Immunoprophylaxis And Immunotherapy: Dr. Mejbah Uddin Ahmed

Immunoprophylaxis and Immunotherapy

Dr. Mejbah Uddin Ahmed ~ Updated 12/03 ~

Ways To Protect Our Health Using seat belts

Being active

Washing hands

Using sunscreen

Brushing our teeth

Getting adequate rest

Eating nutritious food

Other ways???? 2

Immunizations

Immunoprophylaxis and Immunotherapy 1. Immunization  Active Passive  Passive-Active. 2. Immuno stimulation  Specific  Non-specific 3. Desensitization 4. Cancer Immunotherapy 5. Transplantation Immunotherapy 6. Immunosuppression 3

Immunizations

Immunoprophylaxis and Immunotherapy Immunization Immunization or immune prophylaxis results from either active or passive immunization.

Active immunization - May be: a) Natural

- Clinical or subclinical

infection.

b) Artificial -

By vaccines that consist of live or killed or toxoids. 4

Immunizations

vaccines: A vaccine is used to improve immunity to a particular disease. Can be prophylactic (prevent future infection by natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (vaccines against cancer).

Types:  Live Vaccine  killed Vaccine  Toxoids  Subunit  Conjugate  DNA 5

Immunizations

vaccines: Live vaccines: Live vaccine contains live, attenuated organism.

Advantages: Long lasting, Excellent in conferring immunity Produce an ongoing stimulus to the immune system; boosters generally are not required. Give Herd immunity. 6

Immunizations

Vaccine Disadvantages: Live vaccine is ineffective if circulating antibodies are already present. It may cause infection. Can be dangerous in immunocompromised persons, pregnancy. 7

Immunizations

Vaccine Killed vaccines: These vaccines are completely safe but inferior to live vaccines or natural infections in conferring immunity.

Advantage: This is usually safe. Can be given to immunocomprised persons Does not revert to virulent strain. 8

Immunizations

Vaccine

Disadvantage: Short duration. Protection is lower. Does not give herd immunity.

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Immunizations

Vaccine Toxoids: inactivating

Toxoids are prepared by exotoxins

which

is

non

pathogenic but antigenic.

Adjuvants:

Adjuvants are substances

when incorporated into or injected simultaneously with antigens & potentiate the immune response. 10 Immunizations

Vaccine Subunit vaccine-

Fragment

of

micro-organism can create an immune response. Characteristic examples include: vaccine against HBV & human papillomavirus.

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Vaccine Conjugate- Certain bacterial polysaccharide are conjugated with proteins to enhance the immune response. Example: Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine.

DNA vaccine - In recent years a new type of vaccine, created from an infectious agent's DNA called DNA vaccine, has been developed.

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Vaccine Important points in relation to vaccination:   Age and Timing. Route of administration Precautions.

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Vaccine Passive immunization In case of passive immunization preformed antibodies or immunocompetent cells are given. There are two types of passive immunity:

Natural

Artificial. 14 Immunizations

Vaccine Passive Natural immunity Natural passive immunity can be conferred in the following ways: Transplacental Colostrum.

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Vaccine Passive Artificial immunity Passive artificial immunity can be conferred by the administration of immunoglobulins collected from the serum of homologous or heterologous host.

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Vaccine Herd immunity: It implies group protection besides the protection offered by individual immunized persons.

Following elements contribute in herd immunity: Vaccination, Clinical and subclinical infections (natural active immunity). 17 Immunizations

Desensitization Acute desensitization: Small amount of antigen is administered at 15 minutes interval for an hour or two.

Chronic desensitization: It is a long-term procedure where small amount of antigen is administered at weekly intervals to hypersensitive individuals. 18 Immunizations

Immunoprophylaxis and Immunotherapy

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