Iss Draft

Copy of Summary from Draft ISS report for UNICEF on ICA in Vietnam. Summary of Key Observations Intercountry adoptions from Vietnam are essentially demand driven. Thus the availability of children who are “adoptable” abroad corresponds more to the existence of foreign prospective adopters than to the actual needs of the “abandoned” and orphaned children. As a result the overwhelming majority of adopted children are under one year of age, the age-group most sought by prospective adopters. Since only a relatively small and ever-decreasing number of other “countries of origin” are currently making children of this age “adoptable” abroad, foreign actors have proved willing to accept conditions put in place by Vietnam for processing these adoptions. There is also considerable pressure from abroad for Vietnam to continue as a “source” of very young children. The circumstances under which babies become “adoptable” are invariably unclear and disturbing. Declarations of so-called “abandonment” are intriguingly frequent, with unexplained peaks and troughs. Procedures for verifying the child’s status and, inter alia, for ensuring free and informed consent to adoption are inadequate and inconsistent. Decision making on the availability of a child for intercountry adoption as opposed to domestic adoption (including return to the biological family) seems to take no account of the subsidiary nature of adoption abroad, with little or no effort being made to establish the child’s real need for the latter or to identify in-country care opportunities. The intercountry adoption system is grounded in a remarkably unhealthy relationship between agencies and specific residential facilities. It involves compulsory and sizeable financial contributions by agencies in the form of “humanitarian aid” to facilities that they themselves have identified as potential “partners in ICA. The question of “aid” generally seems to be given far more importance than ensuring that ICA is resorted to as an exceptional measure on a case-by-case basis. Agencies compete with each other to secure children and tend to expect that children will be “indicated” to them for ICA processing according to the amount of humanitarian aid provided. Agencies are subject to little or no monitoring, and neither they nor the residential facilities they work with have any incentive to address or notify problems, since the way the system presently functions is to advantage of both.

Governments and Central Authorities of “receiving countries” – collectively at least, and individually in many instances – have not effectively committed themselves to applying the basic principles of the Hague Convention 1993, or the recommendations of the Special Commission on the treaty’s practical operation, in their dealings with Vietnam. They have therefore been sending out mixed – hence eminently unhelpful – messages on the acceptability of the current system. These frequently seem to respond to pressures more to pressures within their respective countries than to tackling identified problems. In most cases, embassies have virtually no knowledge of how their country’s agencies are operating, let alone being in a position to verify the compliance with international standards of adoptions to their country. Vietnam’s desire for rapid accession to the THC-93 constitutes a highly positive perspective. It will nonetheless require not only far reaching legislative changes, which Vietnam already envisages, but also a fundamental change in outlook, including in particular a total divorce between “humanitarian aid” and other financial contributions and the ICA of those of its children who may require this measure. The success of reform efforts will depend not only on Vietnam itself but also on the willingness and ability of foreign actors other than agencies to provide active assistance, including in the development of preventative child welfare measures and of functioning child protection systems, based on a deinstitutionalisation strategy and the consequent expansion of alternative care options for vulnerable children.