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Series on Sea and Human Security Workshop on Food Security 1-6 October 2006, Hiroshima, Japan
Takanori OHASHI Deputy Director Office of Resource Management Assistance, Fisheries Agency of the Government of Japan The State of Fisheries and Aquaculture in Japan Outline 1. Overview of developments in Fisheries & Aquaculture Capture fisheries and aquaculture in Japan are of vital importance for food security and for regional economies. Capture fisheries are more influenced by the migration patterns of targeted fish as well as by the environment. Access to fishing grounds is generally non-discriminatory. It can provide immediate income and food as long as the means and the rights of production are available. By contrast, Aquaculture has different features compared to capture fisheries as it is easier to plan and predict production and secure a stable supply, if it is appropriately managed. The raising of fish through aquaculture requires both time and money. Capture fisheries production shows a consistent downward trend in last two decades with an annual output of 12 to 4.8 million tons. Aquaculture production has roughly remained stable during the last decade, hovering around 1.2 -.1.4 million tones annually. Aquaculture accounts for 30 % of total fish production in Japan. 2. The Issue Facing Fishers and Aquaculturists According to a resource assessment conducted in 2006 on major fish stocks in the water around Japan, the levels of fish stocks are low for more than half of the species or stocks assessed. Rehabilitation of the state of fish stocks within the EEZ is needed so as to increase fish production while reducing excessive fishing efforts. The aquaculture sector suffers from the environmental degradation of the aquaculture grounds due to excessive stocking intensity and over-feeding for increased production as well as from public pollution. Increased imports of seed fish such as yellowtail, have increased the possibility that diseases could be brought in from overseas. 3. Recent Actions Undertaken A framework for Resource Recovery Plans was established in 2002. Under such plans, a decrease in the number of boats, suspension of operations and other fishing restrictions have been imposed, releases of seedlings have been promoted to enhance fishery resources, and the environment of fishing grounds has been restored and conserved. So far 35 resource recovery plans have been developed and implemented. These plans include measures that have had severe short-term effects on fishery income. A Saving Income Relief Scheme was available to alleviate the severe fishery business management. “The Law to Ensure Sustainable Aquaculture Production” was established in 1999. The law provides a framework to promote secure and sustainable aquaculture. The law includes systems for promoting voluntary plans to maintain and improve the environment of aquaculture grounds by fishery cooperatives and measures for the prevention of specific fish diseases. More than 80% of the aquaculture sites in Japan have been under the control of these voluntary plans. 4. Future Perspectives Proactive recovery planning is a recent development. Success in this has been limited and many plans are still underway. Given that recovery will be compromised if environments become unfavorable and that many stocks will require long rebuilding periods, on-going recovery plans will probably need to be supplemented by large closed area and technical measures. The quality rather than the volume of aquaculture products are becoming increasingly prevailing in Japan’s market. Japanese consumers are very concerned with matters related to the use of drugs and feeding as well as the traceability of aquaculture products. Further efforts will be needed to prevent health hazards and
1
Series on Sea and Human Security Workshop on Food Security 1-6 October 2006, Hiroshima, Japan
safeguard consumers. 5. Special Issue in the Asian Region The abundance of larger, more valuable species has declined, while the proportion of smaller fish referred to as “trash fish,” has notably increased. These trash fish are used directly or indirectly as fish meal in aquaculture. Demand for these low-value trash fish for this purpose has fuelled increasing pressure on fish stocks. Coastal fisheries in the Asian region will continue to decline unless excessive fishing capacity and fishing efforts are greatly reduced.
2
State of Fisheries & Aquaculture in Japan Management and Enhancement toward the Sustainable Utilization of Marine Living Resources
Takanori OHASHI Deputy Director Office of Fisheries Resource Management Assistance Fisheries Agency of Japan
State of World Fisheries & Aquaculture
World capture and aquaculture production (million tons)
Capture fisheries : top ten producers Aquaculture : top ten producers in 2002 in 2002
( million tons)
160
T hailand 2.9
140
T hailand 0.6
R ussia Federation 3.2
120 100
C hile 4.3
60 40
A quaculture
20
1998
1999
2000
2001
Source:FAO[FISHERIES STATISTICS]
2002
2003
N orw ay 0.5
C hile 0.5 V ietnum 0.5
B angladesh 0.8
India 3.8
capture
80
0 1997
( million tons)
N orw ay 2.7
C hine 16.6
U nited S tates 0.5
Japan 0.8 Indonesia 0.9
Japan 4.4
Indonesia 4.5
P eru 8.8
India 2.2 C hine 27.8
U nited S tates 4.9
1
Marine Capture Fisheries & Aquaculture Production in Japan (T housand tons)
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
M arine C apture F isheries
4000
2000
A quaculture 0 1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003 Y ears
The Issue Facing Fishers Trend of Fish Stock Level Conditions in Japan’s Water ☆ More than 50% of fish stock or species → low level!
100%
H ig h 80%
M id d le 60%
Over fishing capacity
40%
L o w
20%
0% 2000
Degradation of marine environment
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Stock Level: The state of main fish stocks or groups of resources is categorized into high, middle and low levels according to catch trend and stock condition in last two decades. For example, North-Pacific sardine categorized as high level, given the annual harvest of more than 1.5million tons until the early 1990’s.Now it is categorized as low level given the recent drastic decline of harvest of less than 0.1million ton.
Downsizing fish stocks
2
Global Trends in the State of Marine Fisheries Resource 1974-2004
The Issue Facing Aquaculturists
Fish Disease
Public Pollution
Excessive stocking Density
Feeding of “Raw fish”
Negative Impact on • The marine environment • Quality & safety of the aquaculture products • Consumer’s confidence
3
The Basic law on Fisheries Policy in 2002 ・Basic principles of the law ①Securing a stable supply of fishery product ②Sound development of fisheries ③Establishment of Basic Plan for Fisheries Policy (for necessary measures to implement the principle ①&②) ･Target of Self Sufficiency Rate for seafood :56%(1999)→66%(2012) ･Establishment of Resource Recovery Scheme (Capture Fisheries) ･Establishment of the “Law to Ensure Sustainable Aquaculture Production” (Aquaculture)
Recent Action Establishment of Resource Recovery Plan (RRP) Wide-Area Fisheries Coordinating Committee (Sub- Wide-Area Fisheries Coordinating Committee)
Consideration of the need of RRP Fishermen’s Council Discussion of the draft of RRP Approval
Development of RRR by national or regional government ・Target of Recovery Level/A Period of Implementation/Methods of Fishing Effort Reduction
Resource Management Planning Officer
Monitoring
Implementation of RRP Fishing Effort Reduction
Active Resource Enhancement
Fish Habitat Restoration
・Scrapping/Days-off fishing
・Release and management of fry
・Marine forest/Sea bed cleaning
･Mandatory measures by using Total Allowable Effort ･Saving Income Relief scheme
4
Key Elements of Resource Recovery Scheme Functional Aspects of the Resource Recovery Scheme Local Fishermen
Management area of a Wide-Area Fisheries Coordinating Committee (WAFCC)
The principal decision makers
Fishermen’s Council Substantial work for the development of RRP
Wide-Area FCC Consideration, approval & monitoring of RRP
Sea of Japan･Kyushu-west WAFCC
Sea of Japan-North Sub-com
Sea of Japan-West Sub-com Pacific-North Sub-com
Resource management planning office
Kyushu-West Sub-com
A consensus builder
Pacific-South Sub-com
Seto-Inland Sea WAFCC
Resource Recovery Plan
Pacific WAFCC
Saving Income Relief Scheme
TAE Avoiding the substantial increase of fishing efforts by setting the number of fishing boats, days, tow
Compensation for definitive or temporary loss of right or economic
Regional Fisheries Coordinating Office
Outline of Saving Income Relief Scheme Decreasing Fish stocks Over-fishing capacity Inducing Fishers’ Proactive Action
Significant Economic worse
Support •Reduction of fishing fleets •Business maintenance
Development of a Resource Recovery Plan
Poor economic condition coursed by Income decrease
Implementation of Reduction of Fishing fleets and of the Day-off Fishing
=
Development of a Plan of Operation for Reduction of Fishing Capacity
No support…
Inactive action Support… Alleviation of poor economic condition
= Proactive action Evaluation of the outcome & finding and Feedback
Recovery/Increase of Fish stocks
Stock sustainability Economic viability
Ensuring Stable Seafood Supply
5
On-going Resource Recovery Plans
1 Sand lance 2 Barfin flounder 3 Flatfish
5 Littlemouth flounder, Sailfin sandfish 6 Puffer,conger,etc. 7 Red snow crab 8 Flathead flounder 9 Spanish mackerel
11 Little neck 12 Clam 13 Spear squid 14 Puffer 15 Clam
Wide-Area species Local species
6
Future Perspectives (Capture Fisheries) ☆ Past experience (FAO) shows that recovery has been successful, → 46% of the case for groundfish. → 67% of the case for pelagic fish. → 71% of the case for invertebrates.
☆ Recovery of groundfish will require rebuilding period of 15 years or more, and probably need to be supplemented by large closed areas & technical measures.
☆ Elaboration of post recovery management to avoid significant new increase in effort.
☆ Incorporating aspects of recovery planning into routine.
Recent Action The law to Ensure Sustainable Aquaculture Production Seeks to prevent the self-induced environmental deterioration around aquaculture ground.
Aquaculture Ground Improvement Programs • Voluntary program by fishermen’s cooperative • Approval by the relevant prefectural government under the guidance of the Law
Ensuring Sustainable Aquaculture Production
Sound Development of Aquaculture & Stable Supply of Seafood in a safety & reliable manner
7
State of the on-going Aquaculture Ground Improvement Programs Contents of the program 1. Target Levels of Improvements - DO, TS, Mortality rate, etc. 2. Measures to be taken - Rearing density, type of feeds, treatment of dead fish, etc.
The number of established program has reached 340, covering 38% to 84% of Aquaculture production volume. Prefect ures
Planned
Participating Fisheries Cooperatives
Fish
Shellfish
Seaweed
22
340
400
83.6%
38.0%
61.4%
※）coverage(%) = Production volume in the program site / overall aquaculture production volume
3. Monitoring of the Environment - Water temperature, DO, benthic organism, etc.
Trend of the quality of the Aquaculture grounds at a certain of place in Ehime Prefecture 0.55 0.50
mg/g Dried mud
4. Institutional arrangements - Standing committee for ensuring Implementation & Monitoring of the on-going programs.
Coverage
0.45 0.40
0.61 0.30
0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
※) the volume of volatile sulfurized materials at the bottom of the sea
Rational Use of “Feeds” (Transfer to compound feeds) • Waste ratio of compound feeds has been drastically decreasing, as compared to that raw fish. • 56% of aquaculture feeds accounts for compound feeds. Compound feed production (powder, solid)
Waste ratio of aquaculture feeds Yellowtail 70%
42%
160,000 140,000
80% 70%
Compound for yellowtail
60%
120,000
Regulation on feeds
30% 20%
40,000 20,000
10% 0%
Powder
Solid
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
0 1991
>3%
40%
80,000 60,000
1990
5～15%
1989
15～20%
1988
Compound feeds (moist)
50%
1987
20～30%
100,000
1986
Raw fish
Compound feeds (dry)
180,000
tons
Raw fish (minced)
Snapper
The ratio of sorid to compound
• A standard of ingredients for main feeds & its additive under “The Law to Ensure Safety & improve Quality of Feeds”. • Regulation on the use of antimicrobial agent in the feeds. • A standard of ingredients of nutrition of feeds.
8
Fish Disease Control 1.State of the Fish Disease Occurrence •Downturn trend of fish disease damage while complicated fish disease occurrence.
Outline of the Scheme
• Increasing possibility that the diseases are brought from overseas, due to a movement to diversify aquaculture species.
Importers
•Increasing virus resistant to veterinary drugs.
Examination
2. Fish Disease Control Scheme The scheme aims to prevent the spread of fish disease through imports of marine animals for use in aquaculture or propagation of stocks. Recent Damage Caused by Fish disease
Application for a Permit
The Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries of Japan
Permit
No Permit If necessary
Isolation & Observation in a given period Suspicious of the Disease Investigation
Year
Production (Volume)
Production (Value)
Estimated damage
thousand tons
Thousand tons
Billion yen
(A)
(B) / (A) (%)
Identification of No Infection
(B)
1999
329
3,390
227
6.3
2000
321
3,182
130
3.9
2001
321
2,862
134
4.5
2002
322
2,694
108
3.8
2003
326
2,693
90
2004
310
2,563
-
Condition under the Permit
Identification of Infection
Disposal
Distribution
3.3 -
Future Perspective ☆ Sound Market Research & Export Promotion Policies The needs of consumers : introduction of new labeling requirements, traceability, chemical residue. ☆ Improving the aquaculture sector’s public image & Gaining consumer confidence
Consumers’ concern : proper use of veterinary drug, traceability, labeling for its origin, improvement of aquaculture grounds.
Consumer’s Field Trip
Study group / Program
9
Emerging Issues ☆ Capture-Based Aquaculture (CBA) • Practice of collecting “seed” material from early life stages to adult from the wild, and its subsequent on growing to marketable size in captivity, using aquaculture techniques. • Direct competitor of capture fisheries. • High mortality rates in the transfer of seed to CBA farm. • Conflict with other resource users.
Legal & institutional instrument recognizing CBA as a distinct sector!
☆ “Trash Fish” •Changes in the composition of fish resources : larges, more valuable species toward smaller, lower market value species . • “Trash Fish” used as feed for aquaculture & CBA. • The amazing amount of landed “Trash Fish” . • Targeting “Trash Fish” aggravating the over-fish problem.
Change the current feeding practice!
Thank you for your attention!
10
Takanori OHASHI Deputy Director Office of Resource Management Assistance, Fisheries Agency of the Government of Japan The State of Fisheries and Aquaculture in Japan Outline 1. Overview of developments in Fisheries & Aquaculture Capture fisheries and aquaculture in Japan are of vital importance for food security and for regional economies. Capture fisheries are more influenced by the migration patterns of targeted fish as well as by the environment. Access to fishing grounds is generally non-discriminatory. It can provide immediate income and food as long as the means and the rights of production are available. By contrast, Aquaculture has different features compared to capture fisheries as it is easier to plan and predict production and secure a stable supply, if it is appropriately managed. The raising of fish through aquaculture requires both time and money. Capture fisheries production shows a consistent downward trend in last two decades with an annual output of 12 to 4.8 million tons. Aquaculture production has roughly remained stable during the last decade, hovering around 1.2 -.1.4 million tones annually. Aquaculture accounts for 30 % of total fish production in Japan. 2. The Issue Facing Fishers and Aquaculturists According to a resource assessment conducted in 2006 on major fish stocks in the water around Japan, the levels of fish stocks are low for more than half of the species or stocks assessed. Rehabilitation of the state of fish stocks within the EEZ is needed so as to increase fish production while reducing excessive fishing efforts. The aquaculture sector suffers from the environmental degradation of the aquaculture grounds due to excessive stocking intensity and over-feeding for increased production as well as from public pollution. Increased imports of seed fish such as yellowtail, have increased the possibility that diseases could be brought in from overseas. 3. Recent Actions Undertaken A framework for Resource Recovery Plans was established in 2002. Under such plans, a decrease in the number of boats, suspension of operations and other fishing restrictions have been imposed, releases of seedlings have been promoted to enhance fishery resources, and the environment of fishing grounds has been restored and conserved. So far 35 resource recovery plans have been developed and implemented. These plans include measures that have had severe short-term effects on fishery income. A Saving Income Relief Scheme was available to alleviate the severe fishery business management. “The Law to Ensure Sustainable Aquaculture Production” was established in 1999. The law provides a framework to promote secure and sustainable aquaculture. The law includes systems for promoting voluntary plans to maintain and improve the environment of aquaculture grounds by fishery cooperatives and measures for the prevention of specific fish diseases. More than 80% of the aquaculture sites in Japan have been under the control of these voluntary plans. 4. Future Perspectives Proactive recovery planning is a recent development. Success in this has been limited and many plans are still underway. Given that recovery will be compromised if environments become unfavorable and that many stocks will require long rebuilding periods, on-going recovery plans will probably need to be supplemented by large closed area and technical measures. The quality rather than the volume of aquaculture products are becoming increasingly prevailing in Japan’s market. Japanese consumers are very concerned with matters related to the use of drugs and feeding as well as the traceability of aquaculture products. Further efforts will be needed to prevent health hazards and
1
Series on Sea and Human Security Workshop on Food Security 1-6 October 2006, Hiroshima, Japan
safeguard consumers. 5. Special Issue in the Asian Region The abundance of larger, more valuable species has declined, while the proportion of smaller fish referred to as “trash fish,” has notably increased. These trash fish are used directly or indirectly as fish meal in aquaculture. Demand for these low-value trash fish for this purpose has fuelled increasing pressure on fish stocks. Coastal fisheries in the Asian region will continue to decline unless excessive fishing capacity and fishing efforts are greatly reduced.
2
State of Fisheries & Aquaculture in Japan Management and Enhancement toward the Sustainable Utilization of Marine Living Resources
Takanori OHASHI Deputy Director Office of Fisheries Resource Management Assistance Fisheries Agency of Japan
State of World Fisheries & Aquaculture
World capture and aquaculture production (million tons)
Capture fisheries : top ten producers Aquaculture : top ten producers in 2002 in 2002
( million tons)
160
T hailand 2.9
140
T hailand 0.6
R ussia Federation 3.2
120 100
C hile 4.3
60 40
A quaculture
20
1998
1999
2000
2001
Source:FAO[FISHERIES STATISTICS]
2002
2003
N orw ay 0.5
C hile 0.5 V ietnum 0.5
B angladesh 0.8
India 3.8
capture
80
0 1997
( million tons)
N orw ay 2.7
C hine 16.6
U nited S tates 0.5
Japan 0.8 Indonesia 0.9
Japan 4.4
Indonesia 4.5
P eru 8.8
India 2.2 C hine 27.8
U nited S tates 4.9
1
Marine Capture Fisheries & Aquaculture Production in Japan (T housand tons)
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
M arine C apture F isheries
4000
2000
A quaculture 0 1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003 Y ears
The Issue Facing Fishers Trend of Fish Stock Level Conditions in Japan’s Water ☆ More than 50% of fish stock or species → low level!
100%
H ig h 80%
M id d le 60%
Over fishing capacity
40%
L o w
20%
0% 2000
Degradation of marine environment
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Stock Level: The state of main fish stocks or groups of resources is categorized into high, middle and low levels according to catch trend and stock condition in last two decades. For example, North-Pacific sardine categorized as high level, given the annual harvest of more than 1.5million tons until the early 1990’s.Now it is categorized as low level given the recent drastic decline of harvest of less than 0.1million ton.
Downsizing fish stocks
2
Global Trends in the State of Marine Fisheries Resource 1974-2004
The Issue Facing Aquaculturists
Fish Disease
Public Pollution
Excessive stocking Density
Feeding of “Raw fish”
Negative Impact on • The marine environment • Quality & safety of the aquaculture products • Consumer’s confidence
3
The Basic law on Fisheries Policy in 2002 ・Basic principles of the law ①Securing a stable supply of fishery product ②Sound development of fisheries ③Establishment of Basic Plan for Fisheries Policy (for necessary measures to implement the principle ①&②) ･Target of Self Sufficiency Rate for seafood :56%(1999)→66%(2012) ･Establishment of Resource Recovery Scheme (Capture Fisheries) ･Establishment of the “Law to Ensure Sustainable Aquaculture Production” (Aquaculture)
Recent Action Establishment of Resource Recovery Plan (RRP) Wide-Area Fisheries Coordinating Committee (Sub- Wide-Area Fisheries Coordinating Committee)
Consideration of the need of RRP Fishermen’s Council Discussion of the draft of RRP Approval
Development of RRR by national or regional government ・Target of Recovery Level/A Period of Implementation/Methods of Fishing Effort Reduction
Resource Management Planning Officer
Monitoring
Implementation of RRP Fishing Effort Reduction
Active Resource Enhancement
Fish Habitat Restoration
・Scrapping/Days-off fishing
・Release and management of fry
・Marine forest/Sea bed cleaning
･Mandatory measures by using Total Allowable Effort ･Saving Income Relief scheme
4
Key Elements of Resource Recovery Scheme Functional Aspects of the Resource Recovery Scheme Local Fishermen
Management area of a Wide-Area Fisheries Coordinating Committee (WAFCC)
The principal decision makers
Fishermen’s Council Substantial work for the development of RRP
Wide-Area FCC Consideration, approval & monitoring of RRP
Sea of Japan･Kyushu-west WAFCC
Sea of Japan-North Sub-com
Sea of Japan-West Sub-com Pacific-North Sub-com
Resource management planning office
Kyushu-West Sub-com
A consensus builder
Pacific-South Sub-com
Seto-Inland Sea WAFCC
Resource Recovery Plan
Pacific WAFCC
Saving Income Relief Scheme
TAE Avoiding the substantial increase of fishing efforts by setting the number of fishing boats, days, tow
Compensation for definitive or temporary loss of right or economic
Regional Fisheries Coordinating Office
Outline of Saving Income Relief Scheme Decreasing Fish stocks Over-fishing capacity Inducing Fishers’ Proactive Action
Significant Economic worse
Support •Reduction of fishing fleets •Business maintenance
Development of a Resource Recovery Plan
Poor economic condition coursed by Income decrease
Implementation of Reduction of Fishing fleets and of the Day-off Fishing
=
Development of a Plan of Operation for Reduction of Fishing Capacity
No support…
Inactive action Support… Alleviation of poor economic condition
= Proactive action Evaluation of the outcome & finding and Feedback
Recovery/Increase of Fish stocks
Stock sustainability Economic viability
Ensuring Stable Seafood Supply
5
On-going Resource Recovery Plans
1 Sand lance 2 Barfin flounder 3 Flatfish
5 Littlemouth flounder, Sailfin sandfish 6 Puffer,conger,etc. 7 Red snow crab 8 Flathead flounder 9 Spanish mackerel
11 Little neck 12 Clam 13 Spear squid 14 Puffer 15 Clam
Wide-Area species Local species
6
Future Perspectives (Capture Fisheries) ☆ Past experience (FAO) shows that recovery has been successful, → 46% of the case for groundfish. → 67% of the case for pelagic fish. → 71% of the case for invertebrates.
☆ Recovery of groundfish will require rebuilding period of 15 years or more, and probably need to be supplemented by large closed areas & technical measures.
☆ Elaboration of post recovery management to avoid significant new increase in effort.
☆ Incorporating aspects of recovery planning into routine.
Recent Action The law to Ensure Sustainable Aquaculture Production Seeks to prevent the self-induced environmental deterioration around aquaculture ground.
Aquaculture Ground Improvement Programs • Voluntary program by fishermen’s cooperative • Approval by the relevant prefectural government under the guidance of the Law
Ensuring Sustainable Aquaculture Production
Sound Development of Aquaculture & Stable Supply of Seafood in a safety & reliable manner
7
State of the on-going Aquaculture Ground Improvement Programs Contents of the program 1. Target Levels of Improvements - DO, TS, Mortality rate, etc. 2. Measures to be taken - Rearing density, type of feeds, treatment of dead fish, etc.
The number of established program has reached 340, covering 38% to 84% of Aquaculture production volume. Prefect ures
Planned
Participating Fisheries Cooperatives
Fish
Shellfish
Seaweed
22
340
400
83.6%
38.0%
61.4%
※）coverage(%) = Production volume in the program site / overall aquaculture production volume
3. Monitoring of the Environment - Water temperature, DO, benthic organism, etc.
Trend of the quality of the Aquaculture grounds at a certain of place in Ehime Prefecture 0.55 0.50
mg/g Dried mud
4. Institutional arrangements - Standing committee for ensuring Implementation & Monitoring of the on-going programs.
Coverage
0.45 0.40
0.61 0.30
0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
※) the volume of volatile sulfurized materials at the bottom of the sea
Rational Use of “Feeds” (Transfer to compound feeds) • Waste ratio of compound feeds has been drastically decreasing, as compared to that raw fish. • 56% of aquaculture feeds accounts for compound feeds. Compound feed production (powder, solid)
Waste ratio of aquaculture feeds Yellowtail 70%
42%
160,000 140,000
80% 70%
Compound for yellowtail
60%
120,000
Regulation on feeds
30% 20%
40,000 20,000
10% 0%
Powder
Solid
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
0 1991
>3%
40%
80,000 60,000
1990
5～15%
1989
15～20%
1988
Compound feeds (moist)
50%
1987
20～30%
100,000
1986
Raw fish
Compound feeds (dry)
180,000
tons
Raw fish (minced)
Snapper
The ratio of sorid to compound
• A standard of ingredients for main feeds & its additive under “The Law to Ensure Safety & improve Quality of Feeds”. • Regulation on the use of antimicrobial agent in the feeds. • A standard of ingredients of nutrition of feeds.
8
Fish Disease Control 1.State of the Fish Disease Occurrence •Downturn trend of fish disease damage while complicated fish disease occurrence.
Outline of the Scheme
• Increasing possibility that the diseases are brought from overseas, due to a movement to diversify aquaculture species.
Importers
•Increasing virus resistant to veterinary drugs.
Examination
2. Fish Disease Control Scheme The scheme aims to prevent the spread of fish disease through imports of marine animals for use in aquaculture or propagation of stocks. Recent Damage Caused by Fish disease
Application for a Permit
The Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries of Japan
Permit
No Permit If necessary
Isolation & Observation in a given period Suspicious of the Disease Investigation
Year
Production (Volume)
Production (Value)
Estimated damage
thousand tons
Thousand tons
Billion yen
(A)
(B) / (A) (%)
Identification of No Infection
(B)
1999
329
3,390
227
6.3
2000
321
3,182
130
3.9
2001
321
2,862
134
4.5
2002
322
2,694
108
3.8
2003
326
2,693
90
2004
310
2,563
-
Condition under the Permit
Identification of Infection
Disposal
Distribution
3.3 -
Future Perspective ☆ Sound Market Research & Export Promotion Policies The needs of consumers : introduction of new labeling requirements, traceability, chemical residue. ☆ Improving the aquaculture sector’s public image & Gaining consumer confidence
Consumers’ concern : proper use of veterinary drug, traceability, labeling for its origin, improvement of aquaculture grounds.
Consumer’s Field Trip
Study group / Program
9
Emerging Issues ☆ Capture-Based Aquaculture (CBA) • Practice of collecting “seed” material from early life stages to adult from the wild, and its subsequent on growing to marketable size in captivity, using aquaculture techniques. • Direct competitor of capture fisheries. • High mortality rates in the transfer of seed to CBA farm. • Conflict with other resource users.
Legal & institutional instrument recognizing CBA as a distinct sector!
☆ “Trash Fish” •Changes in the composition of fish resources : larges, more valuable species toward smaller, lower market value species . • “Trash Fish” used as feed for aquaculture & CBA. • The amazing amount of landed “Trash Fish” . • Targeting “Trash Fish” aggravating the over-fish problem.
Change the current feeding practice!
Thank you for your attention!
10
