

should use equations below:

is the amount of heat needed for increasing

Wet Gross Energy (GEwet):

temperature of 1-gram water from 14.5 0C to

ΔT  T final  Tinitial 

0

15.5 C at standard pressure (INFIC, 1997).

Heat of wire burned 

Bomb calorimeter is mostly used for testing a

(10 - rested wire)x2.3 cal/cm

substance

Where:

that

contains

Nitrogen

and

(5) (6)

Sulphur. Therefore, combustion with excess

∆T is difference temperature (0C)

air or oxygen results N2O3 and S2O3. Those

Tinitial is temperature before combustion (0C)

oxidations form HNO3 and H2SO4 when they meet water. HNO3 and H2SO4 are strong acid that can add heat in the bomb calorimeter.

T final is temperature after combustion (0C)



every 1 cm wire burned.

Therefore, calorific value determined by using bomb calorimeter should be corrected.

2.3 cal is heat resulted from combustion



10 is initial length of flash wire.

7 Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

4. Oxygen vessel.

GE

 wet 2470 xT - leng of wire burned

(7)

sample mass 

millilitre titration sample mass

Sample mass is in gram, milliliter titration is

5. Analytical balancer 17. Backed. with accuracy 0.1

18. Scissor.

mg.

19. Pliers.

6. Mortar

20. Spoon.

7. Stopwatch

in calorie, GE wet (wet gross energy) is in

8. Thermometer

cal/gram, and length of wire burned is in

9. Beaker glass.

calorie, number 2470 is constant in calorie

10. Flash wire.

o

that reveres to 1 C of temperature increment of 1 gram water. One cm of rested wire is equal to 2.3 cal. Milliliter titration (Na2CO3) is correction for heat generated by nitrate acid during combustion. To analyze dry calorific value, analyzer can use equation below: GE dry

100xGE wet  % dry sample

(8)

Where: GEdry (Dry gross energy) is in cal/gram (INFIC, 1997).

16. Ruler.

Briquette Making Making briquette can be done as follows: a. Take stuff of briquette for being dried under the sun. b. Dry stuff is then pounded to be powder. c. Mix starch with water in comparison of 10:3 (10 gr starch and 3 gr water at 80 0C) uniformly. d. Mix part of each sample that has been dried and crushed with starch dough

RESEARCH METHOD Stuff used in this research was Jatropha fruit without seed, Jatropha leaf and residue of Jatropha oil producing, wet starch. Devices used are: 1. Adiabatic oxygen

11. Pipette

2. Mold and briquette 13. Ceramic bowel. 3. Electrical oven.

(all are in gr). e. Put each sample into mold then press it. f. Dry briquette in oven at 65 0C as long

bomb calorimeter. 12. Glass steering presser.

in comparison of 4:1, 7:1 and 10:1

as 10 hours. Water contained testing Water contained testing can be done

14. Pincers

as follows:

15. Desiccators

1. Clean ceramic bowel is dried in oven 105 8

Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

0

C.

i) Switch on the dynamo for turning the

2. Then that bowel is cooled in desiccators.

steering as long as ± 5 minutes until

3. Measure the weight of that bowel.

temperature become steady.

4. Put 1.5 gram of sample into the bowel. 5. Dry the bowel that contains 1.5 gram of

j) Burn the sample by pressing red button on ignition unit.

sample in the oven at 105 oC as long as 8-

k) Note the maximum temperature reached.

12 hours.

l) Turn off dynamo.

6. Take out the bowel and cool it in the desiccators. 7. Measure again the weight of bowel that contains 1.5 gram of sample. Briquette energy testing Energy contained in the briquette can be tested by using bomb calorimeter. These are

m) Wash inside of bomb and take out the bowel. n) Put washer water into beaker glass and titrate it with Na2CO3, 0.0725 N and methyl orange as many as 3 drops until liquid becomes orange. o) Release flash wire and measure its length.

the regency (Na2CO3, 0.0725 N and methyl orange indicator) and the procedures for testing: a) Clean and dry bowel in oven at 105 0C as long as 1 hour. b) Take 1.1 gram of sample. c) Fill bucket with 2 kg of water. d) Regulate the water temperature at 1.5 0C above room temperature. e) Cut flash wire as long as 10 cm and install it. f) Put bowel that contains 1.1 gram samples into oven and regulate the flash wire in order to touch the sample. g) Put 1 ml of water into bomb. h) Fill bomb with oxygen from vessel that

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As shown in figure 4, fruit+leaf briquette, at any value of stuff-starch comparison, has the highest percentage of water contained than others. However, water contained of fruit+leaf decreases when stuffstarch comparison increases. This is caused by internal water contained of fruit+leaf briquette and the decrement of water contained in a row with increasing stuffstarch comparison is caused by starch's water contained. Water contained of starch is lower than that of fruit+leaf, so that briquette, which contains much starch, has lower water contained percentage as well.

has pressure of 35 atm. 9 Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

Figure 4. Briquette water contained

Because residue briquette has lower water contained percentage than others and

In the meantime, residue's water contained

fruit + leaf briquette's water contained

and fruit+leaf+residue's water contained have

percentage

the same behavior with that of fruit+laef's

fruit+laef+residue briquette's water contained

water contained. When more starch is added,

percentage lies between the values of those

water contained decreases.

both percentages.

is

the

highest,

so

that

Water contained of residue is the

Calorific values of several stuffs and

lowest one because residue, in fact, contains

briquettes are shown in figure 5 and 6.

very little water. According to the PPMJ-

Calorific value testing was done by using

NTB (Jatropha Oil Production Centre-NTB),

bomb calorimeter. Samples tested had each

that before being processed, Jatropha seed

mass 1.1 gram. Using equation (5), one can

has maximum water contained 5 %, however,

calculates

because of the long time, the ways of saving

while the length of wire burned can be

and the temperature where it is placed, seed's

determined by using equation (6). Calorific

water contained can rise until 9%.

value of a briquette (GEwet) can be calculated

After being pressed, Jatropha seed lose its oil

by using equation (7), while GEdry value can

and water contained and it becomes residue.

be deliberated by using equation (8).

temperature

difference

( T ),

Thus, it is convenient that residue almost

As shown in figure 5, stuff of residue

have little water, so that it has lower water

has the highest calorific value. This highest

contained percentage than others.

value is caused by oil contained, which 10

Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

consists of carbon and hydrogen. It is well

so that although residue is mixed with starch

known that carbon and hydrogen have

to be a briquette, it still has higher calorific.

calorific value because they are unsure of

According to figure 6, that increasing

fuel. Therefore, this stuff has highest value of

the amount of starch in compound, decreases

calorie.

calorific value of residue. This phenomenon Other stuffs such leaf; fruit and starch

is caused by lower calorific value of starch.

do not have calorific value as high as residue,

Starch has lower calorific value than residue,

because they do not consist of carbon and

so that residue briquette has calorific value

hydrogen. Mixing stuffs, although it contains

between starch calorific value and residue

residue for fruit+leaf+residue, do not have

calorific value.

calorific value as high as that belongs to

Unlike residue briquette, others have

residue, because fruit and leaf have lower

increment of calorific value when starch is

calorific value than residue so that when they

added more and more. It is evident that

are in compound, they do not have calorific

calorific value of fruit+leaf briquette and

value as high as that of residue either.

fruit+leaf+residue briquette increases in a

Figure 5. Calorific value of stuffs

row with increasing starch added because starch has higher calorific value than others.

In figure 6, calorific value of residue is higher than that of others. It is clear enough, like what has been explained above that residue contains carbon and hydrogen, 11 Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

Figure 6. Calorific value of several briquettes

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Based

on

research

data,

data

analyzed, and discussion, conclusion can be revealed as follows: 1. Water contained of briquettes differs from each other, depends on what briquette stuffs are. 2. Water contained decreases in a raw with increasing the amount of starch. 3. Residue

briquette

has

highest

calorific value than that of others. 4. Calorific value depends on the stuffs and the amount of starch. 5. Residue briquette can be used as alternative fuel.

However, this research is not perfect yet and is still able to be done further. REVERENCES _______,2005, Jepang Sumbangkan Mesin Pemeras Biji Jarak ke NTB, http://[email protected]/art_ perkebun/apr11-05_isr+edw.asp _______,2006, Pemakaian Briket Batubara Sebagai Sumber Energi Alternatif, http://www.tekmira.esdm.go.id/aset/briket/in dex3.asp _______,2006, Prospek dan Peluang Jarak Pagar, http://www.probisnis.com. Adan, I.U., 1998, Membuat Briket bioarang, Bandung : Kanisius. Tjokrowisastro, E. H. dan Widodo, B. U. K., 12

Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

1990, Teknik Pembakaran Dasar dan Bahan Bakar, Jurusan Teknik Mesin, Fakultas Teknologi Industri -ITS, Surabaya.

Nurachman Z., 2005, Ubah Biomassa Jadi Bahan Bakar, http://www.energi.lipi.go.id

Ghurri, A., dan Suryawan, A. A., Fakta-fakta Penggunaan Energi Masyarakat Bali, http://www. Denpost/artikel.

Ridwan M., 1997, Listrik Tenaga Nuklir Tetap Alternatif Terakhir, Suara Pembaharuan Online, http://www.hamline.edu/apakabar/basisdata/ 1997/02/19/0006.html

Hambali, 2006, Jarak Pagar, Tanaman Penghasil Biodiesel, Cet.1,Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta Hariyadi, 2005, Budidaya Tanaman Jarak (Jatropha Curcas) sebagai Sumber Bahan Alternatif Biofuel, http://www.ristek.go.id/index.php?mod=New s&conf=v&id=968 Hidayat, D., 2005, Biodiesel Jarak, Tempo co.id, http://cdc.eng.ui.ac.id/index.php/article/articl eview/3241/1/2 Imy, 2005, Biomassa Alternatif Minyak Tanah, http://www.republika.co.id/koran_detail.asp? id=218347&kat_id=13 INFIC., 1997, International Feed Data Bank System, Publication No. 3 Nebraska, USA Kadarwati, S., 2001, Studi Pembuatan Biogas dari Kotoran Kuda dan Sampah Organik Skala Laboratoriu,. http://www.litbang.esdm.go.id/litbang/biogas .doc+nilai+kalor%2Bsampah&hl=id.

Sopian, T., 2005, Sampah dan Limbah Biomassa, Potensi Alternatif Energi di Daerah, http://www.purwakarta.go.id/tahu.php?berita ID=33. Suyartono, 1996, Kebijaksanaan Perbatubaraan Indonesia (Suatu Kerangka), Direktorat Jendral Pertambangan Umum. Syafii, W., 2003, Hutan Sumber Energi Masa Depan, http://www.kompas.com/kompascetak/0304/15/ilpeng/256044.htm Wagini, R., Karyono dan Mirino, R.R., 2001, Pembuatan Dan Karakterisasi Briket Bioarang dari Limbah Padat, Energi, No. 10 (Januari) P. 12. Wulan, ______, Bahan Bakar dan Pembakaran, http://www.chemeng.ui.ac.id/ Materi/lecture%20notes/umum.PDF.

Muhammad el-Wakil., 1992, Instalasi Pembangkit Daya Jilid 1, Erlangga, Jakarta. Nasution, M., 2006, Minyak Jarak Lebih Untung Dari Briket Batu Bara, (APBI-ICMA (dari Bisnis Indonesia)) http://www.energi.lipi.go.id/utama.cgi?artike l&1135219550&1 13 Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/