Introduction To Immunology

Introduction And Innate Immunity

Dr. Mejbah Uddin Ahmed

WELL COME

Introduction • One of the major achievements in the history of medical science is the elimination of small pox from the face of the earth. • Expanded Program on Immunization prevented from six infectious diseases namely Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Measles, Polio and Tuberculosis.

Introduction •The successful transplantation many organs is another achievement in the field of Immunology. • The future prospect of immunology will be in the field of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of cancers and AIDS.

Introduction • Immunology: Which deals with the study of development and function of immune system by which the body reacts to expel, destroy or neutralize foreign substances including pathogenic microorganisms.

Introduction Applications of Immunology: ● Diagnosis of disease: By detecting antibody or antigen. ● Understanding of disease process. ● Prevention and Treatment of disease. ● Blood grouping and cross matching, tissue typing and HLA testing. ● Forensic medicine: Paternity testing, Stain identification (Blood, Semen etc.), Meat testing.

Introduction • Branches of Immunology: 1. Immunochemisty. 2. Immunobiology. 3.Immunogenetics. 4. Clinical Immunology. 5.Immunotherapy. 6.Immunopharmacology

Introduction Immunity: May be defined as all those physiologic mechanisms that endow the animal with the capacity to recognize materials foreign to itself and to neutralize, eliminate or metabolize them. Types of Immunity: 1. The Innate or nonspecific immunity. 2. The Acquired or adaptive or specific immunity.

Introduction Criteria of Innate Immunity: - Present from birth. - Antigen non-specific. - There is no memory. - There is a limited role of recognition molecules. - Initial and subsequent responses are same.

Introduction ● Components of innate immunity: A. Physical / Mechanical factors: 1.Anatomical barriers: Skin, Mucous membranes, Bony encasements 2. Mechanical removal: Mucus and cilia, cough and sneeze reflex, physical flushing action of body fluids.

Introduction • B. Chemical factors: • Antigen-nonspecific body chemicals: HCL, lysozyme, lactic acid, enzymes, etc. • Antigen-nonspecific cytokines: IL-1, IFN-γ, TNF-ɑ, etc. • Pattern-recognition receptor, CD14.

receptors:

Toll-like

Introduction • Pathogen-associated molecular patterns: To protect against infection, body initially must detect the microorganisms by recognizing molecules unique to microorganisms. These include: Peptidoglycan, LPS, Lipoteichoic acid, Mannose, Flagella, Nucleic acid, glycolipids, and zymosan from yeast cell walls etc.

Introduction • Pattern-Recognition Receptors: To recognize these molecules, cells of immune system have a variety of receptors on their surface, called Pattern Recognition Receptors.

Pattern recognition receptor

Pattern-Recognition Receptors

Pattern recognition receptor

Introduction • C. Biological / Cellular factors: ■The complement system: Lectin pathway, alternate pathway ■ Cells: Leucocytes, Macrophages, NK cell, Dendritic cells, Mast cells. ■Normal flora ■Phagocytosis ■Inflammation ■Nutritional immunity ■Fever ■The acute phase response

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