Intelligence
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Intelligence
Intelligence
Intelligence
1. Who should participate?
1. Who should participate?
1. Who should participate?
Who should be involved in making the decision or solving the problem?
Vroom Jago provides a methodology to help us figure this out
2. What is the problem bl / decision? 3. What is the criteria? 2/17/2008
1
2/17/2008
Quality or rationality Decision Effectiveness
Does the decision influence employee performance? Does the decision help to attain organizational goals?
2
2/17/2008
3
Quality or rationality Acceptance Will our employees commit to the decision?
1
Quality or rationality
Other Objectives
Other Objectives
Personnel development
Personnel Development
Acceptance F t Foster Learning Environment
Efficiency How much time do we have?
Vroom Jago: Individual or Group Decision?
Individual Decision:
Group Decision:
Impacts one person/subordinate/department
Impacts all or a group of subordinates
2
Vroom Jago:
Participation Styles
Participation Styles
Individual Problem
Human capital equation
Decide Alone
AI
Get Info & Decide Alone
AII
Consult Individually
Situational variables
Individual Problem CI
Decide Together
Decision trees
Delegate
Decide Alone
AI
Get Info & Decide Alone
Group Problem
AII
Consult Individually
CII
Reach Consensus
Motivation of Time (MT) Motivation of Development (MD)
CI
Consult As a Group
DI
Human Capital Equation
Participation Styles Group Problem
GI
GII
3
Situational Variables
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
QR
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
How important is subordinate SituationaltoVariables commitment the decision?
QR CR
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
Leader’s Information
Leader’s Information
Leader’s Information
Problem Structure
Problem Structure
Problem Structure
Commitment Probability
Commitment Probability
Commitment Probability
Goal Congruence
Goal Congruence
Goal Congruence
Subordinate Conflict
Subordinate Conflict
Subordinate Conflict
Subordinate Information
Subordinate Information
Subordinate Information
Do you, as the leader, have sufficient Situational information to Variables make high quality decision?
CR
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
LI
QR
How important is the technical quality of theSituational decision? Variables
Is the problem well structured?
Situational Variables
CR
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
Leader’s Information
LI
Problem Structure
ST
If you make the decision, will your Situationalbe Variables subordinates committed to it?
CR
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
Leader’s Information
LI
Leader’s Information
Problem Structure
ST
Problem Structure
Commitment Probability
Commitment Probability
CP
Commitment Probability
Goal Congruence
Goal Congruence
Goal Congruence
Subordinate Conflict
Subordinate Conflict
Subordinate Conflict
Subordinate Information
Subordinate Information
Subordinate Information
QR
QR
4
Do your subordinates share the Situational Variables organizational goals to be achieved by solving the problem?
CR
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
QR
Is conflict among subordinates over Situational Variables preferred solutions likely?
CR
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
QR
Do subordinates have sufficient Situational information to Variables make high quality decision?
CR
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
QR
LI
Leader’s Information
LI
Leader’s Information
LI
Leader’s Information
ST
Problem Structure
ST
Problem Structure
ST
Problem Structure
CP
Commitment Probability
CP
Commitment Probability
CP
Commitment Probability
GC
Goal Congruence
GC
Goal Congruence
GC
Goal Congruence
Subordinate Conflict
CO
Subordinate Conflict
SC
Subordinate Conflict
Subordinate Information
SI
Subordinate Information
Subordinate Information
Situational Variables
Decision Trees
Decision Tree Time Driven / Group Project CP
LI
Leader’s Information
ST
Problem Structure
CP
Commitment Probability
GC
Goal Congruence
CO
Subordinate Conflict
SI
Subordinate Information
GC
YES
SI
YES NO
NO YES ON
CR
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
QR
AI
YES NO
LI NO
HIGH
CP
ST YES
CR
CP
HIGH
QR
NO
GC
YES
GC GC
YES NO
ST
NO
NO
SI
YES
YES LOW
CII
YES NO
YES
GII
NO
CO
NO NO YES
NO
GII
YES
CII AII
NO
CO
LI
YES
CI CII
YES
LOW
AI NO
YES
CR YES
CP
NO
GII
5
Vroom - Jago Model Coast Guard Cutter Case
Are Yes/No quest o s questions adequate? A more sophisticated approach uses equations instead of decision trees.
Overall Effectiveness 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4 00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00
5.88 4.31
4.56
5.12
3.74
S1
AI
AII
CI
CII
GII
Participation Styles
Case 1: R&D Projects Decision
Case 1: R&D Projects Decision
Case 2: Client Complaint Decision
6
Client Complaint
Coast Guard Cutter Decision Overall Effectiveness
Overall Effectiveness 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00
4.25
8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00
3.75 1.75
2.13 0.38
S1 AI
AII
CI
GI
7.00
6.75
6.35
5.50
S1
AI
DI
6.95
AII
CI
CII
GII
Participation Styles
Case 2: Client Complaint Decision
Case 3: Coast Guard Cutter Decision
Participation Styles
Case 3: Coast Guard Cutter Decision
Hiring Decision Overall Effectiveness 2.92
4 3
2.87 1.25
1.50
2 1
-3.02
0 -1 -2 -3 -4
S1 AI
AII
CI
GI
DI
Participation Styles
Case 4: Hiring Decision
Case 4: Hiring Decision
Case 5: New Machines Decision
7
New Machines Decision Overall Effectiveness 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00
5.75
5.50
Vroom-Jago Model
Vroom-Jago Model
Guidelines
Guidelines
To improve decision quality:
To improve decision quality:
3.36
If you lack required info and problem is unstructured
2.82 1.19 S1
AI
AII
CI
CII
GII
Avoid autocratic styles Participation Styles
Case 5: New Machines Decision
Vroom-Jago Model
Vroom-Jago Model
Vroom-Jago Model
Guidelines
Guidelines
Guidelines
To improve decision quality:
To improve decision quality:
If subordinates don’t share organizational goals and/or commitment not required
If you don’t have enough info & subordinates share organizational goals (even if there is conflict)
To improve decision commitment:
Avoid group styles Use group styles
8
Vroom-Jago Model
Vroom-Jago Model
Vroom-Jago Model
Guidelines
Guidelines
Guidelines
To improve decision commitment:
To reduce decision costs (time):
To reduce decision costs (time):
When there’s conflict amongst subordinates & they won’t support decision
If there are severe time constraints & unstructured problem
Use consensus (CII/Gll)
Use Autocratic style (AI)
Vroom-Jago Model Guidelines
To reduce decision costs (time): If geographically dispersed or there’s lots of conflict amongst subordinates Avoid consensus (CII & GII)
9
Intelligence
Intelligence
1. Who should participate?
1. Who should participate?
1. Who should participate?
Who should be involved in making the decision or solving the problem?
Vroom Jago provides a methodology to help us figure this out
2. What is the problem bl / decision? 3. What is the criteria? 2/17/2008
1
2/17/2008
Quality or rationality Decision Effectiveness
Does the decision influence employee performance? Does the decision help to attain organizational goals?
2
2/17/2008
3
Quality or rationality Acceptance Will our employees commit to the decision?
1
Quality or rationality
Other Objectives
Other Objectives
Personnel development
Personnel Development
Acceptance F t Foster Learning Environment
Efficiency How much time do we have?
Vroom Jago: Individual or Group Decision?
Individual Decision:
Group Decision:
Impacts one person/subordinate/department
Impacts all or a group of subordinates
2
Vroom Jago:
Participation Styles
Participation Styles
Individual Problem
Human capital equation
Decide Alone
AI
Get Info & Decide Alone
AII
Consult Individually
Situational variables
Individual Problem CI
Decide Together
Decision trees
Delegate
Decide Alone
AI
Get Info & Decide Alone
Group Problem
AII
Consult Individually
CII
Reach Consensus
Motivation of Time (MT) Motivation of Development (MD)
CI
Consult As a Group
DI
Human Capital Equation
Participation Styles Group Problem
GI
GII
3
Situational Variables
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
QR
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
How important is subordinate SituationaltoVariables commitment the decision?
QR CR
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
Leader’s Information
Leader’s Information
Leader’s Information
Problem Structure
Problem Structure
Problem Structure
Commitment Probability
Commitment Probability
Commitment Probability
Goal Congruence
Goal Congruence
Goal Congruence
Subordinate Conflict
Subordinate Conflict
Subordinate Conflict
Subordinate Information
Subordinate Information
Subordinate Information
Do you, as the leader, have sufficient Situational information to Variables make high quality decision?
CR
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
LI
QR
How important is the technical quality of theSituational decision? Variables
Is the problem well structured?
Situational Variables
CR
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
Leader’s Information
LI
Problem Structure
ST
If you make the decision, will your Situationalbe Variables subordinates committed to it?
CR
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
Leader’s Information
LI
Leader’s Information
Problem Structure
ST
Problem Structure
Commitment Probability
Commitment Probability
CP
Commitment Probability
Goal Congruence
Goal Congruence
Goal Congruence
Subordinate Conflict
Subordinate Conflict
Subordinate Conflict
Subordinate Information
Subordinate Information
Subordinate Information
QR
QR
4
Do your subordinates share the Situational Variables organizational goals to be achieved by solving the problem?
CR
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
QR
Is conflict among subordinates over Situational Variables preferred solutions likely?
CR
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
QR
Do subordinates have sufficient Situational information to Variables make high quality decision?
CR
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
QR
LI
Leader’s Information
LI
Leader’s Information
LI
Leader’s Information
ST
Problem Structure
ST
Problem Structure
ST
Problem Structure
CP
Commitment Probability
CP
Commitment Probability
CP
Commitment Probability
GC
Goal Congruence
GC
Goal Congruence
GC
Goal Congruence
Subordinate Conflict
CO
Subordinate Conflict
SC
Subordinate Conflict
Subordinate Information
SI
Subordinate Information
Subordinate Information
Situational Variables
Decision Trees
Decision Tree Time Driven / Group Project CP
LI
Leader’s Information
ST
Problem Structure
CP
Commitment Probability
GC
Goal Congruence
CO
Subordinate Conflict
SI
Subordinate Information
GC
YES
SI
YES NO
NO YES ON
CR
Quality Requirement Commitment Requirement
QR
AI
YES NO
LI NO
HIGH
CP
ST YES
CR
CP
HIGH
QR
NO
GC
YES
GC GC
YES NO
ST
NO
NO
SI
YES
YES LOW
CII
YES NO
YES
GII
NO
CO
NO NO YES
NO
GII
YES
CII AII
NO
CO
LI
YES
CI CII
YES
LOW
AI NO
YES
CR YES
CP
NO
GII
5
Vroom - Jago Model Coast Guard Cutter Case
Are Yes/No quest o s questions adequate? A more sophisticated approach uses equations instead of decision trees.
Overall Effectiveness 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4 00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00
5.88 4.31
4.56
5.12
3.74
S1
AI
AII
CI
CII
GII
Participation Styles
Case 1: R&D Projects Decision
Case 1: R&D Projects Decision
Case 2: Client Complaint Decision
6
Client Complaint
Coast Guard Cutter Decision Overall Effectiveness
Overall Effectiveness 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00
4.25
8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00
3.75 1.75
2.13 0.38
S1 AI
AII
CI
GI
7.00
6.75
6.35
5.50
S1
AI
DI
6.95
AII
CI
CII
GII
Participation Styles
Case 2: Client Complaint Decision
Case 3: Coast Guard Cutter Decision
Participation Styles
Case 3: Coast Guard Cutter Decision
Hiring Decision Overall Effectiveness 2.92
4 3
2.87 1.25
1.50
2 1
-3.02
0 -1 -2 -3 -4
S1 AI
AII
CI
GI
DI
Participation Styles
Case 4: Hiring Decision
Case 4: Hiring Decision
Case 5: New Machines Decision
7
New Machines Decision Overall Effectiveness 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00
5.75
5.50
Vroom-Jago Model
Vroom-Jago Model
Guidelines
Guidelines
To improve decision quality:
To improve decision quality:
3.36
If you lack required info and problem is unstructured
2.82 1.19 S1
AI
AII
CI
CII
GII
Avoid autocratic styles Participation Styles
Case 5: New Machines Decision
Vroom-Jago Model
Vroom-Jago Model
Vroom-Jago Model
Guidelines
Guidelines
Guidelines
To improve decision quality:
To improve decision quality:
If subordinates don’t share organizational goals and/or commitment not required
If you don’t have enough info & subordinates share organizational goals (even if there is conflict)
To improve decision commitment:
Avoid group styles Use group styles
8
Vroom-Jago Model
Vroom-Jago Model
Vroom-Jago Model
Guidelines
Guidelines
Guidelines
To improve decision commitment:
To reduce decision costs (time):
To reduce decision costs (time):
When there’s conflict amongst subordinates & they won’t support decision
If there are severe time constraints & unstructured problem
Use consensus (CII/Gll)
Use Autocratic style (AI)
Vroom-Jago Model Guidelines
To reduce decision costs (time): If geographically dispersed or there’s lots of conflict amongst subordinates Avoid consensus (CII & GII)
9
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