Italy before 1815
Italy was divided into a number of small states after the broke up of Roman Empire However, people living in Italy shared some sense of common heritages: They spoke the same language They had the same religion They all look back to the Roman Empire as their forbears The city of Rome always reminded them the greatness of Italy
Italy during Napoleonic Wars 4. 5. 6.
Napoleon conquered Italy in 1796 He expelled the Austrians and the Bourbons family from Italy. He also imprisoned the Pope. He redivided Italy into 3 parts: The Kingdom of Naples in the south; The middle part of Italy was directly under France The Kingdom of Italy in the North He also introduced liberal reforms in Italy Napoleon also inspired Italian Nationalism under his rule.
Italy after the Congress of Vienna
Italy was redivided after the Congress Lombardy and Venetia were given to Austria Modena, Parma and Tuscany were returned to different rulers from the Hapsburg family The Papal States were returned to the Pope A bourbon King, Ferdinand I, returned to be the King of Kingdom
Italy after the Congress of Vienna
Only the Kingdom of Piedmont Sardinia was ruled by an Italian ruler. Although Victor Emmanuel I was the only native Italian king in Italy, he was an old reactionary Austria was the master of Italy after the Congress of Vienna. She tried very hard to suppress any revolution in Italy. That’s why Austria was treated as the enemies of Italian unification.
Italian Uprisings in the 1920’s
The Carbonari was the most important secret society in Italy in the 1820’s In 1820, inspired by the revolution in Spain and South America, the Carbonari members revolted in Naples They successfully forced Ferdinand I to grant them a constitution
Italian Uprisings in the 1820’s
In 1821, a similar uprisings broke out in Piedmont and Lombardy. However the revolution was shortlived. The revolutions were suppressed by Austria Metternich: “Italy is only a geographical term”
Italian Uprisings in the 1830’s
The Carbonari rose arms in Parma, Modena and the Papal States in 1830 after the July Revolution in France The revolutions were suppressed by Austrian troops.
Italian Uprisings in the 1830’s Two events were significant after the 1830 Revolution: 1. Charles Albert, became the king of Piedmont after 1830 2. Mazzini founded the Young Italy Society
Mazzini and the Young Italy Society
Giuseppe Mazzini was from Genoa. He joined the Carbonari during the 1830 Revolution and participated in the revolts organized by the Carbonari He was arrested and was banished after staying in prison for 6 months
Mazzini and the Young Italy Society
In 1831, he wrote a letter to Charles Albert and asked him to lead Italian national movement for independence With no response from the King, he decided to organized the Young Italy Society and advocated republicanism The society was a great success, by 1833, the society had move than 600,000 members of all classes including intellectuals. The society advocated education (of Italian Nationalism) and uprisings
Mazzini and the Young Italy Society
The society advocated education (of Italian Nationalism) and uprisings In 1849, he proclaimed a republic in the Papal States. However, this led to the intervention of France. Mazzini was forced to go to England
Mazzini and the Young Italy Society 2.
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Mazzini’s contributions: He organized the Young Italy Society to awaken the national feeling of Italian. He realized that the failure of the previous failure was due to the narrowness of the scope. All classes in Italy should join the independence movement
Revolutions in 1848
During the year 1848, a tide of revolution swept Europe in 1848 included Italy. In January, a revolution broke out in Sicily and forced King Ferdinand II to proclaim the constitution which had granted in 1820 Almost all Italian states had revolution after the February Revolution in France
Revolutions in 1848
In March, Charles Albert, proclaim a constitution to enlist the liberals’ support to fight against Austria Pope Pius IX had reforms in the Papal States On March, Charles Albert of Piedmont declared war on Austria and led an army into Lombardy However, the Pope refused to lead an Italian Federation and retreated his troops from the battlefield in April In July, Charles was defeated by Austria
Revolutions in 1848
Mazzini and Garibaldi seized Rome and proclaimed the Roman Republic in February 1849 Pope Pius IX fled to Naples The Roman Republic was defeated by the French since France was the protector of the Pope
Revolutions in 1848 2. 3. 4. 5.
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Reasons of failure: The Pope suddenly withdrew from the war affected the morale of the Italian The Italians had different political opinions French intervention defeated the Roman Republic Austria could sent more troops into Italy after she suppressed the revolutions within Austrian Empire Piedmont was not strong enough to combat Austria
Revolutions in 1848 2.
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Lesson Italian learnt: Piedmont had to make herself strong The Pope was not a suitable figure to lead Italian independence movement Republicanism was not a good choice for the independence movement
Sardinia after 1848
Piedmont became the common acknowledged leader of Italy after the war with Austria Victor Emmanuel II kept the constitution which was proclaimed by his father In order to strengthen his country, he appointed Cavour to carry out reforms to modernized Piedmont
Cavour Cavour was a aristocrat by birth, but had strong liberal outlook. He was sympathetic with the revolution of 1830 In 1847, he published a newspaper ”Il Risorgimento” to advocate Italian Unity and freedom He was elected as a member of the Parliament He was appointed as a minister in 1850, and as Prime Minister in 1852