Introductory Module
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$IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES )NTRODUCTORY MODULE
3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
/6%26)%7 /& 4(% 3/52#%"//+
-ODULES AND CONTRIBUTORS 3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT '4: 0OLICY -AKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES 7HAT IS THE 3OURCEBOOK
)NSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY ORIENTATION
4HIS 3OURCEBOOK ON 3USTAINABLE 5RBAN 4RANSPORT A 4HE 2OLE OF 4RANSPORT IN 5RBAN $EVELOPMENT 0OLICY %NRIQUE 0E¶ALOSA ADDRESSES THE KEY AREAS OF A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT B 5RBAN 4RANSPORT )NSTITUTIONS 2ICHARD -EAKIN POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR A DEVELOPING CITY 4HE C 0RIVATE 3ECTOR 0ARTICIPATION IN 4RANSPORT )NFRA 3OURCEBOOK CONSISTS OF MODULES STRUCTURE 0ROVISION #HRISTOPHER :EGRAS -)4 7HO IS IT FOR D %CONOMIC )NSTRUMENTS -ANFRED "REITHAUPT 4HE 3OURCEBOOK IS INTENDED FOR POLICY MAKERS '4: IN DEVELOPING CITIES AND THEIR ADVISORS 4HIS E 2AISING 0UBLIC !WARENESS ABOUT 3USTAINABLE TARGET AUDIENCE IS REmECTED IN THE CONTENT WHICH 5RBAN 4RANSPORT +ARL &JELLSTROM '4: PROVIDES POLICY TOOLS APPROPRIATE FOR APPLICATION ,AND USE PLANNING AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT IN A RANGE OF DEVELOPING CITIES A ,AND 5SE 0LANNING AND 5RBAN 4RANSPORT (OW IS IT SUPPOSED TO BE USED 2UDOLF 0ETERSEN 7UPPERTAL )NSTITUTE 4HE 3OURCEBOOK CAN BE USED IN A NUMBER OF B -OBILITY -ANAGEMENT 4ODD ,ITMAN 640) WAYS )T SHOULD BE KEPT IN ONE LOCATION AND THE DIFFERENT MODULES PROVIDED TO OFlCIALS INVOLVED 4RANSIT WALKING AND CYCLING IN URBAN TRANSPORT 4HE 3OURCEBOOK CAN BE EASILY A -ASS 4RANSIT /PTIONS ,LOYD 7RIGHT )4$0 '4: ADAPTED TO lT A FORMAL SHORT COURSE TRAINING B "US 2APID 4RANSIT ,LOYD 7RIGHT )4$0 EVENT OR CAN SERVE AS A GUIDE FOR DEVELOPING A CURRICULUM OR OTHER TRAINING PROGRAM IN THE AREA C "US 2EGULATION 0LANNING 2ICHARD -EAKIN D 0RESERVING AND %XPANDING THE 2OLE OF .ON OF URBAN TRANSPORT AVENUES '4: IS PURSUING MOTORISED 4RANSPORT 7ALTER (OOK )4$0 7HAT ARE SOME OF THE KEY FEATURES
4HE KEY FEATURES OF THE 3OURCEBOOK INCLUDE ! PRACTICAL ORIENTATION FOCUSING ON BEST PRACTICES IN PLANNING AND REGULATION AND WHERE POSSIBLE SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPING CITIES #ONTRIBUTORS ARE LEADING EXPERTS IN THEIR lELDS !N ATTRACTIVE AND EASY TO READ COLOUR LAYOUT .ON TECHNICAL LANGUAGE TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE WITH TECHNICAL TERMS EXPLAINED 5PDATES VIA THE )NTERNET
6EHICLES AND FUELS
A #LEANER &UELS AND 6EHICLE 4ECHNOLOGIES -ICHAEL 7ALSH 2EINHARD +OLKE 5MWELTBUNDESAMT n 5"! B )NSPECTION -AINTENANCE AND 2OADWORTHINESS 2EINHARD +OLKE 5"! C 4WO AND 4HREE 7HEELERS *ITENDRA 3HAH 7ORLD "ANK .6 )YER "AJAJ !UTO D .ATURAL 'AS 6EHICLES -66 )NNO4EC %NVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS
A !IR 1UALITY -ANAGEMENT $IETRICH 3CHWELA 7ORLD (EALTH /RGANISATION 0LEASE VISIT WWWSUTP ASIAORG OR WWWGTZDE B 5RBAN 2OAD 3AFETY *ACQUELINE ,ACROIX $62 TRANSPORT FOR DETAILS ON HOW TO ORDER A COPY 4HE $AVID 3ILCOCK '230 3OURCEBOOK IS NOT SOLD FOR PROlT !NY CHARGES C .OISE AND ITS !BATEMENT #IVIC %XCHANGE IMPOSED ARE ONLY TO COVER THE COST OF PRINTING (ONG +ONG '4: 5"! AND DISTRIBUTION (OW DO ) GET A COPY
#OMMENTS OR FEEDBACK
7E WOULD WELCOME ANY OF YOUR COMMENTS OR SUGGESTIONS ON ANY ASPECT OF THE 3OURCEBOOK BY EMAIL TO SUTP SUTPORG OR BY SURFACE MAIL TO -ANFRED "REITHAUPT '4: $IVISION 0OSTFACH %SCHBORN 'ERMANY
2ESOURCES
2ESOURCES FOR 0OLICY MAKERS '4: &URTHER MODULES AND RESOURCES
&URTHER MODULES ARE ANTICIPATED IN THE AREAS OF $RIVER 4RAINING &INANCING 5RBAN 4RANSPORT "ENCHMARKING AND 0ARTICIPATORY 0LANNING !DDITIONAL RESOURCES ARE BEING DEVELOPED AND AN 5RBAN 4RANSPORT 0HOTO #$ '4: IS NOW AVAILABLE
-ODULE I
3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT "Y +ARL &JELLSTROM $EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB( %DITOR +ARL &JELLSTROM -ANAGER -ANFRED "REITHAUPT '4: 4RANSPORT AND -OBILITY 'ROUP &INDINGS INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS EXPRESSED IN THIS DOCUMENT ARE BASED ON INFORMATION GATHERED BY '4: AND ITS CONSULTANTS PARTNERS AND CONTRIBUTORS FROM RELIABLE SOURCES '4: DOES NOT HOWEVER GUARANTEE THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT AND CANNOT BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY ERRORS OMISSIONS OR LOSSES WHICH EMERGE FROM ITS USE
!BOUT '4: 4HE $EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB( IS A GOVERNMENT OWNED CORPORATION FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION WITH WORLDWIDE OPERATIONS )N MORE THAN PARTNER COUNTRIES '4: IS SUPPORTING AND IMPLEMENTING AROUND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS CHIEmY UNDER COMMISSIONS FROM THE 'ERMAN &EDERAL 'OVERNMENT ALTHOUGH ALSO ON A CONSULTANCY BASIS '4:S AIM IS TO IMPROVE THE LIVING CONDITIONS AND OUTLOOK FOR PEOPLE IN DEVELOPING AND TRANSITION COUNTRIES '4:S MAIN EXPERIENCE LIES IN PROVIDING ADVISORY SERVICES IN COMPLEX URBAN ENVIRONMENTS AND MORE SPECIlCALLY IN ISSUES OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT
#OVER PHOTO 3HANGHAI *AN 0HOTO BY +ARL &JELLSTROM
I
/VERVIEW OF THE 3OURCEBOOK
2ATIONALE
/BJECTIVE
4HE TARGET AUDIENCE
0UTTING THE 3OURCEBOOK TO USE
)NSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY ORIENTATION
,AND USE PLANNING AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT
4HE SCIENTIlC BASIS
%FFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
4HE TRANSPORT SECTOR AND GLOBAL WARMING
!CHIEVING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTIONS FROM TRANSPORT IN DEVELOPING CITIES
2EFERENCES AND RESOURCES
4RANSIT WALKING AND CYCLING
2EFERENCES CITED IN THE TEXT
6EHICLES AND FUELS
/THER RESOURCES
%NVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS
2ESOURCES
&UTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THE 3OURCEBOOK
$ISSEMINATION
3540 !SIA
4RAINING MATERIALS
4HE 3OURCEBOOK COMPANION WEBSITE
#ROSS CUTTING ISSUES OF URBAN TRANSPORT
3USTAINABLE TRANSPORT THE IDEAS AND PRINCIPLES
0OVERTY
! MULTIDIMENSIONAL PROBLEM &OCUSING ON THE MODES USED BY THE POOR
0UBLIC lNANCES AND EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS 4HE ROAD ENVIRONMENT
%MPLOYMENT
)NVOLVING THE POOR
'ENDER
II
'LOBAL WARMING
3USTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
4RANSPORT AND POVERTY
4RANSPORT AND GENDER
4RANSPORT AND GLOBAL WARMING
-ODULE I 3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
/VERVIEW OF THE 3OURCEBOOK 2!4)/.!,% 4RAFlC JAMS POLLUTED AIR DANGEROUS ROADS FUND ING CRISES ABSENCE OF PARKS WALKWAYS AND PUBLIC SPACES SPIRALLING CAR AND MOTORCYCLE USE EVER GREATER BURDENS ON THE POOR AND LESS LIVEABLE CITIES THESE ARE ALL INCREASINGLY FAMILIAR TO PEOPLE LIVING IN DEVELOPING CITIES -OREOVER TRANSPORT PROBLEMS ARE GETTING WORSE RATHER THAN BETTER WITH ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
h-ANY DEVELOPING CITIES ARE AT A CROSS ROADSv 0OLICY MAKERS IN DEVELOPING CITIES OFTEN SEEM TO APPROACH TRANSPORT WITH CAR ORIENTED PARA DIGMS POORLY MATCHED TO THE NEEDS OF THE LARGE MAJORITY OF URBAN DWELLERS 4RANSIT IS DOMINATED BY DISCUSSION OF RAIL ORIENTED MEGA PROJECTS RATHER THAN MORE REASONABLY PRICED BUS RAPID TRANSIT WALKING AND CYCLING IS NEGLECTED UPTAKE OF CLEANER FUELS AND TECHNOLOGIES IS SLOW AND SCARCE ROAD SPACE IS GIVEN FREE OF CHARGE TO A CAR OWNING MINORITY EVEN WHILE CITIES FACE SEVERE FUNDING SHORTAGES -ANY DEVELOPING CITIES ARE AT A CROSS ROADS 0OLICY DECISIONS TAKEN NOW WHILE CAR USE IS STILL RELATIVELY LOW AND CITIES RETAIN A RELATIVELY TRANSIT FRIENDLY COMPACT URBAN FORM WILL AFFECT HOW PEOPLE WILL LIVE IN THEIR CITIES FOR MANY DECADES INTO THE FUTURE
/"*%#4)6% 3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES AIMS TO PROVIDE A @TOOLKIT FOR TRANSPORT POLICY MAKERS AND REGULATORS IN DEVELOPING CITIES )T ADDRESSES THE KEY POLICY AREAS WHICH COLLECTIVELY CAN PROVIDE AN INTEGRATED AND MODERN TRANSPORT POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR A DEVELOPING CITY 4HROUGH THE 3OURCEBOOK POLICY MAKERS AND THEIR ADVISORS CAN GAIN ACCESS TO INFORMATION ABOUT MODERN APPROACHES AND BEST PRACTICES AND TO PLANNING AND REGULATORY RESOURCES THAT WOULD OTHERWISE BE UNAVAILABLE TO THEM OR WHICH WOULD REQUIRE EXPENSIVE EXTERNAL CONSULTANT RESOURCES '4:S MAIN EXPERIENCE LIES IN PROVIDING ADVI SORY SERVICES IN COMPLEX URBAN ENVIRONMENTS AND MORE SPECIlCALLY IN ISSUES OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT 4HE 3OURCEBOOK CONTAINS PRINTED MODULES IN THE FORM OF BOOKLETS AROUND TO PAGES LONG %ACH MODULE DRAWS UPON THE EXPERIENCE OF '4: AND OTHERS IN DEVELOPING CITIES AND IS A COLLABORATIVE EXERCISE WITH GENEROUS CONTRIBUTIONS FROM CONTRIBUTORS WHO ARE LEADING EXPERTS IN THEIR lELDS 4(% 4!2'%4 !5$)%.#%
4HE 3OURCEBOOK IS FOR POLICY MAKERS AND THEIR ADVISORS AND THOSE INVOLVED WITH TRANSPORT PLAN NING AND REGULATION IN DEVELOPING CITIES 4HIS AUDIENCE IS REmECTED IN THE CONTENT 4HE LAN GUAGE IS NOT OVERLY TECHNICAL AND LINKS TO FURTHER 0ARTS OF THE ANSWER TO REVERSING THE DETERIORATING RESOURCES MAINLY VIA THE INTERNET ARE PROVIDED SITUATION ARE PROVIDED BY CITIES SUCH AS "OGOTÕ 0HOTOS TABLES AND CHARTS ARE USED THROUGHOUT WHICH IS FORMING A NEW PARADIGM OF URBAN AND THE ENTIRE SET IS PRINTED AND BOUND IN AN TRANSPORT A CITY FOR PEOPLE RATHER THAN FOR CARS EASY TO READ FULL COLOUR FORMAT ! MULTITUDE OF SUCCESSFUL POLICY TOOLS ARE AVAIL -AYORS AND LEADING POLICY MAKERS IN DEVELOPING ABLE YET POLICY MAKERS AND REGULATORS OFTEN CITIES WILL NOT HAVE TIME TO READ THROUGH LONG SIMPLY LACK ACCESS TO INFORMATION ABOUT THESE AND COMPLICATED TECHNICAL MANUALS AND FOR TOOLS 7HILE AN INCREASING QUANTITY OF EXCELLENT THAT REASON EVERY EFFORT HAS BEEN MADE TO KEEP REFERENCE MATERIAL FOR DEVELOPING CITIES IS BECOM THE 3OURCEBOOK MODULES DOWN TO A MANAGEABLE ING AVAILABLE ON VEHICLE FUEL AND TECHNOLOGY LENGTH WHILE STILL PROVIDING THE LEVEL OF DETAIL ISSUES INCLUDING THROUGH IMPORTANT INITIATIVES NEEDED TO SUPPORT REGULATORS AND POLICY MAKERS OF 4HE 7ORLD "ANK AND THE !SIAN $EVELOPMENT 3OME MODULES WILL BE OF MORE RELEVANCE TO POL "ANK OTHER ASPECTS OF A SUSTAINABLE URBAN ICY MAKERS THAN OTHERS DEPENDING ON THEIR LOCAL TRANSPORT AGENDA HAVE OFTEN BEEN NEGLECTED SITUATION -OST OF THE MODULES WILL HOWEVER BE (ELPING ADDRESS THIS LACK OF ACCESS TO INFORMA RELEVANT TO POLICY MAKERS IN ALL DEVELOPING CITIES TION IN DEVELOPING CITIES IS A MAJOR OBJECTIVE OF THE 3OURCEBOOK
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES
!S WELL AS CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FOR POLICY MAK ERS AND REGULATORS THE 3OURCEBOOK CAN FORM THE BASIS OF A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT TRAINING CURRICU LUM IN A DEVELOPING CITY AND WILL BE A VALUABLE RESOURCE TO EDUCATORS CIVIL SOCIETY GROUPS AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS 0544).' 4(% 3/52#%"//+ 4/ 53% 4HE 3OURCEBOOK CAN BE USED IN MANY WAYS RANGING FROM DETAILED TECHNICAL MANUAL TO A CONVENIENT GENERAL OVERVIEW 4HE MODULES WILL BE MADE AVAILABLE TO POLICY MAKERS AND REGULA TORS AND TO OTHER URBAN STAKEHOLDERS '4: IS COMMITTED TO ACTIVELY DISSEMINATING THE 3OURCEBOOK THROUGH VARIOUS APPROACHES AND OVER AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME 0RESENTATIONS WORKSHOPS BROCHURES WEBSITES MEETINGS WORD OF MOUTH PROVISION OF MATERIALS AUDIO VISUAL MATERIALS NEWSLETTERS MEDIA INTERVIEWS ALL ARE VIABLE METHODS OF HELPING ENSURE THAT THE 3OURCEBOOK OBJECTIVE OF ASSISTING DEVELOPING CITY GOVERNMENTS IS ATTAINED )NEVITABLY DIFFERENT CITIES WILL FOCUS INITIALLY ON DIFFERENT MODULES OF THE 3OURCEBOOK 4O ASSIST IN DECIDING WHICH POLICY MAKERS REGULATORS AND ADVISORS SHOULD FOCUS ON WHICH MODULES EACH MODULE IS BRIEmY OUTLINED IN THE FOLLOWING SECTION )NSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY ORIENTATION A 4HE 2OLE OF 4RANSPORT IN 5RBAN $EVELOPMENT 0OLICY %NRIQUE 0E®ALOSA
4HIS MODULE SETS OUT A @NEW VISION OF URBAN TRANSPORT FOR DEVELOPING CITIES 7RITTEN BY FORMER MAYOR %NRIQUE 0ENALOSA IT DRAWS FROM THE RECENT EXPERIENCE OF "OGOTÕ #OLOMBIA AND SHOWS HOW BASIC PROBLEMS OF URBAN TRANSPORT ARE POLITICAL RATHER THAN TECHNICAL $R !XEL &RIEDRICH 5MWELBUDESAMT CONTRIBUTES TO THE MODULE EXPLAINING PRACTICAL WORKING MECHANISMS TO HELP A CITY WORK FROM CONCEPTUAL STAGES THROUGH TO IMPLEMENTATION $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE A
4HE 2OLE OF 4RANSPORT IN 5RBAN $EVELOPMENT 0OLICY
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
B 5RBAN 4RANSPORT )NSTITUTIONS 2ICHARD -EAKIN
4HIS MODULE DEVELOPS AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN TRANSPORT INSTITUTIONAL SUCCESSES AND FAILURES IN DEVELOPING CITIES )T CONSIDERS SEVERAL IN DEPTH CASE STUDIES IN A RANGE OF COUN TRIES EXPLAINING HOW INSTITUTIONAL SHORT COMINGS HAVE ARISEN AND ARE MANIFESTED 4HE MODULE DRAWS CONCLUSIONS FROM THE CASE STUDIES IN THE FORM OF RECOMMENDED POLICY APPROACHES REQUIRED FOR EFFECTIVE URBAN TRANSPORT INSTITUTIONS $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE B
5RBAN 4RANSPORT )NSTITUTIONS
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
C 0RIVATE 3ECTOR 0ARTICIPATION IN 5RBAN 4RANSPORT )NFRASTRUCTURE 0ROVISION #HRIS :EGRAS -)4
4HIS MODULE DE SCRIBES BENElTS AND PITFALLS OF PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION 030 )T PROVIDES DETAILED CASE STUDIES OF 030 IN A RANGE OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND CONCLUDES WITH CAREFULLY CONSIDERED POLICY RECOMMENDA TIONS FOR DEVELOPING CITIES 4HE MODULE EMPHASISES THAT 030 IN URBAN TRANSPORT IN FRASTRUCTURE PROVISION SHOULD TAKE PART IN THE CONTEXT OF ACHIEVING WIDER MOBILITY AND ACCESS OBJECTIVES NOT AS AN END IN ITSELF $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE C
0RIVATE 3ECTOR 0ARTICIPATION IN 5RBAN 4RANSPORT )NFRASTRUCTURE 0ROVISION
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
D %CONOMIC )NSTRUMENTS -ANFRED "REITHAUPT '4:
/NE OF THE BEST WAYS TO INmUENCE TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR IS THROUGH ECONOMIC INSTRU MENTS 4HIS MODULE SURVEYS SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES WITH FUEL AND VEHICLE TAXES
$IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE D
%CONOMIC )NSTRUMENTS
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
-ODULE I 3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
ROAD PRICING AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS SHOWING THAT A RANGE OF OFTEN UNDER UTILISED POLICY OP TIONS EXISTS FOR DEVELOPING CITIES 4HE MODULE SHOWS HOW ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS CAN WORK TOWARD MULTIPLE GOALS GENERATING REVENUES AND REDUCING CONGESTION WHILE IMPROVING AIR QUALITY E 2AISING 0UBLIC !WARENESS ABOUT 3USTAINABLE 5RBAN 4RANSPORT +ARL &JELLSTROM '4:
TO ADDRESS INCREASING PROBLEMS OF URBAN SPRAWL AND AUTOMOBILE DEPENDENCY 4HIS MODULE AD DRESSES ALL OF THESE QUESTIONS AND PROVIDES POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS WITH SEVERAL CASE STUDIES FROM DEVELOPING CITIES B -OBILITY -ANAGEMENT 4ODD ,ITMAN 640)
-OBILITY MANAGE 0UBLIC AWARENESS MENT OTHERWISE KNOWN AS TRANSPORT SUPPORT AND INFOR MATION CAMPAIGNS DEMAND MANAGEMENT AIMS TO MAKE THE ARE CRUCIAL TO THE FORMULATION AND IM BEST USE OF EXISTING PLEMENTATION OF ANY INFRASTRUCTURE BY MANAGING THE DE SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT POLICY IN DEVELOPING MAND FOR TRANSPORT 4HE STARTING POINT FOR CITIES +EY COMPO NENTS OF CARRYING OUT MOBILITY MANAGEMENT IS THAT A CITYS TRANS A COST EFFECTIVE INI TIATIVE TO RAISE PUBLIC PORT SYSTEM SHOULD FOCUS ON MOVING PEOPLE AND GOODS RATHER THAN AWARENESS ABOUT VEHICLES 4HIS DIFFERS FROM THE APPROACH CUR SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT INCLUDE DETERMINING A TARGET AUDIENCE DEVELOPING A STRATEGIC APPROACH RENTLY BEING TAKEN IN MANY DEVELOPING CITIES WHICH IS SUPPLY ORIENTED AND INVOLVES EVER MORE AND ESTABLISHING AN EFFECTIVE h7ORKING 'ROUPv WITH A CASE STUDY ON "ICYCLE 5SER 'ROUPS 4HIS ROAD BUILDING 4HIS MODULE PROVIDES A WIDE MODULE PROVIDES PRACTICAL ADVICE ON ALL OF THESE RANGE OF POLICY TOOLS IN MOBILITY MANAGEMENT MATTERS AS WELL AS A SECTION ON #AR &REE $AYS FOR DEVELOPING CITIES RANGING FROM 3MART 'ROWTH TO PARKING TO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM AND CONTRIBUTED BY %RIC "RITTON OF %COPLAN COMMUTER REDUCTION PROGRAMS ,AND USE PLANNING AND DEMAND 4RANSIT WALKING AND CYCLING MANAGEMENT $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
$IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE B
-OBILITY -ANAGEMENT
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE E
2AISING 0UBLIC !WARENESS ABOUT 3USTAINABLE 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
A ,AND 5SE 0LANNING AND 5RBAN 4RANSPORT 2UDOLF 0ETERSEN 7UPPERTAL )NSTITUTE
A -ASS 4RANSIT /PTIONS ,LOYD 7RIGHT )4$0 +ARL &JELLSTROM '4:
!ROUND THE WORLD WHICH CITIES HAVE SUC CEEDED IN ESTABLISHING LAND USE PATTERNS WHICH SUPPORT THE MORE ENVIRONMEN TALLY FRIENDLY AND EFlCIENT MODES OF TRANSIT WALKING AND CYCLING 7HAT ARE THE BENElTS OF BETTER LAND USE PLANNING FOR DE VELOPING CITIES 7HAT ARE THE KEY COMPONENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL LAND USE AND TRANSPORT PLANNING PROGRAM IN A DEVELOPING CITY (OW SHOULD URBAN TRANSPORT AND LAND USE BE ORGANISED 7HAT CAN DEVELOPING CITIES DO
#HOICES ABOUT A MASS RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM ARE CHOICES ABOUT A CITYgS FUTURE 4HIS MODULE SURVEYS MASS TRANSIT SYSTEMS AROUND THE WORLD AND COMPARES THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS ACCORDING TO KEY PA RAMETERS SUCH AS COST CONSTRUCTION TIME ENVIRONMENTAL IM PACTS POVERTY IMPACTS SPEED PASSENGER CAPACITY AND SO ON )T CONCLUDES THAT ALTHOUGH THERE IS NO SINGLE MASS TRANSIT SOLUTION FOR MOST DEVELOPING CITIES BUS RAPID TRANSIT MAY BE THE BEST OPTION
$IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE A
,AND 5SE 0LANNING AND 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
$IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE A
-ASS 4RANSIT /PTIONS
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES
B "US 2APID 4RANSIT ,LOYD 7RIGHT )4$0
"US RAPID TRANSIT IS A REMARKABLE NEW PHENOMENON IN THE WORLD OF TRANSIT 4HIS MODULE PROVIDES PRACTICAL GUIDANCE ON HOW A DEVELOPING CITY CAN PLAN lNANCE DE SIGN AND IMPLEMENT A WORLD CLASS BUS RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM !S A PLANNING TEMPLATE FOR DEVELOPING CITIES THIS MODULE CAN DRASTICALLY REDUCE PLANNING AND CONSULTANCY COSTS WHICH A DEVELOPING CITY WOULD OTHERWISE INCUR IN DEVELOPING A "24 SYSTEM $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE B
"US 2APID 4RANSIT
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
C "US 2EGULATION 0LANNING 2ICHARD -EAKIN
4HIS MODULE PROVIDES DIRECTION TO DEVELOP ING CITIES ON HOW TO BREAK OUT OF A LOW QUALITY HIGH RISK LOW PROlT LOW INVEST MENT SPIRAL IN WHICH SO MANY URBAN BUS SYSTEMS IN THE DEVEL OPING WORLD ARE NOW CAUGHT )T INTRODUCES AND OUTLINES THE CONCEPT OF AN ANNUAL PLANNING CYCLE AND SHOWS HOW DEVELOPING CITIES CAN IMPROVE BUS SYSTEMS FROM THE VIEWPOINTS OF OPERATORS DRIVERS REGULATORS AND PASSENGERS $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE C
"US 2EGULATION AND 0LANNING
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
D 0RESERVING AND %XPANDING THE 2OLE OF .ON MOTORISED 4RANSPORT 7ALTER (OOK )4$0
4HIS MODULE STARTS BY OUTLINING THE BENElTS OF NON MOTORISED TRANSPORT .-4 )T CONSIDERS THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF REGULATION TO WHICH .-4 IS SUBJECTED AND DESCRIBES THE NON MOTORISED PLAN NING PROCESS AND THE STEPS INVOLVED
$IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE D
0RESERVING AND %XPANDING THE 2OLE OF .ON MOTORISED 4RANSPORT
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
DRAWING FROM AN EXAMPLE PILOT STUDY CONDUCTED IN 3URABAYA 3UCCESSFUL MEASURES IN CITIES SUCH AS "OGOTÕ AND IN %UROPEAN CITIES IS DESCRIBED WITH A VIEW TO APPLICATION IN DEVELOPING CITIES 6EHICLES AND FUELS A #LEANER &UELS AND 6EHICLE 4ECHNOLOGIES -ICHAEL 7ALSH 2EINHARD +OLKE 5MWELTBUNDESAMT
#LEANER FUELS AND VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES ARE ONE OF THE KEY COMPONENTS OF ANY SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM 4HIS MODULE FROM TWO LEADING EXPERTS ON THE SUBJECT PROVIDES A DETAILED EVALUATION OF CLEANER FUELS AND TECHNOLO GIES WHICH CAN BE APPLIED IN DEVELOPING CITIES &UEL OPTIONS ARE EVALUATED BASED ON COST AND PRACTICALITY 4HE ROLE OF FUEL QUALITY STANDARDS IS ALSO DESCRIBED
$IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE A
#LEANER &UELS AND 6EHICLE 4ECHNOLOGIES
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B )NSPECTION -AINTENANCE AND 2OADWORTHINESS 2EINHARD +OLKE 5"!
!NOTHER KEY COMPO NENT OF A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IS AN IN USE VEHICLE TESTING SYSTEM 4HIS IS ES SENTIAL TO ENSURE THAT VEHICLES ARE PROPERLY MAINTAINED FROM BOTH AN ENVIRONMEN TAL EMISSIONS AND SAFETY ROADWORTHI NESS PERSPECTIVE 4HIS MODULE PROVIDES ADVICE ON THE FORM OF INSPECTION AND MAIN TENANCE SYSTEM APPROPRIATE FOR A DEVELOPING COUNTRY AND HOW DEVELOPING CITIES CAN DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT AN EFFECTIVE SYSTEM $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE B
)NSPECTION -AINTENANCE AND 2OADWORTHINESS
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
C 4WO AND 4HREE 7HEELERS *ITENDRA 3HAH 7ORLD "ANK .6 )YER "AJAJ !UTO
-OTORCYCLES ARE THE DOMINANT FORM OF TRANSPORT IN MANY CITIES ESPECIALLY THROUGHOUT !SIA 4HIS MODULE lRSTLY DESCRIBES HOW THE TRAFlC SYSTEM
-ODULE I 3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
IMPLICATIONS OF SUCH A RELIANCE MAY BE UNSUSTAINABLE 4HE BULK OF THE MODULE THEN CONSIDERS THE PROBLEM OF EMISSIONS FROM TWO STROKE TWO AND THREE WHEELERS IN DEVELOPING CITIES EMPHASISING THE EXPERIENCE IN !SIA )T PROVIDES POLICY ADVICE ON HOW TO ADDRESS THIS PROBLEM CONSIDERING SEVERAL CASE STUDIES
$IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE C
4WO AND 4HREE 7HEELERS
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
D .ATURAL 'AS 6EHICLES -66 )NNO4EC
7RITTEN PRIMARILY FROM A %UROPEAN PERSPECTIVE THIS DECI SION MAKERgS GUIDE TO NATURAL GAS VEHICLES IS NEVERTHELESS RELEVANT TO DEVELOPING CITIES WHICH ARE CONSIDER ING USE OF #.' )T PROVIDES A SOLID GROUNDING IN ALL THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF NATURAL GAS VEHICLES INCLUDING THEIR OPERATION ECONOMIC ASPECTS ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS REFUELLING INFRASTRUCTURE AND SO ON #ASE STUDIES FROM DEVELOPING CITIES INCLUDING A DETAILED CONSIDERATION OF EXPERIENCE IN $ELHI PROVIDED BY #3% )NDIA ARE PROVIDED $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE D
.ATURAL 'AS 6EHICLES
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IMPLEMENTATION PLANS 4HE MODULE EXPLAINS BASIC CONCEPTS OF AIR POLLUTION SOURCES AND TYPES OF POLLUTION MAJOR POLLUTANTS 7(/ AND OTHER STANDARDS AIR QUALITY MONITORING AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANS AND EMISSIONS INVENTORIES )T ALSO BRIEmY INTRODUCES TOPICS SUCH AS AIR QUALITY MODELLING AND ECONOMIC VALUATION OF THE HEALTH IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION B 5RBAN 2OAD 3AFETY *ACQUELINE ,ACROIX $62 $AVID 3ILCOCK '230
2OAD TRAFlC CRASHES RESULT IN AROUND DEATHS ANNUALLY ! DISPRO PORTIONATE AMOUNT ARE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WITH THE VICTIMS OFTEN PEDESTRIANS AND CYCLISTS 4HIS MODULE DESCRIBES HOW ROAD SAFETY IS ORGANISED AT A CITY GOVERNMENT LEVEL HOW IT IS ASSESSED INCLUDING THE USE OF TOOLS SUCH AS ROAD CRASH DIAGRAMS HOW SAFER ROAD ENVIRONMENTS CAN BE CREATED AND THE IM PORTANCE OF PUBLIC AWARENESS ENFORCEMENT SAFER VEHICLES AND SOUND lNANCING $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE B
5RBAN 2OAD 3AFETY
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C .OISE AND ITS !BATEMENT #IVIC %XCHANGE (ONG +ONG '4: 5"!
.OISE IS EMERGING AS AN INSIDIOUS PROBLEM IN DEVELOPING CITIES EVEN THOUGH IT IS NOT %NVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS CURRENTLY PERCEIVED AS A !IR 1UALITY -ANAGEMENT $IETRICH 3CHWELA A MAJOR PROBLEM ! 7ORLD (EALTH /RGANISATION MAJOR SOURCE OF NOISE 4HIS MODULE SERVES TO IN CITIES IS URBAN ASSIST POLICY MAKERS RAOD TRANSPORT 4HIS AND THEIR ADVISERS IN MODULE INTRODUCES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES BASIC CONCEPTS OF TO DETERMINE THE BEST MEASURING NOISE MEASURES TO ABATE DESCRIBES THE HEALTH AIR POLLUTION WITH EFFECTS OF NOISE PROVIDES RECOMMENDED NOISE LIMITED INFORMATION LEVEL STANDARDS AND OUTLINES SIX KEY POLICY AREAS )T PROVIDES ADVICE ON WHERE GOVERNMENTS CAN TAKE ACTION TO REDUCE DEVELOPING LEGALLY NOISE FROM TRANSPORT ENFORCEABLE AIR QUAL ITY STANDARDS AND SIMPLIlED CLEAN AIR $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE C
$IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
.OISE AND ITS !BATEMENT
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3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE A
!IR 1UALITY -ANAGEMENT
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3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES
2ESOURCES
4RAINING MATERIALS $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
2ESOURCES FOR 0OLICY MAKERS #OMPILED BY '4:
3UBJECT TO AVAILABLE RESOURCES '4: IN COOP ERATION WITH KEY PARTNERS SUCH AS 5.%3#!0 INTENDS TO FURTHER DEVELOP THE 3OURCEBOOK INTO 4HIS MODULE PRO A SET OF TRAINING MATERIALS ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN VIDES UP TO DATE TRANSPORT 4HESE TRAINING MATERIALS WILL CONSIST ANNOTATED LINKS TO OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS ACCORDING TO AN INTER INTERNET RESOURCES NATIONALLY STANDARDISED METHODOLOGY OF HIGH IN ALL THE MODULE QUALITY TRAINING MATERIAL PROVISION #OMPONENTS TOPIC AREAS AS WELL WILL INCLUDE FOR EXAMPLE AS SEVERAL ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTORS NOTES SUB TOPICS PARTICIPANTS NOTES OVERHEADS SLIDES PROJECTOR MATERIAL FACTS SHEETS BRIElNGS &5452% $)2%#4)/.3 &/2 4(% TRAINING EXERCISES AND REVIEW QUESTIONS 3/52#%"//+ SUPPORT AUDIO VISUAL AND MULTIMEDIA $ISSEMINATION MATERIALS ADVICE ON HOW TO PLAN FOR AND IMPLEMENT '4: RECOGNISES THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVOTING AN EFFECTIVE TRAINING PROGRAM BASED ON THE RESOURCES TO THE ACTIVE DISSEMINATION OF THE 3OURCEBOOK 3OURCEBOOK TO TRY TO ENSURE THAT THE MODULES ARE ACTUALLY USED AND APPLIED IN DEVELOPING CITIES hWWWSUTPORG IS THE COMPANION 4HIS ACTIVE DISSEMINATION CONSISTS OF SEVERAL ACTIVITIES ONE OF WHICH IS THE 3USTAINABLE 5RBAN WEBSITE TO THE 3OURCEBOOK AS 4RANSPORT 0ROJECT IN !SIA WELL AS AN INFORMATION SOURCE ON 3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE
2ESOURCES FOR 0OLICY MAKERS
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SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORTv
3540 !SIA 4HE 3USTAINABLE 5RBAN 4RANSPORT 0ROJECT IN !SIA CALLED 3540 !SIA IS ONE OF THE PARTNER SHIPS AND INITIATIVES WHICH CAN BE USED AS A PLATFORM FOR THE ACTIVE DISSEMINATION AND ONGO ING DEVELOPMENT OF THE 3OURCEBOOK 4HIS PROJECT COMMENCED IN EARLY WITH INITIAL 'ERMAN 4ECHNICAL #OOPERATION FUNDING 3540 !SIA SUTP ASIAORG IS BASED IN 3OUTHEAST !SIA AND COOPERATES WITH A NUMBER OF EXISTING AND POTENTIAL PARTNERS INCLUDING THE 5NITED .ATIONS %CONOMIC AND 3OCIAL #OMMISSION FOR !SIA AND THE 0ACIlC %3#!0 #)49.%4 THE #LEAN !IR )NITIATIVE FOR !SIAN #ITIES THE !SIAN $EVELOPMENT "ANK AND THE 0ARTNERSHIP FOR #LEAN !IR IN -ANILA AND THE )NSTITUTE FOR 4RANSPORTATION $EVELOPMENT 0OLICY
&UTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THE 3OURCEBOOK AND 3540 !SIA INCLUDE UPDATES TO THE MODULES INCORPORATING FEEDBACK FROM USERS ADDITIONAL MODULES n FOR EXAMPLE ON DRIVER TRAINING URBAN TRANSPORT lNANCING AND PARTICIPATORY PLANNING n AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRAINING MATERIALS BASED ON THE MODULES 4HE 3OURCEBOOK COMPANION WEBSITE 4HE 3540 !SIA WEBSITE WWWSUTPORG IS THE COMPANION WEBSITE TO THE 3OURCEBOOK AS WELL AS AN INFORMATION SOURCE ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT )T WILL CONTAIN NEWS OF TRAINING EVENTS WORKSHOPS AND OTHER EVENTS NEWS ITEMS RELATED '4: INITIATIVES AND OTHER INFORMATION !DDITIONAL RESOURCE MATERIALS SUCH AS TRANSPORT PHOTO #$S WILL ALSO BE AVAILABLE WITH DETAILS PROVIDED ON THE WEBSITE
-ODULE I 3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
#ROSS CUTTING ISSUES OF URBAN TRANSPORT 3534!).!",% 42!.30/24 4(% )$%!3 !.$ 02).#)0,%3
4HIS SECTION IS DRAWN FROM AN UNPUBLISHED MISSION REPORT BY $R !XEL &RIEDRICH 5MWELTBUNDESAMT FOR '4: 3540 *ANUARY
-OBILITY OF PEOPLE AND OF GOODS IS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF ALL SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES )N MOST COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD EVEN DEVELOP ING COUNTRIES PASSENGER CARS AND TRUCKS HAVE BECOME THE MOST IMPORTANT TRANSPORT MODES )N MANY DEVELOPING CITIES HIGH GROWTH OF THE VEHICLE mEET HAS TAKEN PLACE IN RECENT YEARS .ON MOTORISED TRANSPORT WHICH IN EARLIER TIMES WAS THE COMMON WAY OF LINKING TOGETHER PLACES OF ACTIVITIES HAS TO A LARGE EXTENT BEEN SUBSTITUTED BY THE CAR IN DAILY MOBILITY AND BY TRUCKS FOR FREIGHT MOVEMENT 4HE RESULT OF THIS PROCESS HAS ALSO BEEN A SIGNIlCANT CHANGE IN LAND USE PATTERNS 4HIS PROCESS BEGAN DURING THE S AND S IN THE 5NITED 3TATES AND SPREAD IN THE WEALTHIER COUNTRIES INITIALLY BUT SUBSEQUENTLY ALL OVER THE WORLD INCLUDING TO DEVELOPING CITIES 4HE SHIFT TO WARDS MOTORISED PRIVATE ROAD TRANSPORT REDUCED THE SHARE OF OTHER MODES 4HE GROWTH OF ROAD TRAFlC OVERWHELMED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY STRUCTURES AND THE SUPPLY OF SUFlCIENT INFRASTRUC TURE 4HEREFORE IN DEVELOPING CITIES MORE THAN IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IS INEF lCIENT UNSAFE CAUSES ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND DISADVANTAGES HEALTHY CITY DEVELOPMENT 4HE COMMON PROBLEMS OF THE TRANSPORT SECTOR IN BIG CONURBATIONS ARE CONGESTION FATALITIES AND INJURIES DUE TO TRAFlC ACCIDENTS &URTHERMORE AN INCREASING DEMAND FOR MINERAL OIL FUELS SEVERE AIR POLLUTION INCREASING NOISE LEVELS AND A LOSS OF URBAN LIVABILITY AND GREEN SPACES DUE TO TRANS PORT ACTIVITIES ADVERSELY AFFECTS CITY DEVELOPMENT )N PARTICULAR THE HIGH GROWTH OF THE TRANSPORT RELATED #/ EMISSIONS n COMPARED TO OTHER ECONOMIC SECTORS SEE 3ECTION BELOW n ARE CAUSING CONCERNS AND DEMAND FURTHER ACTION 4HESE DEVELOPMENTS DISCOURAGE THE ATTRACTIVE NESS OF CITIES AND THEIR ECONOMIC WELL BEING &ROM THE SOCIAL POINT OF VIEW THE TREND TOWARDS INDIVIDUAL MOTORISATION CAUSES UNEQUAL MOBILITY CHANCES AND DISPARITIES IN BURDENS AND ADVAN TAGES FOR EXAMPLE BURDENS FOR THOSE WHO CANNOT DRIVE OR CANNOT AFFORD OWNERSHIP OF A PRIVATE CAR
3USTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT n ITS ORIGINS AND MEANING )N THE 5NITED .ATIONS CONVENED A CONFERENCE IN 3TOCKHOLM 3WEDEN TO GIVE DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF HOW TO CARE FOR OUR PLANET 4HE 5NITED .ATIONS %NVIRONMENT 0ROGRAMME 5.%0 AROSE OUT OF THE 3TOCKHOLM #ONFERENCE )N THE 5NITED .ATIONS 'ENERAL !SSEMBLY CREATED THE 7ORLD #OMMISSION ON %NVIRONMENT AND $EVELOPMENT 7#%$ AND APPOINTED $R 'RO (ARLEM "RUNDTLAND ITS #HAIRWOMAN 4HE 7#%$ WAS GIVEN THE TASK OF DEVELOPING A hGLOBAL AGENDA FOR CHANGEv &IVE YEARS LATER IN THE 7#%$ PUBLISHED /UR #OMMON &UTURE WHICH AGREED A DElNITION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WHICH IS NOW GENERALLY RECOGNISED AROUND THE WORLD !CCORDING TO THIS DElNITION SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT WITHOUT COMPROMISING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATIONS TO MEET THEIR OWN NEEDS 4HE CONCEPTS DEVELOPED IN /UR #OMMON &UTURE AND FURTHER ELABORATED IN 2IO IN AND IN *OHANNESBURG A DECADE LATER SERVE AS THE BASIS FOR MUCH OF TODAYS UNDERSTANDING OF THE LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 4HE @GENIUS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IS THAT IT ATTEMPTS TO RECONCILE ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENT AND THE ACCESS TO RESOURCES OF BOTH PRESENT AND FUTURE GENERATIONS &UTURE GENERATIONS SHOULD HAVE THE SAME RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT AS WE ENJOY )N PARTICULAR IT IS NOW WIDELY AGREED THAT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MEANS MORE THAN MERELY CONSERVATION AND THAT ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC GOALS ESPECIALLY POVERTY ALLEVIATION ARE NOT CONTRADICTORY BUT ARE FUNDAMENTALLY INTERTWINED ! HEALTHY ECONOMY AND ESPECIALLY IMPROVING THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF PEOPLE IN THE WORLDS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IS JUST AS ESSENTIAL IN SATISFYING OUR MATERIAL AND NON MATERIAL NEEDS AS PRESERVING THE NATURAL FOUNDATIONS OF LIFE !ND ONLY A SOCIETY THAT IS ABLE TO DEVELOP FORMS OF GOVERNANCE THAT PROMOTE AND HELP ATTAIN GOALS ABOUT HOW PEOPLE WANT TO LIVE AND IS ABLE TO DISTRIBUTE ITS GOODS AND OPPORTUNITIES FAIRLY WILL BE ABLE TO PRESERVE THAT SOCIETYS VALUES AND EFFECTIVELY ORGANISE THE USE OF RESOURCES IN A SOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE WAY 3USTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THEREFORE RELATES EQUALLY TO THE THREE DOMAINS OF ECONOMY ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES
3USTAINABLE TRANSPORT AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 0ARTICULARLY IMPORTANT INITIATIVES IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR INCLUDE )NITIALLY SUSTAINABLE TRANS
PORTATION WAS DISCUSSED AT THE /%#$ CONFERENCE h4OWARDS CLEAN 4RANSPORT &UEL EFlCIENT AND #LEAN -OTOR VEHICLESv IN -EXICO 4HE 3USTAINABLE
4RANSPORTATION 0RINCIPLES AS DISCUSSED AND DE VELOPED BY THE -ARCH /%#$ #ONFERENCE h4OWARDS 3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORTATIONv HELD IN 6ANCOUVER #ANADA PUBLISHED IN THE 3USTAINABLE $EVELOPMENT IN #ANADA -ONOGRAPH 3ERIES h3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORTATIONv -ONOGRAPH .O /TTAWA 4HE 6IENNA $ECLARATION OF
THE 5.%#% 2EGIONAL #ONFERENCE ON 4RANSPORT AND THE %NVIRONMENT 2ECENT WORK OF THE /%#$ DEVELOPING THE CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT
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'LOBAL CONCEPTS OF SUSTAINABILITY UNDERLIE THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT 2AISING THE STANDARD OF LIVING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IS A MAJOR GOAL OF SUSTAINABILITY %ARTH BY NIGHT )MAGE BY #RAIG -AYHEW AND 2OBERT 3IMMON .!3! '3&# "ASED ON DATA FROM THE $EFENSE -ETEOROLOGICAL 3ATELLITE 0ROGRAM .OV
4HE TRANSPORT SYSTEM DEMANDS LARGE INVESTMENTS AND THUS IMPOSES ECONOMIC BURDENS ON PUBLIC BUDGETS WHICH ARE DIFlCULT TO AFFORD FOR DEVEL OPING COUNTRIES 4HIS LEADS TO THE CONCLUSION HIGH PER CAPITA TRANSPORT ACTIVITIES IN TERMS OF PASSENGER KILOMETRES AND TON KILOMETRES DONE MAINLY BY PASSENGER CARS AND TRUCKS NOT ONLY INDICATE ECONOMIC PROGRESS AND WELFARE BUT ALSO CAUSE SEVERE PROBLEMS
3OCIAL ACCESS TO ALL ACTIVITIES NECESSARY TO
PARTICIPATE IN SOCIAL LIFE HAS TO BE GUARANTEED AS FAR AS POSSIBLE AIR QUALITY AND NOISE SHOULD NOT EXCEED THE HEALTH STANDARDS SUGGESTED BY THE 7(/ 7ORLD (EALTH /RGANIZATION ACCIDENT RISKS SHOULD BE MINIMISED %CONOMIC MOBILITY OF PERSONS AND OF GOODS NECESSARY TO ACHIEVE PROSPEROUS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT HAS TO BE PROVIDED AVOIDING CONGESTING AND WITHOUT OVER BURDENING THE 4HE %ARTH #ONFERENCE IN 2IO ADOPTED lNANCIAL LIMITATIONS OF THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE !GENDA UNDERLINING THE PRINCIPLE OF SUSTAINA BUDGETS BLE DEVELOPMENT 4HE *UNE 3PECIAL 3ESSION OF THE 'ENERAL !SSEMBLY OF THE 5NITED .ATIONS !S A PRACTICAL CONSEQUENCE OF THESE AND SIMILAR OTHER CRITERIA FOR SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION THE RECALLED THE NEED FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FURTHER REINFORCED IN THE *OHANNESBURG 3UMMIT TRANSPORT SECTOR NEEDS STRUCTURAL CHANGES THAT CAN BE DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS OF AND PROMOTED THE NEED FOR CHANGING THE CURRENT PATTERNS OF TRANSPORTATION IN ORDER TO $ECREASE THE DEMAND OR AT LEAST MITIGATE THE INCREASE OF DEMAND FOR MOTORISED AVOID UNFAVOURABLE ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH EF TRANSPORT OF PEOPLE AND GOODS FOR EXAMPLE FECTS 4HE THREATS AND DAMAGES TO HUMAN HEALTH BY ESTABLISHING TRANSPORT AVOIDING SPATIAL AND TO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT MAKE CURRENT STRUCTURES BY APPLYING lSCAL INCENTIVES AND TRANSPORT STRUCTURES UNACCEPTABLE IN THE LIGHT OF OTHER POLICY INSTRUMENTS TO PROMOTE SHORT THE IDEAS OF SUSTAINABILITY )N THIS CONTEXT DIFFER DISTANCE ACCESS ENT INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES FOLLOWING THE 2IO 3HIFT TRANSPORT DEMAND FROM UNFAVOURABLE %ARTH #ONFERENCE STARTED TO TRANSFER THE PRINCI TRANSPORT MODES IN TERMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TO THE TRANSPORT SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT TO THOSE WITH SECTOR SEE MARGIN NOTE )N VERY SIMPLE TERMS LESS NEGATIVE IMPACT ON PEOPLE AND NATURE WE CAN DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENTAL %NSURE THE USE OF BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC GOALS THAT HAVE TO BE SATIS "!4 BOTH FOR THE TRANSPORT VEHICLES AND FOR lED BY A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEM THE MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNICATION TOOLS IN %NVIRONMENTAL RATE OF USE OF NON RENEWABLE TRANSPORT RESOURCES SHOULD NOT EXCEED THE RATE AT WHICH 0ROMOTE RESPONSIBLE BEHAVIOUR OF INDIVIDUALS RENEWABLE SUBSTITUTES ARE DEVELOPED THE RATE AND RESPONSIBLE DECISIONS BY ENTERPRISES OF POLLUTION EMISSION SHOULD NOT EXCEED THE )NTEGRATE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT CONSIDERATIONS INTO TRANSPORT POLICY BIODIVERSITY SHOULD BE PROTECTED
-ODULE I 3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
0/6%249 ! MULTIDIMENSIONAL PROBLEM 0OVERTY IS HUNGER 0OVERTY IS LACK OF SHELTER 0OVERTY IS BEING SICK AND NOT BEING ABLE TO SEE A DOCTOR 0OVERTY IS NOT BEING ABLE TO GO TO SCHOOL AND NOT KNOWING HOW TO READ 0OVERTY IS NOT HAVING A JOB IS FEAR FOR THE FUTURE LIVING ONE DAY AT A TIME 0OVERTY IS LOSING A CHILD TO ILLNESS BROUGHT ABOUT BY UNCLEAN WATER 0OVERTY IS POW ERLESSNESS LACK OF REPRESENTATION AND FREEDOM WWWWORLDBANKORGPOVERTYMISSIONUPHTM
0OVERTY HAS MANY FACES AND ASPECTS INVOLVES IN GENERAL TERMS LACK OF ACCESS TO THE RESOURCES NEEDED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE EVERYDAY LIFE OF SOCIETY 4HE MULTIDIMENSIONAL NATURE OF POVERTY CAN BE CONCEPTUALISED IN VARIOUS ASPECTS RELATING TO URBAN TRANSPORT ACCESS AND EXCLUSION 4HE hINCOME POORv MAKE LESS TRIPS AND MORE OF THEIR TRIPS ARE UNDERTAKEN ON FOOT &OR MOST PURPOSES THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO WHATEVER SERVICES USUALLY POOR CAN BE ACCESSED WITHIN WALKING DISTANCE MAKING THEM hACCESSIBILITY POORv 4HE JOURNEY TO WORK MAY BE RELATIVELY LONG %VEN IF IT IS NOT IT WILL USE SLOW MODES AND MAY BE VERY TIME CONSUMING SO THEY ARE ALSO hTIME POORv &OR POOR PEOPLE AND PARTICULARLY FOR WOMEN CHILDREN AND THE ELDERLY TRIP MAKING IS OFTEN DISCOURAGED BY THEIR VULNERABILITY AS PEDESTRIANS BOTH TO TRAFlC ACCIDENTS AND TO PERSONAL VIOLENCE MAKING THEM hSAFETY POORv &INALLY THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT LONG WALKING DISTANCES AND TIMES ALSO CREATES A TIREDNESS AND BOREDOM ADDING AN hENERGY POVERTYv DI MENSION TO THEIR DEPRIVATION 7ORLD "ANK
7HEN DEVELOPING TRANSPORT POLICY MEASURES TO ALLEVIATE POVERTY IT IS IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL NATURE OF POVERTY AND NOT
SIMPLY TO FOCUS ON ECONOMIC INDICTORS SUCH AS THE PROPORTION OF INCOME SPENT ON TRANSPORT OR THE TIME SPENT TRAVELLING )N "OGOTÕ FOR EXAMPLE ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE MEASURES FOR HELPING THE URBAN POOR WAS THE DRAMATIC IMPROVEMENTS TO PUBLIC SPACES IN THE CITY 3INCE PUBLIC SPACE IMPROVEMENTS IN "OGOTÕ HAVE INCLUDED SQUARE METRES IN WALKWAYS GREEN SPACE ROAD DIVIDERS SIDEWALKS NEIGBOURHOOD PARKS POCKET PARKS METROPOLITAN PARKS !S FORMER MAYOR %NRIQUE 0E¶ALOSA ARGUES SEE -ODULE A 4HE 2OLE OF 4RANSPORT IN 5RBAN $EVELOPMENT 0OLICY PEDESTRIAN STREETS AND AMPLE SIDEWALKS MAKE A MORE HUMANE CITY 4HEY ALSO MAKE A CITY MORE DEMOCRATIC AS PUBLIC SPACES SUCH AS SIDEWALKS AND PARKS HELP INTEGRATE RICH AND POOR NEIGHBOURHOODS AND PROVIDE ONE OF FEW AVENUES OF RECREATION FOR THE URBAN POOR !LTHOUGH POVERTY IS MULTIDIMENSIONAL WE CAN STILL CONSIDER IN BROAD TERMS ABSOLUTE INDICATORS SUCH AS THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE LIVING ON LESS THAN PER DAY AS SET OUT IN 5.$0S (UMAN $EVELOPMENT 2EPORT TO GIVE AN APPRECIATION OF THE EXTENT OF POVERTY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 4ABLE SHOWS THAT MORE THAN ONE lFTH OF THE WORLDS PEOPLE LIVE ON LESS THAN PER DAY )N ORDER TO ALLEVIATE POVERTY IT IS ESSENTIAL TO DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE DIMENSIONS OF POVERY AND IMPOVERISHMENT AND THROUGH THIS UNDERSTANDING TO DEVELOP STRATEGIC WAYS OF AP PROACHING AND ADDRESSING POVERTY ALLEVIATION )T
4ABLE .UMBER OF PEOPLE LIVING ON LESS THAN PER DAY n 5.$0
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IS NOW ACCEPTED THAT IT IS NOT SUFlCIENT TO MERELY FOCUS ON INDIRECT n SO CALLED @TRICKLE DOWN n BENElTS FOR THE POOR 4HIS CONSENSUS IS REmECTED IN APPROACHES OF MULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS THE 7ORLD "ANK 3TRATEGY DOCUMENTS SUCH AS THE 5RBAN 4RANSPORT 3TRATEGY 2EVIEW NOW ACKNOWLEDGE THAT URBAN TRANSPORT IMPROVEMENTS DIRECTED AT @IMPROVING THE EFlCIENCY OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM AS A WHOLE ARE NOT SUFlCIENT )N ADDITION TO SYTEM WIDE INCREASES IN EFlCIENCY TARGETED INTERVENTIONS TO ACHIEVE POVERTY ALLEVIA TION ARE REQUIRED -ULTILATERAL AND BILATERAL AID AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES ARE DEVELOPING IN CREASINGLY SOPHISTICATED TOOLS TO UNDERSTAND n AND ALLEVIATE n POVERTY 4HESE INCLUDE FOR EXAMPLE TOOLKITS WEBSITES GUIDELINES AND MANUALS IN THE h2EFERENCESv SECTION OF THIS MODULE &OCUSING ON THE MODES USED BY THE POOR 4HE TRANSPORT NEEDS OF THE POOR DIFFER FROM THE NON POOR 4HE POOR TYPICALLY MAKE n LESS TRIPS AND RELY MUCH MORE ON NON MOTORISED AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT &IGURE 4HE POOR HAVE A MORE LIMITED RANGE OF DESTINATIONS BEING MUCH MORE FOCUSED ON CORE DESTINATIONS SUCH AS WORK PLACES SCHOOLS MARKETS PLACES OF WORSHIP AND HEALTH CLINICS
EXAMPLE SHOWED THAT WALKED TO WORK AT ZERO COST !T THE OTHER EXTREME THOSE OPTING FOR A DEGREE OF RESIDENTIAL SECURITY ON THE OUTSKIRTS OF CITIES PAY A HIGH PRICE IN TERMS OF ACCESS COSTS 4HE URBAN POOR IN ,IMA AND 2IO DE *ANEIRO FOR EXAMPLE ARE DRIVEN OUT TO CHEAP DWELLING SPACE IN REMOTE LOCATIONS OR KILOMETRES OUT OF THE EMPLOYMENT CENTRE AVERAGE COMMUT ING TIME PER DAY FOR THE POOREST GROUP IN 2IO DE *ANEIRO EXCEEDING THREE HOURS 7ORLD "ANK
h%RADICATING POVERTY IS THE GREATEST GLOBAL CHALLENGE FACING THE WORLD TODAY AND AN INDISPENSABLE REQUIREMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PARTICULARLY FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIESv 5NITED .ATIONS 2EPORT OF THE 7ORLD 3UMMIT ON 3USTAINABLE $EVELOPMENT *OHANNESBURG
-UCH ATTENTION IN THE FORM OF INTERNATIONAL EVENTS SEMINARS CONFERENCES TRAINING MATERI ALS AND SO ON IS DEVOTED TO ISSUES OF VEHICLE &IG AND FUEL TECHNOLOGIES 7HILE THIS HIGH LEVEL OF ATTENTION TO TECHNOLOGY IS UNDERSTANDABLE AND )N !GRA AS IN OTHER HELPFUL IN ADDRESSING TAILPIPE EMISSIONS IT OFTEN DEVELOPING CITIES URBAN )N DEVELOPING CITIES LAND VALUES OFTEN REmECT DOES NOT ADDRESS THE MOST DIRECT TRANSPORT NEEDS POOR ARE MORE RELIANT ON ACCESSIBILITY OF AN AREA TO KEY DESTINATIONS 4HE NON MOTORISED MODES OF POOR ARE FACED WITH A COMPLEX TRADE OFF BETWEEN OF THE URBAN POOR IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 7E TRANSPORT RESIDENTIAL SECURITY TRAVEL TIME AND TRAVEL MODE OFTEN HEAR OF SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS ELABORAT ,LOYD 7RIGHT '4: 5RBAN 4RANSPORT ING THE RESULTS OF THE LATEST COMPARISON OF #.' ! SURVEY OF PAVEMENT DWELLERS IN -ADRAS FOR 0HOTO #$ VERSUS CLEAN DIESEL OR EVEN TRIALS OF FUEL CELLS OR ELECTRIC VEHICLES "UT SELDOM DO WE HEAR OF A HIGH PROlLE INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR FOCUSING ON WALKWAY DESIGN OR NON MOTORISED TRANSPORT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 4HIS IS DESPITE THE FACT THAT IN MANY DEVELOPING CITIES CAR OWNERS ARE STILL A SMALL MINORITY OF THE POPULATION 0UBLIC TRANSPORT USERS PEDESTRIANS AND CYCLISTS REPRESENT A LARGE MAJORITY IN MANY DEVELOPING CITIES RANG ING FROM "ELGRADE TO -ETRO -ANILA TO "OGOTÕ TO 3HANGHAI 0RIVATE MOTOR VEHICLE OWNERSHIP IS BEYOND THE REACH OF THE URBAN POOR WITH THE POSSIBLE EXCEPTION OF MOTORCYCLES IN CITIES SUCH AS $ENPASAR AND (O #HI -INH IN WHICH PUBLIC TRANSPORT PROVIDES LESS THAN OF TRIPS 4HE POOR IN DEVELOPING CITIES CANNOT AFFORD CARS 4HEY RELY PRIMARILY ON WALKING CYCLING AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR GAINING ACCESS TO JOBS SERV
-ODULE I 3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
ICES AND SOCIAL EVENTS &IGURE PRESENTS DATA FOR 3ANTIAGO #HILE &IGURES FOR OTHER CITIES WILL VARY THOUGH THE TREND IT ILLUSTRATES IS TYPICAL OF ALMOST ALL DEVELOPING CITIES )T SHOWS THAT THE POOR RELY ON WALKING CYCLING AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT MUCH MORESO THAN THE NON POOR
h,OW INCOME PEOPLE ;IN THE 3URABAYA STUDY AREA= ARE FORCED TO USE MOTORISED TRAVEL EVEN FOR EXTREMELY SHORT TRIPSv
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!LTHOUGH THE TRANSPORT PATTERNS AND NEEDS OF THE POOR WILL VARY IN DIFFERENT DEVELOPING CITIES IT IS ONE OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF THIS 3OURCEBOOK AND OF '4:S APPROACH TO URBAN TRANSPORT THAT IMPROVED PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND BETTER CONDITIONS FOR WALKING AND CYCLING WILL PROVIDE IMPROVED ACCESS TO THE URBAN POOR AND WILL IN THIS WAY CONTRIBUTE TO POVERTY ALLEVIATION -ANY OTHER INTERVENTIONS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO POVERY ALLEVIA TION -ODULE A ,AND 5SE 0LANNING AND 5RBAN 4RANSPORT SETS OUT A DIVERSE AGENDA OF POLICY RE FORMS WHICH CAN PROMOTE TRANSIT PEDESTRIAN AND NON MOTORISED TRANSPORT FRIENDLY DEVELOPMENT -ORE EFFECTIVE TRANSPORT AND LAND USE PLANNING IS AN URGENT REQUIREMENT IN MANY DEVELOPING CITIES EXPERIENCING RAPIDLY GROWING URBAN SPRAWL AND CAR DEPENDENCY 3IMILARLY THE MOBILITY MANAGEMENT MEASURES DESCRIBED IN -ODULE B -OBILITY -ANAGEMENT LEAD TO LESS AUTOMOBILE ORIENTED URBAN DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS )MPROVING PUBLIC TRANSPORT IS A KEY COMPONENT OF ANY PRO POOR URBAN TRANSPORT AGENDA IN A DEVELOPING CITY )N MANY CITIES POLICY MAKERS HAVE STRICTLY REGULATED FARES UNDER A MISGUIDED CONCEPTION THAT THIS ALONE WOULD GUARANTEE PUB LIC TRANSPORT ACCESS FOR THE URBAN POOR 2ATHER THE OUTCOME OF POOR REGULATION AND MISGUIDED FARE CONTROLS HAVE ALMOST EVERYWHERE BEEN A DECLINING LEVEL OF SERVICE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND A @VICIOUS CYCLE OF DECLINING INVESTMENT AND MARKET SHARE AS DESCRIBED IN -ODULE C "US 2EGULATION AND 0LANNING 4HE 3OURCEBOOK MODULES ON 4RANSIT 7ALKING AND #YCLING SHOW HOW EFFECTIVE PUBLIC TRANSPORT REGULATION MEANS THAT LOW COST MASS TRANSIT AND NON MOTORISED TRANSPORT SOLUTIONS NEED NOT CORRESPOND TO A LOW LEVEL OF SERVICE #ITIES SUCH AS "OGOTÕ HAVE
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PROVIDED A WORLD CLASS MASS TRANSIT SYTSEM ACCES SIBLE TO THE URBAN POOR AS DESCRIBED IN -ODULE A -ASS 4RANSIT /PTIONS AND -ODULE B "US 2APID 4RANSIT )T IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO AVOID THE MISCONCEPTION AND STIGMA THAT NON MOTORISED TRANSPORT SUCH AS WALKING AND CYCLING AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT IS FOR THE POOR -ODULE D 0RESERVING AND %XPANDING THE 2OLE OF .ON MOTORISED 4RANSPORT SHOWS THAT POVERTY ALLEVIATION IS ONLY ONE OF THE MANY BENElTS OF IMPROVING CONDITIONS FOR NON MOTORISED TRANSPORT "ENElTS OF IMPROVING NON MOTORISED TRANSPORT FOR THE URBAN POOR ARE NEVERTHELESS POTENTIALLY LARGE '4: AND )4$0 SHOWED IN A PILOT PROJECT IN 3URABAYA THAT EVEN IN POOR NEIGHBOURHOODS SOME OF TRIPS BETWEEN AND KM WERE UNDERTAKEN BY MOTORISED MEANS DUE MAINLY TO THE VERY POOR CONDITIONS FOR WALKING CYCLING AND PEDICABS IN 3URABAYA 0ERHAPS EVEN MORE SURPRISINGLY OF TRIPS LESS THAN KM IN LENGTH WERE MADE BY MOTORISED MEANS DESPITE THE FACT THAT BOTH AREAS OF THE PILOT PROJECTS WERE LOW INCOME NEIGHBOUR HOODS /NE CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY WAS THAT %VEN LOW INCOME PEOPLE ARE FORCED TO USE MOTOR ISED TRAVEL EVEN FOR EXTREMELY SHORT TRIPS LEADING TO CONDITIONS WHERE THE WORKING POOR SPEND AN ESTIMATED OF THEIR HOUSEHOLD INCOME ON TRANSPORT )MPROVED CONDITIONS FOR NON MOTORISED TRAVEL IN THE STUDY AREA WOULD YIELD IN BENElTS TO THESE LOW INCOME FAMILIES EACH YEAR '4: 3540)4$0
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3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES
0UBLIC lNANCES AND EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS /PPORTUNITY COSTS OF TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS
5RBAN TRANSPORT POLICY HAS MAJOR IMPLICATIONS FOR CITY GOVERNMENT lNANCES #ITY GOVERNMENT SPENDING IN TURN CARRIES MAJOR OPPORTUNITY COSTS 3CARCE DEVELOPMENT FUNDS SPENT ON EXPEN SIVE RAIL BASED MASS TRANSIT SYSTEMS FOR EXAMPLE COULD BE SPENT ON MORE COST EFFECTIVE APPROACHES SUCH AS BUS RAPID TRANSIT WITH THE RESULTING SAVINGS INVESTED IN HEALTH PUBLIC SPACE AND EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES TO BENElT THE URBAN POOR 0OSSIBLY EVEN WORSE THAN ILL ADVISED MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM INVESTMENTS SPENDING ON NEW ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE AS WELL AS BEING REGRESSIVE IN THAT IT BENElTS PRIMARILY THE RICHEST CAR OWNING PORTION OF THE POPULATION MAY ACTUALLY WORSEN URBAN TRANSPORT CONDITIONS THROUGH INDUCED TRAFlC AND SPRAWL 0RIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN URBAN TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE PROVISION CAN BE AN EFFECTIVE METHOD FOR DEVELOPING CITY GOVERNMENTS TO PROVIDE INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES !DVICE IS PROVIDED ON THIS TOPIC IN -ODULE C 0RIVATE 3ECTOR 0ARTICIPATION IN 5RBAN 4RANSPORT )NFRASTUCTURE 0ROVISION 4HE CITY OF "OGOTÕ #OLOMBIA PROVIDES A RECENT EXAMPLE OF THE EFFECTIVE USE OF PUBLIC lNANCES TO BENElT THE URBAN POOR TO IMPROVE SOCIAL INTEGRATION TO ENHANCE AIR QUALITY TO IMPROVE THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE CITY AND TO ENHANCE THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF ALL CITIZENS 4HE EXAMPLE OF "OGOTÕ n AND THE POLICY UNDERPINNING IT n IS S
ELABORATED BY THE MAN WHO INSPIRED IT FORMER MAYOR %NRIQUE 0E¶ALOSA IN -ODULE A 4HE 2OLE OF 4RANSPORT IN 5RBAN $EVELOPMENT 0OLICY "OGOTÕ IS ALSO AN EXAMPLE OF A CITY WHICH HAS LEVERAGED THE POTENTIAL OF ECONOMIC INSTRU MENTS AS A WAY OF ACHIEVING MULTIPLE TRANSPORT OBJECTIVES INCLUDING PROVISION OF FUNDS REDUCED CONGESTION PROGRESSIVE TAXATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS !DVICE ON THE USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS INCLUDING ROAD PRICING FUEL TAXATION PARKING VEHICLE TAXATION ENVIRONMENTAL TRUST FUNDS AND OTHER MEASURES IS PROVIDED IN -ODULE D %CONOMIC )NSTRUMENTS %QUITY AND TRANSPORT IN DEVELOPING CITIES
%QUITY CONSIDERATIONS DICTATE THAT TRANSPORT PLANNERS IN DEVELOPING CITIES SHOULD FAVOUR MODES OF WALKING CYCLING AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT )N WEALTHIER CITIES THE URBAN POOR ARE OFTEN A MINORITY !LTHOUGH EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS ARE IMPORTANT IN ALL CITIES SEE TEXT BOX h%VALUATING TRANSPORTATION EQUITYv IN WEALTHY CITIES EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS ARE OFTEN FOCUSED ON POLITICALLY JUSTIFYING URBAN TRANSPORT SUBSIDIES OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS USED BY ONLY A MINORITY OF THE POPULATION )N MANY DEVELOPING CITIES ON THE OTHER HAND THE URBAN POOR REPRESENT THE MAJORITY OF THE POPULATION 4HIS IS REmECTED FOR EXAMPLE IN VEHICLE OWNERSHIP DATA &IGURE SHOWS THAT IN LOW INCOME DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CAR OWNERSHIP RATES ARE TYPICALLY LESS THAN CARS PER PEOPLE AND EVEN IN HIGHER INCOME DEVELOPING CITIES CAR OWNERSHIP IS GENERALLY LESS S
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-ODULE I 3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
%VALUATING TRANSPORTATION EQUITY %QUITY REFERS TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES AND OPPORTUNITIES 4RANSPORTATION DECISIONS CAN HAVE SIGNIlCANT EQUITY IMPACTS 4RANSPORT REPRESENTS A MAJOR PORTION OF CONSUMER BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES )T CONSUMES A SIGNIlCANT PORTION OF TAXES AND PUBLIC LAND 4RANSPORT ACTIVITIES HAVE EXTERNAL IMPACTS NOISE AND AIR POLLUTION CRASH RISK AND BARRIER EFFECTS THAT AFFECT THE QUALITY OF COMMUNITY AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS AND PERSONAL SAFETY 4RANSPORT DETERMINES WHERE PEOPLE CAN LIVE SHOP WORK GO TO SCHOOL AND RECREATE AND THEIR OPPORTUNITIES IN LIFE 4HE QUALITY OF TRANSPORT AFFECTS PEOPLES ABILITY TO OBTAIN EDUCATION EMPLOYMENT MEDICAL SERVICE AND OTHER CRITICAL GOODS %QUITY IMPACTS CAN BE DIFlCULT TO EVALUATE IN PART BECAUSE THE WORD hEQUITYv HAS SEVERAL MEANING EACH WITH DIFFERENT IMPLICATIONS 4HERE ARE THREE MAJOR TYPES OF EQUITY RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION (ORIZONTAL EQUITY ALSO CALLED hFAIRNESSv 4HIS CONCEPT IS CONCERNED WITH WHETHER EACH INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP RECEIVES A FAIR SHARE OF COMMON RESOURCES )T SUGGESTS THAT PEOPLE WITH EQUAL INCOMES AND NEEDS SHOULD RECEIVE A COMPARABLE SHARE OF GOVERNMENT BENElTS AND BEAR COMPARABLE TAX BURDENS 6ERTICAL EQUITY WITH REGARD TO INCOME 4HIS CONSIDERS THE ALLOCATION OF COSTS BETWEEN DIFFERENT INCOME CLASSES ASSUMING THAT PUBLIC POLICIES SHOULD FAVOUR PEOPLE WHO ARE ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED 0OLICIES THAT PROVIDE A PROPORTIONALLY GREATER BENElT TO LOWER INCOME GROUPS ARE CALLED hPROGRESSIVE v WHILE THOSE THAT MAKE LOWER INCOME PEOPLE RELATIVELY WORSE OFF ARE CALLED hREGRESSIVEv 6ERTICAL EQUITY WITH REGARD TO MOBILITY NEED AND ABILITY 4HIS CONSIDERS WHETHER A TRANSPORT SYSTEM PROVIDES ADEQUATE SERVICE TO PEOPLE WHO HAVE SPECIAL TRANSPORT NEEDS IE THEY ARE hTRANSPORTATION DISADVANTAGEDv )T SUGGESTS THAT PUBLIC SUBSIDIES CAN BE JUSTIlED IF NEEDED TO PROVIDE BASIC MOBILITY TO PEOPLE WHO ARE TRANSPORTATION DISADVANTAGED $UE TO THESE DIFFERENT DElNITIONS IT IS IMPORTANT TO SPECIFY WHICH PERSPECTIVE IS BEING USED WHEN EVALUATING TRANSPORT EQUITY &OR EXAMPLE IT MAY BE UNCLEAR TO SIMPLY SAY THAT A PARTICULAR TRANSPORT POLICY OR PROJECT INCREASES OR DECREASES EQUITY WITHOUT INDICATING WHICH TYPE OF EQUITY &OR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE SEE WWWVTPIORG 4ODD ,ITMAN
THAN PER PEOPLE 4HIS COMPARES TO CAR OWNERSHIP RATES OF AROUND PER PEOPLE IN %UROPE AND MORE THAN PER PEOPLE IN MANY CITIES IN .ORTH !MERICA AND !USTRALIA
h7E WILL SPARE NO EFFORT TO FREE OUR FELLOW MEN WOMEN AND CHILDREN FROM THE ABJECT AND DEHUMANIZING CONDITIONS OF EXTREME POVERTY TO WHICH MORE THAN A BILLION OF THEM ARE CURRENTLY SUBJECTEDv 5NITED .ATIONS -ILLENIUM $ECLARATION 3EPT
4HE ROAD ENVIRONMENT /NE AREA REQUIRING FURTHER RESEARCH CONCERNS THE EXPOSURE OF URBAN POOR TO TRANSPORT RELATED AIR POLLUTION ROAD ACCIDENTS AND NOISE 4HE FOLLOW ING GENERAL OBSERVATIONS HOWEVER CAN BE MADE 4HE URBAN POOR MAKE UP A SIGNIlCANT PROPORTION OF THE ROAD SIDE WORKERS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES RESULTING IN A LIKELY HIGHER EXPOSURE TO ROADSIDE AIR POLLUTION SEE FURTHER -ODULE A !IR 1UALITY -ANAGEMENT 4HE URBAN POOR HAVE LESS MEANS TO PROTECT THEMSELVES AGAINST POLLUTION AND LESS MEANS TO MITIGATE THE RESULTS OF POLLUTION 4HE URBAN POOR ARE ALSO OFTEN FORCED TO ACCEPT TRADE OFFS BETWEEN RESIDENTIAL COST AND AMBIENT NOISE LEVELS 4HE EFFECTS OF NOISE ON HEALTH AND POLICIES FOR MITIGATION ARE DESCRIBED IN -ODULE C .OISE AND ITS !BATEMENT 4HE URBAN POOR ARE MUCH GREATER USERS OF NON MOTORISED TRANSPORT MODES THAN THE NON POOR AND USERS OF NON MOTORISED MODES INCLUDING PEDESTRIANS REPRESENT A HIGH PROPORTION OF ROAD CRASH VICTIMS IN DEVELOPING CITIES 4HE PROBLEMS OF ROAD SAFETY AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS AREA ARE ELABORATED IN -ODULE B 5RBAN 2OAD 3AFETY %MPLOYMENT 4HE URBAN TRANSPORT SECTOR IS A SIGNIlCANT EMPLOYER IN DEVELOPING CITIES )NITIATIVES TAKEN TO GREATLY IMPROVE THE LIVELIHOOD OF URBAN BUS DRIVERS IN "OGOTÕ ARE DESCRIBED IN -ODULE B "US 2APID 4RANSIT AND INITIATIVES TO IMPROVE THE LIVELIHOOD OF PEDICAB DRIVERS IN )NDIAN CIT IES ARE DESCRIBED IN -ODULE D 0RESERVING AND %XPANDING THE 2OLE OF .ON MOTORISED 4RANSPORT
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES
)NVOLVING THE POOR 3USTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT MEASURES WILL NOT SUCCEED WITHOUT THE SUPPORT OF THE LOCAL PEOPLE -ANY OF THE MODULES IN THE 3OURCEBOOK DESCRIBE VARIOUS FORMS OF PARTICIPATORY PLANNING PROCESSES )NFORMATION CAMPAIGNS AS DESCRIBED IN -ODULE E 2AISING 0UBLIC !WARENESS ABOUT 3USTAINABLE 5RBAN 4RANSPORT ARE ESSENTIAL )T IS NECESSARY TO CREATE AWARENESS ABOUT THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM THE PEOPLE OF A CITY DESERVE FOR EXISTING AND FUTURE GENERATIONS 4HIS IS A WAY FOR PROJECTS TO BECOME hOWNEDv BY THE COMMUNITY )N THIS WAY PARTICIPATION OF THE LOCAL PEOPLE CAN BE INCREASED RESULTING IN GREATER BENElTS AND MAKING PROJECTS POLITICALLY SOCIALLY AND lNANCIALLY FEASIBLE '%.$%2 'ENDER AWARENESS IS SEEPING INTO THE TRANSPORT SECTOR !LTHOUGH THERE WERE FEW STUDIES ON THE SUBJECT AS RECENTLY AS A GROWING NUMBER OF PROJECTS ARE BEGINNING TO ADDRESS GENDER IMBAL ANCES IN THE BURDEN OF TRANSPORT AND ENDEAVOUR TO EXPAND THE RANGE OF TRANSPORT CHOICES AND REDUCE THE COSTS OF TRANSPORT FOR WOMEN 'ENDER ANALYSIS IS JUSTIlED IN TERMS OF GREATER EF lCIENCY OF TRANSPORT INTERVENTIONS AND THEREFORE GREATER IMPACT ON POVERTY REDUCTION THAT IT ENA BLES 4RANSPORT FACILITIES CAN BE BETTER MATCHED TO THE NEEDS OF USERS THROUGH AN UNDERSTANDING OF GENDER ASPECTS OF TRANSPORT )N 3URABAYA )NDONESIA FOR EXAMPLE A '4:)4$0 STUDY SHOWED THAT A LARGE MAJORITY OF CYCLISTS ARE MEN AND A LARGE MAJORITY OF CYCLE RICKSHAW PAS SENGERS ARE WOMEN 0OLICY INTERVENTIONS AIMING TO REDUCE THE TRANSPORT BURDEN ON THE URBAN POOR IN 3URABAYA NEED TO TAKE ACCOUNT OF THESE GENDER BASED VARIATIONS FOR MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE NESS !N INCREASING NUMBER OF GENDER RELATED TOOLS ARE BECOMING AVAILABLE TO POLICY MAKERS ALTHOUGH SO FAR THE MAJOR RESOURCES HAVE TENDED TO FOCUS ON RURAL AREAS !LONG WITH POVERTY GENDER RELATED DISADVANTAGE IS ALSO ENDEMIC IN DEVELOPING CITIES 4HE DISCUS SION OF GENDER IN THE 5RBAN 4RANSPORT 3TRATEGY 2EVIEW IS WORTH QUOTING AT LENGTH -ANY ACTIVITIES TYPICALLY UNDERTAKEN BY WOMEN CHILD CARE HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT INFORMAL SEC TOR EMPLOYMENT ETC REQUIRE THEM TO MAKE MORE AND SHORTER TRIPS THAN MEN MORE TRIPS AT OFF PEAK
HOURS AND OFF THE MAIN ROUTES AND ENGAGE IN MORE COMPLICATED MULTI LEG TRIPS ALL OF WHICH TEND TO MAKE THEIR MOVEMENTS RELATIVELY EXPENSIVE TO PROVIDE FOR BY PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND HENCE HIGHLY PRICED OR POORLY SUPPLIED 7OMEN ARE VERY VULNER ABLE TO THESE COST CHARACTERISTICS AS THEY FREQUENTLY HAVE LESS CAPACITY TO PAY THAN MALE HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS WHO ALSO CONTROL ANY BICYCLES OR OTHER VEHICLES AVAILABLE TO THE HOUSEHOLD #ULTURAL FAC TORS MAY CONSTRAIN WOMENS ABILITY TO USE PUBLIC TRANSPORT OR BICYCLES )N MANY COUNTRIES THERE IS ALSO A PROBLEM OF THE hSOCIAL SAFETY OR SECURITYv OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR WOMEN ESPECIALLY IN THE EVENING HOURS 4HIS MAY FORCE THEM TO DEPEND ON MORE EXPENSIVE ALTERNATIVES 0ERIPHERAL LOCATION MAY BE PARTICULARLY DAMAGING TO WOMENS EMPLOY MENT POTENTIAL "UT THERE REMAINS A HEAVY AGENDA OF NECESSARY GENDER RELATED RESEARCH 4HIS INCLUDES A NEED FOR MORE AC TIVITY AS OPPOSED TO TRIP BASED RESEARCH BETTER ESTIMATES OF THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF WOMENS TIME AND DIRECT EVALUATION OF THE IMPACTS OF SOME GENDER RELATED PROJECTS
'ENDER ASPECTS OF RURAL ROAD MAINTENANCE IN #OSTA 2ICA )N #OSTA 2ICA '4: HAS BEEN CO OPERATING WITH LOCAL GOVERNMENTS SINCE IN ESTABLISHING A PRACTICAL ROAD MAINTENANCE SYSTEM )TS PRINCIPLES ARE STRAIGHTFORWARD %VERYONE HAS TO JOIN IN n .O ROAD REPAIRS ARE POSSIBLE WITHOUT THE PARTICIPATION OF THE LOCAL RESIDENTS AND THE PEOPLES ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY %VERYONE HAS TO PAY n -INISTRIES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS WITH MONEY AND LOCAL RESIDENTS WITH THEIR LABOUR 4HE RIGHT TECHNOLOGY COUNTS n 3IMPLE BUT ESSECTIVE SOLUTIONS ARE REQUIRED ABOVE ALL FOR ROAD DRAINAGE .OT WITHOUT THE WOMEN n 7OMEN HAVE PROVEN TO BE ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT IN ORGANISING LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE COMMITTEES AND IN WINNING OVER PEOPLES SUPPORT
h7ELL GET OUR HUSBANDS TO WORKv ! #OSTA 2ICAN ROAD COMMITTEE MEMBER 4HE RESULTS OF THIS APPROACH HAVE BEEN REMARKABLE INCLUDING GREATLY INCREASED ACCESS TO HEALTH AND EDUCATION SERVICES REGULAR BUS SEVICES A ROAD MAINTENANCE FUND GROWTH IN THE AREA UNDER CULTIVATION BY PER YEAR GREATLY REDUCED TRAVEL TIMES AND VEHICLE MAINTENANCE COSTS AND INTEGRATION INTO THE LONG TERM PLANNING OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
-ODULE I 3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
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POPULATIONS PREDOMINANTLY WITHIN SUBTROPIC AND TROPICAL COUNTRIES #LIMATE CHANGE CAN AFFECT 4HE SCIENTIlC BASIS HUMAN HEALTH DIRECTLY EG LOSS OF LIFE IN mOODS 4HE h'REENHOUSE %FFECTv WHICH ROSE TO PROMI AND STORMS AND INDIRECTLY THROUGH CHANGES IN NENCE ON POLITICAL AND RESEARCH AGENDAS IN THE THE RANGE OF DISEASE VECTORS EG MOSQUITOES S REFERS TO THE WARMING WHICH OCCURS WHEN WATER BORNE PATHOGENS WATER QUALITY AIR QUALITY CERTAIN GASES ALLOW SUNLIGHT TO PENETRATE TO THE AND FOOD AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY )MPACTS WILL BE EARTH BUT PARTIALLY TRAP THE PLANETS RADIATED STRONGLY INmUENCED BY LOCAL CONDITIONS INFRARED HEAT IN THE ATMOSPHERE 3OME SUCH 7ATER SHORTAGES IN EXISTING WATER SCARCE AREAS WARMING IS NATURAL AND NECESSARY BUT INCREASING THREATS TO VULNERABLE ECOSYSTEMS AND LOW LYING CONCENTRATIONS OF THESE @GREENHOUSE GASES ARE ISLAND NATIONS AND REDUCTIONS IN CROP OUTPUTS CAUSING SERIOUS CLIMATE CHANGES ARE FURTHER PROJECTED EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING #ARBON DIOXIDE #/ IS BY FAR THE MOST WITH MOST OF THE ADVERSE IMPACT PROJECTED TO IMPORTANT GREENHOUSE GAS 3CIENTISTS CAN STUDY FALL UPON POORER NATIONS AND UPON THE POORER THE COMPOSITION OF AIR IN THE PAST BY EXAMINING PEOPLE IN ALL NATIONS AIR TRAPPED IN !NTARCTIC ICE !NALYSIS OF THESE BUBBLES SHOWS THAT #/ CONCENTRATIONS ARE NOW -INIMISING GREENHOUSE GAS HIGHER THAN AT ANY TIME IN THE PAST EMISSIONS FROM MOBILE SOURCES YEARS )N FACT IT IS LIKELY THAT THE CONCENTRATION 4HE MAIN GREENHOUSE GASES SEE CHART ARE TODAY IS HIGHER THAN IT HAS BEEN FOR MILLION CARBON DIOXIDE #/ ;= METHANE #( ;= YEARS 4HE CURRENT RATE OF INCREASE OF CARBON NITROUS OXIDES ./X ;= AND THE CHLORO mUORO DIOXIDE IS GREATER THAN AT ANY TIME IN THE PAST HYDROCARBONS #&#S ;= YEARS !TMOSPHERIC #/ CONCENTRA &KORURIOXRUR TIONS HAVE BEEN STABLE AT AROUND PARTS PER FDUERQV MILLION PPM FOR THE LAST YEARS BUT ROSE &DUERQ SHARPLY IN THE LATE TH #ENTURY TO PPM 'LR[LGH !CCORDING TO VARIOUS SCENARIOS OUTLINED IN THE 1LWURXV2[LGHV )NTERGOVERNMENTAL 0ANEL ON #LIMATE #HANGE 0HWKDQH )0## REPORTS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC CON CENTRATION OF #/ IS PROJECTED TO RISE FURTHER TO #ARBON DIOXIDE IS PRODUCED NATURALLY BY LIVING BETWEEN PPM AND PPM BY ORGANISMS AND BY THE BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS 4HE RISE IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND ESPE CIALLY IN #/ EMISSIONS HAS A DIRECT IMPACT ON GLOBAL TEMPERATURES &IGURE ILLUSTRATES BOTH THE RISE IN GLOBAL TEMPERATURE SINCE AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS PRIMA RILY #/ EMISSIONS TO THIS RISE IN TEMPERATURES %FFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
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0ROJECTED CLIMATE CHANGE WILL HAVE BENElCIAL AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON BOTH ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO ECONOMIC SYSTEMS BUT THE LARGER THE CHANGES AND RATE OF CHANGE IN CLIMATE THE MORE THE ADVERSE EFFECTS PREDOMINATE 7HEN CONSID ERED BY REGION ADVERSE EFFECTS ARE PROJECTED TO PREDOMINATE FOR MUCH OF THE WORLD PARTICULARLY IN THE TROPICS AND SUB TROPICS #LIMATE CHANGE IS PROJECTED TO INCREASE THREATS TO HUMAN HEALTH PARTICULARLY IN LOWER INCOME
INCLUDING MOBILE SOURCES -OST OF THE METHANE IS FROM COAL FORMATIONS LANDlLLS LIVESTOCK AND WETLAND RICE CULTIVATION -ETHANE HAS AROUND TIMES GREATER IMPACT ON GLOBAL WARMING THAN CARBON DIOXIDE .ITROUS OXIDE IS A BY PRODUCT OF FUEL BURNING AND FERTILISER MANUFACTURE )T HAS TIMES THE GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL '70 OF CARBON DIOXIDE 4HE GLOBAL COMMUNITY HAS CONDUCTED SEVERAL INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE 5NITED .ATIONS &RAMEWORK #ONVENTION ON #LIMATE #HANGE AND THE ASSOCIATED +YOTO 0ROTOCOL UNFORTUNATELY REJECTED BY THE 5NITED 3TATES IN BUT RATIlED BY MANY OTHER COUNTRIES NOW SETTING THE PACE .EGOTIATIONS ARE AIMED AT DEVELOPING PROTOCOLS FOR BINDING GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION LEVELS -AJOR GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTIONS n COMBINED WITH LOCAL CITY LEVEL BENElTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES n CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUGH MODAL SHIFTS FROM PRIVATE VEHICLES TO PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND NON MOTORISED MODES
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&URTHER MODULES ARE ANTICIPATED IN THE AREAS OF $RIVER 4RAINING &INANCING 5RBAN 4RANSPORT "ENCHMARKING AND 0ARTICIPATORY 0LANNING !DDITIONAL RESOURCES ARE BEING DEVELOPED AND AN 5RBAN 4RANSPORT 0HOTO #$ '4: IS NOW AVAILABLE
-ODULE I
3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT "Y +ARL &JELLSTROM $EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB( %DITOR +ARL &JELLSTROM -ANAGER -ANFRED "REITHAUPT '4: 4RANSPORT AND -OBILITY 'ROUP &INDINGS INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS EXPRESSED IN THIS DOCUMENT ARE BASED ON INFORMATION GATHERED BY '4: AND ITS CONSULTANTS PARTNERS AND CONTRIBUTORS FROM RELIABLE SOURCES '4: DOES NOT HOWEVER GUARANTEE THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT AND CANNOT BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY ERRORS OMISSIONS OR LOSSES WHICH EMERGE FROM ITS USE
!BOUT '4: 4HE $EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB( IS A GOVERNMENT OWNED CORPORATION FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION WITH WORLDWIDE OPERATIONS )N MORE THAN PARTNER COUNTRIES '4: IS SUPPORTING AND IMPLEMENTING AROUND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS CHIEmY UNDER COMMISSIONS FROM THE 'ERMAN &EDERAL 'OVERNMENT ALTHOUGH ALSO ON A CONSULTANCY BASIS '4:S AIM IS TO IMPROVE THE LIVING CONDITIONS AND OUTLOOK FOR PEOPLE IN DEVELOPING AND TRANSITION COUNTRIES '4:S MAIN EXPERIENCE LIES IN PROVIDING ADVISORY SERVICES IN COMPLEX URBAN ENVIRONMENTS AND MORE SPECIlCALLY IN ISSUES OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT
#OVER PHOTO 3HANGHAI *AN 0HOTO BY +ARL &JELLSTROM
I
/VERVIEW OF THE 3OURCEBOOK
2ATIONALE
/BJECTIVE
4HE TARGET AUDIENCE
0UTTING THE 3OURCEBOOK TO USE
)NSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY ORIENTATION
,AND USE PLANNING AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT
4HE SCIENTIlC BASIS
%FFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
4HE TRANSPORT SECTOR AND GLOBAL WARMING
!CHIEVING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTIONS FROM TRANSPORT IN DEVELOPING CITIES
2EFERENCES AND RESOURCES
4RANSIT WALKING AND CYCLING
2EFERENCES CITED IN THE TEXT
6EHICLES AND FUELS
/THER RESOURCES
%NVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS
2ESOURCES
&UTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THE 3OURCEBOOK
$ISSEMINATION
3540 !SIA
4RAINING MATERIALS
4HE 3OURCEBOOK COMPANION WEBSITE
#ROSS CUTTING ISSUES OF URBAN TRANSPORT
3USTAINABLE TRANSPORT THE IDEAS AND PRINCIPLES
0OVERTY
! MULTIDIMENSIONAL PROBLEM &OCUSING ON THE MODES USED BY THE POOR
0UBLIC lNANCES AND EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS 4HE ROAD ENVIRONMENT
%MPLOYMENT
)NVOLVING THE POOR
'ENDER
II
'LOBAL WARMING
3USTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
4RANSPORT AND POVERTY
4RANSPORT AND GENDER
4RANSPORT AND GLOBAL WARMING
-ODULE I 3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
/VERVIEW OF THE 3OURCEBOOK 2!4)/.!,% 4RAFlC JAMS POLLUTED AIR DANGEROUS ROADS FUND ING CRISES ABSENCE OF PARKS WALKWAYS AND PUBLIC SPACES SPIRALLING CAR AND MOTORCYCLE USE EVER GREATER BURDENS ON THE POOR AND LESS LIVEABLE CITIES THESE ARE ALL INCREASINGLY FAMILIAR TO PEOPLE LIVING IN DEVELOPING CITIES -OREOVER TRANSPORT PROBLEMS ARE GETTING WORSE RATHER THAN BETTER WITH ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
h-ANY DEVELOPING CITIES ARE AT A CROSS ROADSv 0OLICY MAKERS IN DEVELOPING CITIES OFTEN SEEM TO APPROACH TRANSPORT WITH CAR ORIENTED PARA DIGMS POORLY MATCHED TO THE NEEDS OF THE LARGE MAJORITY OF URBAN DWELLERS 4RANSIT IS DOMINATED BY DISCUSSION OF RAIL ORIENTED MEGA PROJECTS RATHER THAN MORE REASONABLY PRICED BUS RAPID TRANSIT WALKING AND CYCLING IS NEGLECTED UPTAKE OF CLEANER FUELS AND TECHNOLOGIES IS SLOW AND SCARCE ROAD SPACE IS GIVEN FREE OF CHARGE TO A CAR OWNING MINORITY EVEN WHILE CITIES FACE SEVERE FUNDING SHORTAGES -ANY DEVELOPING CITIES ARE AT A CROSS ROADS 0OLICY DECISIONS TAKEN NOW WHILE CAR USE IS STILL RELATIVELY LOW AND CITIES RETAIN A RELATIVELY TRANSIT FRIENDLY COMPACT URBAN FORM WILL AFFECT HOW PEOPLE WILL LIVE IN THEIR CITIES FOR MANY DECADES INTO THE FUTURE
/"*%#4)6% 3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES AIMS TO PROVIDE A @TOOLKIT FOR TRANSPORT POLICY MAKERS AND REGULATORS IN DEVELOPING CITIES )T ADDRESSES THE KEY POLICY AREAS WHICH COLLECTIVELY CAN PROVIDE AN INTEGRATED AND MODERN TRANSPORT POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR A DEVELOPING CITY 4HROUGH THE 3OURCEBOOK POLICY MAKERS AND THEIR ADVISORS CAN GAIN ACCESS TO INFORMATION ABOUT MODERN APPROACHES AND BEST PRACTICES AND TO PLANNING AND REGULATORY RESOURCES THAT WOULD OTHERWISE BE UNAVAILABLE TO THEM OR WHICH WOULD REQUIRE EXPENSIVE EXTERNAL CONSULTANT RESOURCES '4:S MAIN EXPERIENCE LIES IN PROVIDING ADVI SORY SERVICES IN COMPLEX URBAN ENVIRONMENTS AND MORE SPECIlCALLY IN ISSUES OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT 4HE 3OURCEBOOK CONTAINS PRINTED MODULES IN THE FORM OF BOOKLETS AROUND TO PAGES LONG %ACH MODULE DRAWS UPON THE EXPERIENCE OF '4: AND OTHERS IN DEVELOPING CITIES AND IS A COLLABORATIVE EXERCISE WITH GENEROUS CONTRIBUTIONS FROM CONTRIBUTORS WHO ARE LEADING EXPERTS IN THEIR lELDS 4(% 4!2'%4 !5$)%.#%
4HE 3OURCEBOOK IS FOR POLICY MAKERS AND THEIR ADVISORS AND THOSE INVOLVED WITH TRANSPORT PLAN NING AND REGULATION IN DEVELOPING CITIES 4HIS AUDIENCE IS REmECTED IN THE CONTENT 4HE LAN GUAGE IS NOT OVERLY TECHNICAL AND LINKS TO FURTHER 0ARTS OF THE ANSWER TO REVERSING THE DETERIORATING RESOURCES MAINLY VIA THE INTERNET ARE PROVIDED SITUATION ARE PROVIDED BY CITIES SUCH AS "OGOTÕ 0HOTOS TABLES AND CHARTS ARE USED THROUGHOUT WHICH IS FORMING A NEW PARADIGM OF URBAN AND THE ENTIRE SET IS PRINTED AND BOUND IN AN TRANSPORT A CITY FOR PEOPLE RATHER THAN FOR CARS EASY TO READ FULL COLOUR FORMAT ! MULTITUDE OF SUCCESSFUL POLICY TOOLS ARE AVAIL -AYORS AND LEADING POLICY MAKERS IN DEVELOPING ABLE YET POLICY MAKERS AND REGULATORS OFTEN CITIES WILL NOT HAVE TIME TO READ THROUGH LONG SIMPLY LACK ACCESS TO INFORMATION ABOUT THESE AND COMPLICATED TECHNICAL MANUALS AND FOR TOOLS 7HILE AN INCREASING QUANTITY OF EXCELLENT THAT REASON EVERY EFFORT HAS BEEN MADE TO KEEP REFERENCE MATERIAL FOR DEVELOPING CITIES IS BECOM THE 3OURCEBOOK MODULES DOWN TO A MANAGEABLE ING AVAILABLE ON VEHICLE FUEL AND TECHNOLOGY LENGTH WHILE STILL PROVIDING THE LEVEL OF DETAIL ISSUES INCLUDING THROUGH IMPORTANT INITIATIVES NEEDED TO SUPPORT REGULATORS AND POLICY MAKERS OF 4HE 7ORLD "ANK AND THE !SIAN $EVELOPMENT 3OME MODULES WILL BE OF MORE RELEVANCE TO POL "ANK OTHER ASPECTS OF A SUSTAINABLE URBAN ICY MAKERS THAN OTHERS DEPENDING ON THEIR LOCAL TRANSPORT AGENDA HAVE OFTEN BEEN NEGLECTED SITUATION -OST OF THE MODULES WILL HOWEVER BE (ELPING ADDRESS THIS LACK OF ACCESS TO INFORMA RELEVANT TO POLICY MAKERS IN ALL DEVELOPING CITIES TION IN DEVELOPING CITIES IS A MAJOR OBJECTIVE OF THE 3OURCEBOOK
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES
!S WELL AS CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FOR POLICY MAK ERS AND REGULATORS THE 3OURCEBOOK CAN FORM THE BASIS OF A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT TRAINING CURRICU LUM IN A DEVELOPING CITY AND WILL BE A VALUABLE RESOURCE TO EDUCATORS CIVIL SOCIETY GROUPS AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS 0544).' 4(% 3/52#%"//+ 4/ 53% 4HE 3OURCEBOOK CAN BE USED IN MANY WAYS RANGING FROM DETAILED TECHNICAL MANUAL TO A CONVENIENT GENERAL OVERVIEW 4HE MODULES WILL BE MADE AVAILABLE TO POLICY MAKERS AND REGULA TORS AND TO OTHER URBAN STAKEHOLDERS '4: IS COMMITTED TO ACTIVELY DISSEMINATING THE 3OURCEBOOK THROUGH VARIOUS APPROACHES AND OVER AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME 0RESENTATIONS WORKSHOPS BROCHURES WEBSITES MEETINGS WORD OF MOUTH PROVISION OF MATERIALS AUDIO VISUAL MATERIALS NEWSLETTERS MEDIA INTERVIEWS ALL ARE VIABLE METHODS OF HELPING ENSURE THAT THE 3OURCEBOOK OBJECTIVE OF ASSISTING DEVELOPING CITY GOVERNMENTS IS ATTAINED )NEVITABLY DIFFERENT CITIES WILL FOCUS INITIALLY ON DIFFERENT MODULES OF THE 3OURCEBOOK 4O ASSIST IN DECIDING WHICH POLICY MAKERS REGULATORS AND ADVISORS SHOULD FOCUS ON WHICH MODULES EACH MODULE IS BRIEmY OUTLINED IN THE FOLLOWING SECTION )NSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY ORIENTATION A 4HE 2OLE OF 4RANSPORT IN 5RBAN $EVELOPMENT 0OLICY %NRIQUE 0E®ALOSA
4HIS MODULE SETS OUT A @NEW VISION OF URBAN TRANSPORT FOR DEVELOPING CITIES 7RITTEN BY FORMER MAYOR %NRIQUE 0ENALOSA IT DRAWS FROM THE RECENT EXPERIENCE OF "OGOTÕ #OLOMBIA AND SHOWS HOW BASIC PROBLEMS OF URBAN TRANSPORT ARE POLITICAL RATHER THAN TECHNICAL $R !XEL &RIEDRICH 5MWELBUDESAMT CONTRIBUTES TO THE MODULE EXPLAINING PRACTICAL WORKING MECHANISMS TO HELP A CITY WORK FROM CONCEPTUAL STAGES THROUGH TO IMPLEMENTATION $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE A
4HE 2OLE OF 4RANSPORT IN 5RBAN $EVELOPMENT 0OLICY
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
B 5RBAN 4RANSPORT )NSTITUTIONS 2ICHARD -EAKIN
4HIS MODULE DEVELOPS AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN TRANSPORT INSTITUTIONAL SUCCESSES AND FAILURES IN DEVELOPING CITIES )T CONSIDERS SEVERAL IN DEPTH CASE STUDIES IN A RANGE OF COUN TRIES EXPLAINING HOW INSTITUTIONAL SHORT COMINGS HAVE ARISEN AND ARE MANIFESTED 4HE MODULE DRAWS CONCLUSIONS FROM THE CASE STUDIES IN THE FORM OF RECOMMENDED POLICY APPROACHES REQUIRED FOR EFFECTIVE URBAN TRANSPORT INSTITUTIONS $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE B
5RBAN 4RANSPORT )NSTITUTIONS
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
C 0RIVATE 3ECTOR 0ARTICIPATION IN 5RBAN 4RANSPORT )NFRASTRUCTURE 0ROVISION #HRIS :EGRAS -)4
4HIS MODULE DE SCRIBES BENElTS AND PITFALLS OF PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION 030 )T PROVIDES DETAILED CASE STUDIES OF 030 IN A RANGE OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND CONCLUDES WITH CAREFULLY CONSIDERED POLICY RECOMMENDA TIONS FOR DEVELOPING CITIES 4HE MODULE EMPHASISES THAT 030 IN URBAN TRANSPORT IN FRASTRUCTURE PROVISION SHOULD TAKE PART IN THE CONTEXT OF ACHIEVING WIDER MOBILITY AND ACCESS OBJECTIVES NOT AS AN END IN ITSELF $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE C
0RIVATE 3ECTOR 0ARTICIPATION IN 5RBAN 4RANSPORT )NFRASTRUCTURE 0ROVISION
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
D %CONOMIC )NSTRUMENTS -ANFRED "REITHAUPT '4:
/NE OF THE BEST WAYS TO INmUENCE TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR IS THROUGH ECONOMIC INSTRU MENTS 4HIS MODULE SURVEYS SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES WITH FUEL AND VEHICLE TAXES
$IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE D
%CONOMIC )NSTRUMENTS
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
-ODULE I 3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
ROAD PRICING AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS SHOWING THAT A RANGE OF OFTEN UNDER UTILISED POLICY OP TIONS EXISTS FOR DEVELOPING CITIES 4HE MODULE SHOWS HOW ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS CAN WORK TOWARD MULTIPLE GOALS GENERATING REVENUES AND REDUCING CONGESTION WHILE IMPROVING AIR QUALITY E 2AISING 0UBLIC !WARENESS ABOUT 3USTAINABLE 5RBAN 4RANSPORT +ARL &JELLSTROM '4:
TO ADDRESS INCREASING PROBLEMS OF URBAN SPRAWL AND AUTOMOBILE DEPENDENCY 4HIS MODULE AD DRESSES ALL OF THESE QUESTIONS AND PROVIDES POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS WITH SEVERAL CASE STUDIES FROM DEVELOPING CITIES B -OBILITY -ANAGEMENT 4ODD ,ITMAN 640)
-OBILITY MANAGE 0UBLIC AWARENESS MENT OTHERWISE KNOWN AS TRANSPORT SUPPORT AND INFOR MATION CAMPAIGNS DEMAND MANAGEMENT AIMS TO MAKE THE ARE CRUCIAL TO THE FORMULATION AND IM BEST USE OF EXISTING PLEMENTATION OF ANY INFRASTRUCTURE BY MANAGING THE DE SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT POLICY IN DEVELOPING MAND FOR TRANSPORT 4HE STARTING POINT FOR CITIES +EY COMPO NENTS OF CARRYING OUT MOBILITY MANAGEMENT IS THAT A CITYS TRANS A COST EFFECTIVE INI TIATIVE TO RAISE PUBLIC PORT SYSTEM SHOULD FOCUS ON MOVING PEOPLE AND GOODS RATHER THAN AWARENESS ABOUT VEHICLES 4HIS DIFFERS FROM THE APPROACH CUR SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT INCLUDE DETERMINING A TARGET AUDIENCE DEVELOPING A STRATEGIC APPROACH RENTLY BEING TAKEN IN MANY DEVELOPING CITIES WHICH IS SUPPLY ORIENTED AND INVOLVES EVER MORE AND ESTABLISHING AN EFFECTIVE h7ORKING 'ROUPv WITH A CASE STUDY ON "ICYCLE 5SER 'ROUPS 4HIS ROAD BUILDING 4HIS MODULE PROVIDES A WIDE MODULE PROVIDES PRACTICAL ADVICE ON ALL OF THESE RANGE OF POLICY TOOLS IN MOBILITY MANAGEMENT MATTERS AS WELL AS A SECTION ON #AR &REE $AYS FOR DEVELOPING CITIES RANGING FROM 3MART 'ROWTH TO PARKING TO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM AND CONTRIBUTED BY %RIC "RITTON OF %COPLAN COMMUTER REDUCTION PROGRAMS ,AND USE PLANNING AND DEMAND 4RANSIT WALKING AND CYCLING MANAGEMENT $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
$IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE B
-OBILITY -ANAGEMENT
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE E
2AISING 0UBLIC !WARENESS ABOUT 3USTAINABLE 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
A ,AND 5SE 0LANNING AND 5RBAN 4RANSPORT 2UDOLF 0ETERSEN 7UPPERTAL )NSTITUTE
A -ASS 4RANSIT /PTIONS ,LOYD 7RIGHT )4$0 +ARL &JELLSTROM '4:
!ROUND THE WORLD WHICH CITIES HAVE SUC CEEDED IN ESTABLISHING LAND USE PATTERNS WHICH SUPPORT THE MORE ENVIRONMEN TALLY FRIENDLY AND EFlCIENT MODES OF TRANSIT WALKING AND CYCLING 7HAT ARE THE BENElTS OF BETTER LAND USE PLANNING FOR DE VELOPING CITIES 7HAT ARE THE KEY COMPONENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL LAND USE AND TRANSPORT PLANNING PROGRAM IN A DEVELOPING CITY (OW SHOULD URBAN TRANSPORT AND LAND USE BE ORGANISED 7HAT CAN DEVELOPING CITIES DO
#HOICES ABOUT A MASS RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM ARE CHOICES ABOUT A CITYgS FUTURE 4HIS MODULE SURVEYS MASS TRANSIT SYSTEMS AROUND THE WORLD AND COMPARES THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS ACCORDING TO KEY PA RAMETERS SUCH AS COST CONSTRUCTION TIME ENVIRONMENTAL IM PACTS POVERTY IMPACTS SPEED PASSENGER CAPACITY AND SO ON )T CONCLUDES THAT ALTHOUGH THERE IS NO SINGLE MASS TRANSIT SOLUTION FOR MOST DEVELOPING CITIES BUS RAPID TRANSIT MAY BE THE BEST OPTION
$IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE A
,AND 5SE 0LANNING AND 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
$IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE A
-ASS 4RANSIT /PTIONS
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES
B "US 2APID 4RANSIT ,LOYD 7RIGHT )4$0
"US RAPID TRANSIT IS A REMARKABLE NEW PHENOMENON IN THE WORLD OF TRANSIT 4HIS MODULE PROVIDES PRACTICAL GUIDANCE ON HOW A DEVELOPING CITY CAN PLAN lNANCE DE SIGN AND IMPLEMENT A WORLD CLASS BUS RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM !S A PLANNING TEMPLATE FOR DEVELOPING CITIES THIS MODULE CAN DRASTICALLY REDUCE PLANNING AND CONSULTANCY COSTS WHICH A DEVELOPING CITY WOULD OTHERWISE INCUR IN DEVELOPING A "24 SYSTEM $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE B
"US 2APID 4RANSIT
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
C "US 2EGULATION 0LANNING 2ICHARD -EAKIN
4HIS MODULE PROVIDES DIRECTION TO DEVELOP ING CITIES ON HOW TO BREAK OUT OF A LOW QUALITY HIGH RISK LOW PROlT LOW INVEST MENT SPIRAL IN WHICH SO MANY URBAN BUS SYSTEMS IN THE DEVEL OPING WORLD ARE NOW CAUGHT )T INTRODUCES AND OUTLINES THE CONCEPT OF AN ANNUAL PLANNING CYCLE AND SHOWS HOW DEVELOPING CITIES CAN IMPROVE BUS SYSTEMS FROM THE VIEWPOINTS OF OPERATORS DRIVERS REGULATORS AND PASSENGERS $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE C
"US 2EGULATION AND 0LANNING
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
D 0RESERVING AND %XPANDING THE 2OLE OF .ON MOTORISED 4RANSPORT 7ALTER (OOK )4$0
4HIS MODULE STARTS BY OUTLINING THE BENElTS OF NON MOTORISED TRANSPORT .-4 )T CONSIDERS THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF REGULATION TO WHICH .-4 IS SUBJECTED AND DESCRIBES THE NON MOTORISED PLAN NING PROCESS AND THE STEPS INVOLVED
$IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE D
0RESERVING AND %XPANDING THE 2OLE OF .ON MOTORISED 4RANSPORT
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
DRAWING FROM AN EXAMPLE PILOT STUDY CONDUCTED IN 3URABAYA 3UCCESSFUL MEASURES IN CITIES SUCH AS "OGOTÕ AND IN %UROPEAN CITIES IS DESCRIBED WITH A VIEW TO APPLICATION IN DEVELOPING CITIES 6EHICLES AND FUELS A #LEANER &UELS AND 6EHICLE 4ECHNOLOGIES -ICHAEL 7ALSH 2EINHARD +OLKE 5MWELTBUNDESAMT
#LEANER FUELS AND VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES ARE ONE OF THE KEY COMPONENTS OF ANY SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM 4HIS MODULE FROM TWO LEADING EXPERTS ON THE SUBJECT PROVIDES A DETAILED EVALUATION OF CLEANER FUELS AND TECHNOLO GIES WHICH CAN BE APPLIED IN DEVELOPING CITIES &UEL OPTIONS ARE EVALUATED BASED ON COST AND PRACTICALITY 4HE ROLE OF FUEL QUALITY STANDARDS IS ALSO DESCRIBED
$IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE A
#LEANER &UELS AND 6EHICLE 4ECHNOLOGIES
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
B )NSPECTION -AINTENANCE AND 2OADWORTHINESS 2EINHARD +OLKE 5"!
!NOTHER KEY COMPO NENT OF A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IS AN IN USE VEHICLE TESTING SYSTEM 4HIS IS ES SENTIAL TO ENSURE THAT VEHICLES ARE PROPERLY MAINTAINED FROM BOTH AN ENVIRONMEN TAL EMISSIONS AND SAFETY ROADWORTHI NESS PERSPECTIVE 4HIS MODULE PROVIDES ADVICE ON THE FORM OF INSPECTION AND MAIN TENANCE SYSTEM APPROPRIATE FOR A DEVELOPING COUNTRY AND HOW DEVELOPING CITIES CAN DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT AN EFFECTIVE SYSTEM $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE B
)NSPECTION -AINTENANCE AND 2OADWORTHINESS
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
C 4WO AND 4HREE 7HEELERS *ITENDRA 3HAH 7ORLD "ANK .6 )YER "AJAJ !UTO
-OTORCYCLES ARE THE DOMINANT FORM OF TRANSPORT IN MANY CITIES ESPECIALLY THROUGHOUT !SIA 4HIS MODULE lRSTLY DESCRIBES HOW THE TRAFlC SYSTEM
-ODULE I 3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
IMPLICATIONS OF SUCH A RELIANCE MAY BE UNSUSTAINABLE 4HE BULK OF THE MODULE THEN CONSIDERS THE PROBLEM OF EMISSIONS FROM TWO STROKE TWO AND THREE WHEELERS IN DEVELOPING CITIES EMPHASISING THE EXPERIENCE IN !SIA )T PROVIDES POLICY ADVICE ON HOW TO ADDRESS THIS PROBLEM CONSIDERING SEVERAL CASE STUDIES
$IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE C
4WO AND 4HREE 7HEELERS
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
D .ATURAL 'AS 6EHICLES -66 )NNO4EC
7RITTEN PRIMARILY FROM A %UROPEAN PERSPECTIVE THIS DECI SION MAKERgS GUIDE TO NATURAL GAS VEHICLES IS NEVERTHELESS RELEVANT TO DEVELOPING CITIES WHICH ARE CONSIDER ING USE OF #.' )T PROVIDES A SOLID GROUNDING IN ALL THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF NATURAL GAS VEHICLES INCLUDING THEIR OPERATION ECONOMIC ASPECTS ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS REFUELLING INFRASTRUCTURE AND SO ON #ASE STUDIES FROM DEVELOPING CITIES INCLUDING A DETAILED CONSIDERATION OF EXPERIENCE IN $ELHI PROVIDED BY #3% )NDIA ARE PROVIDED $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE D
.ATURAL 'AS 6EHICLES
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
IMPLEMENTATION PLANS 4HE MODULE EXPLAINS BASIC CONCEPTS OF AIR POLLUTION SOURCES AND TYPES OF POLLUTION MAJOR POLLUTANTS 7(/ AND OTHER STANDARDS AIR QUALITY MONITORING AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANS AND EMISSIONS INVENTORIES )T ALSO BRIEmY INTRODUCES TOPICS SUCH AS AIR QUALITY MODELLING AND ECONOMIC VALUATION OF THE HEALTH IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION B 5RBAN 2OAD 3AFETY *ACQUELINE ,ACROIX $62 $AVID 3ILCOCK '230
2OAD TRAFlC CRASHES RESULT IN AROUND DEATHS ANNUALLY ! DISPRO PORTIONATE AMOUNT ARE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WITH THE VICTIMS OFTEN PEDESTRIANS AND CYCLISTS 4HIS MODULE DESCRIBES HOW ROAD SAFETY IS ORGANISED AT A CITY GOVERNMENT LEVEL HOW IT IS ASSESSED INCLUDING THE USE OF TOOLS SUCH AS ROAD CRASH DIAGRAMS HOW SAFER ROAD ENVIRONMENTS CAN BE CREATED AND THE IM PORTANCE OF PUBLIC AWARENESS ENFORCEMENT SAFER VEHICLES AND SOUND lNANCING $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE B
5RBAN 2OAD 3AFETY
$EUTSCHE 'ESELLSCHAFT FàR 4ECHNISCHE :USAMMENARBEIT '4: 'MB(
C .OISE AND ITS !BATEMENT #IVIC %XCHANGE (ONG +ONG '4: 5"!
.OISE IS EMERGING AS AN INSIDIOUS PROBLEM IN DEVELOPING CITIES EVEN THOUGH IT IS NOT %NVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS CURRENTLY PERCEIVED AS A !IR 1UALITY -ANAGEMENT $IETRICH 3CHWELA A MAJOR PROBLEM ! 7ORLD (EALTH /RGANISATION MAJOR SOURCE OF NOISE 4HIS MODULE SERVES TO IN CITIES IS URBAN ASSIST POLICY MAKERS RAOD TRANSPORT 4HIS AND THEIR ADVISERS IN MODULE INTRODUCES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES BASIC CONCEPTS OF TO DETERMINE THE BEST MEASURING NOISE MEASURES TO ABATE DESCRIBES THE HEALTH AIR POLLUTION WITH EFFECTS OF NOISE PROVIDES RECOMMENDED NOISE LIMITED INFORMATION LEVEL STANDARDS AND OUTLINES SIX KEY POLICY AREAS )T PROVIDES ADVICE ON WHERE GOVERNMENTS CAN TAKE ACTION TO REDUCE DEVELOPING LEGALLY NOISE FROM TRANSPORT ENFORCEABLE AIR QUAL ITY STANDARDS AND SIMPLIlED CLEAN AIR $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE C
$IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
.OISE AND ITS !BATEMENT
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3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE A
!IR 1UALITY -ANAGEMENT
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3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES
2ESOURCES
4RAINING MATERIALS $IVISION %NVIRONMENT AND )NFRASTRUCTURE 3ECTOR PROJECT h4RANSPORT 0OLICY !DVICEv
2ESOURCES FOR 0OLICY MAKERS #OMPILED BY '4:
3UBJECT TO AVAILABLE RESOURCES '4: IN COOP ERATION WITH KEY PARTNERS SUCH AS 5.%3#!0 INTENDS TO FURTHER DEVELOP THE 3OURCEBOOK INTO 4HIS MODULE PRO A SET OF TRAINING MATERIALS ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN VIDES UP TO DATE TRANSPORT 4HESE TRAINING MATERIALS WILL CONSIST ANNOTATED LINKS TO OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS ACCORDING TO AN INTER INTERNET RESOURCES NATIONALLY STANDARDISED METHODOLOGY OF HIGH IN ALL THE MODULE QUALITY TRAINING MATERIAL PROVISION #OMPONENTS TOPIC AREAS AS WELL WILL INCLUDE FOR EXAMPLE AS SEVERAL ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTORS NOTES SUB TOPICS PARTICIPANTS NOTES OVERHEADS SLIDES PROJECTOR MATERIAL FACTS SHEETS BRIElNGS &5452% $)2%#4)/.3 &/2 4(% TRAINING EXERCISES AND REVIEW QUESTIONS 3/52#%"//+ SUPPORT AUDIO VISUAL AND MULTIMEDIA $ISSEMINATION MATERIALS ADVICE ON HOW TO PLAN FOR AND IMPLEMENT '4: RECOGNISES THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVOTING AN EFFECTIVE TRAINING PROGRAM BASED ON THE RESOURCES TO THE ACTIVE DISSEMINATION OF THE 3OURCEBOOK 3OURCEBOOK TO TRY TO ENSURE THAT THE MODULES ARE ACTUALLY USED AND APPLIED IN DEVELOPING CITIES hWWWSUTPORG IS THE COMPANION 4HIS ACTIVE DISSEMINATION CONSISTS OF SEVERAL ACTIVITIES ONE OF WHICH IS THE 3USTAINABLE 5RBAN WEBSITE TO THE 3OURCEBOOK AS 4RANSPORT 0ROJECT IN !SIA WELL AS AN INFORMATION SOURCE ON 3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES -ODULE
2ESOURCES FOR 0OLICY MAKERS
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SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORTv
3540 !SIA 4HE 3USTAINABLE 5RBAN 4RANSPORT 0ROJECT IN !SIA CALLED 3540 !SIA IS ONE OF THE PARTNER SHIPS AND INITIATIVES WHICH CAN BE USED AS A PLATFORM FOR THE ACTIVE DISSEMINATION AND ONGO ING DEVELOPMENT OF THE 3OURCEBOOK 4HIS PROJECT COMMENCED IN EARLY WITH INITIAL 'ERMAN 4ECHNICAL #OOPERATION FUNDING 3540 !SIA SUTP ASIAORG IS BASED IN 3OUTHEAST !SIA AND COOPERATES WITH A NUMBER OF EXISTING AND POTENTIAL PARTNERS INCLUDING THE 5NITED .ATIONS %CONOMIC AND 3OCIAL #OMMISSION FOR !SIA AND THE 0ACIlC %3#!0 #)49.%4 THE #LEAN !IR )NITIATIVE FOR !SIAN #ITIES THE !SIAN $EVELOPMENT "ANK AND THE 0ARTNERSHIP FOR #LEAN !IR IN -ANILA AND THE )NSTITUTE FOR 4RANSPORTATION $EVELOPMENT 0OLICY
&UTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THE 3OURCEBOOK AND 3540 !SIA INCLUDE UPDATES TO THE MODULES INCORPORATING FEEDBACK FROM USERS ADDITIONAL MODULES n FOR EXAMPLE ON DRIVER TRAINING URBAN TRANSPORT lNANCING AND PARTICIPATORY PLANNING n AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRAINING MATERIALS BASED ON THE MODULES 4HE 3OURCEBOOK COMPANION WEBSITE 4HE 3540 !SIA WEBSITE WWWSUTPORG IS THE COMPANION WEBSITE TO THE 3OURCEBOOK AS WELL AS AN INFORMATION SOURCE ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT )T WILL CONTAIN NEWS OF TRAINING EVENTS WORKSHOPS AND OTHER EVENTS NEWS ITEMS RELATED '4: INITIATIVES AND OTHER INFORMATION !DDITIONAL RESOURCE MATERIALS SUCH AS TRANSPORT PHOTO #$S WILL ALSO BE AVAILABLE WITH DETAILS PROVIDED ON THE WEBSITE
-ODULE I 3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
#ROSS CUTTING ISSUES OF URBAN TRANSPORT 3534!).!",% 42!.30/24 4(% )$%!3 !.$ 02).#)0,%3
4HIS SECTION IS DRAWN FROM AN UNPUBLISHED MISSION REPORT BY $R !XEL &RIEDRICH 5MWELTBUNDESAMT FOR '4: 3540 *ANUARY
-OBILITY OF PEOPLE AND OF GOODS IS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF ALL SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES )N MOST COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD EVEN DEVELOP ING COUNTRIES PASSENGER CARS AND TRUCKS HAVE BECOME THE MOST IMPORTANT TRANSPORT MODES )N MANY DEVELOPING CITIES HIGH GROWTH OF THE VEHICLE mEET HAS TAKEN PLACE IN RECENT YEARS .ON MOTORISED TRANSPORT WHICH IN EARLIER TIMES WAS THE COMMON WAY OF LINKING TOGETHER PLACES OF ACTIVITIES HAS TO A LARGE EXTENT BEEN SUBSTITUTED BY THE CAR IN DAILY MOBILITY AND BY TRUCKS FOR FREIGHT MOVEMENT 4HE RESULT OF THIS PROCESS HAS ALSO BEEN A SIGNIlCANT CHANGE IN LAND USE PATTERNS 4HIS PROCESS BEGAN DURING THE S AND S IN THE 5NITED 3TATES AND SPREAD IN THE WEALTHIER COUNTRIES INITIALLY BUT SUBSEQUENTLY ALL OVER THE WORLD INCLUDING TO DEVELOPING CITIES 4HE SHIFT TO WARDS MOTORISED PRIVATE ROAD TRANSPORT REDUCED THE SHARE OF OTHER MODES 4HE GROWTH OF ROAD TRAFlC OVERWHELMED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY STRUCTURES AND THE SUPPLY OF SUFlCIENT INFRASTRUC TURE 4HEREFORE IN DEVELOPING CITIES MORE THAN IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IS INEF lCIENT UNSAFE CAUSES ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND DISADVANTAGES HEALTHY CITY DEVELOPMENT 4HE COMMON PROBLEMS OF THE TRANSPORT SECTOR IN BIG CONURBATIONS ARE CONGESTION FATALITIES AND INJURIES DUE TO TRAFlC ACCIDENTS &URTHERMORE AN INCREASING DEMAND FOR MINERAL OIL FUELS SEVERE AIR POLLUTION INCREASING NOISE LEVELS AND A LOSS OF URBAN LIVABILITY AND GREEN SPACES DUE TO TRANS PORT ACTIVITIES ADVERSELY AFFECTS CITY DEVELOPMENT )N PARTICULAR THE HIGH GROWTH OF THE TRANSPORT RELATED #/ EMISSIONS n COMPARED TO OTHER ECONOMIC SECTORS SEE 3ECTION BELOW n ARE CAUSING CONCERNS AND DEMAND FURTHER ACTION 4HESE DEVELOPMENTS DISCOURAGE THE ATTRACTIVE NESS OF CITIES AND THEIR ECONOMIC WELL BEING &ROM THE SOCIAL POINT OF VIEW THE TREND TOWARDS INDIVIDUAL MOTORISATION CAUSES UNEQUAL MOBILITY CHANCES AND DISPARITIES IN BURDENS AND ADVAN TAGES FOR EXAMPLE BURDENS FOR THOSE WHO CANNOT DRIVE OR CANNOT AFFORD OWNERSHIP OF A PRIVATE CAR
3USTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT n ITS ORIGINS AND MEANING )N THE 5NITED .ATIONS CONVENED A CONFERENCE IN 3TOCKHOLM 3WEDEN TO GIVE DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF HOW TO CARE FOR OUR PLANET 4HE 5NITED .ATIONS %NVIRONMENT 0ROGRAMME 5.%0 AROSE OUT OF THE 3TOCKHOLM #ONFERENCE )N THE 5NITED .ATIONS 'ENERAL !SSEMBLY CREATED THE 7ORLD #OMMISSION ON %NVIRONMENT AND $EVELOPMENT 7#%$ AND APPOINTED $R 'RO (ARLEM "RUNDTLAND ITS #HAIRWOMAN 4HE 7#%$ WAS GIVEN THE TASK OF DEVELOPING A hGLOBAL AGENDA FOR CHANGEv &IVE YEARS LATER IN THE 7#%$ PUBLISHED /UR #OMMON &UTURE WHICH AGREED A DElNITION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WHICH IS NOW GENERALLY RECOGNISED AROUND THE WORLD !CCORDING TO THIS DElNITION SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT WITHOUT COMPROMISING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATIONS TO MEET THEIR OWN NEEDS 4HE CONCEPTS DEVELOPED IN /UR #OMMON &UTURE AND FURTHER ELABORATED IN 2IO IN AND IN *OHANNESBURG A DECADE LATER SERVE AS THE BASIS FOR MUCH OF TODAYS UNDERSTANDING OF THE LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 4HE @GENIUS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IS THAT IT ATTEMPTS TO RECONCILE ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENT AND THE ACCESS TO RESOURCES OF BOTH PRESENT AND FUTURE GENERATIONS &UTURE GENERATIONS SHOULD HAVE THE SAME RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT AS WE ENJOY )N PARTICULAR IT IS NOW WIDELY AGREED THAT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MEANS MORE THAN MERELY CONSERVATION AND THAT ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC GOALS ESPECIALLY POVERTY ALLEVIATION ARE NOT CONTRADICTORY BUT ARE FUNDAMENTALLY INTERTWINED ! HEALTHY ECONOMY AND ESPECIALLY IMPROVING THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF PEOPLE IN THE WORLDS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IS JUST AS ESSENTIAL IN SATISFYING OUR MATERIAL AND NON MATERIAL NEEDS AS PRESERVING THE NATURAL FOUNDATIONS OF LIFE !ND ONLY A SOCIETY THAT IS ABLE TO DEVELOP FORMS OF GOVERNANCE THAT PROMOTE AND HELP ATTAIN GOALS ABOUT HOW PEOPLE WANT TO LIVE AND IS ABLE TO DISTRIBUTE ITS GOODS AND OPPORTUNITIES FAIRLY WILL BE ABLE TO PRESERVE THAT SOCIETYS VALUES AND EFFECTIVELY ORGANISE THE USE OF RESOURCES IN A SOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE WAY 3USTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THEREFORE RELATES EQUALLY TO THE THREE DOMAINS OF ECONOMY ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES
3USTAINABLE TRANSPORT AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 0ARTICULARLY IMPORTANT INITIATIVES IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR INCLUDE )NITIALLY SUSTAINABLE TRANS
PORTATION WAS DISCUSSED AT THE /%#$ CONFERENCE h4OWARDS CLEAN 4RANSPORT &UEL EFlCIENT AND #LEAN -OTOR VEHICLESv IN -EXICO 4HE 3USTAINABLE
4RANSPORTATION 0RINCIPLES AS DISCUSSED AND DE VELOPED BY THE -ARCH /%#$ #ONFERENCE h4OWARDS 3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORTATIONv HELD IN 6ANCOUVER #ANADA PUBLISHED IN THE 3USTAINABLE $EVELOPMENT IN #ANADA -ONOGRAPH 3ERIES h3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORTATIONv -ONOGRAPH .O /TTAWA 4HE 6IENNA $ECLARATION OF
THE 5.%#% 2EGIONAL #ONFERENCE ON 4RANSPORT AND THE %NVIRONMENT 2ECENT WORK OF THE /%#$ DEVELOPING THE CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT
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'LOBAL CONCEPTS OF SUSTAINABILITY UNDERLIE THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT 2AISING THE STANDARD OF LIVING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IS A MAJOR GOAL OF SUSTAINABILITY %ARTH BY NIGHT )MAGE BY #RAIG -AYHEW AND 2OBERT 3IMMON .!3! '3&# "ASED ON DATA FROM THE $EFENSE -ETEOROLOGICAL 3ATELLITE 0ROGRAM .OV
4HE TRANSPORT SYSTEM DEMANDS LARGE INVESTMENTS AND THUS IMPOSES ECONOMIC BURDENS ON PUBLIC BUDGETS WHICH ARE DIFlCULT TO AFFORD FOR DEVEL OPING COUNTRIES 4HIS LEADS TO THE CONCLUSION HIGH PER CAPITA TRANSPORT ACTIVITIES IN TERMS OF PASSENGER KILOMETRES AND TON KILOMETRES DONE MAINLY BY PASSENGER CARS AND TRUCKS NOT ONLY INDICATE ECONOMIC PROGRESS AND WELFARE BUT ALSO CAUSE SEVERE PROBLEMS
3OCIAL ACCESS TO ALL ACTIVITIES NECESSARY TO
PARTICIPATE IN SOCIAL LIFE HAS TO BE GUARANTEED AS FAR AS POSSIBLE AIR QUALITY AND NOISE SHOULD NOT EXCEED THE HEALTH STANDARDS SUGGESTED BY THE 7(/ 7ORLD (EALTH /RGANIZATION ACCIDENT RISKS SHOULD BE MINIMISED %CONOMIC MOBILITY OF PERSONS AND OF GOODS NECESSARY TO ACHIEVE PROSPEROUS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT HAS TO BE PROVIDED AVOIDING CONGESTING AND WITHOUT OVER BURDENING THE 4HE %ARTH #ONFERENCE IN 2IO ADOPTED lNANCIAL LIMITATIONS OF THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE !GENDA UNDERLINING THE PRINCIPLE OF SUSTAINA BUDGETS BLE DEVELOPMENT 4HE *UNE 3PECIAL 3ESSION OF THE 'ENERAL !SSEMBLY OF THE 5NITED .ATIONS !S A PRACTICAL CONSEQUENCE OF THESE AND SIMILAR OTHER CRITERIA FOR SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION THE RECALLED THE NEED FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FURTHER REINFORCED IN THE *OHANNESBURG 3UMMIT TRANSPORT SECTOR NEEDS STRUCTURAL CHANGES THAT CAN BE DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS OF AND PROMOTED THE NEED FOR CHANGING THE CURRENT PATTERNS OF TRANSPORTATION IN ORDER TO $ECREASE THE DEMAND OR AT LEAST MITIGATE THE INCREASE OF DEMAND FOR MOTORISED AVOID UNFAVOURABLE ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH EF TRANSPORT OF PEOPLE AND GOODS FOR EXAMPLE FECTS 4HE THREATS AND DAMAGES TO HUMAN HEALTH BY ESTABLISHING TRANSPORT AVOIDING SPATIAL AND TO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT MAKE CURRENT STRUCTURES BY APPLYING lSCAL INCENTIVES AND TRANSPORT STRUCTURES UNACCEPTABLE IN THE LIGHT OF OTHER POLICY INSTRUMENTS TO PROMOTE SHORT THE IDEAS OF SUSTAINABILITY )N THIS CONTEXT DIFFER DISTANCE ACCESS ENT INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES FOLLOWING THE 2IO 3HIFT TRANSPORT DEMAND FROM UNFAVOURABLE %ARTH #ONFERENCE STARTED TO TRANSFER THE PRINCI TRANSPORT MODES IN TERMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TO THE TRANSPORT SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT TO THOSE WITH SECTOR SEE MARGIN NOTE )N VERY SIMPLE TERMS LESS NEGATIVE IMPACT ON PEOPLE AND NATURE WE CAN DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENTAL %NSURE THE USE OF BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC GOALS THAT HAVE TO BE SATIS "!4 BOTH FOR THE TRANSPORT VEHICLES AND FOR lED BY A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEM THE MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNICATION TOOLS IN %NVIRONMENTAL RATE OF USE OF NON RENEWABLE TRANSPORT RESOURCES SHOULD NOT EXCEED THE RATE AT WHICH 0ROMOTE RESPONSIBLE BEHAVIOUR OF INDIVIDUALS RENEWABLE SUBSTITUTES ARE DEVELOPED THE RATE AND RESPONSIBLE DECISIONS BY ENTERPRISES OF POLLUTION EMISSION SHOULD NOT EXCEED THE )NTEGRATE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT CONSIDERATIONS INTO TRANSPORT POLICY BIODIVERSITY SHOULD BE PROTECTED
-ODULE I 3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
0/6%249 ! MULTIDIMENSIONAL PROBLEM 0OVERTY IS HUNGER 0OVERTY IS LACK OF SHELTER 0OVERTY IS BEING SICK AND NOT BEING ABLE TO SEE A DOCTOR 0OVERTY IS NOT BEING ABLE TO GO TO SCHOOL AND NOT KNOWING HOW TO READ 0OVERTY IS NOT HAVING A JOB IS FEAR FOR THE FUTURE LIVING ONE DAY AT A TIME 0OVERTY IS LOSING A CHILD TO ILLNESS BROUGHT ABOUT BY UNCLEAN WATER 0OVERTY IS POW ERLESSNESS LACK OF REPRESENTATION AND FREEDOM WWWWORLDBANKORGPOVERTYMISSIONUPHTM
0OVERTY HAS MANY FACES AND ASPECTS INVOLVES IN GENERAL TERMS LACK OF ACCESS TO THE RESOURCES NEEDED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE EVERYDAY LIFE OF SOCIETY 4HE MULTIDIMENSIONAL NATURE OF POVERTY CAN BE CONCEPTUALISED IN VARIOUS ASPECTS RELATING TO URBAN TRANSPORT ACCESS AND EXCLUSION 4HE hINCOME POORv MAKE LESS TRIPS AND MORE OF THEIR TRIPS ARE UNDERTAKEN ON FOOT &OR MOST PURPOSES THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO WHATEVER SERVICES USUALLY POOR CAN BE ACCESSED WITHIN WALKING DISTANCE MAKING THEM hACCESSIBILITY POORv 4HE JOURNEY TO WORK MAY BE RELATIVELY LONG %VEN IF IT IS NOT IT WILL USE SLOW MODES AND MAY BE VERY TIME CONSUMING SO THEY ARE ALSO hTIME POORv &OR POOR PEOPLE AND PARTICULARLY FOR WOMEN CHILDREN AND THE ELDERLY TRIP MAKING IS OFTEN DISCOURAGED BY THEIR VULNERABILITY AS PEDESTRIANS BOTH TO TRAFlC ACCIDENTS AND TO PERSONAL VIOLENCE MAKING THEM hSAFETY POORv &INALLY THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT LONG WALKING DISTANCES AND TIMES ALSO CREATES A TIREDNESS AND BOREDOM ADDING AN hENERGY POVERTYv DI MENSION TO THEIR DEPRIVATION 7ORLD "ANK
7HEN DEVELOPING TRANSPORT POLICY MEASURES TO ALLEVIATE POVERTY IT IS IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL NATURE OF POVERTY AND NOT
SIMPLY TO FOCUS ON ECONOMIC INDICTORS SUCH AS THE PROPORTION OF INCOME SPENT ON TRANSPORT OR THE TIME SPENT TRAVELLING )N "OGOTÕ FOR EXAMPLE ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE MEASURES FOR HELPING THE URBAN POOR WAS THE DRAMATIC IMPROVEMENTS TO PUBLIC SPACES IN THE CITY 3INCE PUBLIC SPACE IMPROVEMENTS IN "OGOTÕ HAVE INCLUDED SQUARE METRES IN WALKWAYS GREEN SPACE ROAD DIVIDERS SIDEWALKS NEIGBOURHOOD PARKS POCKET PARKS METROPOLITAN PARKS !S FORMER MAYOR %NRIQUE 0E¶ALOSA ARGUES SEE -ODULE A 4HE 2OLE OF 4RANSPORT IN 5RBAN $EVELOPMENT 0OLICY PEDESTRIAN STREETS AND AMPLE SIDEWALKS MAKE A MORE HUMANE CITY 4HEY ALSO MAKE A CITY MORE DEMOCRATIC AS PUBLIC SPACES SUCH AS SIDEWALKS AND PARKS HELP INTEGRATE RICH AND POOR NEIGHBOURHOODS AND PROVIDE ONE OF FEW AVENUES OF RECREATION FOR THE URBAN POOR !LTHOUGH POVERTY IS MULTIDIMENSIONAL WE CAN STILL CONSIDER IN BROAD TERMS ABSOLUTE INDICATORS SUCH AS THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE LIVING ON LESS THAN PER DAY AS SET OUT IN 5.$0S (UMAN $EVELOPMENT 2EPORT TO GIVE AN APPRECIATION OF THE EXTENT OF POVERTY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 4ABLE SHOWS THAT MORE THAN ONE lFTH OF THE WORLDS PEOPLE LIVE ON LESS THAN PER DAY )N ORDER TO ALLEVIATE POVERTY IT IS ESSENTIAL TO DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE DIMENSIONS OF POVERY AND IMPOVERISHMENT AND THROUGH THIS UNDERSTANDING TO DEVELOP STRATEGIC WAYS OF AP PROACHING AND ADDRESSING POVERTY ALLEVIATION )T
4ABLE .UMBER OF PEOPLE LIVING ON LESS THAN PER DAY n 5.$0
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3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES
IS NOW ACCEPTED THAT IT IS NOT SUFlCIENT TO MERELY FOCUS ON INDIRECT n SO CALLED @TRICKLE DOWN n BENElTS FOR THE POOR 4HIS CONSENSUS IS REmECTED IN APPROACHES OF MULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS THE 7ORLD "ANK 3TRATEGY DOCUMENTS SUCH AS THE 5RBAN 4RANSPORT 3TRATEGY 2EVIEW NOW ACKNOWLEDGE THAT URBAN TRANSPORT IMPROVEMENTS DIRECTED AT @IMPROVING THE EFlCIENCY OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM AS A WHOLE ARE NOT SUFlCIENT )N ADDITION TO SYTEM WIDE INCREASES IN EFlCIENCY TARGETED INTERVENTIONS TO ACHIEVE POVERTY ALLEVIA TION ARE REQUIRED -ULTILATERAL AND BILATERAL AID AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES ARE DEVELOPING IN CREASINGLY SOPHISTICATED TOOLS TO UNDERSTAND n AND ALLEVIATE n POVERTY 4HESE INCLUDE FOR EXAMPLE TOOLKITS WEBSITES GUIDELINES AND MANUALS IN THE h2EFERENCESv SECTION OF THIS MODULE &OCUSING ON THE MODES USED BY THE POOR 4HE TRANSPORT NEEDS OF THE POOR DIFFER FROM THE NON POOR 4HE POOR TYPICALLY MAKE n LESS TRIPS AND RELY MUCH MORE ON NON MOTORISED AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT &IGURE 4HE POOR HAVE A MORE LIMITED RANGE OF DESTINATIONS BEING MUCH MORE FOCUSED ON CORE DESTINATIONS SUCH AS WORK PLACES SCHOOLS MARKETS PLACES OF WORSHIP AND HEALTH CLINICS
EXAMPLE SHOWED THAT WALKED TO WORK AT ZERO COST !T THE OTHER EXTREME THOSE OPTING FOR A DEGREE OF RESIDENTIAL SECURITY ON THE OUTSKIRTS OF CITIES PAY A HIGH PRICE IN TERMS OF ACCESS COSTS 4HE URBAN POOR IN ,IMA AND 2IO DE *ANEIRO FOR EXAMPLE ARE DRIVEN OUT TO CHEAP DWELLING SPACE IN REMOTE LOCATIONS OR KILOMETRES OUT OF THE EMPLOYMENT CENTRE AVERAGE COMMUT ING TIME PER DAY FOR THE POOREST GROUP IN 2IO DE *ANEIRO EXCEEDING THREE HOURS 7ORLD "ANK
h%RADICATING POVERTY IS THE GREATEST GLOBAL CHALLENGE FACING THE WORLD TODAY AND AN INDISPENSABLE REQUIREMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PARTICULARLY FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIESv 5NITED .ATIONS 2EPORT OF THE 7ORLD 3UMMIT ON 3USTAINABLE $EVELOPMENT *OHANNESBURG
-UCH ATTENTION IN THE FORM OF INTERNATIONAL EVENTS SEMINARS CONFERENCES TRAINING MATERI ALS AND SO ON IS DEVOTED TO ISSUES OF VEHICLE &IG AND FUEL TECHNOLOGIES 7HILE THIS HIGH LEVEL OF ATTENTION TO TECHNOLOGY IS UNDERSTANDABLE AND )N !GRA AS IN OTHER HELPFUL IN ADDRESSING TAILPIPE EMISSIONS IT OFTEN DEVELOPING CITIES URBAN )N DEVELOPING CITIES LAND VALUES OFTEN REmECT DOES NOT ADDRESS THE MOST DIRECT TRANSPORT NEEDS POOR ARE MORE RELIANT ON ACCESSIBILITY OF AN AREA TO KEY DESTINATIONS 4HE NON MOTORISED MODES OF POOR ARE FACED WITH A COMPLEX TRADE OFF BETWEEN OF THE URBAN POOR IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 7E TRANSPORT RESIDENTIAL SECURITY TRAVEL TIME AND TRAVEL MODE OFTEN HEAR OF SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS ELABORAT ,LOYD 7RIGHT '4: 5RBAN 4RANSPORT ING THE RESULTS OF THE LATEST COMPARISON OF #.' ! SURVEY OF PAVEMENT DWELLERS IN -ADRAS FOR 0HOTO #$ VERSUS CLEAN DIESEL OR EVEN TRIALS OF FUEL CELLS OR ELECTRIC VEHICLES "UT SELDOM DO WE HEAR OF A HIGH PROlLE INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR FOCUSING ON WALKWAY DESIGN OR NON MOTORISED TRANSPORT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 4HIS IS DESPITE THE FACT THAT IN MANY DEVELOPING CITIES CAR OWNERS ARE STILL A SMALL MINORITY OF THE POPULATION 0UBLIC TRANSPORT USERS PEDESTRIANS AND CYCLISTS REPRESENT A LARGE MAJORITY IN MANY DEVELOPING CITIES RANG ING FROM "ELGRADE TO -ETRO -ANILA TO "OGOTÕ TO 3HANGHAI 0RIVATE MOTOR VEHICLE OWNERSHIP IS BEYOND THE REACH OF THE URBAN POOR WITH THE POSSIBLE EXCEPTION OF MOTORCYCLES IN CITIES SUCH AS $ENPASAR AND (O #HI -INH IN WHICH PUBLIC TRANSPORT PROVIDES LESS THAN OF TRIPS 4HE POOR IN DEVELOPING CITIES CANNOT AFFORD CARS 4HEY RELY PRIMARILY ON WALKING CYCLING AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR GAINING ACCESS TO JOBS SERV
-ODULE I 3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
ICES AND SOCIAL EVENTS &IGURE PRESENTS DATA FOR 3ANTIAGO #HILE &IGURES FOR OTHER CITIES WILL VARY THOUGH THE TREND IT ILLUSTRATES IS TYPICAL OF ALMOST ALL DEVELOPING CITIES )T SHOWS THAT THE POOR RELY ON WALKING CYCLING AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT MUCH MORESO THAN THE NON POOR
h,OW INCOME PEOPLE ;IN THE 3URABAYA STUDY AREA= ARE FORCED TO USE MOTORISED TRAVEL EVEN FOR EXTREMELY SHORT TRIPSv
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!LTHOUGH THE TRANSPORT PATTERNS AND NEEDS OF THE POOR WILL VARY IN DIFFERENT DEVELOPING CITIES IT IS ONE OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF THIS 3OURCEBOOK AND OF '4:S APPROACH TO URBAN TRANSPORT THAT IMPROVED PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND BETTER CONDITIONS FOR WALKING AND CYCLING WILL PROVIDE IMPROVED ACCESS TO THE URBAN POOR AND WILL IN THIS WAY CONTRIBUTE TO POVERTY ALLEVIATION -ANY OTHER INTERVENTIONS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO POVERY ALLEVIA TION -ODULE A ,AND 5SE 0LANNING AND 5RBAN 4RANSPORT SETS OUT A DIVERSE AGENDA OF POLICY RE FORMS WHICH CAN PROMOTE TRANSIT PEDESTRIAN AND NON MOTORISED TRANSPORT FRIENDLY DEVELOPMENT -ORE EFFECTIVE TRANSPORT AND LAND USE PLANNING IS AN URGENT REQUIREMENT IN MANY DEVELOPING CITIES EXPERIENCING RAPIDLY GROWING URBAN SPRAWL AND CAR DEPENDENCY 3IMILARLY THE MOBILITY MANAGEMENT MEASURES DESCRIBED IN -ODULE B -OBILITY -ANAGEMENT LEAD TO LESS AUTOMOBILE ORIENTED URBAN DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS )MPROVING PUBLIC TRANSPORT IS A KEY COMPONENT OF ANY PRO POOR URBAN TRANSPORT AGENDA IN A DEVELOPING CITY )N MANY CITIES POLICY MAKERS HAVE STRICTLY REGULATED FARES UNDER A MISGUIDED CONCEPTION THAT THIS ALONE WOULD GUARANTEE PUB LIC TRANSPORT ACCESS FOR THE URBAN POOR 2ATHER THE OUTCOME OF POOR REGULATION AND MISGUIDED FARE CONTROLS HAVE ALMOST EVERYWHERE BEEN A DECLINING LEVEL OF SERVICE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND A @VICIOUS CYCLE OF DECLINING INVESTMENT AND MARKET SHARE AS DESCRIBED IN -ODULE C "US 2EGULATION AND 0LANNING 4HE 3OURCEBOOK MODULES ON 4RANSIT 7ALKING AND #YCLING SHOW HOW EFFECTIVE PUBLIC TRANSPORT REGULATION MEANS THAT LOW COST MASS TRANSIT AND NON MOTORISED TRANSPORT SOLUTIONS NEED NOT CORRESPOND TO A LOW LEVEL OF SERVICE #ITIES SUCH AS "OGOTÕ HAVE
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PROVIDED A WORLD CLASS MASS TRANSIT SYTSEM ACCES SIBLE TO THE URBAN POOR AS DESCRIBED IN -ODULE A -ASS 4RANSIT /PTIONS AND -ODULE B "US 2APID 4RANSIT )T IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO AVOID THE MISCONCEPTION AND STIGMA THAT NON MOTORISED TRANSPORT SUCH AS WALKING AND CYCLING AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT IS FOR THE POOR -ODULE D 0RESERVING AND %XPANDING THE 2OLE OF .ON MOTORISED 4RANSPORT SHOWS THAT POVERTY ALLEVIATION IS ONLY ONE OF THE MANY BENElTS OF IMPROVING CONDITIONS FOR NON MOTORISED TRANSPORT "ENElTS OF IMPROVING NON MOTORISED TRANSPORT FOR THE URBAN POOR ARE NEVERTHELESS POTENTIALLY LARGE '4: AND )4$0 SHOWED IN A PILOT PROJECT IN 3URABAYA THAT EVEN IN POOR NEIGHBOURHOODS SOME OF TRIPS BETWEEN AND KM WERE UNDERTAKEN BY MOTORISED MEANS DUE MAINLY TO THE VERY POOR CONDITIONS FOR WALKING CYCLING AND PEDICABS IN 3URABAYA 0ERHAPS EVEN MORE SURPRISINGLY OF TRIPS LESS THAN KM IN LENGTH WERE MADE BY MOTORISED MEANS DESPITE THE FACT THAT BOTH AREAS OF THE PILOT PROJECTS WERE LOW INCOME NEIGHBOUR HOODS /NE CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY WAS THAT %VEN LOW INCOME PEOPLE ARE FORCED TO USE MOTOR ISED TRAVEL EVEN FOR EXTREMELY SHORT TRIPS LEADING TO CONDITIONS WHERE THE WORKING POOR SPEND AN ESTIMATED OF THEIR HOUSEHOLD INCOME ON TRANSPORT )MPROVED CONDITIONS FOR NON MOTORISED TRAVEL IN THE STUDY AREA WOULD YIELD IN BENElTS TO THESE LOW INCOME FAMILIES EACH YEAR '4: 3540)4$0
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3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES
0UBLIC lNANCES AND EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS /PPORTUNITY COSTS OF TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS
5RBAN TRANSPORT POLICY HAS MAJOR IMPLICATIONS FOR CITY GOVERNMENT lNANCES #ITY GOVERNMENT SPENDING IN TURN CARRIES MAJOR OPPORTUNITY COSTS 3CARCE DEVELOPMENT FUNDS SPENT ON EXPEN SIVE RAIL BASED MASS TRANSIT SYSTEMS FOR EXAMPLE COULD BE SPENT ON MORE COST EFFECTIVE APPROACHES SUCH AS BUS RAPID TRANSIT WITH THE RESULTING SAVINGS INVESTED IN HEALTH PUBLIC SPACE AND EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES TO BENElT THE URBAN POOR 0OSSIBLY EVEN WORSE THAN ILL ADVISED MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM INVESTMENTS SPENDING ON NEW ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE AS WELL AS BEING REGRESSIVE IN THAT IT BENElTS PRIMARILY THE RICHEST CAR OWNING PORTION OF THE POPULATION MAY ACTUALLY WORSEN URBAN TRANSPORT CONDITIONS THROUGH INDUCED TRAFlC AND SPRAWL 0RIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN URBAN TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE PROVISION CAN BE AN EFFECTIVE METHOD FOR DEVELOPING CITY GOVERNMENTS TO PROVIDE INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES !DVICE IS PROVIDED ON THIS TOPIC IN -ODULE C 0RIVATE 3ECTOR 0ARTICIPATION IN 5RBAN 4RANSPORT )NFRASTUCTURE 0ROVISION 4HE CITY OF "OGOTÕ #OLOMBIA PROVIDES A RECENT EXAMPLE OF THE EFFECTIVE USE OF PUBLIC lNANCES TO BENElT THE URBAN POOR TO IMPROVE SOCIAL INTEGRATION TO ENHANCE AIR QUALITY TO IMPROVE THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE CITY AND TO ENHANCE THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF ALL CITIZENS 4HE EXAMPLE OF "OGOTÕ n AND THE POLICY UNDERPINNING IT n IS S
ELABORATED BY THE MAN WHO INSPIRED IT FORMER MAYOR %NRIQUE 0E¶ALOSA IN -ODULE A 4HE 2OLE OF 4RANSPORT IN 5RBAN $EVELOPMENT 0OLICY "OGOTÕ IS ALSO AN EXAMPLE OF A CITY WHICH HAS LEVERAGED THE POTENTIAL OF ECONOMIC INSTRU MENTS AS A WAY OF ACHIEVING MULTIPLE TRANSPORT OBJECTIVES INCLUDING PROVISION OF FUNDS REDUCED CONGESTION PROGRESSIVE TAXATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS !DVICE ON THE USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS INCLUDING ROAD PRICING FUEL TAXATION PARKING VEHICLE TAXATION ENVIRONMENTAL TRUST FUNDS AND OTHER MEASURES IS PROVIDED IN -ODULE D %CONOMIC )NSTRUMENTS %QUITY AND TRANSPORT IN DEVELOPING CITIES
%QUITY CONSIDERATIONS DICTATE THAT TRANSPORT PLANNERS IN DEVELOPING CITIES SHOULD FAVOUR MODES OF WALKING CYCLING AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT )N WEALTHIER CITIES THE URBAN POOR ARE OFTEN A MINORITY !LTHOUGH EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS ARE IMPORTANT IN ALL CITIES SEE TEXT BOX h%VALUATING TRANSPORTATION EQUITYv IN WEALTHY CITIES EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS ARE OFTEN FOCUSED ON POLITICALLY JUSTIFYING URBAN TRANSPORT SUBSIDIES OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS USED BY ONLY A MINORITY OF THE POPULATION )N MANY DEVELOPING CITIES ON THE OTHER HAND THE URBAN POOR REPRESENT THE MAJORITY OF THE POPULATION 4HIS IS REmECTED FOR EXAMPLE IN VEHICLE OWNERSHIP DATA &IGURE SHOWS THAT IN LOW INCOME DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CAR OWNERSHIP RATES ARE TYPICALLY LESS THAN CARS PER PEOPLE AND EVEN IN HIGHER INCOME DEVELOPING CITIES CAR OWNERSHIP IS GENERALLY LESS S
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-ODULE I 3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
%VALUATING TRANSPORTATION EQUITY %QUITY REFERS TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES AND OPPORTUNITIES 4RANSPORTATION DECISIONS CAN HAVE SIGNIlCANT EQUITY IMPACTS 4RANSPORT REPRESENTS A MAJOR PORTION OF CONSUMER BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES )T CONSUMES A SIGNIlCANT PORTION OF TAXES AND PUBLIC LAND 4RANSPORT ACTIVITIES HAVE EXTERNAL IMPACTS NOISE AND AIR POLLUTION CRASH RISK AND BARRIER EFFECTS THAT AFFECT THE QUALITY OF COMMUNITY AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS AND PERSONAL SAFETY 4RANSPORT DETERMINES WHERE PEOPLE CAN LIVE SHOP WORK GO TO SCHOOL AND RECREATE AND THEIR OPPORTUNITIES IN LIFE 4HE QUALITY OF TRANSPORT AFFECTS PEOPLES ABILITY TO OBTAIN EDUCATION EMPLOYMENT MEDICAL SERVICE AND OTHER CRITICAL GOODS %QUITY IMPACTS CAN BE DIFlCULT TO EVALUATE IN PART BECAUSE THE WORD hEQUITYv HAS SEVERAL MEANING EACH WITH DIFFERENT IMPLICATIONS 4HERE ARE THREE MAJOR TYPES OF EQUITY RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION (ORIZONTAL EQUITY ALSO CALLED hFAIRNESSv 4HIS CONCEPT IS CONCERNED WITH WHETHER EACH INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP RECEIVES A FAIR SHARE OF COMMON RESOURCES )T SUGGESTS THAT PEOPLE WITH EQUAL INCOMES AND NEEDS SHOULD RECEIVE A COMPARABLE SHARE OF GOVERNMENT BENElTS AND BEAR COMPARABLE TAX BURDENS 6ERTICAL EQUITY WITH REGARD TO INCOME 4HIS CONSIDERS THE ALLOCATION OF COSTS BETWEEN DIFFERENT INCOME CLASSES ASSUMING THAT PUBLIC POLICIES SHOULD FAVOUR PEOPLE WHO ARE ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED 0OLICIES THAT PROVIDE A PROPORTIONALLY GREATER BENElT TO LOWER INCOME GROUPS ARE CALLED hPROGRESSIVE v WHILE THOSE THAT MAKE LOWER INCOME PEOPLE RELATIVELY WORSE OFF ARE CALLED hREGRESSIVEv 6ERTICAL EQUITY WITH REGARD TO MOBILITY NEED AND ABILITY 4HIS CONSIDERS WHETHER A TRANSPORT SYSTEM PROVIDES ADEQUATE SERVICE TO PEOPLE WHO HAVE SPECIAL TRANSPORT NEEDS IE THEY ARE hTRANSPORTATION DISADVANTAGEDv )T SUGGESTS THAT PUBLIC SUBSIDIES CAN BE JUSTIlED IF NEEDED TO PROVIDE BASIC MOBILITY TO PEOPLE WHO ARE TRANSPORTATION DISADVANTAGED $UE TO THESE DIFFERENT DElNITIONS IT IS IMPORTANT TO SPECIFY WHICH PERSPECTIVE IS BEING USED WHEN EVALUATING TRANSPORT EQUITY &OR EXAMPLE IT MAY BE UNCLEAR TO SIMPLY SAY THAT A PARTICULAR TRANSPORT POLICY OR PROJECT INCREASES OR DECREASES EQUITY WITHOUT INDICATING WHICH TYPE OF EQUITY &OR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE SEE WWWVTPIORG 4ODD ,ITMAN
THAN PER PEOPLE 4HIS COMPARES TO CAR OWNERSHIP RATES OF AROUND PER PEOPLE IN %UROPE AND MORE THAN PER PEOPLE IN MANY CITIES IN .ORTH !MERICA AND !USTRALIA
h7E WILL SPARE NO EFFORT TO FREE OUR FELLOW MEN WOMEN AND CHILDREN FROM THE ABJECT AND DEHUMANIZING CONDITIONS OF EXTREME POVERTY TO WHICH MORE THAN A BILLION OF THEM ARE CURRENTLY SUBJECTEDv 5NITED .ATIONS -ILLENIUM $ECLARATION 3EPT
4HE ROAD ENVIRONMENT /NE AREA REQUIRING FURTHER RESEARCH CONCERNS THE EXPOSURE OF URBAN POOR TO TRANSPORT RELATED AIR POLLUTION ROAD ACCIDENTS AND NOISE 4HE FOLLOW ING GENERAL OBSERVATIONS HOWEVER CAN BE MADE 4HE URBAN POOR MAKE UP A SIGNIlCANT PROPORTION OF THE ROAD SIDE WORKERS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES RESULTING IN A LIKELY HIGHER EXPOSURE TO ROADSIDE AIR POLLUTION SEE FURTHER -ODULE A !IR 1UALITY -ANAGEMENT 4HE URBAN POOR HAVE LESS MEANS TO PROTECT THEMSELVES AGAINST POLLUTION AND LESS MEANS TO MITIGATE THE RESULTS OF POLLUTION 4HE URBAN POOR ARE ALSO OFTEN FORCED TO ACCEPT TRADE OFFS BETWEEN RESIDENTIAL COST AND AMBIENT NOISE LEVELS 4HE EFFECTS OF NOISE ON HEALTH AND POLICIES FOR MITIGATION ARE DESCRIBED IN -ODULE C .OISE AND ITS !BATEMENT 4HE URBAN POOR ARE MUCH GREATER USERS OF NON MOTORISED TRANSPORT MODES THAN THE NON POOR AND USERS OF NON MOTORISED MODES INCLUDING PEDESTRIANS REPRESENT A HIGH PROPORTION OF ROAD CRASH VICTIMS IN DEVELOPING CITIES 4HE PROBLEMS OF ROAD SAFETY AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS AREA ARE ELABORATED IN -ODULE B 5RBAN 2OAD 3AFETY %MPLOYMENT 4HE URBAN TRANSPORT SECTOR IS A SIGNIlCANT EMPLOYER IN DEVELOPING CITIES )NITIATIVES TAKEN TO GREATLY IMPROVE THE LIVELIHOOD OF URBAN BUS DRIVERS IN "OGOTÕ ARE DESCRIBED IN -ODULE B "US 2APID 4RANSIT AND INITIATIVES TO IMPROVE THE LIVELIHOOD OF PEDICAB DRIVERS IN )NDIAN CIT IES ARE DESCRIBED IN -ODULE D 0RESERVING AND %XPANDING THE 2OLE OF .ON MOTORISED 4RANSPORT
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES
)NVOLVING THE POOR 3USTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT MEASURES WILL NOT SUCCEED WITHOUT THE SUPPORT OF THE LOCAL PEOPLE -ANY OF THE MODULES IN THE 3OURCEBOOK DESCRIBE VARIOUS FORMS OF PARTICIPATORY PLANNING PROCESSES )NFORMATION CAMPAIGNS AS DESCRIBED IN -ODULE E 2AISING 0UBLIC !WARENESS ABOUT 3USTAINABLE 5RBAN 4RANSPORT ARE ESSENTIAL )T IS NECESSARY TO CREATE AWARENESS ABOUT THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM THE PEOPLE OF A CITY DESERVE FOR EXISTING AND FUTURE GENERATIONS 4HIS IS A WAY FOR PROJECTS TO BECOME hOWNEDv BY THE COMMUNITY )N THIS WAY PARTICIPATION OF THE LOCAL PEOPLE CAN BE INCREASED RESULTING IN GREATER BENElTS AND MAKING PROJECTS POLITICALLY SOCIALLY AND lNANCIALLY FEASIBLE '%.$%2 'ENDER AWARENESS IS SEEPING INTO THE TRANSPORT SECTOR !LTHOUGH THERE WERE FEW STUDIES ON THE SUBJECT AS RECENTLY AS A GROWING NUMBER OF PROJECTS ARE BEGINNING TO ADDRESS GENDER IMBAL ANCES IN THE BURDEN OF TRANSPORT AND ENDEAVOUR TO EXPAND THE RANGE OF TRANSPORT CHOICES AND REDUCE THE COSTS OF TRANSPORT FOR WOMEN 'ENDER ANALYSIS IS JUSTIlED IN TERMS OF GREATER EF lCIENCY OF TRANSPORT INTERVENTIONS AND THEREFORE GREATER IMPACT ON POVERTY REDUCTION THAT IT ENA BLES 4RANSPORT FACILITIES CAN BE BETTER MATCHED TO THE NEEDS OF USERS THROUGH AN UNDERSTANDING OF GENDER ASPECTS OF TRANSPORT )N 3URABAYA )NDONESIA FOR EXAMPLE A '4:)4$0 STUDY SHOWED THAT A LARGE MAJORITY OF CYCLISTS ARE MEN AND A LARGE MAJORITY OF CYCLE RICKSHAW PAS SENGERS ARE WOMEN 0OLICY INTERVENTIONS AIMING TO REDUCE THE TRANSPORT BURDEN ON THE URBAN POOR IN 3URABAYA NEED TO TAKE ACCOUNT OF THESE GENDER BASED VARIATIONS FOR MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE NESS !N INCREASING NUMBER OF GENDER RELATED TOOLS ARE BECOMING AVAILABLE TO POLICY MAKERS ALTHOUGH SO FAR THE MAJOR RESOURCES HAVE TENDED TO FOCUS ON RURAL AREAS !LONG WITH POVERTY GENDER RELATED DISADVANTAGE IS ALSO ENDEMIC IN DEVELOPING CITIES 4HE DISCUS SION OF GENDER IN THE 5RBAN 4RANSPORT 3TRATEGY 2EVIEW IS WORTH QUOTING AT LENGTH -ANY ACTIVITIES TYPICALLY UNDERTAKEN BY WOMEN CHILD CARE HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT INFORMAL SEC TOR EMPLOYMENT ETC REQUIRE THEM TO MAKE MORE AND SHORTER TRIPS THAN MEN MORE TRIPS AT OFF PEAK
HOURS AND OFF THE MAIN ROUTES AND ENGAGE IN MORE COMPLICATED MULTI LEG TRIPS ALL OF WHICH TEND TO MAKE THEIR MOVEMENTS RELATIVELY EXPENSIVE TO PROVIDE FOR BY PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND HENCE HIGHLY PRICED OR POORLY SUPPLIED 7OMEN ARE VERY VULNER ABLE TO THESE COST CHARACTERISTICS AS THEY FREQUENTLY HAVE LESS CAPACITY TO PAY THAN MALE HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS WHO ALSO CONTROL ANY BICYCLES OR OTHER VEHICLES AVAILABLE TO THE HOUSEHOLD #ULTURAL FAC TORS MAY CONSTRAIN WOMENS ABILITY TO USE PUBLIC TRANSPORT OR BICYCLES )N MANY COUNTRIES THERE IS ALSO A PROBLEM OF THE hSOCIAL SAFETY OR SECURITYv OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR WOMEN ESPECIALLY IN THE EVENING HOURS 4HIS MAY FORCE THEM TO DEPEND ON MORE EXPENSIVE ALTERNATIVES 0ERIPHERAL LOCATION MAY BE PARTICULARLY DAMAGING TO WOMENS EMPLOY MENT POTENTIAL "UT THERE REMAINS A HEAVY AGENDA OF NECESSARY GENDER RELATED RESEARCH 4HIS INCLUDES A NEED FOR MORE AC TIVITY AS OPPOSED TO TRIP BASED RESEARCH BETTER ESTIMATES OF THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF WOMENS TIME AND DIRECT EVALUATION OF THE IMPACTS OF SOME GENDER RELATED PROJECTS
'ENDER ASPECTS OF RURAL ROAD MAINTENANCE IN #OSTA 2ICA )N #OSTA 2ICA '4: HAS BEEN CO OPERATING WITH LOCAL GOVERNMENTS SINCE IN ESTABLISHING A PRACTICAL ROAD MAINTENANCE SYSTEM )TS PRINCIPLES ARE STRAIGHTFORWARD %VERYONE HAS TO JOIN IN n .O ROAD REPAIRS ARE POSSIBLE WITHOUT THE PARTICIPATION OF THE LOCAL RESIDENTS AND THE PEOPLES ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY %VERYONE HAS TO PAY n -INISTRIES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS WITH MONEY AND LOCAL RESIDENTS WITH THEIR LABOUR 4HE RIGHT TECHNOLOGY COUNTS n 3IMPLE BUT ESSECTIVE SOLUTIONS ARE REQUIRED ABOVE ALL FOR ROAD DRAINAGE .OT WITHOUT THE WOMEN n 7OMEN HAVE PROVEN TO BE ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT IN ORGANISING LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE COMMITTEES AND IN WINNING OVER PEOPLES SUPPORT
h7ELL GET OUR HUSBANDS TO WORKv ! #OSTA 2ICAN ROAD COMMITTEE MEMBER 4HE RESULTS OF THIS APPROACH HAVE BEEN REMARKABLE INCLUDING GREATLY INCREASED ACCESS TO HEALTH AND EDUCATION SERVICES REGULAR BUS SEVICES A ROAD MAINTENANCE FUND GROWTH IN THE AREA UNDER CULTIVATION BY PER YEAR GREATLY REDUCED TRAVEL TIMES AND VEHICLE MAINTENANCE COSTS AND INTEGRATION INTO THE LONG TERM PLANNING OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
-ODULE I 3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
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POPULATIONS PREDOMINANTLY WITHIN SUBTROPIC AND TROPICAL COUNTRIES #LIMATE CHANGE CAN AFFECT 4HE SCIENTIlC BASIS HUMAN HEALTH DIRECTLY EG LOSS OF LIFE IN mOODS 4HE h'REENHOUSE %FFECTv WHICH ROSE TO PROMI AND STORMS AND INDIRECTLY THROUGH CHANGES IN NENCE ON POLITICAL AND RESEARCH AGENDAS IN THE THE RANGE OF DISEASE VECTORS EG MOSQUITOES S REFERS TO THE WARMING WHICH OCCURS WHEN WATER BORNE PATHOGENS WATER QUALITY AIR QUALITY CERTAIN GASES ALLOW SUNLIGHT TO PENETRATE TO THE AND FOOD AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY )MPACTS WILL BE EARTH BUT PARTIALLY TRAP THE PLANETS RADIATED STRONGLY INmUENCED BY LOCAL CONDITIONS INFRARED HEAT IN THE ATMOSPHERE 3OME SUCH 7ATER SHORTAGES IN EXISTING WATER SCARCE AREAS WARMING IS NATURAL AND NECESSARY BUT INCREASING THREATS TO VULNERABLE ECOSYSTEMS AND LOW LYING CONCENTRATIONS OF THESE @GREENHOUSE GASES ARE ISLAND NATIONS AND REDUCTIONS IN CROP OUTPUTS CAUSING SERIOUS CLIMATE CHANGES ARE FURTHER PROJECTED EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING #ARBON DIOXIDE #/ IS BY FAR THE MOST WITH MOST OF THE ADVERSE IMPACT PROJECTED TO IMPORTANT GREENHOUSE GAS 3CIENTISTS CAN STUDY FALL UPON POORER NATIONS AND UPON THE POORER THE COMPOSITION OF AIR IN THE PAST BY EXAMINING PEOPLE IN ALL NATIONS AIR TRAPPED IN !NTARCTIC ICE !NALYSIS OF THESE BUBBLES SHOWS THAT #/ CONCENTRATIONS ARE NOW -INIMISING GREENHOUSE GAS HIGHER THAN AT ANY TIME IN THE PAST EMISSIONS FROM MOBILE SOURCES YEARS )N FACT IT IS LIKELY THAT THE CONCENTRATION 4HE MAIN GREENHOUSE GASES SEE CHART ARE TODAY IS HIGHER THAN IT HAS BEEN FOR MILLION CARBON DIOXIDE #/ ;= METHANE #( ;= YEARS 4HE CURRENT RATE OF INCREASE OF CARBON NITROUS OXIDES ./X ;= AND THE CHLORO mUORO DIOXIDE IS GREATER THAN AT ANY TIME IN THE PAST HYDROCARBONS #&#S ;= YEARS !TMOSPHERIC #/ CONCENTRA &KORURIOXRUR TIONS HAVE BEEN STABLE AT AROUND PARTS PER FDUERQV MILLION PPM FOR THE LAST YEARS BUT ROSE &DUERQ SHARPLY IN THE LATE TH #ENTURY TO PPM 'LR[LGH !CCORDING TO VARIOUS SCENARIOS OUTLINED IN THE 1LWURXV2[LGHV )NTERGOVERNMENTAL 0ANEL ON #LIMATE #HANGE 0HWKDQH )0## REPORTS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC CON CENTRATION OF #/ IS PROJECTED TO RISE FURTHER TO #ARBON DIOXIDE IS PRODUCED NATURALLY BY LIVING BETWEEN PPM AND PPM BY ORGANISMS AND BY THE BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS 4HE RISE IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND ESPE CIALLY IN #/ EMISSIONS HAS A DIRECT IMPACT ON GLOBAL TEMPERATURES &IGURE ILLUSTRATES BOTH THE RISE IN GLOBAL TEMPERATURE SINCE AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS PRIMA RILY #/ EMISSIONS TO THIS RISE IN TEMPERATURES %FFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
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0ROJECTED CLIMATE CHANGE WILL HAVE BENElCIAL AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON BOTH ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO ECONOMIC SYSTEMS BUT THE LARGER THE CHANGES AND RATE OF CHANGE IN CLIMATE THE MORE THE ADVERSE EFFECTS PREDOMINATE 7HEN CONSID ERED BY REGION ADVERSE EFFECTS ARE PROJECTED TO PREDOMINATE FOR MUCH OF THE WORLD PARTICULARLY IN THE TROPICS AND SUB TROPICS #LIMATE CHANGE IS PROJECTED TO INCREASE THREATS TO HUMAN HEALTH PARTICULARLY IN LOWER INCOME
INCLUDING MOBILE SOURCES -OST OF THE METHANE IS FROM COAL FORMATIONS LANDlLLS LIVESTOCK AND WETLAND RICE CULTIVATION -ETHANE HAS AROUND TIMES GREATER IMPACT ON GLOBAL WARMING THAN CARBON DIOXIDE .ITROUS OXIDE IS A BY PRODUCT OF FUEL BURNING AND FERTILISER MANUFACTURE )T HAS TIMES THE GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL '70 OF CARBON DIOXIDE 4HE GLOBAL COMMUNITY HAS CONDUCTED SEVERAL INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE 5NITED .ATIONS &RAMEWORK #ONVENTION ON #LIMATE #HANGE AND THE ASSOCIATED +YOTO 0ROTOCOL UNFORTUNATELY REJECTED BY THE 5NITED 3TATES IN BUT RATIlED BY MANY OTHER COUNTRIES NOW SETTING THE PACE .EGOTIATIONS ARE AIMED AT DEVELOPING PROTOCOLS FOR BINDING GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION LEVELS -AJOR GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTIONS n COMBINED WITH LOCAL CITY LEVEL BENElTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES n CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUGH MODAL SHIFTS FROM PRIVATE VEHICLES TO PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND NON MOTORISED MODES
3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT ! 3OURCEBOOK FOR 0OLICY MAKERS IN $EVELOPING #ITIES
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-ODULE I 3OURCEBOOK /VERVIEW AND #ROSS CUTTING )SSUES OF 5RBAN 4RANSPORT
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#ARBON DIOXIDE #/ MITIGATION HAS A NEGA TIVE CONNOTATION IN MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WHERE CITY GOVERNMENTS ARE FACED WITH MANY URGENT DEMANDS !VERTING INCREASING CONTRIBU TIONS OF TRANSPORT TO '(' EMISSIONS REQUIRES AN INTEGRATED PACKAGE OF REFORMS )N ALL DEVELOPING
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CITIES THE QUESTION IS HOW TO GET SUCH POLICIES IMPLEMENTED 4HE APPROACH FAVOURED BY '4: AND APPLIED IN 3URABAYA WWWSUTPORG AND RECOMMENDED BY A RANGE OF RECENT STUDIES IS TO FOCUS ON SHORT TO MID TERM MEASURES WHICH ARE LOW COST AND WIN WIN WITH THE HIGHEST IMPACT ON #/ MITIGATION AT THE SAME TIME LEADING TO LOCAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS IN THE FORM OF REDUCED CONGES TION LOCAL AIR POLLUTION AND A MORE LIVEABLE EFlCIENT DEMOCRATIC AND PROSPEROUS CITY !S THE 7" 5432 DRAFT ARGUES 4HE SUGGESTED KEY x IS BOTH TO LINK '(' MITIGATION TO POLICY INITIATIVES TO GOALS THAT ARE PERCEIVED TO BE OF IMMEDIATE RELEVANCE AND TO TRY TO UNCOUPLE OR AT LEAST hmEXv THE LINK BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND '(' EMISSIONS FROM THE TRANSPORT SECTOR
4HERE IS NOW AN ESTABLISHED CONSENSUS EXEMPLI lED BY THE SHIFT OF THE 'LOBAL %NVIRONMENT &ACILITY FUNDING FROM TECHNOLOGY UPGRADES TO PROJECTS PROMOTING MODAL SHIFTS THAT THE BEST WAY TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM URBAN TRANSPORT IS TO STRATEGICALLY FOCUS ON URBAN TRANSPORT ISSUES WHICH ARE REGARDED AS BEING OF IMMEDIATE IMPORTANCE TO POLICY MAKERS IN DEVELOPING CITIES ESPECIALLY CONGESTION LOCAL AIR POLLUTION AND UNCONTROLLED MOTORISATION WHICH WILL GIVE RISE TO A RANGE OF POLICY INITIA TIVES WHICH SIMULTANEOUSLY HAVE THE EFFECT OF DRASTICALLY REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ,OCAL AND GLOBAL CHIEmY IN THE FORM OF REDUCED GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BENElTS ARE ACHIEVED THROUGH SUCH POLICIES )N THIS SENSE THIS APPROACH AMOUNTS TO A SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT POLICY APPROACH FOCUSING ON CITY LEVEL PROBLEMS AND AIMING TO MEET LOCAL AND GLOBAL NEEDS ! RECENT REPORT FROM THE 7ASHINGTON BASED 0EW #ENTER ON 'LOBAL #LIMATE #HANGE 3PERLING ET AL RECOMMENDS POLICIES WHICH SHOULD BE PURSUED IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN ORDER TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORT 7HICH POLICY APPROACHES ARE RECOMMENDED 4HE REPORT NOTES THAT MANY OF THE STRATEGIES REQUIRED HAVE SUBSTANTIAL LOCAL AS WELL AS GLOBAL BENElTS AND STATES THAT +EY STRATEGIES INCLUDE INCREASING THE RELATIVE COST OF USING PRIVATE CARS AND ENHANCING THE QUALITY AND CHOICES OF ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION MODES
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