Industrial Symbiosis Lecture[1]
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Resource Management & Energy Systems INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS by Ekanem Omomen Edet ([email protected])
Linear Nature of Industrial Systems
Input (Materials, Energy)
Output Industrial System
Resource Management & Energy Systems
(Waste)
Industrial Symbiosis
Grann, 1997 • The concept of Sustainable Development has brought about many and differing opinions as to what it means and how the concept should be translated into specific actions.
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Cyclical System in an Industrial Ecosystem Chicken Farm Gas Tank Households Biogas Digestor Tea Processing Market
Fertiliser Rice Paddies
Fish Farm Fodder
Pig Farm
Industrial Food Web in Fushan Farm in China (Source: Graedel & Harper, 2004) Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Biomimicry, Industrial Ecology & Industrial Symbiosis
BIOMIMICRY Industrial Ecology
Product Design
Industrial Symbiosis Renewable Energy
Closed Loop Business Model
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Biomimicry
A science that studies nature’s models and then imitates or takes inspiration from these designs and processes to solve human problems, e.g. a solar cell inspired by a leaf
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Ecolgy Is the study of the flows of materials and energy in industrial and consumer activities, of the effects of these flows on the environment, and of the influences of economic, political, regulatory, and social factors of the flow, use and transformation of resources Robert White, Former President of the & Energy Systems Resource Management
Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis Is concept that engages traditionally separate industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage involving the physical exchange of materials, energy, water, and/or by-products (Chertow, 2000)
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Eco - Industrial Park (EIP) Is a community of manufacturing and service businesses seeking enhanced environmental and economic performance through collaboration in managing environmental and resource issues including energy, water, and materials.
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Eco - Industrial Park (EIP) cont’d
By working together, the community of businesses seeks a collective benefit that is greater than the sum of the individual benefits each company would realise if it optimised its individual performance only. (Lowe, 1997)
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
A ‘Mud Map’ of Eco-Corporation Options (van Berkel, 2006) Reliance on self-organisation
Industrial Symbiosis
Utility Sharing
Regional Resource Synergies
Joint Management of Park Facilities
Business Opportunities and risks
Potential Triple Bottom Line Benefits
By – Product Exchanges
Eco - Industrial Parks
Effectiveness of current policy instruments for spatial planning and environmental management Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis – A History Author / Profession / Nationality
Title
Year / Edition / Number of pages
Publisher
Simmonds, Peter Lund / Specialised journalist / Danish-born British citizen
Waste Products and 1876 / 3RD edition / Hardwicke and Undeveloped 491 pages Bogue (London) Substances: A Synopsis of Progress Made in Their Economic Utilisation During the Last Quarter of a century at Home and Abroad
Koller, Theodor / Chemist / German
The Utilisation of 1918 / 3RD revised D. Van Nostrand Waste Products: A edition / 338 pages Company (New Treatise on the (1ST German edition York) Rational Utilisation, 1880; 3RD German Recovery and edition 1921) Treatment of Waste Products of all Kinds
Kershaw, John The Recovery and 1928 / 1ST edition / Ernest Benn Limited Baker Cannington / Use of Industrial 212 pages (London) Main chemical English engineer language surveys / and Other on industrial Wastewaste recovery, 1876 – 1976 (Source: Desrochers, British 2005) Lipsett, Charles S. / Industrial WastesSystems 1963 / 2ND revised Resource Management & Energy
Atlas Publishing Co. Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis – A History • 1971 – Forrester, J. “Principles of Systems, 1968 and World Dynamics” • 1972 – Meadows, D. and Meadows, D. “Limits to Growth” • 1972 – Small Japanese group called “Industrial Ecology Working Group” publish 300 page document on Industrial Ecology • 1973 – Same group publish another report with case studies • 1977 – The term “Industrial Ecosystem” was first used in a paper presented by Preston Cloud at the Annual Meeting of the German Geological Association • 1983 – Group of Belgians publish “L’Ecosysteme Belgique: Essai d’Ecologie Industrielle” • 1989 – Frosch, R. and Gallopoulous, N., write “Strategies for Manufacturing” Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Types & Classifications of Industrial Ecosystems
“Because of the resulting growing ambiguity in the significance of Eco-Industrial Park initiatives, a typology is desirable for entangling the confusion that is introduced.” - Lambert & Boons, 2002
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Types & Classifications of Industrial Ecosystems
• Allenby, 1992: Types I – III • Chertow, 2000: Types 1 - 5
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Allenby, 1992 Type I unlimited resources
ecosystem component
unlimited waste
Type II ecosystem component energy and limited resources
ecosystem component
ecosystem component
limited waste
Type III ecosystem component energy
ecosystem component
ecosystem component
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Allenby, 1992 – Type I
• Is linear • A large constant supply of raw materials is required • This system is unsustainable Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Allenby, 1992 – Type II
• • • •
Is partially cyclic Reduced materials and energy required Reduced waste produced Characterises most present day industrial systems
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Allenby, 1992 – Type III
• Is highly integrated and closed • All by-products constantly used and recycled • Represents a sustainable state • Is the ideal goal of Industrial Ecology
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Chertow, 2000 Through waste exchanges • Type 1 Within a facility, firm or • Type 2 organisation Among firms co-located in a • Type 3 defined Eco Industrial Park Among local firms that aren’t co• Type 4 located Across firms organised virtually • Type 5 across a broader region
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Chertow, 2000 – Type 1 Waste Flow Business
Broker
Manufacturer
• Waste only is exchanged • A middleman / broker involved • E.g. of Brokers: Age Concern, NISP, municipalities, e.t.c Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Chertow, 2000 – Type 2 • Synergies are between separate arms of one company • E.g. Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI)
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Chertow, 2000 – Type 3 • Exchanges are between firms in a defined Industrial Ecosystem • Firms are more involved usually sharing utilities as well as general management of the Industrial Ecosystem • E.g. Montfort Boys Town Integrated Biosystem in Fiji
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Chertow, 2000 – Type 4 • Firms are local but not colocated • Takes advantage of structures already in place within a particular area • Links existing businesses with opportunities to link new ones
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Chertow, 2000 – Type 5 • Firms are not local • Are mostly virtually linked • Economic impact covers a wider region • Potential for by-product exchanges greatly increased
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Ecosystem Principles for Industrial Ecosystems Solar energy roundput
diversity
Ecosystem – Environmental win roundput
Use of renewables by respecting the renewal rate
diversity
Industrial Recycling (roundput) system – Environmental win locality
Outputs that nature tolerates and re-uses
gradual change
locality
gradual change Waste heat (infrared radiation to space
Ideal of the Perfect Industrial Ecosystem (Source: Korhonen, 2000) Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Ecosystem Principles for Industrial Ecosystems
• Roundput • Locality • Diversity • Gradual change
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Roundput
The Carbon – Oxygen Cycle
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Roundput Ecosystem Roundput •Recycling of matter •Cascading of energy
Industrial System Roundput •Recycling of matter •Cascading of energy
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Roundput Promotes increased reliance on • Renewable resources • Use of waste materials • Use of waste energy • Use of waste fuels
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Diversity Ecosystem
Industrial System
Diversity Diversity •Biodiversity •Diversity in actors, in interdependency and •Diversity in species, cooperation organisms •Diversity in industrial •Diversity in input, output interdependency and cooperation •Diversity in information
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Diversity Traditional inputs for power plants: • Oil • Coal Recycled inputs for power plants: • Peat • Wood waste • Forestry waste Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Locality Ecosystem
Industrial System
Locality •Utilising local resources •Respecting the local natural limiting factors •Local interdependency, cooperation
Locality •Utilising local resources, wastes •Respecting the local natural limiting factors •Cooperation between local actors
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Locality Benefits • Reduced transportation • Boost for local economy • Enhanced cooperation with local companies (Public vs Private; Large corporations vs SMEs)
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Gradual Change Ecosystem
Industrial System
Gradual Change Gradual Change •Evolution using solar •Using waste material and energy, renewable energy resources •Evolution through •Gradual development reproduction of system diversity •Cyclical time; Seasonal time •Slow time rates in the development of system diversity Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis - Drivers and Barriers
Drivers: • Regulations on waste disposal • Regional economic development • Lack of natural resources • Space limitations • Increase in profit margins
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis - Drivers and Barriers Kemira Acid Plant
Sulphur
Statoil Refinery
Gas
Steam
Lake Tissø
Cooling Water
Water
Heat
District Heating Gas
Scrubber Sludge Water
Asnæs Power Station (coal-fired) Heat Steam
Water Fly ash
Farms
Sludge (treated)
Gyproc Plasterboard Plant
Fish Farming Cement; roads
Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals
Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis Project (Source: Chertow, 2000) Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis - Drivers and Barriers
Barriers • Legislation Article 1 (a) of the waste framework directive states that: “ ‘waste’ shall mean any substance or object in the categories set out in Annex I which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard.”
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis - Drivers and Barriers
Forth Valley, Scotland
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis - Examples • Kalundborg, Denmark • Styria, Austria • Landskrona, Finland • Forth Valley, Scotland • Tees Valley Petrochemical Complex, Teesside, UK • Humberside, UK, etc.
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Reading List • Ayres, R.U. (1994) Industrial Metabolism: Theory and Policy. The Greening of Industrial Ecosystems. Washington DC: National Academy Press. (pp 23 – 27). • Chertow, M. (2000) Industrial symbiosis: Literature and taxonomy. Annual Review of Energy and Environment 25. • Desrochers, P. (2005) Learning from history or from nature or both?: recycling networks and their metaphors in early industrialisation. Progress in Industrial Ecology – An International Journal, 2 (1), 19 – 34 • Erkman, S. (1997) Industrial Ecology: an historical view. Journal of Cleaner Production 5 (1-2), pp1 – 10 • Graedel, T.E. and Allenby, B.R. (1994) Industrial Ecology Prentice. Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ • Harper, E. M. and Graedel, T. E. (2004). Industrial ecology: a teenager's progress. Technology In Society, 26, 433 – 445. • Korhonen, J. (2001) Four ecosystem principles for an industrial ecosystem. Journal of Cleaner Production 9, 253 – 259 Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Reading List • Korhonen, J. and Snakin, J. (2005) Analysing the evolution of Industrial Ecosystems: Concepts and Application. Ecological Economics 52 (2005) 169 – 186 • Lowe, A.E. and Evans, L.K. (1995) Industrial Ecology and Industrial Ecosystems. J. Cleaner Prod., Vol. 3 No 1-2, pp 47 – 53, 1995 • Schwarz, E.J. and Steininger, K.W. (1997) Implementing Nature’s Lesson: The Industrial Recycling Network Enhancing Regional Development. J. Cleaner Prod., Vol. 5 No 1-2, pp 47 – 56, 1997
• Van Berkel, R. (2006) Regional Resource Synergies for Sustainable Development in Heavy Industrial Areas: An Overview of Opportunities and Experiences. Curtin University of Technology http://www.c4cs.curtin.edu.au/resources/publications/2006/arc_synerg
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Linear Nature of Industrial Systems
Input (Materials, Energy)
Output Industrial System
Resource Management & Energy Systems
(Waste)
Industrial Symbiosis
Grann, 1997 • The concept of Sustainable Development has brought about many and differing opinions as to what it means and how the concept should be translated into specific actions.
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Cyclical System in an Industrial Ecosystem Chicken Farm Gas Tank Households Biogas Digestor Tea Processing Market
Fertiliser Rice Paddies
Fish Farm Fodder
Pig Farm
Industrial Food Web in Fushan Farm in China (Source: Graedel & Harper, 2004) Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Biomimicry, Industrial Ecology & Industrial Symbiosis
BIOMIMICRY Industrial Ecology
Product Design
Industrial Symbiosis Renewable Energy
Closed Loop Business Model
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Biomimicry
A science that studies nature’s models and then imitates or takes inspiration from these designs and processes to solve human problems, e.g. a solar cell inspired by a leaf
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Ecolgy Is the study of the flows of materials and energy in industrial and consumer activities, of the effects of these flows on the environment, and of the influences of economic, political, regulatory, and social factors of the flow, use and transformation of resources Robert White, Former President of the & Energy Systems Resource Management
Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis Is concept that engages traditionally separate industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage involving the physical exchange of materials, energy, water, and/or by-products (Chertow, 2000)
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Eco - Industrial Park (EIP) Is a community of manufacturing and service businesses seeking enhanced environmental and economic performance through collaboration in managing environmental and resource issues including energy, water, and materials.
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Eco - Industrial Park (EIP) cont’d
By working together, the community of businesses seeks a collective benefit that is greater than the sum of the individual benefits each company would realise if it optimised its individual performance only. (Lowe, 1997)
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
A ‘Mud Map’ of Eco-Corporation Options (van Berkel, 2006) Reliance on self-organisation
Industrial Symbiosis
Utility Sharing
Regional Resource Synergies
Joint Management of Park Facilities
Business Opportunities and risks
Potential Triple Bottom Line Benefits
By – Product Exchanges
Eco - Industrial Parks
Effectiveness of current policy instruments for spatial planning and environmental management Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis – A History Author / Profession / Nationality
Title
Year / Edition / Number of pages
Publisher
Simmonds, Peter Lund / Specialised journalist / Danish-born British citizen
Waste Products and 1876 / 3RD edition / Hardwicke and Undeveloped 491 pages Bogue (London) Substances: A Synopsis of Progress Made in Their Economic Utilisation During the Last Quarter of a century at Home and Abroad
Koller, Theodor / Chemist / German
The Utilisation of 1918 / 3RD revised D. Van Nostrand Waste Products: A edition / 338 pages Company (New Treatise on the (1ST German edition York) Rational Utilisation, 1880; 3RD German Recovery and edition 1921) Treatment of Waste Products of all Kinds
Kershaw, John The Recovery and 1928 / 1ST edition / Ernest Benn Limited Baker Cannington / Use of Industrial 212 pages (London) Main chemical English engineer language surveys / and Other on industrial Wastewaste recovery, 1876 – 1976 (Source: Desrochers, British 2005) Lipsett, Charles S. / Industrial WastesSystems 1963 / 2ND revised Resource Management & Energy
Atlas Publishing Co. Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis – A History • 1971 – Forrester, J. “Principles of Systems, 1968 and World Dynamics” • 1972 – Meadows, D. and Meadows, D. “Limits to Growth” • 1972 – Small Japanese group called “Industrial Ecology Working Group” publish 300 page document on Industrial Ecology • 1973 – Same group publish another report with case studies • 1977 – The term “Industrial Ecosystem” was first used in a paper presented by Preston Cloud at the Annual Meeting of the German Geological Association • 1983 – Group of Belgians publish “L’Ecosysteme Belgique: Essai d’Ecologie Industrielle” • 1989 – Frosch, R. and Gallopoulous, N., write “Strategies for Manufacturing” Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Types & Classifications of Industrial Ecosystems
“Because of the resulting growing ambiguity in the significance of Eco-Industrial Park initiatives, a typology is desirable for entangling the confusion that is introduced.” - Lambert & Boons, 2002
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Types & Classifications of Industrial Ecosystems
• Allenby, 1992: Types I – III • Chertow, 2000: Types 1 - 5
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Allenby, 1992 Type I unlimited resources
ecosystem component
unlimited waste
Type II ecosystem component energy and limited resources
ecosystem component
ecosystem component
limited waste
Type III ecosystem component energy
ecosystem component
ecosystem component
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Allenby, 1992 – Type I
• Is linear • A large constant supply of raw materials is required • This system is unsustainable Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Allenby, 1992 – Type II
• • • •
Is partially cyclic Reduced materials and energy required Reduced waste produced Characterises most present day industrial systems
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Allenby, 1992 – Type III
• Is highly integrated and closed • All by-products constantly used and recycled • Represents a sustainable state • Is the ideal goal of Industrial Ecology
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Chertow, 2000 Through waste exchanges • Type 1 Within a facility, firm or • Type 2 organisation Among firms co-located in a • Type 3 defined Eco Industrial Park Among local firms that aren’t co• Type 4 located Across firms organised virtually • Type 5 across a broader region
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Chertow, 2000 – Type 1 Waste Flow Business
Broker
Manufacturer
• Waste only is exchanged • A middleman / broker involved • E.g. of Brokers: Age Concern, NISP, municipalities, e.t.c Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Chertow, 2000 – Type 2 • Synergies are between separate arms of one company • E.g. Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI)
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Chertow, 2000 – Type 3 • Exchanges are between firms in a defined Industrial Ecosystem • Firms are more involved usually sharing utilities as well as general management of the Industrial Ecosystem • E.g. Montfort Boys Town Integrated Biosystem in Fiji
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Chertow, 2000 – Type 4 • Firms are local but not colocated • Takes advantage of structures already in place within a particular area • Links existing businesses with opportunities to link new ones
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Chertow, 2000 – Type 5 • Firms are not local • Are mostly virtually linked • Economic impact covers a wider region • Potential for by-product exchanges greatly increased
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Ecosystem Principles for Industrial Ecosystems Solar energy roundput
diversity
Ecosystem – Environmental win roundput
Use of renewables by respecting the renewal rate
diversity
Industrial Recycling (roundput) system – Environmental win locality
Outputs that nature tolerates and re-uses
gradual change
locality
gradual change Waste heat (infrared radiation to space
Ideal of the Perfect Industrial Ecosystem (Source: Korhonen, 2000) Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Ecosystem Principles for Industrial Ecosystems
• Roundput • Locality • Diversity • Gradual change
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Roundput
The Carbon – Oxygen Cycle
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Roundput Ecosystem Roundput •Recycling of matter •Cascading of energy
Industrial System Roundput •Recycling of matter •Cascading of energy
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Roundput Promotes increased reliance on • Renewable resources • Use of waste materials • Use of waste energy • Use of waste fuels
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Diversity Ecosystem
Industrial System
Diversity Diversity •Biodiversity •Diversity in actors, in interdependency and •Diversity in species, cooperation organisms •Diversity in industrial •Diversity in input, output interdependency and cooperation •Diversity in information
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Diversity Traditional inputs for power plants: • Oil • Coal Recycled inputs for power plants: • Peat • Wood waste • Forestry waste Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Locality Ecosystem
Industrial System
Locality •Utilising local resources •Respecting the local natural limiting factors •Local interdependency, cooperation
Locality •Utilising local resources, wastes •Respecting the local natural limiting factors •Cooperation between local actors
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Locality Benefits • Reduced transportation • Boost for local economy • Enhanced cooperation with local companies (Public vs Private; Large corporations vs SMEs)
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Gradual Change Ecosystem
Industrial System
Gradual Change Gradual Change •Evolution using solar •Using waste material and energy, renewable energy resources •Evolution through •Gradual development reproduction of system diversity •Cyclical time; Seasonal time •Slow time rates in the development of system diversity Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis - Drivers and Barriers
Drivers: • Regulations on waste disposal • Regional economic development • Lack of natural resources • Space limitations • Increase in profit margins
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis - Drivers and Barriers Kemira Acid Plant
Sulphur
Statoil Refinery
Gas
Steam
Lake Tissø
Cooling Water
Water
Heat
District Heating Gas
Scrubber Sludge Water
Asnæs Power Station (coal-fired) Heat Steam
Water Fly ash
Farms
Sludge (treated)
Gyproc Plasterboard Plant
Fish Farming Cement; roads
Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals
Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis Project (Source: Chertow, 2000) Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis - Drivers and Barriers
Barriers • Legislation Article 1 (a) of the waste framework directive states that: “ ‘waste’ shall mean any substance or object in the categories set out in Annex I which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard.”
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis - Drivers and Barriers
Forth Valley, Scotland
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis - Examples • Kalundborg, Denmark • Styria, Austria • Landskrona, Finland • Forth Valley, Scotland • Tees Valley Petrochemical Complex, Teesside, UK • Humberside, UK, etc.
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Reading List • Ayres, R.U. (1994) Industrial Metabolism: Theory and Policy. The Greening of Industrial Ecosystems. Washington DC: National Academy Press. (pp 23 – 27). • Chertow, M. (2000) Industrial symbiosis: Literature and taxonomy. Annual Review of Energy and Environment 25. • Desrochers, P. (2005) Learning from history or from nature or both?: recycling networks and their metaphors in early industrialisation. Progress in Industrial Ecology – An International Journal, 2 (1), 19 – 34 • Erkman, S. (1997) Industrial Ecology: an historical view. Journal of Cleaner Production 5 (1-2), pp1 – 10 • Graedel, T.E. and Allenby, B.R. (1994) Industrial Ecology Prentice. Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ • Harper, E. M. and Graedel, T. E. (2004). Industrial ecology: a teenager's progress. Technology In Society, 26, 433 – 445. • Korhonen, J. (2001) Four ecosystem principles for an industrial ecosystem. Journal of Cleaner Production 9, 253 – 259 Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
Reading List • Korhonen, J. and Snakin, J. (2005) Analysing the evolution of Industrial Ecosystems: Concepts and Application. Ecological Economics 52 (2005) 169 – 186 • Lowe, A.E. and Evans, L.K. (1995) Industrial Ecology and Industrial Ecosystems. J. Cleaner Prod., Vol. 3 No 1-2, pp 47 – 53, 1995 • Schwarz, E.J. and Steininger, K.W. (1997) Implementing Nature’s Lesson: The Industrial Recycling Network Enhancing Regional Development. J. Cleaner Prod., Vol. 5 No 1-2, pp 47 – 56, 1997
• Van Berkel, R. (2006) Regional Resource Synergies for Sustainable Development in Heavy Industrial Areas: An Overview of Opportunities and Experiences. Curtin University of Technology http://www.c4cs.curtin.edu.au/resources/publications/2006/arc_synerg
Resource Management & Energy Systems
Industrial Symbiosis
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