Introduction_to_tourism(1).docx

i

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY

Table of content Content

page

Acknowledgement ................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................2 1. BACK GROUND OF TOURISM .........................................................................2 2. Definition of tourism..............................................................................................3 2.1Types of Tourism ..................................................................................................................................................4 2.1.1 Domestic tourism .........................................................................................................................................4 2.1.2 International tourism ....................................................................................................................................4 2.1.2.1 Inbound tourism; ...................................................................................................................................4 2.1.2.2 out bounded tourism; ............................................................................................................................4 2.1.2.3 leisure tourism; ......................................................................................................................................4 2.1.2.4 Business tourism; ...................................................................................................................................5

CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................5 2. The Relationship International Tourism with Human Behavior, Culture, And Globalization ..............................................................................................................5 2.1 Human behavior ..................................................................................................................................................5 2.2 Culture; ................................................................................................................................................................6 2.3 Globalization ........................................................................................................................................................6 2.3.1 International tourism versus culture; ...........................................................................................................6 2.3.2 International Tourism Vs Globalization; .......................................................................................................7

CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................9 3. Ethiopian Ministry of Culture and Tourism Main Focuses and Major Tourism Concerns.....................................................................................................................9 3.1 Main Focus of the Ministry ..................................................................................................................................9 3.2 Major concern of the ministry .............................................................................................................................9 3.3 policies and strategies of tourism development in Ethiopia .............................................................................10 3.4 Objectives of tourism development ..................................................................................................................13 3.5 The Basic Principles of the Policy .......................................................................................................................14 3.6 Ethiopian tourist attraction areas and destinations ..........................................................................................15

ii

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY 3.6.1 Historical scenarios .....................................................................................................................................15 3.6.2Natural scenarios; ........................................................................................................................................15

Chapter four .............................................................................................................17 4. Role of tourism in Ethiopia ..................................................................................17 4.1 economical role of tourism in Ethiopia ..............................................................................................................17 4.2 SOCIAL ROLE OF TOURISM.................................................................................................................................19 4.3 Cultural role of tourism .....................................................................................................................................20

CHAPTER FIVE .....................................................................................................21 5. Types and functions of travel agents ...................................................................21 5.1 What is travel agent? .........................................................................................................................................21 5.2 Function of travel agent.....................................................................................................................................21 5.3 Types of travel agents ........................................................................................................................................22

CHAPTER SIX ........................................................................................................22 6. ETHICAL ISUES OF TOURISM .......................................................................22 6.1 Ethical issue of the host community ..................................................................................................................23 6.2 ethical issue of the guide ...................................................................................................................................23 6.3 ethical issues of the tourists ..............................................................................................................................24

CHAPTER SEVEN .................................................................................................24 7.1 The unanticipated consequence of tourism ......................................................................................................24 7.2 Economic impact of tourism ..............................................................................................................................24 7.2.1 Inflation; .....................................................................................................................................................24 7.2.2 Dependency ................................................................................................................................................25 7.2.3 Seasonality; .................................................................................................................................................25 7.3 Social impact of tourism ....................................................................................................................................25 7.4 Cultural impact of tourism .................................................................................................................................25 7.5 Environmental impact of tourism ......................................................................................................................26

CHAPTER EIGHT ..................................................................................................26 8. Community based tourism ...................................................................................26 Summery ..................................................................................................................28 Reference .................................................................................................................29

iii

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY

Acknowledgement We have taken efforts in this term paper. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them. We are highly indebted to thank Treck Ethiopia tour agency manager Gamal Hussein and Gondar city guide association chair man Gatachew Meles and second chair man Amare belete for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the term paper. We would like to express my gratitude towards our parents for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of this term paper. We thanks and appreciations also go to our colleague in developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities

1

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY

Introduction This term paper is concerned with the course sociology of tourism which is new to our department. This term paper is an assignment for impartial fulfillment of the course. And it asses the definition of tourism, types of tourism, the relation between tourism and globalization, human behavior, and culture; the other concern of this term paper is the main focus and major tourism concern of the Ethiopian ministry of culture and tourism, policies and strategies of tourism development in the country, the Ethiopian tourist attraction areas and destinations weather historical or natural scenario. In addition this term paper deals with type and function of travel agents, the role of tourism in specific country or destination place, the ethical issues of tourists, travel agents, guides, and local communities, furthermore the main focus of this term paper is the impact of culture on tourism and impact of tourism on culture. At the same time this term paper examines the unanticipated consequence of tourism in terms deferent social aspects such as social, economical, cultural, and political. While preparing this term paper we viewed deferent literatures and we collect data through interview from the department of tourism and some travel agents.

2

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY

CHAPTER ONE 1. BACK GROUND OF TOURISM According to Dannis L. Foster’s “an introduction to travel and tourism”, tourism is as old as civilization itself. As ancient world empires grew in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The infrastructure ne necessary for tourism and travel such as land routes and water ways was created and vehicles for travel were developed through time to time. During the Assyrian empire the means of travel were improved largely for military use they made further improved to the road system and develop four wheeled carriages for transportation. The early Greeks also advanced travel and tourism development in to two particular areas First they introduce coin currency to replace the need for travelers to carry goods for barter exchange of other goods in the destination areas.Second they spread their language throughout the read Mediterranean sea area. Making it easier to communicate as one traveled. During this time Athens was the particular destination area of tourist for pleasure because there were some religious festivals, and events like the Olympic Games held every four years at Olympia. Greeks were also trying to develop their tourism by deferent meanness for instance they develop a ten-volume guideline in 170AD by the Greek Pausanias that entitled “Guide to Greek” which targets the Roman tourist market and described the Grecian monuments, sculptures and stories and myths behind them. In addition the Romans also were toured to Egypt to see the sphinx and pyramids.( Dannis L. Foster, an introduction to travel and tourism, NA) According to William C. Gartner’s work “tourism development”, 1996 during the middle age tread and travel was declined due to different causes such as horrible diseases, war, and disripairation of the roads. But the church was the main source of tourism due to pilgrimage, religious expansions by monastery and for knowledge acquire or scholar ships.

3

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY The origin of modern tourism is industry is believed to have begun with the Grand tour which was not successful during Elizabethan period. Later through grand tour school may of European cities develop superior hotels and services for their guests but still travel is risky and laborious specially rural stay was seen as evil during 1700c. after the age of industrial revolution and social revolution in Britain and French. The invention of water and land vehicles the tourism and tour was developed. (William C. Gartner tourism development, 1996)

2. Definition of tourism Early definition of tourism had been focusing on the spatial dimension. During this time a person was considered as tourist when he moved a specific distance away from his home. The United States national tourism resources review commission one of the early spatial definitions of domestic tourist. The distance used was 50miles, and all types of travel except commuting to work were included, length of stay and minimum expenditure were irrelevant. The us census bureau which conduct national travel survey every five years used a 100mile distance plus the requirement of one or more night

away from home within paid

accommodation.(William C. Gartner, tourism development, 1996) According to WTO tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. Tourism is different from travel. In order for tourism to happen, there must be a displacement: an individual has to travel, using any type of means of transportation (he might even travel on foot: nowadays, it is often the case for poorer societies, and happens even in more developed ones, and concerns pilgrims, hikers ...). But all travel is not tourism (WTOdefinitiontourism.pdf )

4

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY

2.1Types of Tourism According to Rob Davidson based on the special dimension of tourism or origin and destination tourism is categorized in to two main categories which are domestic and international tourism.

2.1.1 Domestic tourism In this kind of tourism the place of origin and place of destination are the same. This is used to describe tourist trip which take place within own country for example if the tourist is Ethiopian domestic tourism could be from Mekelle to Gondar, Bahrdar to Hawasa etc.(Rob Davidson, tourism, 1993)

2.1.2 International tourism Such tourism used to cross more than one nation boundary such as tourist trip from Kenyan to Ethiopian, Chains to Tanzania etc. according to Rob Davidson inbounded and out bounded tourism are also forms of international tourism. 2.1.2.1 Inbound tourism; this is a kind of tourism which means gating tourists to own country from another country or abroad. Or when Ethiopia is taken as a resident please or destination America tourist comes to Ethiopia. 2.1.2.2 out bounded tourism; such tourism is done through leaving once own country to another country it could be for the purpose of leisure tourism; like holiday, sports which are not professional, cultural events, visiting friends and relatives, and any other business tourism.( Rob Davidson 1993) In addition tourism can be categorized in to two based on its purpose. Those are leisure tourism and business tourism. 2.1.2.3 leisure tourism; is a tourism which consists holiday tourism such as festivals, trips to beaches, visiting historical moments; sport tourism is the other kind of tourism which in compasses shipping, horse riding, hunting and etc. visiting friends and relatives, moving for honeymoon, a week end stay with friends and others are also some other kind of leisure tourism.

5

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY 2.1.2.4 Business tourism; this form of travel consists mainly exhibition and trade fairs, conference and conventions. Furthermore there are other purpose of tourism such as study, religion pilgrimage, and health.

CHAPTER TWO 2. The Relationship International Tourism with Human Behavior, Culture, And Globalization Before we proceed to the relationship we better define what those terms are

2.1 Human behavior; Human Behavior is the range of actions and mannerisms exhibited by humans in conjunction with their environment, responding to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary. HB is influenced by many factors, including: attitudes, beliefs, emotions reasoning culture, values, ethics, religion authority, rapport, motivation, persuasion, coercion genetics. (http://www.mbabrief.com) Human beings are programmed response in every sense of the word. We learn everything that we are from others. We are not born with knowledge or personality; we acquire those from society-at-large. ( http://epluribusunum56.com/human_behavior.html ) as an example; if, at the moment you were born, you were exchanged with a baby being born in Ethiopia, and your skin, hair, and eyes were altered to that of other Ethiopians, you would grow up and be an entirely different person. Your taste in food, music, dress, and all your aspects of culture would be entirely different from who you are today. If the two of you were to meet as adults, neither would recognize similar behavioral attributes in the other.

Each of you would have entirely different

personalities. Genetically, you may have the same physical attributes/propensities, but you would have developed them differently, dependent on the physical requirements of your lifestyle. (http://epluribusunum56.com/human_behavior.html )

6

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY Environmental factors such as food, living-conditions, and healthcare, would have affected your overall appearance, attitude, and physiology. You would experience each other as total strangers. you would each talk differently, dress differently, and have different information and views concerning the world. Not even your height would be the same, because it is determined by many other factors other than just your genetics

2.2 Culture; culture could have deferent meanings based on deferent dimensions but sociologically it defines as follows, The word culture is used in much broader sense to mean all of the learned, shared ideas and products of a society it could be material or non material. Which includes beliefs, values, politics, customs, rule and regulations, morality, law, social institution, art, language, and material objects, in fact everything people have done or created to gather, shared with one another, and transmitted to one another from generation to generation.(Erich Goode,sociology,1988,2end edition)

2.3 Globalization; Globalization as a concept refers both to the "shrinking" of the world and the increased consciousness of the world as a whole. It is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that are the result of dramatically increased cross-border trade, investment, and cultural exchange. The processes and actions to which the concept of globalization now refers have been proceeding, with some interruptions, for many centuries, but only in relatively recent times has globalization become a main focus of discussion. The current or recently-past epoch of globalization has been dominated by the nation-state, national economies, and national cultural identities. The new form of globalization is an interconnected world and global mass culture.

2.3.1 International tourism versus culture; International tourism continues to be among the foremost vehicle for cultural exchange, providing a personal experience, not only of that which has survived from the past, but of the contemporary life and society of others. It is increasingly appreciated as a positive force for natural and cultural conservation. Tourism can capture the economic characteristics of the heritage and

7

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY harness these for conservation by generating funding, educating the community and influencing policy. It is an essential part of many national and regional economies and can be an important factor in development, when managed successfully. (Http://Www.Icomos.Org/Tourism/Charter)

According to ICOMOS, International Council on Monuments and Sites Tourism itself has become an increasingly complex phenomenon, with political, economic, social, cultural, educational, bio-physical, ecological and aesthetic dimensions. The achievement of a beneficial inter-action between the potentially conflicting expectations and aspirations of visitors and host or local communities, presents many challenges and opportunities. The natural and cultural heritage, diversities and living cultures are major tourism attractions. Excessive or poorly-managed tourism and tourism related development can threaten their physical nature, integrity and significant characteristics. The ecological setting, culture and lifestyles of host communities may also be degraded, along with the visitor's experience of the place. Tourism should bring benefits to host communities and provide an important means and motivation for them to care for and maintain their heritage and cultural practices. The involvement and co-operation of local and/or indigenous community representatives, conservationists, tourism operators, property owners, policy makers, those preparing national development plans and site managers is necessary to achieve a sustainable tourism industry and enhance the protection of heritage resources for future generations. (Ibid) 2.3.2 International Tourism Vs Globalization; According to Kevin Meethan’s work “tourism in global society” globalization begins after industrial revolution in United Kingdom as a result of development in infrastructural development such as roads, trains, airlines etc and now a day due to the development of mass medias like radio, television and internet the inter connectivity between country, increasing economic depth, political relations and etc.

8

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY The global flow of information, capital, people, and culture are realized in specific socioeconomic and spatial forms as the development of new networks of places and emergence of consumption. Thus become important in terms of the internationalization of business like airline, hotel, and tour operators that have facilitated the growth long haul and capital consumer. (Kevin Meethan, tourism in global society, 2001) According to http://www.planeta.com tourism is arguably the world's largest industry and continues tremendous annual growth rates. The industry's gains grew to $439 billion dollars last year. As the world's natural areas are also destroyed at an alarming rate, the tourism industry is encroaching on remote and biologically diverse areas, home to Indigenous Peoples and threatens our environment and way of life. According to the World Tourism Organization, in 1998 there were 635 million tourist arrivals around the world. For the recipients (host countries) of international tourism, the tourism industry creates dependency upon a fickle and fluctuating global economy beyond their local control. Local economic activities and resources are used less for the benefit and development of communities and increasingly for export and the enjoyment of others (i.e., tourists, consumers in other areas of the world). With so few international policies and guidelines restricting it, tourism has been given free reign to develop throughout the world. In fact, it has led the globalization process in the areas of transportation, communications, and financial systems. It has been promoted as a panacea for "sustainable" development. However, tourism's supposed benefits (generation of employment, development of infrastructure, etc.) have not "trickled down" or benefited Indigenous Peoples. The destructiveness of the tourism industry (environmental pollution and enormous waste management problems, displacement from lands, human rights abuses, unfair labor and wages, commodification of cultures, etc.) has brought great harm to many Indigenous Peoples and communities around the world. Recently we have witnesses many government bodies, international environmental treaties, and other policies as they are made about "sustainable tourism," yet Indigenous Peoples have not been invited to participate adequately in these policies which will have negative consequences for the rest of time.( http://www.planeta.com)

9

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY "Global tourism threatens indigenous knowledge and intellectual property rights, our technologies, religions, sacred sites, social structures and relationships, wildlife, ecosystems, economies and basic rights to informed understanding; reducing indigenous peoples to simply another

consumer

product

that

is

quickly

becoming

exhaustible."

-Deborah McLaren (http://www.planeta.com) In general tourism plays an increasingly important role in international relations. Links exist between tourist flow and regional integration, governments, military, and economic aid. “Most nations have several policies toward foreign tourists that are based not only on anticipated length of stay, but also on the degree of international cooperation existing between the two countries

CHAPTER THREE 3. Ethiopian Ministry of Culture and Tourism Main Focuses and Major Tourism Concerns 3.1 Main Focus of the Ministry Based on the Ethiopian ministry of culture and tourism’s development policy, the ministry focuses on the following issues, • guiding the sector in a broad based development framework, • developing the existing and new tourism attractions and products, • expanding the infrastructure and tourist services that are vital for the growth of the sector, • ensuring that the country benefits from the sector by being sufficiently competitive in the international tourism market, and • solving the serious limitations in capacity which are apparent in the Industry.( Tourism Development Policy 2009)

3.2 Major concern of the ministry According to the federal democratic republic of Ethiopian ministry of culture and tourism’s policy, the ministry gives a great concern to development of tourism the following are among the basic reasons that responsible and sustainable tourism is preferred as an effective engine of development for African and other developing countries.

10

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY A. Tourism is a typical source of foreign exchange, which is helpful for importing various inputs for development and maintaining the balance of payments of a country; B. These countries possess diverse and authentic, internationally renowned, wonderful cultural, historical and natural attractions, most of which are located in rural areas; C. Because tourism is inherently labor intensive and creates employment opportunities specially for the poor, the young, women and the physically handicapped, it plays a significant role in the poverty alleviation of these countries by creating jobs and income; D. The infrastructure built for tourism development can greatly benefit the economically disadvantaged sections of society and in addition can create opportunities for growth and development of agriculture, industry, construction, transport and communication as well as other economic and social sectors; Above and beyond its economic advantages, tourism promotes better and reciprocal understanding and closer relations among peoples, thereby fostering a culture of peaceful coexistence and mutual respect. (Tourism Development Policy 2009)

3.3 policies and strategies of tourism development in Ethiopia Policies were stated to formulate in Ethiopia since 1965 according to the ministry’s tourism development policy program. This time was also a time that tourism gat a recognition as a sector of means of economic growth by the then government. As a result tourism grew at an average annual rate of 12% until 1974. In the four years from 1970-1973, the average number of tourist arrivals to Ethiopia was 63,833 per year, while the average annual income was 10.2 million dollars. The average annual growth rates achieved during this period were 18.2 and 13 percent, respectively. (Tourism Development Policy 2009) But after the durg regime come to power the sector became declining drastically due to the instability and war, recurrent drought, strained political and diplomatic relations with tourist generating country, restriction on the entry and travel within the country. According to the UNWTO’s current analysis of tourist arrivals puts Ethiopia’s average annual growth in international tourist arrivals at 5.6 percent for the period 1990-2000, and at 15.4 percent during the period 2000-2008. The average growth rates achieved during the more recent years represent an encouraging trend indeed. Yet the fact that, for instance, Ethiopia’s share of

11

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY the tourist flow to the East African Region of seventeen countries in 2007 was 0.7 percent demonstrates the very low stage of development the country is at, despite its numerous historical, cultural and natural attractions.( Tourism Development Policy 2009 ) Because it is believed that tourism has the power and capacity to assist in the on-going effort to eliminate poverty and accelerate development sustainably, provided Ethiopia’s attractions are appropriately developed and put into service, tourism has been included as one of the means of implementing the country’s plan for accelerated and sustainable development to end poverty. In connection with this, an assessment of the domestic opportunities and limitations of the sector on the one hand, and the international opportunities and challenges on the other, would essentially help to clearly understand the prevailing conditions of the sector. According to the Ethiopian ministry of culture and tourism’s Tourism Development Policy 2009 the favorable opportunities of Ethiopia’s tourism are divided in to two main topics, A. Ethiopia’s Possession of Varied Attractions It is known that Ethiopia is full of varied historical, cultural and natural attractions; it is the possessor of eight world heritage sites( but now they are eleven) and many fossils attesting that it is the cradle of humankind; and on top of all that, its people are hospitable and their cultures diversified a combination which makes it suitable for tourism development. B. The Country’s Political and Economic Foundations Ethiopian conditions that are favorable to the growth of the sector are reviewed as follows in relation to constitutional principles, as well as overall development policies, strategies and programs • The human and democratic liberties and rights of citizens are guaranteed by the constitution. • Nations, nationalities and peoples have equal recognition under the constitution. • The market-led economic system being followed by the country firmly guarantees the rights of the private sector and local communities to participate in and benefit from development. • The guiding principle of economic diplomacy on which the country’s policy and strategy for foreign affairs and national security are based makes visible contributions in increasing the number of visitors by promoting the tourist attractions and building a positive image of the country, and drawing foreign direct investment which is crucial to the growth of the industry.

12

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY • Because tourism is inherently trans-scrotal, development policies and strategies formulated for other economic, social and political sectors positively affect tourism directly or indirectly. • The agricultural and rural development policies and strategies of the country have great possibilities for increasing farmers' production and productivity and transforming the farmers into investors responsive to international markets. • The industrial development strategy of the country, enhancing the private sector’s share in development, enables it to fulfill its role in the growth of tourism. • Ethiopia is the seat of the headquarters of the African Union, the Economic Commission for Africa, and more than 105 embassies and numerous international organizations. • Moreover, Ethiopia has a national airline of long standing experience, which has extensively linked the country to other African countries and major international air transport networks; Addis Ababa, as an air transport hub, serves to attract internationally renowned air carriers that provide efficient services; airports serving major tourist destinations of the country have been modernized and expanded. (Tourism Development Policy 2009) The development policy of the minister has stated to challenges that affect tourism in the country those are domestic and external challenges, A Domestic challenge The domestic challenge is also divided into two main categories 1 limitation in supply to the basic growth of the sector; 

Inadequate protection, less developed and less use as tourist attraction of those historical and natural scenarios.



There is a serious shortage in number and type of tourist facilities at existing and potential tourist destinations and vicinities; moreover, the quality of service is poor and unsatisfactory to tourists.

13

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY  Interpretations of tourist attractions are not based on credible facts and knowledge; they are not consistent; and their presentation is disorganized. 

Handicrafts, other local creative products, performing arts and entertainment services, which could have helped to lengthen the stay and increase the speed of visitors at every destination, are not offered in sufficient variety, quantity and quality.

2 limitations in implementing capacity of the sector; there are some weakness with respecting to the human resource mgt, operating system, institutional capacity. The sector is facing with shortage of highly trained and moderately trained manpower that is crucial to the development of the sector. Branding and market positioning based on timely studies are not in use. There are also capacity limitations among tourism stakeholders, and mutual support and coordination of efforts among them have not been strengthened B external challenges; Ethiopian tourism is challenged externally because of the image the country had before like draught, famine, and wars even though thus are passed histories of the country but still it affects the international image of the country. In addition the horn Africa is seen as a region of instability and terrorism. Due to this the tourism sector of the country is challenged externally. Even though the external challenge is affecting the sector, but there are also some external opportunities favoring the tourism, for instance? International tourism shows growth year after year. The use of modern information and communication technologies is expanding the dissemination and efficiency of information in tourism. Among international tourists, interest in authentic, indigenous and organic products is increasing highly from time to time.

3.4 Objectives of tourism development A. To ensure concretely the country’s full benefits by sustaining competitiveness in the international tourism market, by turning Ethiopia into a particularly preferred destination in Africa, and by maximizing direct and indirect economic benefits. B. To build a tourism industry that makes important contributions in earning and conserving foreign exchange, and integrates into the economic growth of the country.

14

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY C. To create extensive employment opportunities for communities at tourist destinations and to ensure community benefits through a wider distribution of income, and to enhance community participation in decision making on development. D. To realize a tourism industry that builds a positive image of the country, carries on the sector's development in a responsible and sustainable manner, with the capability of growing without 50 disrupting peoples' culture and life styles and the natural environment. E. To build an industry that can lengthen the tourist’s stay by solving observed limitations in service in the sector and provide for the progressive growth of capacity in tourist facilities deployed in the field.

3.5 The Basic Principles of the Policy A. Respect for Pluralism; Because diversity in history, culture and natural resources is Ethiopia’s beauty and distinguishing endowment, the assets have to be equally recognized, respected and developed as tourist attractions. B. Guaranteeing Community Participation and Benefits; With respect to the sustainable development and promotion of existing and new attractions, encourage communities at destinations in particular and the public in general to participate in and benefit from the development. C. Instituting Management Transparency and Responsibility; As the development of tourism requires the involvement of many parties across sectors, the institution of good governance is necessary in order to ensure that all stakeholders meet the ethical demands of tourism. D. Creating Partnership; By forming strong links and creating cooperation and partnership among actors in the sector at destination, regional, national, sub-continental, continental and global levels, foster the practice of working together for common objectives. In particular, encourage small and medium enterprises (SME’s) in the sector to create for cultivating a culture of exchanging experiences and best practices, and working in partnership. E. Enhancing the Implementation Capacity of the Sector; to ascertain that the country gets the full benefits of tourism development, enable all bodies engaged in the sector to effectively render quality tourism services by enhancing their implementation capacities.

15

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY

3.6 Ethiopian tourist attraction areas and destinations According to ( www.tourismethiopia.gov.et ) Ethiopia is a land of wonder and enchantment, a country with one of the richest histories on the African continent, a land of contrasts and surprises, of remote and wild places, home to cultured and friendly people who are descended from some of the world's oldest civilizations. This is the land of the fabled Queen of Sheba, home of the Ark of the Covenant, the birthplace of coffee. 'Lucy: the world's oldest known almost-complete hominid skeleton, more than three million years old, was discovered here. Ethiopian tourist attraction areas and destinations are divided in to two those are historical and natural scenarios, let see them each

3.6.1 Historical scenarios : the Historic Route, covering the ancient town of Axum, with its amazing carved obelisks, Christian festivals and relics, including the Ark of the Covenant; Gondar, with its castles and palaces; Lalibela, with its remarkable rock-hewn churches; Negash, one of the earliest holy Muslim centers from the Prophet Muhammad Era with the Negash Amedin Mesgid; the walled Muslim city of Harar and Lega Oda, near Dire Dawa where you can see cave paintings considered to be thousands of years old. In addition there are also the Monasteries like Kibran Gebriel and Kidanemhiret dating back to 14th century which are too much attractive found in lake Tana which is source of Blue Nile.

3.6.2Natural scenarios; Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile, is the largest lake with 37 islands and the Monasteries like Kibran Gebriel and Kidanemhiret dating back to 14th century. The Great Rift Valley lakes, many with national parks, are home to a wealth of bird and animal life. The high, rugged, Simien Mountains in the north and the Bale mountains in the southeast are also home to some unique wildlife and rich flora, and are ideal for trekking, whilst some of Ethiopia's fast-flowmg rivers are becoming famous for white-water rafting. There are eleven national parks and four sanctuaries where 277 species of wildlife and more than 850 species of birds can be seen. The Simien Mountains National Park is registered by UNESCO as a world heritage site and is home to three of the endemic mammals, Walia Ibex,

16

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY Gelada Baboon and Abyssinian Wolf. Ras Dashen, the fourth highest peak in Africa with an altitude of 4,620 metres, is also located within the National Park. Other National Parks include Bale Mountains and Abijatta-Shalla in Oromia, Nech Sar, Mago and Omo National Parks in the south and Yangudi Rasa in Afar, Gambella National park in Gambella, as well as Awash in both Oromia and Afar Regions. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia's friendly and safe capital city, has so much to offer, too, with its first-class hotels and restaurants, museums and palaces, and good shopping, which includes the Mercato - Africa's largest open-air market. Ethiopia is a mosaic of people with more than 80 languages, different lifestyles, costumes and cultural dances. People's livelihoods vary from pastoralists

and

farmers

to

factory

workers,

business

people

and

academics.(

http://www.tourismethiopia.gov.et ) Ethiopia has been called 'the land of a thousand smiles'. Visit us and you can be sure of a great welcome, a memorable holiday, and the experience of a lifetime.

As (

http://www.tourismethiopia.gov.et ) this web site indicated Ethiopia is more attractive to tourists because of these characters which are listed as follows, Ethiopia is the cradle of human kind Coffee is Ethiopia’s gift to the rest of the world Ethiopia has its own Alphabet, Numeric and Calendar Ethiopia has never colonized Ethiopia is the second country to accept Christianity as official religion Ethiopia has 9 UNESCO registered world heritage sites Ethiopia is mentioned many times both in the holy Bible and holy Qur’an Ethiopia is the land of the great long distance runners Ethiopians are the pioneers to use a tool before 2.8 million years ago Ethiopia is the fourth largest biodiversity zone in the world Where the original Ark of the Covenant is found More than 70% of Africa’s maintains found in Ethiopia The source of the great blue Nile river which contribute 85% of the Nile river

17

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY Preserves the piece of true cross on which Jesus Christ is believed to have been crucified The Great Rift Valley which is the only geographical feature of planet earth visible from the moon, cuts Ethiopia in to two crossing the country from top to bottom The single tallest monument ever erected by humanity in the BC is found (Axum) Ert’ale is one of the few places on planet earth where one can see active, live, continued and dramatic volcanic eruption Has more unique species of flora than any other country in Africa.

CHAPTER FOUR 4. Role of tourism in Ethiopia Tourism could have different roles in Ethiopia based on different dimensions such as economical, social, cultural, political, and others. Tourism has different roles in particular country who receive high tourists yearly.

4.1 economical role of tourism in Ethiopia In third world country like Ethiopia their manufacturing industry is comparatively weak developed and has less scope for exporting product. Reliance is in low cost primary products and imported high cost products largely in the case of luxury hotel development that often use imported rather than indigenous products. So tourism can improve the balance of payment by bringing foreign currency. This may lead to the indigenous business competent in the international market. ( S.Page, P.Brunt, …, J.Connels tourism amodern synthesis,2001) Another role of tourism in the host or destination area is creating employment for the people which could be categorized in to three thus are direct, indirect, induced. Direct; a kind of job created due to the visitor’s expenditure and directly supporting the tourism activities for instance guiding, hotels, care rentals, restaurants and etc. Indirect; such jobs are resulted from not as direct involvement of in the tourism activity but with in tourism supply sectors. Induced; this kind of job is also created from tourism expenditure as local residents spend money earned from tourism. (Ibid)

18

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY Generally tourism is an in visible export which brings foreign exchange to a country that can facilitat over all activities of the country and leads the country to penetrate the international market. Based on our own perception tourism could plays a great economic role in countries like Ethiopia that has no great manufacturing and exporting companies which may provide foreign currency to the country. Providing foreign currency is one economic role of tourism, tourism can create employment in deferent tourism activities like in hotels, as guidance, hand craft producer, etc. in addition tourism offers the balance of payment and economic growth. Tourism is the one of the most important aspect for developing countries. Both domestic and international tourism must be considered to evaluate the impact of tourism on the economy. To the host region/area travel provides a basis for developing tourism as an export industry, which means that the level of economic activities of the area shall increase through the sale of products and services to the tourists. Tourism provides foreign exchange without exporting anything out of the country and it provides more stable earnings for the country than any other industry. It increases export earnings and a rate of growth of the economy. The income in the form of foreign exchange earnings from an invisible exports helps in offsetting the loss if any, which the country may have from a visible export.This balance of payments may also be defined as “a statement of income and expenditure on international accounts”. Payments and receipts on international account are of three kinds: A) Visible balance of trade (relating to the export and import of goods and commodities manufactured). B) Invisible items (relating to services such as transport, shipping, banking, insurance) C) Capital Transfers; Apart from revenue increase the tourism also has impact on employment generation. Accelerate the development of an area. The amount of visitor’s expenditure that remains in an area and provides a source of income to residents and businesses is called direct

19

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY effect and this money is further paid to suppliers, wages of workers and other items used in producing the products or services purchased by the visitors is secondary effect. Tourism and Tax earning: The government of almost all countries have always vested interest in the financial gains through tourism industry. Depending upon the tax and fiscal policies government derives substantial income from tourism industries and direct and indirect taxes are levied on different forms of income and economic activities. UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, vol. 4, #2 (June 2006), p. 2. For destination countries, receipts from international tourism count as exports and cover all transactions related to the consumption by international visitors of, for instance, accommodation, food and drink, transport in the country, fuel, entertainment, shopping, etc. It includes transactions generated by same-day as well as overnight visitors. However, it does not include receipts from international passenger transport contracted from companies outside the travelers' countries of residence, which are reported in a separate category, international passenger transport

4.2 SOCIAL ROLE OF TOURISM Tourism can play a role of being a passport for peace (M.Robinson and P.Bonifac,tourism and cultural conflict,1999) international tourism is serving as a means to facilitate national and international relations by making in contacts, learning foreign languages, and engaging in debate with other. This Eurocentric, moralistic tradition remains and has developed into political advocacy. In addition building up on the travel broadens the mind and school of thought. Tourism has been cited as a potential means of contributing to world peace. When the tourist comes into contact with the places he visits and its population, a social exchange takes place. His social background affects the social structure and mode of life of his destination, he is in turn affected by it and sometimes carries back home with him new habits and way of life. Travel experiences often are among the most outstanding memories in the traveler. The early motivation of travel is regarded as cultural and tourism is been a carrier for the cultural propagation, which is necessary for a deeper understanding of people and broadening of knowledge. Relation between the tourist as an individual or a member of group and the social network such as family, friend, neighbor, where the tourist is seen as a representative of the

20

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY home reference group. Social relations of the tourists group itself, its composition, its tour program and relations with other groups it encounters. Guest host relations including those who serve the industry and the host population at the destination, in general this tourism leads to the host people to develop urbanization, industrialization and modern infrastructures.

4.3 Cultural role of tourism Cultural tourism is a kind of tourism that helps to establish and reinforce an identity. This is an essential element in preserving and enhancing national and local pride and spirit. Culture and heritage features are essential in building a country’s image, thus cultural tourism can be on of the key instruments in developing a positive image of a country internationally. Cultural tourism helps preserve the cultural and historical heritage. Tourism makes an important contribution to culture and historical heritage by providing means for keeping the traditions alive and finances the protection of heritage as well as increase visitor appreciation of that heritage. In short - more public interest and more funds for protection. Tourism interest in the heritage site can be the key in providing political support for the management and protection of the heritage in question. Well-managed cultural tourism can encourage the revival of traditions and the restoration of sites and monuments.

Cultural tourism makes it possible to find the balance between

protection and the use of heritage. If overused, the site is ruined, and there will be no future income. In such a way there is a natural need for sustainable thinking In a world that is troubled by conflicts and xenophobia often based on misunderstandings, cultural tourism can facilitate cultural harmony and understanding among people. More in-depth knowledge of other people’s culture will stimulate understanding and a wish to cooperate. It promotes communication and integration. Cultural tourism brings extra income to culture and is thus a very important supporting factor for culture itself. And as cultural tourism helps differentiate demands and expand the season, it is essential in further developing the tourism industry. Cultural tourism is more in line with modern trends and is thus likely to see a further increase within the tourism sector. Cultural tourism is in line with the demand created by the rising educational levels, the aging population,

21

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY the increasing economic role of women, and the increase in short trips and the general search for meaning among people. The so-called theme parks have created increased interest in cultural tourism and internet is ideal to promote cultural tourism. The cultural tourists spend more money than the average tourist and travel for a longer time. As the increasing pace of life creates need for free time and preservation of past, cultural tourism becomes big business. (www.ubc.net-751 (read only))

CHAPTER FIVE 5. Types and functions of travel agents 5.1 What is travel agent? Travel agent is an organization or person that represents or works on behalf of another person or business (Paulin Horner, travel agency practice, 1994) it works on behalf of the client or customer who is booking a holiday or travel arrangement and also on behalf of any company or diplomat the agent is making the book in return the travel agent will receive commission or payment made to the travel agent on a percentage bias.

5.2 Function of travel agent Travel agents are involved in giving advice about destination’s climate, geographical location; the means of transport and accessibilities like airplane, automobile, bus etc; accommodations like stare holder hotels restaurants, motels and lodges and others; in addition they give an advice to clients about visas, health precaution, and insurance. Furthermore travel agents have another functions of making a book for independent travelers whom travel in group or independently for pleasure, business, travelers whom are traveling to participate in conferences, trade, exhibitions to study in investment conditions; and package holyday makers are used to prefer their booking to make by travel agent (Paulin Horner,1996) According to Jemal Hussein who is a manager and guide of Treck Ethiopia tour agency an agent is expected to do like giving proper information, buying plane tickets, hotels, preparing cars to their clients. (Personal communication)

22

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY

5.3 Types of travel agents According to Paulin Horner based on the size, organization, and specialism in various markets within the travel scenes. Travel agencies categorized in to three which are independent, multiple, and implement travel agency. Independent travel agent; they are privately owned. often with a single location. Sometimes with a few outlet with in local area. Multiple travel agency; generally they have more than twenty outlast often on a nationwide base more or less they have financial linkage with the major tour operating companies. Implement travel agency; thus are based within the promises of a corporate customers or within a college rather than in the public domain. (Paulin Horner,1996). Furthermore travel agencies can be categorized based on whom are their customers these can be distinguished as high street and business house. High street agencies; these agencies cater mainly for the package holiday makers. Weather that could be the cheaper mass tourist maker or the more specialized and expensive, cruise, long and independent marketers. Business house agencies; they cater mainly for the regular booking of companies in commerce or industry. ( Paulin Horner,1996)

CHAPTER SIX 6. ETHICAL ISUES OF TOURISM According to the Ethiopian ministry of culture and tourism ethics is necessary in tourism in order to the sustainable and responsible use of the historical, natural, cultural, and environmental phenomenon. And to their protection.

23

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY

6.1 Ethical issue of the host community Being the host community is one component of the tourism activities they should have follow some ethical conditions They should respect the rules and regulations regarding to the historical, natural and environmental protection. Even though the tourism attraction sites are owned by the host they should remind that they could be owned by UNESCO. Protect the tourism attracting things from distraction, steeling, and any unlawful acticity. Giving a great hospitality to tourists Respecting the right of travelers to move. and Keep away from asking money with no providing service to tourists and etc are among the ethics expected from the host people. According to treck Ethiopia tour’s manager and guide some host peoples are not respecting thus ethical conditions, according to him every activity of the tourist destination areas are crowded by beggars and some illegal activities, unequal payment for the same service with local people and gusts, the increasing of price during the tourist boomed time for example during epiphany, Christmas, Easter and etc. (Jamal Hussein personal interviewee)

6.2 ethical issue of the guide Keep away from any illegal activity Should be governed by the rule and regulations Be honest and loyal Good hospitality Respecting the tourists Keeping away from using drugs such as chat, alcohol drinks. Not participating in activities like hustler Not participating in illegal circulation of drugs. Having enough knowledge about what he si guiding

24

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY And according to Amare Belete the second chairman of guides association in facile gibi Gondar, one guide should have a uniform, badge, well groomed, keep away from giving wrong information,

6.3 ethical issues of the tourists Keeping all the countries immigration, health, and other laws and rules. Tray to have all information about the destinations by asking on the proper pleas Respecting the host peoples culture, custom, and beliefs. Keep away from physically, morally, specially women and children harmful activities Not engage in illegal money exchange Are some of among the ethics that tourists should respect while traveling to the destination areas.” There are some tourists who came to expand their own belief or other for example there was one tourist who was arrested for his need to have a sex with the a boy guide who was a friend of Amare Belete” (personal communication with Amare Belete)

CHAPTER SEVEN 7.1 The unanticipated consequence of tourism However tourism has a lot of socio economic and cultural benefits such as glocalizing the minority cultural aspects and providing economic gains for the host people through encouraging them to provide services, like hotels, car rentals, need horse coach etc. at the same time if tourism is noy well managed it has a lot of or multidimensional problem such as economic, social, cultural, and political aspects of the host people is affected by un managed tourism activity.

7.2 Economic impact of tourism Within this term there are also different classifications or among those negative economic impacts of tourism like inflation, diminished opportunity cost, dependent, and seasonality of economic activity are going to see each.

7.2.1 Inflation; when tourism develop in particular area tourism based investment are also raised which needs a large square of lands to build hotels, recreation areas and other tourism

25

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY related investment this results in the investment of land price which leads to the local people for land competition. The increased demand for land has pushed up the average price of the extent where it is very difficult for local resident whom are not participating in the tourism activities ( S.Page, P.Brunt, …, J.Connels tourism a modern synthesis,2001) Opportunity costs; this is a cost related to the time, offer and capital of developing tourism at the expense of other activities or areas of investment if a government invest in tourism. Then the money spent is unavailable for other uses this may be determinately to the well being of local community.(Ibid)

7.2.2 Dependency; tourism could be fluctuated due to different aspects like war, terrorism, natural disaster, economic inflation, and other there for depending on tourism is a much criticized policy particularly for developing country. Changing in tourism market is less controllable and decrees in demand for tourism will have a huge effect on the host people

7.2.3 Seasonality; this is the major disadvantage of tourism and can cause negative economic effect on destination areas. Due to this people on thus area have jobs for only part of the year; the investment made in tourism business is idle for part of the year. There for tourism related enterprises may close down entirely in the off peak season.

7.3 Social impact of tourism In some developing nations, the premature exposure to western idea and technologies has created a variety of social problem. The introduction of tourism to a new region inevitably altered people’s daily life introducing gambling, materialism, and greed. Tourism has some time contributed to social unrest (Dennis L. Foster, an introduction to travel and tourism 2end edition)

7.4 Cultural impact of tourism Tourism is one agent of western dominated cultural change. International tourism is thought to influence cultural change through acculturation, enculturation, diffusion, which means that the contact between the tourism and the host people culture results in sharing and adopting one another’s attitude, beliefs, value and costumes.

26

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY The other harm full impact of tourism in culture is trivialization which means when aspects of the host culture become degraded and commercialized form of entertainment for tourists. In addition even peace loving friendly people can react with hostility towards tourists who constantly clash with the tradition of the host people for example entering to temples, ritual places with nothing but beach wear, getting drunk in places where predominant religion forbidden the use of alcohol.

7.5 Environmental impact of tourism This is mainly caused simply by the volume of the tourist arrival at destination area which are not able to support people in such great number. The quality of water air and the amount of and diversity of vegetation and wild life are inevitable affects in some way. For example Mediterranean see is suffering with vast amount of west material such as untreated sewage, harmful bacteria and petrol spilling from boats all combined to cause harm to aquatic plants and wild life. As well as to the tourists who swim. Forests are vulnerable to the impact of tourism. The danger of tourism. Fire increase as more tourists go to country side for picnic and campaign fire holyday. Wild life itself despite being protecting in national parks and safari parks, is often the victim of tourism development. While building facilities like roads, and lodges. Tourist activities like photographing, hunting, driving around is disrupting the feeding, age laying, and breeding patterns of wild animals. The more deliberately distractive is the illegal trade in wild life trophies which leads to the slaughter of elephants, Zebras, Rhinos and others animals whose hide, skin, and those are valuable as tourist sourness.(Rob Davidsone, tourism,1993 2end edition)

CHAPTER EIGHT 8. Community based tourism A community by definition implies individuals with some kind of collective responsibility, and the ability to make decisions by representative bodies. Community based tourism is tourism in which local residents (often rural, poor and economically marginalized) invite tourists to visit their communities with the provision of overnight accommodation.

27

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY The residents earn income as land managers, entrepreneurs, service and produce providers, and employees. At least part of the tourist income is set aside for projects which provide benefits to the community as a whole. Community based tourism enables the tourist to discover local habitats and wildlife, and celebrates and respects traditional cultures, rituals and wisdom. The community will be aware of the commercial and social value placed on their natural and cultural heritage through tourism, and this will foster community based conservation of these resources. The community may choose to partner with a private sector partner to provide capital, clients, marketing, tourist accommodation or other expertise. Subject to agreement to the ideals of supporting community development and conservation, and to planning the tourism development in partnership with the community, this partner may or may not own part of the tourism enterprise. Community based tourism is playing a crucial role in the development of tourist attractions, products and services to collaborate with the bodies administering the resources as owners, and by conserving and protecting these resources with a sense of ownership, to become direct participants in and beneficiaries from the tourism development of the locality, To provide appropriate care to guests visiting the local attractions and to extend to them hospitality in accordance with local customs, and to ensure peace and security in the locality, the community is necessary to the development of tourism. Tourism Development Policy 2009

The community should recognizing that visitors to attractions are customers, to supply and ensure the provision of handicrafts, and artistic products and services which are based on visitors demand and aimed at satisfying their requirement as to quality and quantity, To protect local cultural and social values as well as the natural environment from negative influences of tourism, and to take corrective measures rapidly when negative impacts occur, To cooperate with government bodies, investors and local communities that have leading responsibilities in the country’s tourism development and to participate in the development and management of the attractions in order to ensure that benefits are realized, To undertake successively capacity-building activities for the various varies parties engaged in the development of Community-based tourism is travel to local indigenous communities that have invited outsiders to experience their customs, food, lifestyle, and set of beliefs. These communities manage both the impacts and the benefits of this tourism, strengthening their selfgovernance, economic alternatives, and traditional ways of life in the process. http://www.pachamama.org/community-based-tourism )

28

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY Community-based tourism is managed by indigenous communities. This means the community assumes collective responsibility for all aspects of your stay, including accommodations, internal travel, local food, and cultural activities.

Communities reap the benefits from tourism revenue, making community-based tourism a sustainable alternative to many travel organizations, which often do not work in solidarity with the communities and environments they use. Through community-based travel, collective wellbeing is valued over corporate or individual profit. Sustainability Communities will only accommodate as many people as they are able, keeping in mind long-term sustainability, and avoiding unnecessary strain on their own resources. Meals generally draw on local agriculture, and communities will not take on more guests than their housing and energy resources can effectively support. Aside from physical resources, revenue from community-based travel helps to sustain indigenous cultures and traditions in a rapidly changing world. http://www.pachamama.org/community-based-tourism

Summery This term paper has tried to see different concepts of tourism like tourism In order for tourism to happen, there must be a displacement: an individual has to travel, using any type of means of

29

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY transportation (he might even travel on foot: nowadays, it is often the case for poorer societies, and happens even in more developed ones, and concerns pilgrims, hikers ...). But all travel is not tourism. There are different kinds of tourism such as domestic, international, inbound and out bound tourism in addition there are also general classification of tourism which are pleasure tourism and business tourism.

Tourism despite its benefit like preserving, conserving,

environment and culture increasing industrialization, urbanization are the social benefits of tourism in addition tourism have wide economic benefits. But tourism have negative economic impacts of tourism like inflation, diminished opportunity cost, dependent, and seasonality of economic activity are going to see each. The introduction of tourism to a new region inevitably altered people’s daily life introducing gambling, materialism, and greed are among the social negative impact of tourism, in addition Tourism is one agent of western dominated cultural change. International tourism is thought to influence cultural change through acculturation, enculturation, diffusion, which means that the contact between the tourism and the host people culture results in sharing and adopting one another’s attitude, beliefs, value and costumes, and the volume of the tourist arrival at destination area which are not able to support people in such great number. The quality of water air and the amount of and diversity of vegetation and wild life are inevitable affects in some way.

Reference Dannis L.Foster, an introduction to travel and tourism development, NA

30

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY William C.Gartner, tourism development, 1996, by Jhon William and sons.inc Canada Gee Chuky, international tourism, not available Mcintosh, Goldner Ritchie, tourism principles, practices philosophies, 7th edition, 1995, Jhon William and sons.inc, USA Rob Davidson, tourism, 2001, produced by parson education Asia,pteltd printed in Singapore Erich Goode, sociology,1988,2end edition, printic hall.inc New Jersey, USA Michael M.Coltman, introduction to travel and tourism an international approach, 1998, vannoster rehinhold.inc 115 fifth avenue New York NY 10003 USA Paulin Horner, travel agency practices, 1996, Addison Wesley Longman Malaysia S.Page, P.Brunt, J.Connels tourism a modern synthesis,2001 vannoster rehinhold.inc New York USA. M.Robinson and P.Bonifac,tourism and cultural conflict,1999, Jhon William and sons.inc, USA Jamal Hussein, Treck Ethiopia tour agency manager, personal interviewee Amare Belete, Gondar guides association second chair man, personal interviewee Gatachew Meles, hade of Gondar guides association, personal interviewee WTOdefinitiontourism.pdf Federal democratic republic of Ethiopia, Tourism development policy, 2001 http://www.mbabrief.com http://epluribusunum56.com/human_behavior.html Http://Www.Icomos.Org/Tourism/Charter http://www.planeta.com www.tourismethiopia.gov.et www.ubc.net-751 (Read only) http://www.pachamama.org/community-based-tourism