Indoor Air Pollution

Indoor Air Pollution

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Indoor Air Pollution One of the 4 most Critical Global Environmental Problems Upto 60 times the outdoor concentrations ; WHO ‘rule of 1000’ Pollutants – Physical, Chemical, Biological Respirable Particles

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Tobacco Smoke, Stoves, Aerosol sprays

Carbon monoxide

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Stoves, Combustion equipment

Nitrogen dioxide

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Gas Cookers, Cigarettes

Sulphur dioxide

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Coal Combustion

Carbon dioxide

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Combustion, Respiration

Other Organic vapours

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Aerosol Sprays, Solvents, Adhesives

Radon & “daughters”

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Building Materials

Asbestos Mineral Fibres

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Insulation, Fireproofing appliances

Developing Countries - Incomplete combustion of Coal or unprocessed Biomass fuel More lectures @ http://psgpublichealthlectures.blogspot.com/

Magnitude & Population at Risk Women and toddlers face greatest risk 700 million women in the developing countries are “at risk” , in their kitchens “ As many as one billion people, mostly women and children, are regularly exposed to levels of indoor air pollution exceeding WHO guidelines by up to 100 times ” - quoted at the WHO strategy meeting on Air Quality and Health, Geneva, Sep 2000 Cooking and heating with solid fuels, fuels that is wood, coal, dung, crop residues and charcoal, still occurs for over half the world's population In India, India where 80% of households use solid fuel, fuel there are estimates that half a million children die annually from indoor air pollution,

A deadly combination of 1) Solid fuels

2) Inefficient stoves

3) Poor ventilation

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Evidence from Studies on the Effects of Indoor Air Pollution Class I. Strong evidence

ARI in children under 5 years COPD in women Lung cancer in women Class II. Intermediate evidence

Class III. Suggestive evidence Heart disease in women

Blindness (cataract) in women

TB in women Asthma Adverse pregnancy outcomes More lectures @ http://psgpublichealthlectures.blogspot.com/

Mechanisms by which some key pollutants in smoke from domestic sources may increase the risk of respiratory and other health problems

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Estimated burden of disease (DALYs) in India for selected major risk factors and diseases compared with that from indoor air pollution. National burden of disease in India from indoor air pollution - Kirk R. Smith, PNAS November 21, 2000, vol. 97, no. 24

Evaluates the existing epidemiological studies and applies the resulting risks to the more than three-quarters of all Indian households dependent on solid fuels. Attributable risks are calculated in reference to the demographic conditions and patterns of each disease in India. conservative estimates 400–550 thousand premature deaths 4–6% of the Indian national burden of disease (DALYs) More lectures @ http://psgpublichealthlectures.blogspot.com/

Estimates listed in order of the strength of evidence under Indian conditions. APO, adverse pregnancy outcomes. Indian total deaths for each disease are listed in parentheses. *Under 5 years only. †Women only. ‡Disability-adjusted life year5(years lost to premature death)1(years lost to disability) p (severity factor) (37). §Full range for Class I plus low end of ranges for Classes II and III.

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Estimated distribution of the annual health burden from indoor air pollution in India in terms of deaths (A), YLL (B), DALYs (C), and sickdays (D).

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Intervention

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Summary of health and development issues associated with the use of household energy

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Intervention (i) Public awareness (ii) Change in pattern of fuel use (iii) Modification in stove design (iv) Improvement in the ventilation (v) Multisectoral approach

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The Energy Ladder

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References 1. Indoor Air Pollution In India – A Major Environmental And Public Health Concern ICMR Bulletin Vol.31, No.5 May, 2001 2. Addressing the Links between Indoor Air Pollution, Household Energy and Human Health – WHO, 2002 Based on the WHO-USAID Global Consultation on the “Health Impact of Indoor Air Pollution and Household Energy in Developing Countries” Countries . 3. National burden of disease in India from indoor air pollution - Kirk R. Smith, Smith PNAS November 21, 2000, vol. 97, no. 24 4. Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental and public health challenge - Nigel Bruce, Bruce Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2000, 78 (9) 5. Biofuels, air pollution, and health - a global review – Smith KR. KR New York, Plenum Press, 1987. 6. Danger In The Air – WHO Press Release 56, 14 September 2000 More lectures @ http://psgpublichealthlectures.blogspot.com/