Invisible Giant

Contents

Preface 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Mutant Giants Cargill Inc. – The Numbers Origins, Organization and Ownership Policy Advocacy and Capitalist Subsidies Creatures: Feeding and Processing Cotton, Peanuts and Malting Processing: Oilseeds, Soybeans, Corn and Wheat Invisible Commodities E-commerce Coming and Going: Transport and Storage Typical Stories – Canada and Mexico Fertilizer The West Coast Rivers of Soy – South America Juice The ‘Far East’ Seeds Salt Only Cargill’s Future?

vi 1 16 20 30 41 59 65 80 90 94 104 110 116 121 134 142 170 181 194

Notes References Index

201 206 208

Maps 1 Major North American bulk transport waterways 2 Major rivers of South America

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Invisible Giant Applies New Make-Up February 20, 2002. I was making a routine check of Cargill’s website to see what they had acquired the previous week. To my surprise, I was not greeted by a news release on their latest deal, but by ‘the new Cargill’ and its new logo. Gone is the old green toilet seat – the stylized green ‘C’ with the teardrop shaped centre with the fully detachable Cargill name. The new logo – with the upper three-eighths of the old green ‘C’ arching gracefully from the ‘a’ over to dot the ‘i’ in Cargill – integrates the Cargill name in the logo, signifying that Cargill has decided it will no longer be quite such an invisible giant. It was almost exciting. The new logo is intended to convey that Cargill is ‘building on tradition while moving forward’, and as you will find herein, Cargill has indeed been moving relentlessly ‘forward’. As Cargill explains: The green banner of colour in the new Cargill logo connects visually to our previous logo ... There is much we want to keep from the Cargill that grew organizationally and geographically during the 36 years the logo was used ... At the same time, a new Cargill is taking shape – one that is more approachable, innovative and forward-facing ... Our fundamental business purpose is about nourishment, growth and making connections – to harness our knowledge and energy in providing goods and services that are necessary for life, health and growth. And of the new hype for the new Cargill: Cargill entered the 21st century on a new journey – to become, within the decade, the premier provider of solutions to our food and agricultural customers ... We bring to this journey our traditional strengths of integrity and dependability. We also bring our accumulated expertise across many geographies, products and vi

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services. On this foundation we will build stronger relationships with each customer. That will enable us together: • • • •

to explore unmet needs; to discover jointly best ways of filling them; to create unique and valued solutions; and to deliver them reliably.

Reading these words, carefully crafted and probably at considerable expense, I am struck by their subjectivity and lack of content. I am also struck by their emphasis on what seems to be called today ‘values’ – which are identified as ‘dependability’ and ‘integrity’. Not bad values, actually, but by themselves they don’t tell us anything about the company’s vision for us and for the world. This book is intended to give some content to this vision by looking at where Cargill has come from and where it is going. The imprecision of Cargill’s words is clever. The company is not making itself liable for anything, so it cannot be held to any promises by either its fans or its critics. It has not established any specific concrete goals – such as doubling in size every five to seven years, as it once rashly declared, or increasing its earnings, or being the biggest this or that. What may really be new about the new Cargill is an acknowledgement, in both philosophy and practice, that cooperation is superior to competition as a way of doing business, though today the term is ‘partnership’ or ‘joint venture’. Gone is the mean old trader buying low and selling high. Well, not really gone – the company is still willing to take advantage of the misfortune, or mismanagement, of others by buying their facilities cheap, and the company is still a global trader in an almost endless list of commodities using its capital leverage to make deals that most mere mortals can seldom dream of. But then Cargill is not mortal. It is the essence of corporate being, exercising an immortality that the immoral engineers of biotechnology still only fantasize about. Cargill apparently no longer seeks to take advantage of others, but to give them advice, as ‘partners’. At least this is what it tells farmers and the purchasers of its specialized food components and ingredients. ‘We are undertaking a fundamental change in our approach to doing business,’ said company chairman Warren Staley. ‘Our

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efforts today centre on creating distinctive value for our customers – from helping farm customers market their products to helping manage food customers’ supply-chain logistics and risks. With this strategy we are more customer-focused, performance-oriented and innovative in all of our business relationships.’1 In offering advice, as the seller of ‘inputs’ and the buyer of ‘product’, what Cargill is really doing is creating agricultural policy from the bottom up. In helping the farmers to grow more of what Cargill requires as its ‘inputs’ for trading and processing, and helping farmers sell their ‘product’ in the global system over which Cargill exercises considerable control, Cargill is building the kind of industrial agricultural system it can best profit by, not necessarily the one that serves the farmers or the public best, or the system that ensures that everyone everywhere is adequately nourished. This second edition of Invisible Giant was undertaken because of a renewed interest in the broad issue of increasing corporate concentration and control in every economic sector, but particularly in agribusiness. Since the first edition went to press at the end of 1994, I have exercised ‘due diligence’, dumping every bit of information pertaining to Cargill I came across or was sent into a file on my hard drive. Then I had to sort it all out and try to make sense of it. I’ve also done some more travelling. I am sure that Cargill changed its information policy after Invisible Giant first appeared. It did not want Invisible Giant to be the only source of information about the company, so it began to make much greater use of the Internet to supply the public with news of its activities, but at the same time it has been very careful not to put so much information in public view that the novice could actually know what the company was up to. A trick it often pulls is to post information without a date, or to post information and then not update it. Many of its web pages are three years old or more, making the information interesting but not necessarily accurate. Some information is posted and then withdrawn – press releases, for example – leaving a little ‘not available’ sign posted where the news had been. One has to wonder what prompted the withdrawal. The company has also removed any corporate publications from the reception areas of their offices and facilities. As a result of this, and my inability to travel the globe talking to local Cargill people as much as I would like – which has always been the best source of reliable information – the reader will find that not

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everything is as up to date as one would prefer. I, too, would like to know how this or that turned out, or what happened next. I certainly would like to know, for example, what Cargill – and Monsanto, or Cargill and Monsanto as Renessen – are doing in China. Dartmouth College historian Wayne G. Broehl Jr was commissioned by Cargill to write an official history of Cargill from 1895 to 1960.* The resulting book, the only official history of the company that I am aware of, provides the kind of visibility for the corporation that Cargill obviously wanted. With over 1,000 pages, its thickness makes it highly visible on the bookshelf. It also contains many good stories (in voluminous detail) of Cargill encounters with financiers, government agencies and competitors, as well as stories about the internal dynamics and personalities of the company. In fact, there is so much detail that the whole becomes invisible – or un-visible. I don’t think this is accidental. Duncan MacMillan also wrote a colourful and very personal two-volume illustrated family history** and I have drawn from these two books for the brief historical sketch of Cargill and for other bits of historical information. While there is also a lot of detail in this book, it is organized and presented in a vastly different fashion, for a different purpose, than either of the books just mentioned. What I have attempted to construct, using the information available to me, is an outsider’s guide to understanding how Cargill works, where it has been and where it is going. There are many stories and reports that are not included here – about price-fixing charges, environmental pollution, public relations at the community level and the kind of charitable activities that any responsible corporation would want to be engaged in as they displace governments in the affairs of the world. While these are important, they do not say much about corporate strategy. Over the years, I have talked with many Cargill employees, competitors, academics and government personnel in many countries, and I have acquired as much of Cargill’s own literature as I could find. I have also regularly read the trade journals cited as references and monitored many other business magazines. Friends and librarians who believe that information is for sharing have also been * **

Cargill – Trading the World’s Grain, University Press of New England, New Hampshire, USA, 1992. W. Duncan MacMillan, with Patricia Condon Johnson, MacGhillemhaoil – An Account of My Family From Earliest Times, privately printed at Wayzata, Minnesota, 1990 (two volumes, illustrated).

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helpful in sending snippets and clippings. The whole project is very much like assembling a jig-saw puzzle. While there are still many pieces missing, you can get the picture, and I hope that others will use this as a starting point collectively to create a fuller picture. I have endeavoured to make the statistics unobtrusive and helpful. There are many figures missing, for which the reader will have to apply directly to Cargill. US currency figures are used except where conversion from foreign figures would introduce error due to changes in exchange rates. Figures, however, are only one indicator; when the issue is power, the magnitude of the numbers themselves may be less important than the leverage they provide. Cargill is certainly one of the most powerful and effective corporations in the world, and deserves to be known and understood. Cargill has and will continue to shape the agricultural policy of as many countries and regions as it can, while the public’s role in this policy is confined to that of passive consumer. Public policy should be made by the public, however, and there are fundamental choices to be made about how we and future generations are going to live and how we are going to feed ourselves. These choices should not be left to Cargill or any other transnational corporation (TNC), regardless of the quality of its employees. It is simply not a good idea to put control over our food in the hands of a very small number of men whose job it is to serve corporate as opposed to public interests. There is a difference! Here’s to all those who do not share the Cargill vision of a single ‘open’ global food system or the mythical dogma of comparative advantage: the resisters in Venezuela, India, Argentina, Brazil, the USA, Canada and everywhere else who seek justice, equity, diversity and food for all.

Index Compiled by Auriol Griffith-Jones Abbott Laboratories, 190 ACBL Hidrovias, 128 Access Financial, 84, 88 Acco, 42 ACLI coffee and cocoa, 124 Adani Export Co., 184, 187 Adinath Polyfils, 187 ADM (Archer Daniels Midland), 6, 23, 42, 90 and Agricore United, 196 corn, 74, 77 grain, 78, 79, 119 soybeans, 5, 126 advertising, 1–2, 14–15, 18–19 Afghanistan, Soviet invasion, 32 Africa cotton operations in, 62–3 see also Tanzania AGP Grain, Indiana, 195 AgrEvo (Hoechst), 172, 173 Agri-Industrial Mimesa, Venezuela, 132 Agribrands International Inc., 43 Agricore United, 117, 195–6 Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act see Food for Peace Ahold (Dutch food retailer), 3, 139 Akzo-Nobel, Netherlands, 182, 183 Alabama, oilseed processing, vi–vii Alafia River, Florida, 111 Albany, New York, 78, 98–9 Alberta, 47, 116 High River beef-packing plant, 45–6, 47, 48 Alberta Terminals Ltd (ATL), 107 Alberta Wheat Pool, 117, 195 Alceco farm cooperative, 195 Alderson, Leonard, 60–1 Alejandro Roca, Argentina, peanut plant, 132 Alexander, Charles, 155 Algeria, 38 Allenberg Cotton Co., Tennessee, 59, 92 alterna Technologies Group, alterna.com, 93 Amazon River, Itacoatiera river port, 129–30

American Commercial, 100–1 American Commercial Barge Lines, 128 American Commercial Lines Holdings, 128 American Crystal Sugar Co., 195 American Meat Institute, 156 American Salt, 182 American Soybean Association, 34 ammonia, 110, 114 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 102, 134 Amstutz, Daniel, 33–4, 92 anchovy fisheries, 125 Ancón de Iturre, Venezuela, 192, 193 André grain company, 1 Andreas family, Honeymead Products, 42 Andreas, Dwayne, 23, 28, 42 Andreas, Lowell, 42 Andrew Weir (Far East) Ltd, 84, 158 animal feeds, 2, 22, 41–3, 114 Asia Pacific, 167 as ‘beachheads’, 146, 167 in Canada, 42, 47, 106 for cattle feedlots, 43–4, 49 citrus pulp, 134, 138–9 formula, 41 grain substitutes, 54 Mol Mix supplement, 119 for poultry, 54, 56 salesmen, 49–50 see also Nutrena Antwerp, Belgium, 101 apple juice, 136, 137–8, 139 Applegate, Gary, 145–6 aquaculture, 2, 43 catfish, 57–8 Argentina, 45, 83, 130–2, 171 beef cattle feedlots, 131 juice production, 132, 137 malting, 64, 132 oilseed processing, 66, 131–2 soybean production, 125, 131 Ariba Inc., 91 Arkona Feed Mills, Ontario, 106 Artfer Inc, 37 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) review, 11

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Index Asian financial crisis, 156–7 Aspergillus niger, microorganism, 124 Asset Investment & Finance Group, 88 Associated British Foods, 91 Atitalaquia Corn Syrup Distribution Centre, 69 Australia, 45 financial services, 86, 88 oilseed processing, 66, 67 solar salt facility, 181, 183, 187 Australian Grain Exporters’ Association, 39 Australian Wheat Board (AWB), 39, 95–6 Avondale cotton mills, 92 Ayr Feeds, Ontario, 106 Bahia Blanca, Argentina, 64, 131 Baie Comeau, terminal elevator, 101 Bangkok, Thailand, 45 barges, 72–3, 99–100 K-2, 99, 102 Paraguay-Paraná rivers, 128 sulphur, 99, 112 Barreiras, Brazil, 123 Bartow, Florida, fertilizer plant, 112 Bastiens, Guillaume, 69 Baton Rouge, port facilities, 99, 100 ‘beachheads’, 9, 104, 108, 160 animal feeds as, 146, 167 seeds as, 25, 160, 170, 171, 174 Beacon Milling, 42 Beatrice (Tropicana), 135 Beaumont, Texas, grain export terminal, 6 Bebedouro, Brazil, citrus plant, 135, 140 beef cattle, 41, 44, 131, 153 feed and production, 41–50 processing in Japan, 162–3 US exports to Korea, 153–4 Belgium, 64, 69, 101 Bellary, India, 177 Belle Isle, Louisiana, salt, 181 Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan, 107, 114 BEOCO Ltd (Liverpool), 5 Bien Hoa Feed Mill, Vietnam, 168 Big Bend Transfer Co., 113 Binary Vector System, 172 biodegradable plastics, 75 bittern (toxic by-product of salt), 192–3 Blair, Nebraska, corn wet milling, 73, 74–6

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Bloomberg, investor research, 84 Blue Square animal feeds, 41, 42 Bolivia, soybean production, 127–8 Bonaire Island, Caribbean, salt, 183 Bone Valley, Florida, phosphate-rock, 110–11 Bosworth, Dan, 84 BP Amoco, 91 Brazil, 4, 123, 125, 126–8 cane sugar, 124 citrus industry, 123, 134–7, 140, 151 National Institute for Research in the Amazon (INPA), 129 soybean processing, 53, 69–70 see also Amazon Broehl, Wayne G., history of Cargill, ix, 21, 35, 59, 99, 121 BSPA, Taiwan purchasing group, 147 BTR Farmers Co-operative, 194 Buckner, Bill, 48 Buffalo, New York, flour mill, 78 bulk handling, 22, 94, 101, 134–5 Bunge, 1, 4–5, 101, 126 joint ventures, 5, 124 Bunge Australia, 4 Burger King, 57 Burkino Faso, 38 Burlington Northern Railways, 117 Burns, Arthur, 48 Burns Foods Ltd, 48 Bush, George W., US President, 150 Cáceres, Brazil, river port, 128 Cactus Feeders, 43 Cal-Maine Foods, Mississippi, 56 Calgary, Alberta, inland terminal, 107 Calgene Inc., 62 California, 59, 183 animal feed mills, 42, 119, 120 fruit growing, 141 see also San Francisco California Wildlife Conservation Board, 190 Campbell’s Soup, 2 Canada, 6, 84, 104–8, 182 animal feeds, 42, 47, 106 beef industry, 44–9 oilseed processing, 66–7 poultry production, 51, 52, 57 see also Alberta; Canadian Wheat Board (CWB); Saskatchewan; Vancouver Canada Beef Export Federation, 48

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Canada Packers, 45, 48 Canadian Pacific, 106, 117 Canadian Wheat Board (CWB), 37, 39, 67, 95, 104–5 canola, 62, 116, 172, 178 Nexera seed, 6–7 oil processing, 65, 66, 67, 124 Canola Council, 34 Cape Canaveral, Florida, salt, 183 Caprock Industries, 43 Carey Salt, 182 Cargill accounting systems, 50, 85, 88 Commodity Marketing Division (CMD), 23, 24 commodity trading, 80–5 corporate advertising, vi, 1–2, 14–15, 18–19 Corporate Center, 12, 22, 25 corporate goals, 22, 198 Emerging Markets Department, 86 financial ratings, 8, 17, 77 financial reporting, 8, 16–18, 123 global perspective, 8–9, 14–15, 198–200 Higher Education Initiative, 196 ideology, 9–10, 11, 23, 199 influence on public policy, 9–15, 200 information policy, vi–viii, 16–19 invisibility, 7–8 joint ventures, 5, 6, 61, 173–4, 194 management structure, 12–13, 21, 22–6, 199 origins, 1, 20–1 private ownership, 7–8, 16, 27–9 restructuring (1990s), 22–6, 194 strategy, 13–14, 17, 18–19 websites, vi–viii, 13, 30, 88, 90–3, 131 see also revenues Cargill family, 27, 28–9 Cargill, Austen, 101 Cargill, Edna, married John MacMillan, 20 Cargill, Jim, 20 Cargill, Sam, 20 Cargill, Will (son of W.W.), 20–1, 41, 170–1 Cargill, W.W., 20, 94, 157 Cargill & Van partnership, 20 Cargill Brothers, 20 Cargill Bulletin, 30 Cargill divisions and subsidiaries Cargill Agricola e Comercial, 123, 134–6

Cargill Agricultural Merchants, UK, 172 Cargill Argentina, 130–1 Cargill Asia Pacific, 156, 167 Cargill Brazil, 123 Cargill Cafetera, 124 Cargill Canada, 44–5, 107–8 Cargill Carriers Incorporated, 101 Cargill Community Network (CCN), 31–2 Cargill de Venezuela, 69, 181, 190 Cargill Dow Polymers LLC, 75 Cargill Fertilizer Inc., 113 Cargill Financial Services Corp, 84, 86–8 Cargill Global Funding plc, 84 Cargill Grain Co. Illinois, 21 Cargill Grain Division, 23 Cargill Health and Food Technologies, 174 Cargill Hybrid Seeds North America, sold to Hoechst, 172 Cargill Investments (China) Ltd, 165–6 Cargill Investor Services (CIS), 84, 86, 146 Cargill Japan, 164 Cargill Leasing, 85, 101, 194 Cargill Liqualife, 43 Cargill Malt, Argentina, 64 Cargill North Asia Ltd (CNAL), 159, 163 Cargill Philippines, 168–9 Cargill plc (UK), 59 Cargill Polska, 70 Cargill Pork, 197 Cargill Seeds China, 179–80 Cargill Seeds India, 174–9 Cargill Siam, 167 Cargill Steel, 91–2 Cargill Taiwan Ltd, 145 Cargill Trading Ltd, Korea, 150, 151 Financial Markets Division (FMD), 85–9, 130–1 Ocean Transportation Business, 91 Specialty Plant Products Division, 25 Caribbean, 112, 183 Carlson, Juels, 161 Carmela, molasses, 108 cartels, invisible, 90 Carter, Jimmy, US president, 32 casino, Las Vegas, 87 cassava starch, Brazil, 124

Index catfish, 57–8 cattle dairy, 41 feedlots, 43–4, 47, 49, 131 see also animal feeds; beef cattle processing, 41, 44–9 Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 42, 72 Cenex wheat cooperative, 78, 90 Central Aguirre Portuaria SA, 127 Central Soya company, 77 Cereol, oilseed processors, 77 Cerestar, acquisition of, 76–7 Cerrado region, Brazil, 126–7 Ceval Alimentos (Brazil), 4 CF Industries Inc., 113 chaebols (conglomerates), Korea, 149, 199 Chambley, Québec, 46–7 Chavez, Hugo, Venezuelan president, 193 Checkerboard brand, 43 Chiang Kai Shek, 148 Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), 21 Chicoine, Jerry, 172 Chile, fruit processing, 137, 139 China, ix, 40, 63, 164–7 cotton trade with, 61–2 cottonseed processing, 66 feed mills, 146 fertilizers, 166 infrastructure problems, 39–40, 165 malting, 64 seeds, 179–80 soybean processing, 166 wheat sales to, 37, 39–40 chlorine, salt for, 182, 191 CHS Cooperatives, 78, 79, 194, 195 Chu, Andy, 144 Chubu Shiryo, Japan, 163 Cinto Azul SA, Costa Rica, 45 citric acid, 73–4, 124 Citro Pure Cloud, 139 Citrosuco Paulista, Brazil, 134, 135, 136, 140 citrus groves Brazil, 135–6 Florida, 112, 134, 138, 140 citrus meal, 135 citrus processing Brazil, 123, 134–7, 140 peel oil, 136 see also juice citrus pulp, for animal feed, 134, 138–9 Clarksons, 91

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CLD Pacific Grain Ltd, 6 Clear Valley canola brand, 67 Cleberg, H.D., 30 Clemmensen, Craig, 59 Clinton, Bill, US President, 11–12, 150 CN railways, 117 Co-Pal Fertilizer, 120 Coca-Cola, 19, 135 cocoa trading, 124 CODEBA, Brazil government agency, 124 coffee production, Brazil, 125, 126 coffee trading, 124, 194 Colombia, 38, 68–9, 124 Colorado, grain elevators, 5 Columbia Containers, 116 Columbia and Snake River waterway, 6, 96, 116, 119 Comet Rice Mill, Greenville, 79 Commodity Credit Corporation, 38, 100 commodity marketing, 118 commodity trading, 66, 80–5 computer technology, 50, 62–3 and centralization, 16, 24, 50 ConAgra, 39, 43, 46, 58, 78, 79 CONASUPO, Mexican government food agency, 108 consultants, 81–2 ContiCotton, Fresno, California, 59 ContiGroup Companies Inc., 2, 6, 118 Continental Grain, 1, 2, 39, 66, 101 cattle feedlots, 43 commodity marketing business, 118 post-war grain exports, 36, 37 contracts trading, 80, 81–2 cooperation, as company strategy, vi–vii, 194–5 copra (coconut), 54, 168 Coquillard, J. Norwall, 159–60 corn gluten meal, 73 corn, hybrid, 53, 82, 121, 160, 168–9, 174 Argentina, 171 see also seeds corn milling, 5, 23, 72–6, 79, 120, 195 corn processing, 68, 72–6 China, 166–7 Corn Refiners Association, 73 corn syrup, 72, 103, 119 see also HFCS corn-oil, 73 processing, 4, 66, 124

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Corrigan, Fritz, 173 Costa Rica, 38, 45 cotton, 59–63 Cotton and Agricultural Processors, Nigeria, 61 Cotton Ginner Ltd, Malawi, 59 cotton trading, 92, 151 cottonseed, 60, 62, 66, 67 oil, 60, 65 Crystal Brand seeds, 171 Crystalsev Comercio e Representacao Ltda, Brazil, 135 CSM n.v., Amsterdam, 75 CSX Corporation, 100–1 CUC Malt Ltd, 64 Cuddy International Corporation, 52 Cultor Food Science, Finland, 76 currency markets, speculation in, 12, 82–3, 89 Cutrale (Sucocitrico Cutrale), Brazil, 134, 135, 136, 140, 151 Cyanamid Canada, 107 Daewoo, Korea, 149, 152 Daiei (supermarkets), Japan, 162 Danube, River, 121 Dawson, Allan, 104 Dawson, Dick, Canada, 44–5, 67, 104 Dayton, Ohio, corn wet milling, 73 Degussa-Huls AG, 75 Delta and Pine Land Company, Mississippi, 62 Delta Pride Catfish Inc., 58 Den, cotton joint-venture with, 61 derivatives trading, 66, 82–3 Des Moines, Iowa, flour mill, 79 Destrahan, Louisiana, flour mill, 79 Developing World: Opportunities for US Agriculture project, 38 dextrose, 72, 73, 75, 77 diammonium phosphate (DAP), 110, 166 Domtar Inc., Montreal, 182 Dongling Trading Corporation, China, 166 Dongyang Yuryang, Korea, 153 Dow AgroSciences, 6–7, 62, 173 Dow Chemical Co., 75, 190 Dreyfus (Louis Dreyfus & Cie), 1, 6–7, 37, 39, 90, 101 citrus in Brazil, 140, 151 cotton subsidiaries, 59, 92 grain terminals, 118–19 Dreyfus, William Louis, 6

dry milling, 5, 72, 77–9 Duferco steel traders, Switzerland, 91 Dun & Bradstreet, 8 Dunavant Enterprises Inc., Memphis, 59, 92 DuPont, 67, 90, 173 Dutch East India Company, 148 e-commerce, 90–3 eco-efficiency, 75, 76 ecology, 8–9, 197 mangrove swamps, 187, 191 of salt production, 185 Ecom Agroindustrial Corp, Switzerland, 124 EcoPLA plant, Minneapolis, 75 Eddyville, Iowa, corn milling, 73–4, 76 Edmonton, Alberta, inland terminal, 107 EFS Network Inc., 92 eggs, 52, 56–7 EggSolutions Inc., 57 Egypt, 38, 62 ejidos (communal farms in Mexico), 108 El Tablazo Petrochemical Complex, Venezuela, 191–2, 193 EMBRAPA, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, 126, 127 Emergency Committee for American Trade, 11 Emmpack Foods, Milwaukee, 47 Employee Share Ownership Plan (ESOP), 28, 29, 77 employees, 56, 107, 113, 144–5 Empresa Nacional de Salinas, Venezuela, 193 Empresas Algodonera Mexicana, 108 Empresas Hohenberg, 108 Empresas Iansa, Chile, 139 England, 45, 73, 79, 88 environmental consciousness, 197 Florida phosphate reclamation, 111, 112, 138, 197 San Francisco Bay, 189–90 and South American hidrovias, 128–9 environmental impact assessments, 129 Eridania Beghin-Say agrifood company, 77 Erie Canal, 98 Erlin Grain, Ontario, 106

Index erythritol production, 74 Estevan, Saskatchewan, 114 ethanol, 73, 74, 167 Ethiopia, cotton, 62 European Union, 37, 77, 142 Excel Foods, 46, 47 Export Enhancement Program (EEP), 36–8, 142 Far East eating habits, 142, 157–8 see also China; Japan; Korea; Taiwan farm machinery, contract company, 121 farmers’ cooperatives, 194–5 farmers’ organizations, 34 Farmland Industries, 30, 91 Farr Better Feeds, 49 FCOJ see orange juice Fearnside, Philip M., 129 feed mills, 119, 144, 151, 160–1, 168 Ferrara, Italy, 138 fertilizer, 4, 22, 76, 110 Canada, 106, 107 dependence of hybrid seed on, 170 Far East, 162, 166 India, 179, 186, 188 phosphate, 110–14 South America, 123, 131–2 fertilizer production, 107, 112–14, 120 Fertiza, Brazil, 123 Fiera de Santana, Brazil, 137 finance companies, ContiFinance, 2 financial services, 86, 88, 91, 194 Firstar Corp banking company, 85 fish marketing, 24 Fishery Products Department, 57 flax, for oil, 65 Florida, 51, 183 citrus groves, 112, 134, 138, 140 phosphate-rock, 110–11, 112, 138, 197 see also Tampa flour milling schools, 38 flour mills, 38, 119, 132, 133, 188 closures, 78–9 food ingredients, 174 Food for Peace (PL 480), 35–6, 83, 100, 142, 143, 152 Food Security Act (1985), 36, 142 foodservice supply, electronic network, 92 France, 64, 88

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Freeport-McMoRan Resource Partners, New Orleans, 113 Fribourg, Jules and René, 1 Fribourg, Paul, 118 Frick Services, 195 Frostproof, Florida, fruit juice, 138 fructose, 71, 73, 120 fruit fresh, 141, 194 juices, 134–40 FSU see Russia Ft Meade, Florida, 111, 112, 113 Fuji Oil Co. Ltd, Japan, 159 futures trading, 66, 80–2, 140 and storage, 95–6 Galveston, Texas, 120 Gandhi, Mahatma, 185 Garden City Coop, 194–5 Gardinier family, 111 Gaskins, Arthur, 51 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Uruguay Round, 30, 176 General Mills, 78 genetic engineering, 200 Cargill support for, 53, 174 of specialty seed crops, 25, 170, 172 Geneva, 86 ‘geographies’, 14, 22–3 Georgia, 47, 51 Gerkens, Netherlands, cocoa, 124 Germany, 64, 66, 69 Gilmore, Richard, 33 Global Bio-Chem Technology Group, Hong Kong, 166–7 globalization as form of colonization, 197–8 motivation for, 2, 198–9 as recreation of feudalism, 198 glucose, 68, 71, 77 Godrej Soaps, 175 Goertzen Seed Co., 171, 173 Gold Kist, 91 Golden Growers Coop, 195 governments agricultural agents, 81 Cargill’s influence on public policy, 9–15 see also political jurisdictions; US Government Grace, W.R., 49, 112 grain elevators, 5, 20, 105, 188, 194–5

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Albany, 98–9 Canada, 104, 107–8 country elevators, 101, 102, 103, 106, 131 divested, 118–19 grain storage, 39, 95–6, 120 programme (1958-68), 36 Grain Terminal Association, 42 grain terminals, 105, 106, 107–8, 116–17 divested, 118–19 grain trade, 108, 167 Export Enhancement Program (EEP), 36–8, 142 Food for Peace policy, 35–6 market share, 101, 118 and storage capacity, 95–6 US government subsidies for, 36–40 Gramoven (Venezuela), 4, 5 grapefruit juice, 139 grapes, 141 oil processing, 66 Great Lakes, 96, 98 Great Salt Lake Mineral company, 182 Grupo Maggi, 124, 130 Grupo Zuliano, Venezuela, 193 GSX.com, 91–2 Gujarat, India, 184, 187 Hamilton, John, India, 176, 177–8, 179 Hanford, California, 42 Hanjin, Korea, 149 Hansen & Peterson, 42 Harris Chemical Group, Kansas, 182 Harvest States Cooperatives, 78–9, 90 Hawaii, molasses from, 119 Hawkins, Kerry, 52 hazelnut processing, Turkey, 120 health care industry, 86–7 Heartland Cooperative, 195 helicopter crop-dusting, 121 Hereford, England, 45, 55 HFCS (high fructose corn syrup), 72, 73, 77, 119, 166–7 hidrovias see river transport High River, Alberta, beef-packing plant, 45–6, 47, 48 High Value Feed Corn Company, China, 166 Hill, Brian, 173 Hills, Carla, 152 Hillsdown Holdings plc, 48, 106 Hindoli palm-oil, 54

Hindustan Lever, 175 Hoechst Schering AgrEvo GmbH, 172 Hoffman-La Roche Ltd, Switzerland, 76 Hohenberg Bros Co., cotton traders, 7, 59–60, 92, 108, 151 Honduras, meat processing, 45 Honeymead Products Co., 41–2 Hong Kong, 86, 164, 165, 167 Hookers Prairie, Florida, 112 Horizon Milling LLC, 78–9 Hormel, 58 Houston, Texas, 6, 73 Hsu, Mike, 164–5 Huber, Daniel, 61, 156–7, 165 Hudson River, 96, 98 Hueting, Gerrit, 68, 70 Huilerie Felix Marchand SA, France, 66 Hutter, Heinz, 22, 108 Hyundai, Korea, 135, 149, 152 IBP meat-packers, 44, 46, 91 Ilheus, Brazil, port, 124 Illinois, soybean processing, 66 Illinois Cereal Mills Inc., 26, 79 Illinois, University of, 126 IMC Global Inc., 113 IMC-Agrico, 113 IMF (International Monetary Fund), 175 India, 8, 63, 175–6, 178, 185 Council of Agricultural Research, 176, 178 popular resistance to Cargill, 177–8, 185–6 port facilities, 98, 187–8 salt, 183–8 sunflower seed, 177, 178 Indonesia, 53, 55 palm-oil production, 54–5 poultry production, 53–4, 167 Indústria de Balas Florestal, Brazil, 124 Industria Hohenberg, 108 InnovaSure, IP crop company, 26–7, 53, 60 Institut de Sélection Animale (Mérieux Group), France, 52 insurance, 87 intellectual property rights, 176, 179 Inter-American Development Bank, 128 InterMountain Canola, 67, 173

Index International Basic Economy Corporation (IBEC), Brazil, 121, 123 International Property Corp, 87 International Rice Research Institute, 180 International Soybean Program, 126 investment services, 86 Iowa, 41, 57, 66 IP (identity preserved) crops, 7, 14, 25–6, 53, 188 see also InnovaSure Isman, Barbara, 16, 114 isoglucose (HFS), 77 Itacoatiera, Amazon river port, 129–30 itaconic acid production, 76 Italy, apple processing, 138 Itochu, Japan, 159 Japan, 50, 148, 157–64 agriculture, 162 animal feed ingredients, 159–60, 163 consumer market growth, 136–7 Corporate Rehabilitation Law, 163 fertilizer, 162 fruit juice storage, 136–7 resistance to Cargill imports, 160–2 seeds, 160 trading companies in Korea, 152 zaibatsu (business combines), 158, 162 Japanese Food Agency, 163 Japanese Trading Company (JTC), 159 Jeffboat Inc., 128 Jefferson Island Salt Company, 181 Johnson, Robbin, 10, 11, 94, 165 juice production, 132, 134–40 Kandla Port, Gujarat, India, 184–5, 186–7 Kansas, 5, 42 Kansas Beef, 162 Kansas City, investment services, 86 Kansas State University, Ohio, 196 Kaohsiung, Taiwan, feed mill, 144 Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha (farmers’ movement), India, 177 Karnataka region, India, 175, 177 Kazakhstan, cotton production, 61 Keinath, Pauline MacMillan, 28 Kellogg Co., 79 Kennedy, Tony, 32 Kent State University, 196 Kenya, cotton, 62

215

Kerr-Gifford, 84, 120 Kerrgill Company Ltd, 84 Kikkomen, 19 Kimmelshue, Ruth, 1, 14 kinno, new orange variety, 137 Klaipeda, Lithuania, 114 Klein, John E., 4–5 Klein, Mark, 51, 58 Klein, Walter, 4 Kola Feeds, Manitoba, 106 Korea, 38, 148–57 agriculture, 149, 150, 154, 156 animal feeds for, 54, 151–2 chaebols, 149, 150–1 Livestock Products Marketing Organization (LPMO), 154 relations with US, 149–50, 152–3 soybean processing, 152–3 US Agricultural Trade Office, 149, 155 US beef exports to, 153–4 Korea Feed Association, 152 Korea, North, 149–50 Korea Wheat Flour Milling Industry Association, 152 Korean Feed Association, 161 Korean Soybean Processors Association, 153 Korean War, 148 Kraft, 19, 103, 134 Kutch, Bay of, India, 184, 187 Kwinter family, 57 labelling, of GM and non-GM products, 53 LaCross, Wisconsin, 20 lactic acid production, 74–5 Ladish Malting Co., 64 Lakeside Farm Industries Ltd, 46 Lakeside Packers, 46 Lauhoff Grain Co., 5 Lawser, Greg, 109 Lebeau, Louisiana, catfish ponds, 57 lecithin plant, Belgium, 69 Leslie Salt Co., 181, 192 Lethbridge, Alberta, 107 LevelSeas.com, 91 Lewiston, Idaho, 119 Lifosa, Lithuania, 113–14 Lin, Jason, 147 Linder, Doug, 141 Lithuania, fertilizer production, 113–14 Liverpool, England, corn mill, 79

216

Invisible Giant

livestock see animal feeds; cattle; pigs; poultry loan guarantees, 115 lobbying, 31–5 and farmers’ organizations, 34 London, 86 Canary Wharf, 87 London, Ontario, grain trading, 105–6 Lone Star Technologies Inc., 100 Los Olivitos Swamp, Venezuela, 191, 192–3 Louis Dreyfus Canada, 6–7 Louisiana, 5, 42, 57–8, 112 Lucky-Goldstar, Korea, 149 Lumpkins, Robert, 65 lysine amino acids, 75 M.A. Cargill Trading Co., Taiwan, 146 McDonald’s, 19, 57, 154 Sun Valley chicken for, 52–3, 55 MacMillan family, 27, 28–9 MacMillan, Cargill, 28 McMillan, Duncan, 20 MacMillan, Duncan, family history, ix, 20 MacMillan, John, 20, 21 MacMillan, John H., 21, 98 MacMillan, Whitney, 28, 104, 168 and Cargill ideology, 9–10, 23, 25 on GATT advisory group, 30–1 Maersk Line, shippers, 147 Maggi, Blairo, 130 Maggi Group, 124, 130 Magnimet, scrap metal dealer, 100 Mairinque, Brazil, 123, 125 Malawi, 66 cotton, 59, 62 Malaysia, palm-oil processing, 66, 167 malting (barley), 64, 116, 132 Manitoba Wheat Pool, 195 Maple Leaf Foods, 3 Maple Leaf Mills, 106 Maple Lodge Farms, 46 Maracaibo, Lake, salt, 181–2, 191 Maracaibo, Venezuela, 69 Market Promotion Program (MPP) (USDA), 38–9 Marks & Spencer, 55 Matharu, Jas, Sun Valley, 52 Mathot, Henk, 113 MBPXL (meat processors), 45 meat-packing industry, 44, 45–7 Memphis, Tennessee, 99 corn wet-milling, 72–3, 103

Mentone, Indiana, feed plant, 106 Mexico, 88, 108–9, 112 meat processing, 45 soybean processing, 69 Mexico City, molasses trading, 108 Micek, Ernest, chairman of Cargill, 17, 53, 62 on corn syrup refining, 73, 76 on President’s Export Council, 11–12 Michigan, 57, 106, 183 Midland, Ontario, grain terminal, 106 Midwest Lysine, 75–6 milling, 22 see also animal feeds; corn milling; dry milling; wet milling Milling & Baking News, 1, 83 on Cargill restructuring, 22, 25 Mimarroz rice, 69 Minetti y Cia SA, Argentina, 132 Minn-Dak Farmers Coop, 195 Minneapolis, 20, 86, 99, 114 Minneapolis Star Tribune, 28–9, 32 Minnesota, 41, 56 grain elevators, 5, 20 Minnesota, University of, 196 Minnetonka, Minnesota, Cargill headquarters, 16 Minute Maid, orange juice, 135, 140 Mississippi river, 4–5, 96, 98, 99, 129 barges, 72–3, 99 floating facilities, 102 Missouri, pig-processing, 47 Mitsubishi Chemical, 74 Mitsui, Japan, 158, 162 Mogan International, Netherlands, 172 molasses, 119, 120 Molina, Chile, apple juice plant, 139 Molinos Rio de la Plata (Argentina), 4, 132 money, as commodity, 85 monoculture, 200 Monsanto, ix, 173–4 purchase of Cargill’s seed business, 25, 62, 160, 170, 172–4 Montana, 20–1, 41 Montedison, Italy, 76–7 Montreal, trading office, 84 Moody’s, credit rating for Cargill, 77, 88 Morgan, Dan, Merchants of Grain (1979), 1, 36 Morocco, 38, 62, 110

Index mortgage lending, 87–8 Morton Salt company, 182, 189 Mycogen Seeds, 7, 171–2, 173 Nanjundaswamy, M.D., 178 National Association of Wheat Growers Foundation, 38 National Cattlemen’s Association, 156 National Contract Poultry Growers Association, 51 National Corn Growers Association, 34 National Grain (Canada), 104, 106 National Grain and Feed Association, 34 National Grocers, 91 Natural Cloud, citrus drink, 139 natural gas, 76 for fertilizers, 107, 114–15 NatureGuard seed, 171 NatureWorks PLA, 75 Nebraska, 45, 49, 116 Necochea, Argentina, 131, 132 Nestlé, 19 Netherlands, 64, 73, 88, 102, 134 Neuquen, Argentina, 132 New Orleans, 120 New York, offices, 83, 86 New York state, salt, 183 Nexera canola seed, 6–7 Nidera SA, 132 Nieuwenhuyzen, Kees, 53, 54 Nigeria, cotton, 61, 62 Nippon Meat Packers, Japan, 55, 163 nitrogen fertilizers, 107 Nixon, Richard, US president, 32 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 31–2, 63 North American Salt Company, 182 North Dakota, 73, 88, 195 North East Terminal Ltd, 105 North Star Steel, 99–100 Northern District, Florida, 110 novopoint.com, business-to-business exchange, 91 Nutrena animal feeds, 43, 47, 49, 50, 56, 114 mills (California), 119, 120 Nutrena Mills, Kansas, 42 Occidental Petroleum, 180 Ohio, salt, 183 Ohio Circle campaign, 31 oil-fields, Venezuela, 192

217

oilseed meal, 159 processing, 23, 41–2, 65–70, 124, 159, 167 Omaha, grain elevator, 98 Ontario, 105, 106, 107 poultry and egg processing, 52, 57 orange juice, 140, 151 FCOJ (frozen concentrated OJ), 134–7 organic feeds, 53 Ormaechea Hermanos CA, Venezuela, 133 Ornhangazi, Turkey, 120 Osaka, Japan, office, 162 Osceola, Arkansas, river elevator, 5 Oslund, John, journalist, 32 Ozark, Arkansas, poultry processing, 51 Page, Gregory, Cargill president, 12, 88 Pakistan, fruit juice plant, 137 palm-oil processing, 66, 68–9, 167 production, Sumatra, 54–5 Panama, trading office, 83–4 Pantanal wetlands (Brazil/Bolivia), 128 Paraguay-Paraná River system, 127–9, 130 Paris, investment services, 86 Park, Brad, 151, 154 Park Chung-Hee, Korea, 149 Parkdale cotton mills, 92 Pasco, Washington, 116 pasta, Venezuela, 5, 39, 69, 132–3 Patagonia Chile, fruit juices, 139 Payment in Lieu of Taxes (PILOT) scheme, 73 Peace River, Alberta, 107 peanuts, 63–4, 132 for oil and meal, 63, 66 Pearce, William R., 32–3, 161 PepsiCo, 19 PepsiCola, in India, 176 Peterson, Robert, IBP, 44 petroleum products, 76 Petroquémica de Venezuela (Pequiven), 190, 191–2 Philippines, 168–9 phosphate mine reclamation, Florida, 111, 112, 138, 197 phosphate-rock, resources, 110–11

218

Invisible Giant

phosphates, 4, 166 pig processing, 47, 51 Taiwan, 45, 144, 145–6 pig production, 2, 121, 167 Pillsbury pasta and flour, 132 Pioneer Grain, 116 Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc., 172–3 Pittsburgh, barges built at, 99 Pizza Hut, 57 Plains Cotton Cooperative, 92 Plantation Foods, Texas, 51 plastics, biodegradable, 75 Poland, milling operations, 70–2 policy advocacy, 30–3 see also lobbying political jurisdictions, 8, 9 and geography of waterways, 94, 121 polylactic acid (PLA) polymers, 75 polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 182, 192, 193 Port Cargill, Minneapolis, 99 port facilities, 98–9, 100, 120 China, 39, 40 floating transfers, 102 India, 98, 187–8 public subsidies for, 117–18 US west coast, 116–20 Port McNichol, Ontario, 106 Port Newark, New Jersey, 183 Portland, Oregon export facilities, 5, 6, 100 port facilities, 116, 119 poultry, 2, 50–7 Asia, 163, 167 egg production, 56–7 global chicken production, 52–6 role of Integrator, 50, 51 poultry processing, 45, 51, 146 Pradium Inc, pradium.com, 92 Prairie Malt, Saskatchewan, 64 Prairie Pools (Canada), 105, 116, 195 Premium Standard Farms, 2 President Cargill Fodder Protein Co., 166 Presidents Group, Taiwan, 166 Prestage Farms, North Carolina, 51 Price’s Landing, Missouri, 5 Prince Rupert, grain port, 116 Procter & Gamble, 26, 64, 138 in India, 175–6 orange juice for, 134, 135

Productora de Sal (Produsal), Venezuela, 181–2, 190–1, 192–3 profits, 2–3, 16–18 allocation of, 84–5 reinvestment of, 27–8, 123 ProGold Ltd, 195 Prokopanko, Jim, 13 property investment, 87 Prosper Dulcich & Sons, California, 141 Provision X website marketplace, 91 Prudential Insurance Co., Comet rice mill, 79 Public Law (PL) 480 see Food for Peace public opinion India, 177–8, 185–6 resistance to Cargill, 199–200 Venezuela, 192–3 Puerto Aguirre Free Zone, Bolivia, 127 Puerto San Martin, Argentina, 131–2 Punjab Agri Export Corporation, 188 Punjab, India, 8–9, 174, 188 Purina brand, 43 Quaker Oats, 42, 134 Qualis Care LP, health care, 86–7 Québec, public investment, 46–7 Quebec City, 5 Rai, Mangala, 178 railways Brazil, 135 and grain elevators, 20, 99 to Kandla Port (India), 186 sulphur transport, 113 tank cars, 102–3 unit trains, 102 Rajasthan, India, 174 Ralcorp, 43 Ralli Bros & Coney, cotton traders, 59, 60–1, 151 Rallis seed dealers, India, 177 Ralston Purina Co., 43, 66 Rancagua, Chile, apple juice, 139 rape see canola Reagan, Ronald, US President, 3 Red River Valley, 20 Redwood City, San Francisco Bay, 189–90 Renessen, ix, 170, 174 Retsof, New York, salt, 183 revenues, 16–18, 65 Canada, 107–8 Rhee Syngman, 148

Index Rhine, River, 121 Rho Taw Woo, president of Korea, 153 rice, 188 bran, 54 hybrid, 179–80 milling, 151 rice processing, 66, 69 Richland Sales Co., California, 141 Ring Around Products Inc., 180 Rio Tinto Group, 183 risk, as growers’ responsibility, 51, 78 risk management, 80–1, 194 on-line, 91–2 Ritter, Bruce, 6 river terminals, 73 river transport, 96, 98–100 hidrovia development (South America), 127–9 maintenance of, 96, 98 South American waterways, 121, 122, 125 specialty barges, 72–3, 99–100 towboats, 101 US inland waterways, 94, 97 see also ports Rivers and Harbours Act (1824), 96 Riverview, Florida, 112 Rocco Enterprises, 51 Rockefeller, Nelson, Brazil, 121, 123 Rogers Terminal and Shipping Co., 102 Rohm & Hass chemical company, 182 Rooster.com, 90–1, 92–3 Rosario, Argentina, soybean plant, 131 Rosetown, Saskatchewan, 105 Roskill Consulting Group, 193 Rota, Turkey, port development, 120 Roundup Ready transgenic soy, 53 Roy, Ashim, 186 Royal Bank of Canada, profits, 2–3 Royal Dutch/Shell, 91 Royal Feed and Milling Co., Memphis, 42 Rozy, India, port, 188 rubber, Indonesia, 55, 194 Russia (former Soviet Union), 39 cotton production, 60–1 fruit juice joint venture, 136 oilseed processing, 67–8 Sacramento, California, 119 Saferco (Saskferco) Products Inc., 114 Saginaw, Texas, corn milling, 79 Sainsbury’s, 55 Saint John, New Brunswick, 106

219

St Lawrence Seaway, 5, 96, 101 St Louis, grain terminal, 99 Salinas de Gortari, President of Mexico, 109 salt, 165, 181–3 India, 183–8 rock, 182–3 San Francisco, 189–90 solar (evaporated), 133, 183, 189, 193 Venezuela, 190–3 Salzgitter, Germany, 66 Samsung, Korea, 91, 149, 152 San Francisco, shipping office, 100 San Francisco Bay, 119 salt, 181, 189–90, 192 Santa Clara Valley Water District, 190 Santanta Cooperative, 195 Santarém, Brazil, soybean terminal, 130 Santos, Brazil, port facilities, 98 Sao Paolo, Brazil, 135 Sarnia, Ontario, grain terminal, 106 Saskatchewan, 64, 67, 105 fertilizer production, 114–15 Saskatchewan Wheat Pool (SWP), 64, 117, 196 SaskPower, 114 satellite communications, 16, 24 Satsaida Bet island, India, 184 Saultillo, Mexico, meat processing, 45 Schreier Malting Co., 64 Sea Continental, Taiwan, 146 Seaboard Allied Milling Corp, 77–8 seafood, 43, 57–8 Seaforth Corn Mills, Liverpool, 79 Seattle, port, 6, 117, 119 seed processing, Bellary, India, 177 seeds, 22, 171 as beachhead, 25, 160, 170, 171, 174 corporate strategy, 170–4 fungus-resistant, 172 germplasm, 176 India, 174–9 insect-resistant (Bt), 171 see also IP (identity preserved) crops; Renessen; seeds, hybrid seeds, hybrid, 27, 121, 123, 168–9, 194 in India, 176, 198 and monoculture, 200 need for chemical fertilizer, 170 rice, 179–80

220

Invisible Giant

Seibel, Randy, 168 Seminole Fertilizer, 112 Senegal, flour mills, 38 Serrana (Brazil), 4 SF Services, 57 Shanghai, China, head office, 165, 167 share ownership, 28–9 shareholder value, 2–3, 29 Shaver Poultry, 52, 53, 106 Shibushi, Japan, feed mill, 160–1 shipbroking, 91 shipbuilding, 99–100 shipping, 91, 100, 135 Panamax bulk carriers, 100 website, 91 Showa Sangyo Co., 163 shrimp, 43, 57 Shultz, George, 32 Sifto Salt, 182 Singapore, 54, 88, 167 slaughterhouses, 44 Smithfield Foods, 3, 91 Snake and Columbia Rivers system, 6, 96, 116, 119 Solorrico fertilizer company, 123 sorghum, 62, 124, 160 South Africa, cotton, 62 South America waterways, 121 see also Brazil South Dakota, 5, 41 Southern Feeds, Alberta, 106 Soviet Union wheat sales to, 32–3 see also Russia soy milling, 41, 194 soybean meal, 135 soybean processing, 65, 66, 67, 69 Brazil, 69–70, 123–4, 135 Bunge, 4, 5 China, 166 Korea, 152–3 Venezuela, 69 soybean production, South America, 123, 125–7 soybean trade, Canada, 106 soybeans new varieties, 127 trangenic, 53 Spain, malting, 64 Spicola, James, Cargill president, 54 Sri Lanka, poultry production, 167

Staley, Warren, chairman, vii–viii, 12, 18, 29 Standard & Poor’s, 77, 84, 88 steel industry, 99–100 steel trading, 91–2 Steinberg Inc. (Soconav), Montreal, 46 Stevens Industries, 62, 63, 132 Stockton, California, 42, 119, 120 Stoneville Pedigree Seed Company, Mississipi, 62 storage, 22, 36, 94, 95–6 Stratosphere Corp, Las Vegas, 87 subsidies credit, 127 for ports, 117–18 public, 45, 76, 88, 107, 198 US government, 33, 35–40 see also loan guarantees subsistence agriculture, 10, 11, 198 sugar processing, 69, 148 sulphur, for fertilizer, 110, 111–12 sulphur barge, 99, 112 Sumatra, palm-oil production, 54–5 Sun Valley poultry processors, 55 Europe, 45, 52, 55 sunflowers, 62, 65, 66, 67 oil-processing, 124 seed, 171, 172, 174, 177 Sunny Fresh Foods, 56–7 SunPure, citrus processing, 139 Suzuki, Hideyo, 163 Sweet Bran cattle feed, 73 sweeteners see fructose; glucose; HFCS Sydney, investment services, 86 Sylvania Peanut Co. (Cargill), 63 Tacoma, Washington, port, 117, 119 Taichung, Taiwan, feed mill, 144–5 Taiwan, 86, 143–8 animal feeds for, 53, 144–6 flour mills, 38, 143 Institute for National Policy Research, 147 pig processing, 45, 144, 145–6 poultry processing, 146 relations with US, 147 Taiwan Flour Mills Association, 143 Taiwan Sugar Corporation, 145–6, 158 Tampa, Florida, 99, 183 fertilizer plants, 111, 113 terminal, 73, 134 Tanzania, 62, 171 tapioca, 54

Index Targeted Export Assistance Programme, 38 Tata, India, 176 Tata Oil Mills Company (Tomco), 175 Taylor, Ken, 47 Taylor Packing Co., 47 Tedco, India, 176 TEMCO grain elevator, Tacoma, 119 Tennant (C.C.) Sons & Co., 108, 159 Tennant Far East Corp, 159 Tennant Mexico, 108 Tennessee, cotton, 59 Tetra Technologies, 183 Tetrapak, 136 Texas, sulphur from, 112 Thailand, 38, 50, 53 poultry, 55–6, 167 Theseam.com, cotton trading website, 92 Third World debt, 37–8 Tianjin Cargill Fertilizers Co. Ltd, 166 TNCs, 3, 7 Tokyo, investment services, 86 Tosco Corporation, 112 Toshoku, Japan, 163–4 Tradax Canada Ltd, 84, 158 Tradax Japan, 159 trade advisory bodies, 30 trade associations, 34 Trade Expansion Act (1962), 37 TradeARBED, Luxembourg, 91 trading, 11, 22 offshore, 83 see also commodity trading Transport Services Co., Memphis, 103 transportation, 22, 94, 194 leasing division, 85, 101, 194 shipping, 91, 100 see also river transport Trés Lagaos, Brazil, 123 Trillium Meats Ltd, 46 trucks, road, 91, 103 Turkey, 120, 171 turkeys, 51 Tyson Foods, 46, 51, 91 UABL joint venture, 128, 129 Uberlandia, Brazil, 123, 124 Uchoa, Brazil, 134–5 Uganda, cotton, 62 Ultrapetrol SA, Brazil, 128 UN Relief and Rehabilitation Agency, 35 Unilever, 19, 126

221

United Grain Growers (UGG), 116–17, 195–6 United Kingdom, 5, 59, 172 see also England; Wales United Nations, Ramsar Treaty, 191 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 128 United States, inland waterways, 94, 97 universities, links with, 126, 171, 196 urea, granular, 114 US Agency for International Development, 126 US Army Corps of Engineers, 103, 110 responsibility for waterways, 96, 98 US Beef Export Federation, 48 US Department of Agriculture (USDA), 33, 38–9, 63, 118 Economic Research Service, 125–6 US Export Chemical Company, 111 US Feed Grains Council, 38 US Government Cargill influence in, 11–12, 30–1, 32–3 President’s Export Council, 11–12 relations with Korea, 149, 152 relations with Taiwan, 147 subsidies, 33, 35–40, 83, 152 US Meat Export Federation, in Korea, 149, 151, 153, 154–5, 156 US National Pork Producers Association, 156 US Rice Millers Association, 151 US Wheat Associates, 34, 38–9, 144, 149 Uzbekhistan, cotton, 60–1 Vale Verde, Brazil, 135–6 Value Investment Group, 87 value-adding, 2, 22 egg products, 56–7 Vamo Mills, 69 Vancouver grain port, 104, 116–17 terminal facilities, 84, 116, 117 Vandermoortele International NV, 69 Vanikoy corn mill, Turkey, 120 Venezuela, 4, 5, 38, 130, 132–3 palm-oil processing, 68–9 pasta industry, 5, 39, 69, 132–3 popular opposition to salt production, 192–3 solar salt operation, 133, 181–2, 183, 190–3

222

Invisible Giant

ViatiCare Financial Services, 87 Vienna, Georgia, poultry processing, 51 Vietnam, 167–8 Vigoro Corporation, 113 Vineyard Seeds, 171 vitamin E, natural-source, 76 Voboril, Dennis, 155 Voltas company, India, 176 wage rates, cuts in, 45–6, 48 Wahpeton, North Dakota, 73, 195 Wal-Mart, 3, 19, 139 Wales, Sun Valley poultry, 45, 55 Wallace, Senator Henry, 21 Walnut Grove animal feeds, 49–50 water purification, 138, 197 waterways see river transport Watkins Glen, New York, salt mine, 182–3 Western Canadian seed distribution, 173 Western Canadian Wheat Growers Association, 105 Weston, Gary, 91 Weston, Loblaw, 91 wet milling, 72–6, 195 Poland, 71–2 Weyburn, Saskatchewan, 105, 114 wheat milling, 4, 77–9, 124 see also flour mills Wilbur Chocolate Company, 124

Williams Energy, Oklahoma, 127 Wilson, Jim, 171 Wilson, Winston, 39 Windust, Washington, 6 Winnipeg, trading office, 84 Wisconsin, grain elevators, 20 Wisner, Louisiana, catfish plant, 57–8 Woo Young Lee, 157 Wooster, Ohio, 42 World Trade Organization (WTO), China and, 40 World War II, 21, 35, 142 Worldwide Poultry Operations, 56 W.R. Grace & Co., 112 Wyalusing, Pennsylvania, 47 XL Foods, Calgary, 47–8 Yamaichi Finance Co., 87–8 Yantai Cargill Fertilizer, 166 Yeutter, Clayton, US Trade Representative, 37, 153–4 Yoon Ik-Sang, 150, 151 Young Hung Mulsan Co., Korea, 151 Yunnan Phosphate Fertilizer Factory, 166 zaibatsu (business combines), Japan, 158, 162, 199 Zen-Noh Grain Corp, 5 Zimbabwe, cotton, 62