Invertebrates Spr 2009

Animals: The Invertebrates

Characteristics of Animals  Multicelled

heterotrophic

eukaryotes  Require oxygen for aerobic respiration  Reproduce sexually, and perhaps asexually  Motile at some stage  Develop from embryos

Examples of Embryos

Chordates

Major Animal Phyla

Echinoderms Arthropods Annelids Coelomate Ancestry

Mollusks Rotifers Roundworms

Bilateral Ancestry Radial Ancestry Multicelled Ancestry Figure 25.2 Page 415

Flatworms

Cnidarians Sponges

Single-celled, protistanlike ancestors

Symmetry ior r te s o

al s or

d

ior

er t an

Radial

p

l

ra t n ve

Bilateral

Figure 25.3 Page 416

The Gut  Region

where food is digested and then absorbed  Saclike gut – One opening for taking in food and expelling waste  Complete

digestive system

– Opening at both ends; mouth and anus

Question 1  1.

Name two characteristics of animals.

Answer 1  1.

Name two characteristics of animals.  Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes  Require oxygen for aerobic respiration  Reproduce sexually, and perhaps asexually  Motile at some stage  Develop from embryos

Question 2  2.

A soccer ball displays radial/bilateral symmetry. An airplane displays radical/bilateral symmetry.

Answer 2  2.

A soccer ball displays radial/bilateral symmetry. An airplane displays radical/bilateral symmetry.

Question 3  3.

Name the two forms of a “gut”.

Answer 3  3.

Name the two forms of a “gut”.

 Sac-like

and complete

Body Cavities - Acoelomate epidermis

gut cavity

no body cavity; region between gut and body wall packed with organs

Figure 25.4a Page 417

Body Cavities - Pseudocoel epidermis

gut cavity

unlined body cavity (pseudocoel) around gut

Figure 25.4b Page 417

Body Cavities - Coelom

gut cavity

lined body cavity (coelom)

peritoneum

Figure 25.4c Page 417

Question 4  4.

A flatworm has a(n) acoelamate/pseudocoelamate/ true coelamate body cavity.

Answer 4  4.

A flatworm has a(n) acoelamate/pseudocoelamate/ true coelamate body cavity.

Question 5  5.

Humans and other vertebrates have a true _______ (body cavity).

Answer 5  5.

Humans and other vertebrates have a true coelom (body cavity).

Segmentation  Repeating

series of body units  Units may or may not be similar to one another  Earthworms - segments appear similar  Insects - segments may be fused and/or have specialized functions  Vertebrates, too.

Segmentation

Vertebrate Embryo

Animal Origins  Originated

during the Precambrian (1.2 billion - 670 million years ago)

 From

what? Two hypotheses:

– Multinucleated ciliate became compartmentalized – Cells in a colonial flagellate became specialized

Phylum Placozoa 

One living species, Tricoplax adherens



Simplest known animal



Two-layer body, 3 mm across

Figure 25.5 Page 418

Sponges - Phylum Porifera  No

symmetry (sometimes,

radial)  No

tissues

 No

organs

 Reproduce

sexually

 Microscopic

swimming larval

Sponge Structure water out glasslike structural elements amoeboid cell pore semifluid matrix

central cavity

flattened surface cells

water in

flagellum

microvilli

nucleus

Figure 25.7a Page 419

Sponge and Spongebob!

CSIRO_WaffleConeSponge_ WHOI  This

footage was captured by the remotely operated sub, Jason, about 2200 metres deep in the Tasman Fracture Zone off south-eastern Australia. It shows a 2-metre high "waffle-cone" sponge….

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fj_3D

Sponge Reproduction  “Sponges

Reproducing... And I'm not talking about Spongebob ….”

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOFF

Question 6  6.

Sponges belong to the phylum _____.

Answer 6  6.

Sponges belong to the phylum Porifera.

Question 7  7.

sponges make their living by ______ the sea water and removing microorganisms which they eat.

Answer 7  7.

sponges make their living by filtering the sea water and removing microorganisms which they eat.

Question 8  8.

Which of the following consists of only two flat cell layers?  Porifera, placozoa, vertebrata

Answer 8  8.

Which of the following consists of only two flatten cell layers?  Porifera, placozoa, vertebrata

Phylum Cnidaria  Nerve

net  Hydrostati c skeleton  Saclike gut  Only animals that produce nematocys

capsule’s lid at free surface of epidermal cell trigger

barbed thread inside capsule nematocyst

Figure 25.8 Page 420

Cnidarian Diversity  Scyphozoans

– Jellyfish 

Anthozoans – Sea anemones – Corals

 Hydrozoans

Two Main Body Plans outer epithelium (epidermis)

mesoglea (matrix)

Medusa

Figure 25.9 Page 420

inner epithelium (gastrodermis)

Polyp

Obelia Life Cycle (Hydrozoan) reproductive polyp

male medusa

female medusa

ovum

sperm

zygote

feeding polyp polyp forming

planula

Figure 25.10 Page 421

Video: Hydra

 http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/olym

YouTube - Jelly Fish All Around  “The

jelly fish came to this lake in Palau through a tunnel which connected the sea and the lake long time ago. Now the tunnel have closed, and the jelly fish came to have no poison in an environment...”

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTXi

YouTube - Tioman giant jellyfish  “Giant

jellyfish encountered while snorkeling on a dive trip at Pulau Tioman, Malaysia “

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QOJN

Question 9  9.

Jellyfish and their relatives belong to the phylum _______. (Stopped 10/5/06)

Answer 9  9.

Jellyfish and their relatives belong to the phylum cnidaria.

Question 10  10.

Name two characteristics of cnidarians.

Answer 10  10.

Name two characteristics of cnidarians.  Nerve net  Hydrostatic skeleton  Saclike gut  Only animals that produce nematocysts

Question 11  11.

Name the two body forms of cnidarians.

Answer 11  11.

Name the two body forms of cnidarians.

 Polyp

and medusa

Flatworms: Phylum Platyhelminthes  Acoelomate,

bilateral, cephalized animals

 All

have simple or complex organ systems

 Most

are hermaphrodites

Three Classes  Turbellarians  Flukes

(Turbellaria)

(Trematoda)

 Tapeworms

(Cestoda)

Planarian Organ Systems

flame cell

nucleus

pharynx cilia protonephridia

opening of tubule at body surface

flame cell

fluid filters through membrane folds

Fig. 25.11a,b Page 422

Planarian Organ Systems

brain

nerve cord ovary

testis

oviduct

genital pore

penis

Fig. 25.11cd Page 422

Planaria  “two

planarias,(flatworm), from lake Tecocomulco in Mexico. Dos planarias se cruzan sin tocarse.”

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Duw

Land Planarian of Borneo  “Terrestrial

Flatworm at Sepilok Restoration Forest, Sabah, Borneo. The first individual is approx. 12 cm, the second is approx. 35cm. “

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fq_a

Flukes: Class Trematoda  

Parasitic worms Complicated life cycle – Larval stage infects a mollusk

Worms mate in human host Larvae bore into human skin

Larvae form, leave snail

Fertilized egg

Asexual reproduction in intermediate host Ciliated larva

– Adult infects a vertebrate

Southeast Asian blood fluke

Figure 25.14 Page 424

Chinese Liver Fluke

Class: Trematoda

Tapeworms: Class Cestoda (Stopped here; p 6-7) Definitive host

Larvae encysted in muscle tissue

Intermediate host

Scolex attaches to host intestinal wall

Mature proglottid with fertilized eggs

Figure 25.15 Page 424

Scolex of Tapeworm

From "tumour" on human heart surgeons take some worms

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_hz

Not for the nervous…….!!  Youtube video

Not for the nervous…….!! 

“About This Video Video not for nervous - from "tumour" on human ... (more) Added: August 08, 2007 Video not for nervous from "tumour" on human heart surgeons take some worms. The background is those - the tumour on heart has been found out, operation is appointed. Shooting was initially conducted for training students of medical institute. About any helminths there was no also a speech. That in "tumour" there lives family of tapeworms (Diphyllobothrium latum) became known only on a course of operation. How do tapeworms get into the heart? Here is simple tapeworm migration scheme: intestine - a liver - the right heart - a lung - a trachea - a throat - then leave human body.”

Not for the nervous…….!! 

“Actually tapeworm larva follow instinct, aspire to be distributed in regular intervals in an organism and take root into human bodies while migration. It can lead to very serious changes: a hepatites, a cirrhosis of a liver, regeneration of cells of a liver, changes in a cardiac muscle (myocardium), bronchites, pneumonias, tonsillitises, antritises, otitises and many other things to diseases. So larva not only settle in those organs of an organism on which pass, but also get into them and migrate on different channels, hurt vital body organs. “

Question 12  12.

To which phylum do flatworms belong?

Answer 12  12.

To which phylum do flatworms belong?

Platyhelminthes

Question 13  13.

Which of the following is(are) mismatched?

 Tapeworm

- Turbellaria  Liver fluke – Trematoda  Planarian - Cestoda

Answer 13  13.

Which of the following is(are) mismatched?

 Tapeworm

- Turbellaria  Liver fluke – Trematoda  Planarian - Cestoda

Question 14  14.

State three characteristics of flatworms.

Answer 14  14.

State three characteristics of flatworms.  Acoelomate, bilateral, cephalized animals  All have simple or complex organ systems  Most are hermaphrodites

Roundworms (Nematoda) False coelom  Complete digestive system 

pharynx

intestine

false coelom

eggs in uterus

gonad

anus

muscularized body wall

Figure 25.13 Page 423

Nematode in the Weep  “At

100x, a bacteria-eating Nematode from the Weep stream. Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Reserve, near Drawbridge, the Weep site. “

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALqs

Freshwater Nematode Video

 http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/h

Parasitic Nematodes  Wucheria

bancrofti (Causes elephantiasis)  Trichinella  (Causes Trichinellosis)

Wucheria bancrofti (Causes elephantiasis) Affected leg

Normal leg

The main points of the life cycle of lymphatic filariasis: •Mosquito takes a blood meal where it takes up the microfilariae. •The microfilariae develops into infective larvaie in about 10-14 days. •Adults develop in lymphatics and the females produce microfilariae that migrate into the lymph nodes and blood stream. This spans about 6-12 months. • •Adult worms live from 10-15 years, and females produce microfilariae for 3-5 years. The microfilariae lives about 1.5 years. http://www.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2005/LymphaticFilariasis/General%20Information.htm

120 million people suffer from this disease in about 80 countries and 1.2 billion are at risk of being infected 1/3 of the cases are in India, 1/3 are in Africa, and the rest are in Asia, the Pacific, and the Americas. http://www.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2005/LymphaticFilariasis/General%20Information.htm

Trichinella What is trichinellosis?  “Trichinellosis, also called trichinosis, is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat of animals infected with the larvae of a species of worm called Trichinella. Infection occurs commonly in certain wild carnivorous (meat-eating) animals but may also occur in domestic pigs.”  http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/ trichinosis/factsht_trichinosis.htm#what 

What are the symptoms of a trichinellosis infection? 



Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, fever, and abdominal discomfort are the first symptoms of trichinellosis. Headaches, fevers, chills, cough, eye swelling, aching joints and muscle pains, itchy skin, diarrhea, or constipation follow the first symptoms. If the infection is heavy, patients may experience difficulty coordinating movements, and have heart and breathing problems. In severe cases, death can occur. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/trichinosis/factsht_trichinosis.ht m#what

The Biology of Trichinella Video

 http://www.trichinella.org/bio_summary

Trichinella Life Cycle

“larvae of Trichinella spiralis in nurse cells within striated muscle. Trichinella is often referred to as the largest intracellular parasite. As a larva enters a muscle cell, the cell is molecularly programmed to differentiate into a nurse cell which loses its contractile capabilities and serves to nourish the larva. All stages of this worm's life cycle occur in a single host. 100x” http://workforce.cup.edu/Buckelew/Trichinella%20spiralis%20encysted%20larvae.htm

Trichinella Nurse Cell

Rotifers 

Bilateral



Cephalized



False coelom



Crown of cilia at head end



Complete gut Figure 25.17 Page 425

Video: Rotifers

 http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/a http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/

Rotifers  “Several

Philodina rotifers swimming about & feeding .”

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

Rotifers from the bird bath with close-up SEM  “Rotifers

bath”.

close up from the bird

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qufI2

Question 15  15.

Of the following groups, which ones are pseudocoelomates?

 Tapeworms,

nematodes

rotifers, flukes,

Answer 15  15.

Of the following groups, which ones are pseudocoelomates?

 Tapeworms,

nematodes

rotifers, flukes,

Question 16  16.

Of the following groups, which ones have a complete digestive track?

 Tapeworms,

planarians

rotifers, nematodes,

Answer 16  16.

Of the following groups, which ones have a complete digestive track?

 Tapeworms,

planarians

rotifers, nematodes,

Question 17  17.

How do rotifers obtain food?

Answer 17  17.

How do rotifers obtain food?

 They

use their “crown of cilia” to set up a water current that brings bacteria and protists into their mouths.

Two Coelomate Lineages Protostomes

Deuterostomes

 Mollusks

 Echinoderms

 Annelids

 Chordates

 Arthropods

Cleavage Patterns Protostome embryo (spiral cleavage)

Deuterostome embryo (radial cleavage) In-text figure Page 426

First Opening in Embryo pouch will form mesoderm around coelom

protostome

developing gut coelom solid mass of mesoderm

deuterostome developing gut

In-text figure Page 426

Question 18  18.

What are the names for the two “coelomate lineages”?

Answer 18  18.

What are the names for the two “coelomate lineages”?

 Protostomes

and deuterostomes

Question 19  19.

Correctly match the protostomes and deuterostomes with the proper cleavage patterns, radial and spiral.

Answer 19  19.

Correctly match the protostomes and deuterostomes with the proper cleavage patterns, radial and spiral.

 Protostomes

---- spiral

 Deuterostomes

-- radial

Mollusks: Phylum Mollusca  Bilateral,

soft-bodied, coelomate  Most have a shell or reduced version of one  Mantle drapes over body and secretes shell  Most have a fleshy foot  Many have a radula for shredding food

Molluscan Diversity  Gastropods  Chitins  Bivalves  Cephalopod

s

Torsion  Twisting

of body parts during larval development  Occurs only in gastropods

mouth gill

anus

Figure 25.18 Page 426

Body Plan of a Snail heart mantle cavity

anus

gill

mantle digestive gland

foot radula

Figure 25.18 Page 426

Cone Snails

Cone Snail Radula

Videos: Cone Snails  “Informational

3D animation on the Cone snail venom apparatus and conotoxins “  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

cone snail  “the

most promising species in pharmacology, a cone snail injects its prey with a poison-tipped harpoon at the speed of lightning..”  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

Body Plan of a Clam mouth

left mantle retractor muscle

retractor muscle

foot palps

left gill

shell Figure 25.21 Page 429

Cephalopods  Only

the nautilus retains external

shell  Other

cephalopods are streamlined, active swimmers

 All

move by jet propulsion

– Water is forced out of mantle cavity through a funnel-shaped siphon  Have

size

large brains relative to body

Cuttlefish Body Plan Closed circulatory system with heart and accessory heart esophagus digestive kidney stomach gland

Figure 25.22 Page 429 brain arm jaw

tentacle

mantle reproductive internal siphon ink sac heart accessory organ shell radula anus gill heart

Video: Unknown deep-sea squid recorded by Tiburon

 http://www.mbari.org/news/news_relea

Jumbo squid attacks camera  Jumbo

squid up to 2 metres long have invaded waters off the central coast of California and are devouring local fish populations More info at:

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg

Question 20  20.

Name three characteristics of mollusks.

Answer 20 20. Name three characteristics of mollusks.  Bilateral, soft-bodied, coelomate  Most have a shell or reduced version of one  Mantle drapes over body and secretes shell  Most have a fleshy foot  Many have a radula for shredding food 

Question 21  21.

Name three classes of mollusks.

Answer 21  21.

Name three classes of mollusks.

 Gastropods  Chitins  Bivalves  Cephalopods

Question 22  22.

What is torsion? To which class of mollusks does it pertain?

Answer 22  22.

What is torsion? To which class of mollusks does it pertain?

 Torsion:

the rotation of the visceral mass so that the anus is in a “forward” position.

 Gastropods

(snails)

Question 23  23.

do?

In bivalves, what does the “foot”

Answer 23  23.

In bivalves, what does the “foot”

do?  It is used to “dig” into the substrate.

Question 24  24.

Which mollusks use” jet” propulsion as a means of locomotion?

Answer 24  24.

Which mollusks use” jet” propulsion as a means of locomotion? cephalopods

Annelids: Phylum Annelida Segmented, coelomate worms  

Class Polychaeta Class Oligochaeta



Class Hirudinea

Polychaetes “jaws”  Most

are marine  Bristles extend from paired, fleshy parapods on each segment  Head end is specialized

toothlike structures pharynx (everted) antenna palp (food handling) tentacle eyes chemicalsensing pit

parapod Fig. 25.24c Page 430

Leeches - Class Hirudinea  Predators  Less

and parasites

obvious body

segmentation  Most

have sharp jaws

Leech Body Plan

http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/helmint/annelhom/hiru0100/ol654waw.htm

Hirudin: Anticoagulant 



“Hirudin: An anticoagulant ("bloodthinner"). Hirudin is the active principle in the salivary secretion of leeches. The name hirudin is from Hirudo medicinalis, the name of the medicinal leech.  In 1884 John Haycraft in Strasbourg found that leeches contained a substance with anticoagulant properties. This anticoagulant in leech saliva was isolated in the 1950s and found to be an antithrombin (an inhibitor of thrombin). The primary chemical structure of hirudin was determined in 1976. The anticoagulant drugs desirudin and lepirudin (brand name: Refludan) are genetically engineered recombinant forms of hirudin.”

http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3762

Leech Toon

Earthworm - An Oligochaete No parapodia, few bristles per segment Dorsal blood vessel Circular muscle Coelom

Longitudinal muscle

Nerve cord Figure 25.25a Page 431

Nerve cord

Nephridium

Seta (retracted)

Earthworm Nephridium bladderlike storage region of nephridium

nephridium’s thin loop reabsorbs some solutes, relinquishes them to blood blood vessels

body wall

funnel (coelomic fluid with waste enters here)

external pore (fluid containing wastes discharged here)

Figure 25.25b Page 431

Earthworm Circulatory System

Hearts

Figure 25.25c Page 431

Earthworm Digestive System

Coelomic chambers

Esophagus

Crop

Gizzard

Pharynx

Mouth

Figure 25.25d Page 431

Earthworm Nervous System Brain

Nerve cord

Figure 25.25e Page 431

Non-Aging Worm, Aeolosoma tenebrarum

“Shows no increase in mortality rates with aging.” http://www.biotech.missouri.edu/Dauer-World/Aging/Oligochaete.html

Wilson’s Promontory National Park

Giant Gippsland Earthworm Megascolides australis  80

cm is common, but may be 5 m long!

Giant Gipsland Earthworm  Filmed

by Nick Hayward

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZig

Giant Palouse Earthworm (Driloleirus americanus)

Driloleirus americanus is a large, pinkish-white earthworm as much as 3 feet long, said to smell like lilies when handled. Threatened by habitat loss (Palouse bunchgrass prairie) and non-native worm species. During summer droughts, the worms dug burrows as deep as 15 feet.

Question 25  25.

To which phylum do earthworms belong?

Answer 25  25.

To which phylum do earthworms belong?

Annelida

Question 26  26.

What are three characteristics that distinguish earthworms from nematodes?

Answer 26  26.

What are three characteristics that distinguish earthworms from nematodes?

 Closed

circulatory system, segmentation, coelomate, setae

Question 27  27.

What the three classes of annelida?

Answer 27  27.

What the three classes of annelida?  

Class Polychaeta Class Oligochaeta



Class Hirudinea

Arthropods: Phylum Arthropoda  The

phylum with the greatest number of species

 Four

lineages:

– Trilobites (all extinct) – Chelicerates (spiders, mites, scorpions) – Crustaceans (crabs, shrimps, barnacles) – Uniramians (insects, centipedes,

Adaptations for Success 

Hardened exoskeleton



Jointed appendages



Fused and modified segments



Respiratory structures



Specialized sensory structures



Division of labor

Do not post on Internet

Figure 25.26 Page 432

Question 28 28. What is the name for the phylum that contains spiders, crabs and insects?

Answer 28 28. What is the name for the phylum that contains spiders, crabs and insects? What does the term literally mean? Arthropoda “jointed legs”

Question 29 29. Name two lineages of arthropoda.

Answer 29 29. Name two linages of arthropoda. – Trilobites (all extinct) – Chelicerates (spiders, mites, scorpions) – Crustaceans (crabs, shrimps, barnacles) – Uniramians (insects, centipedes, millipedes)

Chelicerates (STOPPED)  Originated

in seas

A

few are still marine: horseshoe crabs, sea spiders

 The

arachnids are all terrestrial

Spiders

Mites

Scorpions

Chiggers

“Daddy longlegs”

Ticks

Body Plan of a Spider eye

brain

heart digestive gland Malpighian tubule

poison gland

book lung ovary silk gland pedipalp

mouth

chelicera

sperm receptacle

anus spinners Figure 25.28 Page 433

Crustaceans 



Most are marine, some freshwater, a few terrestrial Head has two pairs of antenna, three pairs of foodhandling appendages

Copepods Crayfish Barnacles Lobsters Shrimps Crabs Isopods (pillbugs) Amphipods

Lobster Body Plan one of two eyes

antennae (two pairs)

fused segments of cephalothorax

segments of abdomen

food-handling appendages (three pairs)

swimmerets

tail fin

first leg five walking legs (five pairs total)

Figure 25.29a Page 434

Crab Life Cycle Larval and juvenile stages molt repeatedly and grow in size egg

Figure 25.30 Page 435

Important Pond Crustaceans Copepods (Phylum: Arthropoda) Most have a single medial eye The head and part of the thorax is covered by a cephalosome Most are free living and microscopic The class, Copepoda, contains 10 orders Copepods are primary consumers

Typical Copepod Body Plan

http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/crust/copbiol.html

Copepods Feeding

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ggk2

Zooplankton  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

wlKnfic_mUM&feature=related

Ostracods These crustaceans live in freshwater, brackish and marine environments Ostracods are primary consumers They have seven pairs of appendages attached to a head and thorax Their bodies are covered with a carapace, similar in shape to a clam shell

Ostracod Morphology

Ostracod Photos

Often called “Seed Shrimp”

Ostracod Video  Ostracod

Vultures

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdwI  Ostracod

Feeding  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x UIi9PyXlls&feature=related

Cladocera  Commonly

known as water fleas  Cladocera are not insects  They are crustaceans  Common genus: Daphnia

Daphnia Video  Daphnia

from Fenton Lake New Mexico Under Microscope  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yDQ  Heartbeat of a waterflea  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJCn

Decapods These crustaceans have 5 pairs of walking legs Decapods include the freshwater crayfish and shrimp Refer to the “Lobster Diagram” for morphology

Video: Crayfish

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xi3R  Gordon

Ramsey

Question 30 30. Name two common pond crustaceans.

Answer 30 30. Name two common pond crustaceans. Crayfish (decapoda) Copepods Ostracods

Question 31  31.

Crustaceans have two/three pairs of antennae and two/three pair of food getting appendages.

Answer 31 Crustaceans have two/three pairs of antennae and two/three pairs of food getting appendages.

 31.

Millipedes and Centipedes (Uniramians)  Segmented

bodies with many legs

 Millipedes

– Two pairs of legs per “segment” – Scavengers  Centipedes

– Flattened, with one pair of legs per segment – Predators

Insect Body Plan  Thorax

usually has three pairs of legs and one or two pairs of wings  Abdomen contains most internal organs and specialized structure for reproduction  Three-part gut  Malpighian

tubules attach to midgut and serve in elimination of wastes

Insect Body Plan

Locust Swarms in Africa  “Billions

of Locusts, which appear once every fourteen years, attack a car near Mbandaka, Congo. In their wake, thousands of fields are annihilated. “  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= wxHOxCmbs-8  David A.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k cArEEvQZ-M&feature=related

Insect Headparts Butterfly

Mosquito

Grasshopper antenna

labrum

mandible Fly

maxilla palps

labium Figure 25.32 Page 436

Insect Diversity  The

only winged invertebrates

 More  Most

than 800,000 known species

successful species are small in size and have a great reproductive capacity

Types of Insect Development Different stages exploit different resources at different times

Growth and molting

egg

young

adult

Incomplete metamorphosis

egg

adult

nymphs

Complete metamorphosis

egg

larvae

pupa

adult

Unwelcome Arthropods  Poisonous

spiders  Disease-carrying ticks  Venomous scorpions  Agricultural pests

Do not post on Internet

Corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera)

Figure 25.38 Page 439

Praying Mantis vs Locust  “Its

feeding time for the Asian Praying Mantis at ZSL London Zoo”

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnk8  Biological

Pest Control

Question 32  32.

Insects and the two/three pairs of legs and usually have two/three pairs of wings.

Answer 32 Insects and the two/three pairs of legs and usually have two/three pairs of wings.

 32.

Echinoderms 

Deuterostomes



Body wall has spines or plates



No brain



Adults are radial withSea urchin bilateral features

Do not post photos on Internet

Sea cucumber

Brittle star

Figure 25.39 Page 440

Echinoderm Diversity 

Crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars)



Sea stars



Brittle stars



Sea urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars



Sea cucumbers

Body Plan of a Sea Star sieve plate

gonad

coelom

anus upper stomach lower stomach digestive gland eyespot

Figure 25.40a Page 441

Water Vascular System sieve plate

ampulla

Figure 25.40b Page 441

Pacific Northwest's kelp forest  “Pacific

Northwest's kelp forest is inhabited by numerous rockfish and perch species. It is a nursing ground for many juvenile fish, which often attract larger fish into the area. “

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-Pn

“Urchin Barren”  

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia An urchin barren is an area of the subtidal where the population growth of sea urchins has gone unchecked, causing destructive grazing of kelp beds or kelp forests. Sea urchins eat kelp holdfasts but also climb on kelp to graze on the stipes and fronds. This can be caused by a lack of sea otters or other predators in the area, which makes it extremely important to protect the ecological balance in a kelp forest.

Red Urchin Barren video

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXQ  “Underwater

video of red sea urchin barren, filmed by the California Department of Fish and Game's remotely operated vehicle (ROV) unit off Santa Rosa Island. “

Coral reefs destroyed by Crown of Thorns Starfish outbreaks  “Special

Report for Andaman News TV11 (VHF dial) at 8.30am & local Cable TV channel 1 + maybe FM90.5 Radio Thailand 6pm, broadcast to Ph”…..

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toAd

Question 33  33.

To which phylum do starfish and sea urchins belong?

Answer 33  33.

To which phylum do starfish and sea urchins belong?

 Echinodermata

Question 34  34.

What are three characteristics of the echinoderms?

Answer 34  34.

What are three characteristics of the echinoderms?

 Deuterostomes    

bilateral/radial symmetry no brain water vascular system “spiny skins”

Question 35  35.

What are three types of echinoderms?

Answer 35 

35. What are three types of echinoderms?



Crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars)



Sea stars



Brittle stars



Sea urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars



Sea cucumbers

New Zealand Giant Squid Giant Lobster Invades Playground

Not Kidding! 22 pounds!