Individual Differences, Mental Ability, And Personality.docx

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, MENTAL ABILITY, AND PERSONALITY INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES: the variation in how people respond to the same situation based on personal characteristics. CONSEQUENCES ARISING OUT OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

a. problem solving abilities b. analytical skills c. competitive drive d. motivation

1. Differences in productivity

e. learning ability

2. Differences in the quality of their work

f. sociability

3. Difference in how people react to empowerment. 4. Difference in how people react to any style of leadership. 5. Difference in terms of need for contrast with other people. 6. Difference in terms of commitment to the org. 7. Difference in terms of level of self-esteem. WHAT MAKES PEOPLE DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER? A. REASONS WHY PEOPLE ARE DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER I. DEMOGRAPHICS >Gender >Generational differences & age >Culture II. APTITUDE AND ABILITY

CULTURE  Refers to the learned and shared ways of people thinking and acting among a group of people or society. GENERATIONAL AND AGE-BASED DIFFERENCES  A worker that belongs to a certain generation may behave differently from a worker who belongs to another.  Differences in the ages of workers also bring about expectations of differences in the behavior of workers.  This is seen most often in age differences since age is associated with experience. TWO DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE A. SOCIAL CULTURE: social environment of human-created beliefs, customs, knowledge, and practices that define conventional behavior in a society. B. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE: set of values, beliefs and norms that is shared among members of an organization.

>Intellectual Ability

APTITUDE AND ABILITY

>Physical Ability

APTITUDE: the capacity of a person to learn or acquire skills.

III. PERSONALITY >Physical characteristics >Mental characteristics DEMOGRAPHIC DIVERSITY Gender Differences: The differences in the perception of male and female roles.  Men and women are not different along the ff. concerns:

ABILITY: refers to an individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job. FACTORS OF A PERSON’S OVERALL ABILITIES PHYSICAL ABILITIES: the capacity of the individual to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics.

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, MENTAL ABILITY, AND PERSONALITY MENTAL ABILITIES: the capacity to do mental behavior the same way that person’s compatriot would. activities, such as thinking, reasoning, and problem solving. B. TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE- ROBERT DIMENSION OF PHYSICAL ABILITY STERNBERG A. DYNAMIC STRENGTH- ability to exert muscular force repeatedly or continuously over time. B. TRUNK STRENGTH: exert muscular strength using the trunk (abdominal muscles) muscles. C. STATIC STRENGTH: to exert force against external objects. D. EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH: ability to expend a maximum of energy in one or a series of explosive acts. E. EXTENT FLEXIBILITY: ability to move the trunk and back muscles as far as possible. F. DYNAMIC FLEXIBILITY: ability to make rapid, repeated flexing movements. G. BODY COORDINATION: ability to coordinate the simultaneous actions of different parts of the body. H. BALANCE: to maintain equilibrium despite forces pulling off balance. I. STAMINA: to continue maximum effort requiring prolonged effort over time. COMPONENTS OF THE VARIOUS THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE A. DIMENSIONS OF INTELLECTUAL ABILITY I. COGNITIVE: the capacity of a person to acquire and apply knowledge including solving problems. II. SOCIAL: person’s ability to relate effectively with others. III. EMOTIONAL: person’s qualities such as understanding one’s own feelings, empathy for others, and the regulation of emotion to enhance living. IV. CULTURAL: an outsider’s ability to interpret someone’s unfamiliar and ambiguous

I. COMPONENTIAL/ANALYTICAL INTELLIGENCE: involved components (or mental processes) used in thinking; solving difficult problems with abstract reasoning. II. EXPERIENTIAL/CREATIVE INTELLIGENCE: required for imagination and combining things in novel ways. III. CONTEXTUAL/PRACTICAL INTELLIGENCE: requires adapting to, selecting, and shaping our real-world environment; common sense, wisdom, and street smarts. C. MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE THEORY-HOWARD GARDNER I. LINGUISTIC: sensitive to language, meanings, and the relations among words; able to communicate through language (writing, reading, and speaking) II. LOGICAL/MATHEMATICAL: abstract thought, precision, counting, organization, and logical structure, enabling the individual to see relationship bet. objects. III. MUSICAL: create and understand meanings made out of sounds and to enjoy different types of music. IV. SPATIAL: enables people to perceive and manipulate images in their brain and to re-create them from memory. V. BODILY-KINESTHETIC: enables people to use their body and perceptual and motor systems in skilled ways. VI. INTRAPERSONAL: highly accurate understanding of himself or herself. VII. INTERPERSONAL: makes it possible for persons to recognize and make distinction among the feelings, motives, and intentions of others.

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, MENTAL ABILITY, AND PERSONALITY VIII. NATURALIST: possesses the ability to 6. SELF-MONITORING BEHAVIOR: person’s ability seek patterns in the external physical to adjust his/her behavior to external, environment. situational, or environmental factors. PERSONALITY: the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. “ways”= patterns of behavior that are consistent and enduring. DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY HEREDITARY FACTORS: factors that are determined at conception. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: exerts pressure on the formation of an individual’s personality. KINDS: 1. CULTURAL: established norms, attitudes, and values that are passed along from one generation to the next and creates consistency over time 2. SOCIAL: reflect family life, religions, and the many kinds of formal and informal groups in which the individual participates throughout his/her life.

7. RISK TAKING AND THRILL SEEKING: person’s willingness to take risk and pursue thrills that sometimes are required in the workplace. 8. OPTIMISM: tendency to experience positive emotional states and to typically believe that positive outcomes will be forthcoming from most activities. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE/ EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT -

Introduced by DANIEL GOLEMAN Ability of the person to accurately perceive, evaluate, and express, and regulate emotions and feelings.

FIVE COMPONENTS OF EQ a. SELF-REGULATION: ability to calm down anxiety, control impulsiveness, react appropriately to anger. b. MOTIVATION: passion to work for reason that go beyond money or status.

3. SITUATIONAL: indicate that the individual will behave differently in different situations.

c. EMPATHY: ability to respond to the unspoken feelings of others.

KINDS OF PERSONALITY FACTORS AND TRAITS

d. SELF-AWARENESS: awareness of one’s own personality or individuality

1. EMOTIONAL STABILITY: Characterizes one as calm, self-confident, and secure; possesses a high degree of emotional stability can be expected to withstand stress.

e. SOCIAL SKILLS: proficiency to manage relationships and building networks. More on physical ability:

2. EXTRAVERSION: who is sociable, gregarious, assertive.

i. sense of sight: people differ in what they actually see. (color blindness)

3. OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE: a person who is imaginative, cultured, curious, original, broadminded, intelligent, and artistically sensitive.

ii. sense of hearing: people differ in their ability to hear (sharpness in listening to tones)

4. AGREEABLENESS: person’s interpersonal orientation; an agreeable person is cooperative, warm, and trusting. 5. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS: person’s reliability.

iii. sense of taste: a person’s tongue may be sensitive to various tastes and this makes him or her different from another person who is less sensitive to taste. iv. sense of smell: people have different degrees of sensitivity to smell.

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, MENTAL ABILITY, AND PERSONALITY v. sense of touch: people’s sense of touch may differ in degree with another person’s.