Indian Nuclear Forces

FAS Military Affairs Network

Indian Nuclear Forces

Nuclear Weapons Background India's nuclear weapons program was started at the Bhabha Atomic Research Center in Trombay. In the mid-1950s India acquired dual-use technologies under the "Atoms for Peace" non-proliferation program, which aimed to encourage the civil use of nuclear technologies in exchange for assurances that they would not be used for military purposes. There was little evidence in the 1950s that India had any interest in a nuclear weapons program, according to Joseph Cirincione of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1). Under the "Atoms for Peace" program, India acquired a Cirus 40 MWt heavy-water-moderated research reactor from Canada and purchased from the U.S. the heavy water required for its operation. In 1964, India commissioned a reprocessing facility at Trombay, which was used to separate out the plutonium produced by the Cirus research reactor. This plutonium was used in India's first nuclear test on May 18, 1974, described by the Indian government as a "peaceful nuclear explosion." According to the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, India began work on a thermonuclear weapon in the 1980s. In 1989, William H. Webster, director of the CIA, testified before the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee that "indicators that tell us India is interested in thermonuclear weapons capability." India was purifying lithium, producing tritium and separating lithium isotopes. India had also obtained pure beryllium metal from West Germany (2).

Testing After 24 years without testing India resumed nuclear testing with a series of nuclear explosions known as "Operation Shatki." Prime Minister Vajpayee authorized the tests on April 8, 1998, two days after the Ghauri missile test-firing in Pakistan. On May 11, 1998, India tested three devices at the Pokhran underground testing site, followed by two more tests on May 13, 1998. The nuclear tests carried out at 3:45 pm on May 11th were claimed by the Indian government to be a simultaneous detonation of three different devices - a fission device with a yield of about 12 kilotons (KT), a thermonuclear device with a yield of about 43 KT, and a sub-kiloton device. The two tests carried out at 12:21 pm on May 13 th were also detonated simultaneously with reported yields in the range of 0.2 to 0.6 KT. However, there is some controversy about these claims. Based on seismic data, U.S. government sources and independent experts estimated the yield of the so-called thermonuclear test in the range of 12-25 kilotons, as opposed to the 43-60 kiloton yield claimed by India. This lower yield raised skepticism about India's claims to have detonated a thermonuclear device.

Observers initially suggested that the test could have been a boosted fission device, rather than a true multi-stage thermonuclear device. By late 1998 analysts at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory had concluded that the India had attempted to detonate a thermonuclear device, but that the second stage of the two-stage bomb failed to ignite as planned. TEST

DEVICE

DATE

Shakti 1 Shakti 2 Shakti 3 Shakti 4 Shakti 5

Fission device Thermonuclear device Fission device Low-yield device Low-yield device Low-yield device

18 May 1974 11 May 1998 11 May 1998 11 May 1998 13 May 1998 13 May 1998

YIELD claimed 12-15 kiloton 43-60 kiloton 12 kiloton 0.2 kiloton 0.5 kiloton 0.3 kiloton

YIELD reported 4-6 kiloton 12-25 kiloton ?? low low low

India's Nuclear Arsenal Though India has not made any official statements about the size of it nuclear arsenal, the NRDC estimates that India has a stockpile of approximately 30-35 nuclear warheads and claims that India is producing additional nuclear materials. Joseph Cirincione at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (3) estimates that India has produced enough weapons-grade plutonium for 50-90 nuclear weapons and a smaller but unknown quantity of weapons-grade uranium. Weapons-grade plutonium production takes place at the Bhabha Atomic Research Center, which is home to the Cirus reactor acquired from Canada, to the indigenous Dhruva reactor, and to a plutonium separation facility. According to a Jan. 2001 Department of Defense report, "India probably has a small stockpile of nuclear weapon components and could assemble and deploy a few nuclear weapons within a few days to a week." A 2001 RAND study by Ashley Tellis asserts that India does not have or seek to deploy a ready nuclear arsenal. According to a report in Jane's Intelligence Review (4), India's objective is to have a nuclear arsenal that is "strategically active but operationally dormant", which would allow India to maintain its retaliatory capability "within a matter of hours to weeks, while simultaneously exhibiting restraint." However, the report also maintains that, in the future, India may face increasing institutional pressure to shift its nuclear arsenal to a fully deployed status.

Doctrine India has a declared nuclear no-first-use policy and is in the process of developing a nuclear doctrine based on "credible minimum deterrence." In August 1999, the Indian government released a draft of the doctrine which asserts that nuclear weapons are solely for deterrence and that India will pursue a policy of "retaliation only." The document also

maintains that India "will not be the first to initiate a nuclear first strike, but will respond with punitive retaliation should deterrence fail" and that decisions to authorize the use of nuclear weapons would be made by the Prime Minister or his 'designated successor(s).'" According to the NRDC, despite the escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan in 2001-2002, India remains committed to its nuclear no-first-use policy. But an Indian foreign ministry official told Defense News in 2000 that a "'no-first-strike' policy does not mean India will not have a first-strike capability." India has not signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) or the NonProliferation Treaty (NPT). India is a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and four of its 13 nuclear reactors are subject to IAEA safeguards. Despite promoting a test ban treaty for decades, India voted against the UN General Assembly resolution endorsing the CTBT, which was adopted on September 10, 1996. India objected to the lack of provision for universal nuclear disarmament "within a timebound framework." India also demanded that the treaty ban laboratory simulations. In addition, India opposed the provision in Article XIV of the CTBT that requires India's ratification for the treaty to enter into force, which India argued was a violation of its sovereign right to choose whether it would sign the treaty. In early February 1997, Foreign Minister Gujral reiterated India's opposition to the treaty, saying that "India favors any step aimed at destroying nuclear weapons, but considers that the treaty in its current form is not comprehensive and bans only certain types of tests."

JAGUAR (BREGUET, BAe)

GENERAL DATA Countries of Origin. France, UK. Similar Aircraft. F-4 Phantom II, Mitsubishi F-1, MiG-27 Flogger, AMX. Crew. One; trainer--two. Role. Strike, fighter, trainer. Armament. Cannon, rockets, bombs, missiles. Dimensions. Length: 51 ft (15.54 m). Span: 28 ft (8.54 m). DESCRIPTION Wings. High-mounted, swept-back, and modified delta with blunt tips. Engine(s). Two turbofans mounted to the rear of the cockpit. Rectangular air intakes on sides of cockpit. Engine exhausts show prominently under the forward portion of the tail. Fuselage. Long, pointed, chiseled nose. Body widens at the air intakes rectangular to the exhausts. Overhanging tail section. Two belly fins. Bubble canopy. Tail. Tail flats and fin are swept-back and tapered with square tips. Flats are midmounted on the fuselage with a negative slant. USER COUNTRIES Ecuador, France, India, Nigeria, Oman, UK.

MiG-27 FLOGGER D, J (MIKOYANGUREVICH)

GENERAL DATA Country of Origin. CIS (formerly USSR). Similar Aircraft. MiG-23 Flogger B/E/G, F-111, Tornado, Su-24 Fencer, Mirage F1, Super Etendard, Jaguar. Crew. One. Role. Ground-attack, fighter. Armament. Missiles, bombs, rockets, cannon. Dimensions. Length: 55 ft (16.6 m). Span: 46 ft, 9 in (14.26 m). WEFT DESCRIPTION Wings. High-mounted, variable, swept-back, and tapered with blunt tips. Engine(s). One inside the body. Rectangular box-like air intakes forward of the wing roots. Single exhaust. Fuselage. Long and tubular, except where air intakes give a box-like appearance. Long, downward-sloping, sharply pointed nose. Stepped canopy. Large, swept-back, and tapered belly fin under the rear section. Tail. Swept-back and tapered tail fin with curved dorsal in leading edge and angular tip. Swept-back and tapered flats high-mounted on the fuselage with angular tips. USER COUNTRIES Belarus, CIS, India, Kazakhstan.

MiG-29 FULCRUM (MIKOYANGUREVICH)

GENERAL DATA Country of Origin. CIS (formerly USSR). Similar Aircraft. F/A-18 Hornet, F-16 Fighting Falcon, F-15 Eagle, Su-27 Flanker. Crew. One. Role. Attack, counterair fighter. Armament. Missiles, 30-mm gun. Dimensions. Length: 50 ft, 10 in (15.6 m). Span: 33 ft, 7 in (10.26 m). DESCRIPTION Wings. Swept-back and tapered with square tips. LERXs are wide and curved down to the front. LERX begins on the nose below the mid-mount point, and the wings’ trailing edges end at a high-mounted point. Engine(s). Twin jets are mounted low and to the sides of the fuselage. Diagonal-shaped air intakes give a box-like appearance. Large exhausts. Fuselage. Long, thin, slender body with long, pointed drooping nose. High-mounted bubble canopy. Tail. Fins have sharply tapered leading edges, canted outward with angular, cutoff tips. Flats are high-mounted on the fuselage, movable, swept-back, and tapered with a negative slant. USER COUNTRIES Belarus, Bulgaria, CIS, Cuba, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Malasia, Muldova, North Korea, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Syria, Ukraine, Yugoslavia.

Su-30 FLANKER (SUKHOI) Codenamed `Flanker' by NATO, the twin-seat SU-30, a derivative of the Su-27, is a multi-role fighter bomber and air superiority aircraft which can also be used in the maritime strike role. The Flanker has and operational radius of around 1500 km, and are equipped with an inflight refuelling facility extending their radius by another 500 km. India signed a $1.8 billion dollar deal for 40 SU-30s (2 squadrons) in November 1996. And in June 1997 the first batch of eight Sukhoi Su-30 MK fighters were inducted into the Indian Air Force's 24 Squadron at the Lohagaon air base near Pune.

GENERAL DATA Country of Origin. CIS (formerly USSR). Similar Aircraft. Su-27 Flanker, F-15 Eagle, F-14 Tomcat, MiG-29 Fulcrum. Crew. One. Role. Interceptor, air superiority. Armament. Missiles, cannon. Dimensions. Length: 69 ft (21 m). Span: 47 ft, 6 in (14.5 m). DESCRIPTION Wings. Mid-mounted; LERX extends downward and forward of the wing roots. Semidelta with square tips. Engine(s). Two turbojets in the fuselage. Square, diagonally-cut air intakes mounted under the wings alongside the fuselage. Fuselage. Rectangular from air intakes to the tail. Pointed nose and bubble canopy. Tail. Fins swept-back, tapered with square tips, and mounted outboard of the engines. Flats are mid-mounted, swept-back, and tapered.

USER COUNTRIES Belarus, CIS, Germany, People's Republic of China, Ukraine.

MIRAGE 2000 (DASSAULT-BREGUET)

GENERAL DATA Country of Origin. France. Similar Aircraft. Mirage III/5, Kfir, Viggen. Crew. One; Mirage 2000N--two. Role. Interceptor. Armament. Missiles, cannon. Dimensions. Length: 50 ft, 3 in (15.3 m). Span: 29 ft, 5 in (9 m). WEFT DESCRIPTION Wings. Low-mounted delta with clipped tips. Engine(s). One turbofan mounted in the fuselage. Semicircular air intakes alongside the fuselage forward of the wings. Large, single exhaust protrudes past the tail. Fuselage. Tube-shaped with pointed nose and a bubble canopy. Tail. No tail flats. Fin is swept-back and tapered with a clipped tip. USER COUNTRIES Egypt, France, Greece, India, Peru, Quatar, United Arab Emirates.

Prithvi The Prithvi was India's first indigenously developed ballistic missile produced by the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP). It is a road-mobile, short range ballistic missile (SRBM) powered by a single-stage, two engines, and liquid-fuel. Development of the Prithvi began in 1983, and it was first tested fired on February 25, 1988. The three versions of the Prithvi have been tested twenty times since. The Prithvi is not a particularly sophisticated missile, incorporating propulsion technology derived from the Soviet SA-2 surface-to-air missile. According to the Carnengie Endowment for International Peace "Given the Prithvi's range, its role would be restricted to use against Pakistan." The Prithvi is India's only deployed nuclear capable missile. Two versions are now in service and a third is under development. 

Prithvi-I has a 150 km range and a 1,000 kg payload. It has been in army service since 1994 and is capable of striking roughly a quarter of Pakistani territory, including Islamabad and most other major cities.  Prithvi-II has a 250 km range and a 500-750 kg payload. It is currently in Air Force service and could strike at least half of Pakistan, including almost all important military targets and all major cities. It was first test-fired on January 27, 1996.  Prithvi-III, which has a 350 km range and a 1,000 kg payload, is currently under development. It is a longer-range, naval version of the Prithvi and is also referred to as the Dhanush. Prithv-III was first successfully tested September 21, 2001, and according to statements made by India's ministry of Defense, it will soon be operationalized and integrated into the Indian Navy. (See the Dhanush page for more details.) The Prithvi-I is relatively small, 8.55 meters long and 1.1 meters in diameter. It weighs 4,000-4,500 kg. India has demonstrated its ability to launch the Prithvi from mobile launchers through at least two test fires by artillery personnel. It was paraded in mobile launchers during India's Republic Day parade in January 1996. Despite US pressure on India to halt the program, serial production of Prithvi-I began at Bharat Dynamic Limited sometime between mid-1994 and 1997. An estimated 75 Prithvi warheads have been produced. The Indian army is reluctant to incorporate the Prithvi-I into its practices largely because of its lack of precision and the difficulties associated with its liquid fuel. The Prithvi is reported to have a relatively high circular error probable (CEP) -- 300 meters at 150 km range and 500 meters at 250 km range, (0.2 percent of the range). There have been reports of plans by the Indian Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO)

to install Global Positioning System (GPS) units on the Prithvi, in order to reduce its CEP to about 75 meters. The Prithvi's liquid fuel poses liabilities as a delivery system. The liquid propellant mixture is highly volatile and corrosive and must be loaded just prior to launch.

Specifications Designation

Prithvi

Range km

Prithvi-1 = 150 Prithvi-2 = 250 Prithvi-3 = 350

Length meters

8.55

Width meters

1.1

Payload kg

Prithvi-1 = 1,000 Prithvi-2 = 500-750 Prithvi-3 = 1,000

Weight kg.

4,000 - 4,500

Guidance

Inertial + Terminal

Propulsion

Liquid

Sagarika / Dhanush DRDO may also be developing a 300-km submarine-launched ballistic missile, Sagarika, based on the Prithvi. The program is reported to have started in 1992 and was originally reported to involve adapting a ramjet engine to the missile to reduce the need for heavy oxidizers. India does not have a submarine configured for launching ballistic missiles. (1) According to other reports, India is developing the Dhanush (Bow, as in "bow and arrow" not the bow of the ship) submarine launched ballistic missile. With a range variously estimated at between 300 km and 350 km, this missile which would be later deployed on surface warships. It is unclear whether this missile would be deployed on India's new nuclear missile submarine. Danush is a medium range indigenously developed ship-launched missile exclusively developed for the Navy. The Dhanush project is sometimes considered the Naval version of the Prithvi, though this may represent a program analog rather than any technological relationship. There are two versions of the 8.56 meter long Dhanush missile under development. One such version, having a range of 250 km. This short-range missile will be used as an antiship weapon. The Indian Navy is apparently seeking another variant of the Dhanush surface-to-surface ballistic missile that is capable of striking land targets within a range of 500 km. The longer-range missile will have propulsion fuel similar to its short-range version. Testing of this missile was originally planned to begin in December 1998. The first flight test of the Dhanush was conducted on 11 April 2000 from INS Subhadra, close to the Orissa coast in the Bay of Bengal. The missile flew for only four seconds and broke into two pieces, barely managing to clear the ship. The launch was dubbed a "technology demonstrator" and several more missile tests may be required to make this weapon battleworthy. With the development of Dhanush still at an early stage, the debate on cruise versus ballistic missiles has revived within the Navy. The precise relationship between the Dhanush and the Sagarika programs remains obscure. Given the evident similarities in their overall characteristics, Dhanush may simply be the new name for the original Sagarika system. However, since the Dhanush is reported by some sources to have a 350 km range, compared to the 250-300 km range of the Sagarika, the change in designation may reflect a design change.

Agni In May 1989, India test-fired its first intermediate-range ballistic missile, the Agni. It is a two-stage missile with the first stage using the first-stage solid-fuel booster motor of the SLV-3 satellite launch vehicle. This marked the first time that India had used directly a component of its civilian space research program for military purposes. (12)The second stage is possibly a shortened version of the Prithvi. (13)The 18-meter long, 7.5-ton Agni has a range of up to 2,500 km (allowing access to southern China) and is capable of delivering a 1,000-kg payload. Although accuracy is reduced with increased range, the Agni is believed to be fairly accurate, employing a closed-loop inertial guidance system, said to have been developed with a great deal of West German assistance. (14) The second experimental flight of Agni was conducted in May 1992 but the mission objective could not be achieved fully. The post flight analysis was carried out and necessary modifications were incorporated for the next flight test. A second successful test of the Agni occurred in February 1994, firing at a sea-based target 1,200 km into the Bay of Bengal. The last test of Agni-1 in 1994 was tested at a trajectory designed to simulate a range of 2500km, with an actual range achieved of 1450km. In 1994, the United States persuaded India to suspend testing of the Agni missile after three test flights. India refers to the Agni not as a weapon system but as a "technology demonstrator project" to establish re-entry vehicle technologies. (15) As with the Prithvi, the U.S. has opposed the program as another potential proliferation affront to the MTCR, which India has criticized as biased in favor of the major powers. Notwithstanding its justifications for the Agni development, India formally suspended the program at the end of 1995. (16) Whether the suspension is real and the result of diplomatic pressure, technical problems, or other factors, is not evident. India may have decided to put the Agni under wraps until it decides the larger related issue of whether to test nuclear (perhaps thermonuclear) warheads for its missiles in the face of US and other diplomatic pressures to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, the ratification process for which began in the fall of 1996. (17) In March 1997 Prime Minister H D Deve Gowda indicated that India would not give up the development of the Agni missile programme, a position echoed in July by Defense Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav, who denied that India had any immediate plans to further test fire the Agni missile. (17a) India's turning point came when an openly pro-nuclear government took office in March 1998. The new coalition elected to power pledged, in the words of A.B. Vajpayee, to "exercise all options, including the nuclear option." The new government announced that a new version of the Agni with an extended range was under development.

Agni-II Authorization for the development of the longer range Agni-II was given by the BJP-led coalition government in March 1998. The Agni-II uses a solid propellant second stage replacing the liquid propellant Prithvi short range missile used as upper stage of the AgniI. It can be launched within 15 minutes as compared to almost half a day of preparation for the earlier version of the Agni. Another major development is a highly mobile platform for it to be transported secretly by rail or road anywhere in the country. The far more accurate terminal navigation and guidance system that the Agni II incorporates, which constantly updates information about the missile flight path using ground-based beacons, improved accuracy by a factor of at least three over that of the Agni-I. On 11 April 1999 India successfully test-fired the Agni-II ballistic missile, with a range of 2000-km. The missile was launched from the IC-4 pad at Wheeler Island, a new launch site on the Orissa coast in Balasore district. Splashdown was 2,000-2,100 km. (1,250 mi.) down range in the Bay of Bengal, on a trajectory designed to simulate a range of 2800-3000km. The test had been in preparation since January 1999, but India delayed it in the hope of extracting concessions from the US. Pakistan responded on 14 April 1999 with a test firing of its Ghauri II missile from the Jhelum region in northeast Pakistan. After the successful Agni-II test, Indian Defense Minister George Fernandes said the Agni missile was ready to go into production, though he didn't specify the production or deployment schedule. The cost of the Agni missiles is estimated at Rs. 2035 crores [$4.5 million to $8 million] per copy. It is anticipated that India may deploy several dozen of these missiles. Agni-2 has a theoretical ability to hit a target 3000km away with a 1000kg payload, and it is suggested that- a 200 kiloton 'boosted-fission' warhead has been designed for the Agni system. Should this be reduced to a 15-20 kiloton system, the payload could be reduced to as little as 250kg.

Agni-III Although the Agni-II does reach deep into China it still does not threaten its major cities. As of early 1999 India was reportedly developing a longer-range Agni-III with a 3,500km reach, capable of engaging targets deeper inside China. Other reports sugges that India is contemplating the development of the 5000 km range variant of the Agni, with a solid-fueled second stage. Although India has claimed that this missile will be used only to carry a conventional warhead, the cost of the system would be difficult to justify unless used as a nuclear delivery vehicle. As of early 2000 it was suggested that there were between 5 and 9 Agni-1 missiles in existence, at least 1-2 Agni-2 and 2 prototypes of the Agni-3. These are all test models which could be fitted with warheads and used in an emergency. BDL has the capacity to produce up to 12 Agni IRBMs per year. It is believed that no real production has taken place since neither the Agni-1 or the Agni-2 is the definitive production variant of the Agni system.

Chronology     

Early 1980s: Development of the IGMDP starts; problems hamper test-firing. May, 1989: Agni-I launch May, 1992: Agni-I launch, partial failure Feb, 1994: Agni-I launched; five-year restraint period observed April 11, 1999: Agni-II, extended range version of Agni-I, successfully test-fired with a re-entry launch vehicle.

Surya At least one source has reported that a 12,000-km range, 80,000-kg weight ballistic missile, designated Surya, is also under development, but no confirmatory reports of such activity have as yet been discovered. (1) The status of the Surya [Sun] ICBM program is extremely unclear, with some report indicating that the development of this system was initiated in 1994. Conflicting reports regarding the Surya's configuration claim that it will be based on the components of the polar space launch vehicle (PSLV) and the Agni IRBM, and that it will have a range between 8000 and 12,000 kms. (2)

Submarines The Indian fleet numbers over 100 combat naval vessels, of which 15 are submarines, 2 are aircraft carriers, and another 23 are destroyers and fast frigates. Problems with funding and the lack of spare parts means that only about one-half of India's warships are operable at any one time. A total of ten diesel-powered 'Project 877' submarines, known in India as the the EKM or Sindhu class, have been built under a contract between Rosvooruzhenie and the Indian Defense Ministry, with the tenth unit delivered to India in 2000. This final unit was the first to be equipped with the Klab ZM-54E [SS-N-27] antiship cruise missiles with a range of 220 km. The first Kilo-class submarines of project 877 were built in the USSR in 1979. They have a displacement of 3,000 tonnes, a maximum diving depth of 300 meters, speed of up to 18 knots, and is able to operate solo for 45 days with a crew of 53. These submarines have been criticized in India as being highly underpowered for a conventional boat. India has a number of foreign-produced cruise missile systems in its arsenal, to include Exocet, Styx, Starbright, Sea Eagle, and perhaps the Russian Sunburn supersonic missile. It also has some indigenous cruise missile systems under development to include the Sagarika and Lakshya variant. The Sagarika (Oceanic) began development in 1994 as a submarine-launched cruise missile (SLCM) which will have a range of at least 300 kms (a few claim 1000 kms); it is projected for deployment around 2005. In January 1988 India leased for three years a Soviet nuclear powered attack submarine of the 670A Skat series (CHARLIE class by NATO classification) with eight Ametist (SS-N-7 Starbright) anti-ship missile launchers. In the Indian Navy the ship was called Chakra, and the submarine was manned by a Russian crew training Indian seamen to operate it. Upon expiration of the ship leasing term in 1991, the submarine was returned to Russia and decommissioned from the Russian Navy.

India has been working since 1985 to develop an indigenously constructed nuclearpowered submarine, one that is based on the Soviet Charlie II-class design, detailed drawings of which are said to have been obtained from the Soviet Union in 1989. This project illustrates India's industrial capabilities and weaknesses. The secretive Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project to provide nuclear propulsion for Indian submarines has been one of the more ill-managed projects of India. Although India has the capability of building the hull and developing or acquiring the necessary sensors, its industry has

been stymied by several system integration and fabrication problems in trying to downsize a 190 MW pressurized water reactor (PWR) to fit into the space available within the submarine's hull. The Proto-type Testing Centre (PTC) at the Indira Gandhi Centre For Atomic Research. Kalpakkam, will be used to test the submarine's turbines and propellers. A similar facility is operational at Vishakapatnam to test the main turbines and gear box. According to some accounts India plans to have as many as five nuclear submarines capable of carrying missiles with nuclear warheads. The Indian nuclear powered attack submarine design is said to have a 4,000-ton displacement and a single-shaft nuclear power plant of Indian origin. Once the vessel is completed, it may be equipped with Danush/Sagarika cruise missiles and an advanced sonar system. However, according to some analysts the most probable missile for the Indian submarine would be the Yahont anti-ship cruise missile designed by NPO Mashinostroyeniya.