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Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC 2018) IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part Number:CFP18J06-ART, ISBN:978-1-5386-0807-4; DVD Part Number:CFP18J06DVD, ISBN:978-1-5386-08067

Energy Efficient Sun Synchronous Solar Panels M.Deepthi(15-425),P.Aashalatha(15-429),P.Hariprasanna(15-419),T.Susmitha(15-430),S.Chaithanya(15-416) BATCH NO:-03 Abstract—Increase in the population leads to the scarcity of non-renewable resources which leads to the usage of other resources. Compared to other resources solar energy is the most abundant resource in the world. This paper deals with the sun synchronous solar panel which tracks the solar energy with respect to the change in the direction of the sun. To change the direction of the solar panel this system deals with the servo motor. The micro controller used in this project is arduino uno based- atmega328. Code used is Arduino IDE and LDR sensors are used to track the efficiency of the sun’s rays.

1. Single axis tracker: In this tracking system the angle of rotation is through North Meridian and has only one degree of

Keywords— Arduino microcontroller; Servomotor; Tracking; Non renewable sources.

I. INTRODUCTION In order to transfer solar to electrical energy solar panels are widely used. Solar panels are used to store solar energy. But the existing system is affixed system where it cannot move according to the direction of the sun. The earth receives 84 Terawatts of power and our world consumes only about 12 Terawatts of power per day. The main objective of this project is to design an high efficient sun synchronous solar panel, which can move panel according to sunlight. This system will output up to 30% more energy than solar panels without tracking systems. Working mechanism of the system is LDRs are used as the main light sensors. A servo motors infixed to the structure that holds the solar panel. The working of the project is as the LDR senses the light it moves the panel accordingly, so that the panel is positioned perpendicular to the sun. As the beam faces the panel maximum energy is stored in the panel when compared to the normal panel. This can be applied everywhere to increase the efficiency of solar panel [1].

Fig. 1. Block diagram of sun synchronous solar panel Fig. 2. freedom. With advanced tracking algorithms it allows to arrange in all the cardinal directions. Fig. 3. 2. Dual axis tracker: In dual axis system axes are normal to each other and have two degrees of freedom. Primary axis is the one which is attached to the ground and the other is secondary. Primary axis is also referred as secondary axis. The two major parts of solar tracking system are: 1. Arduino microcontroller and servo motor. 2. Solar panel circuit

UNO

The main components of the proposed system are stated below.

II. PROPOSED MODEL Solar tracking is the booming technology used to store solar energy which helps to produce electrical energy using solar panels. In a fixed system only small amount of energy is stored his problem there are different types of solar tracking systems which help to collect more energy. Depending on the application the cost of the tracking system increases. They are: 1.Single axis tracker2. Dual axis tracker

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Arduino UNO board-atmega 328

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LDR sensors-5mm

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Servo motor-sg90,5v

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solar panel

Arduino UNO board-This microcontroller is based on Atmega 328(data sheets). Arduino has 14 input output pins in which a pins are analog inputs, other 6 pins can be used as PWM outputs,

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Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC 2018) IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part Number:CFP18J06-ART, ISBN:978-1-5386-0807-4; DVD Part Number:CFP18J06DVD, ISBN:978-1-5386-0806-7

a power jack, reset button, a 16MHZ crystal oscillator, a USB connections, an ICSP header. This microcontroller can be simply connected to the system with the help of USB cable.

as 5mm, 8mm, 12mm and 25mm dimensions. Semiconductor material used here is cadmium sulphide. Working principle: when LDR is exposed to light electrons in

Fig. 6. Circuit diagram of LDR sensor

Fig. 4. Arduino UNO board

Fig. 7. DC servo motor

Fig. 5. Pin diagram of Arduino

Latest series of Arduino is UNO board [3]. Arduino can communicate with the system directly with the help of a USB cable. 0.5 KB utilized by boot loader from 32KB of flash memory, 2KB of static RAM .ATmega328) and Clock Speed 16 MHz. Pin diagram of Arduino can be shown in Figure 3 . LDR sensor-5mm: LDR is nothing but light dependent resistor whose resistance varies with change in the intensity of the light falling on it. They are available in different sizes such

valence band receive sufficient energy excite to conduction band. As the intensity of light increases more amount of current will flow through the circuit and resistance decreases as the light falls on LDR. Servo motor: A servomotor is a linear and rotator actuator which allows the control of linear or angular position, acceleration and velocity. It has a position control feedback which controls the final position and motion. Here encoder is connected to the motor to fetch the feedback. The output is compared with the command position and and with the external input signal, if the position of the output differs then the error occurs at the output and as a result the motor will rotate in opposite direction. The

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Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC 2018) IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part Number:CFP18J06-ART, ISBN:978-1-5386-0807-4; DVD Part Number:CFP18J06DVD, ISBN:978-1-5386-0806-7

simple servo motor’s position can be changed with a potentiometer[4]. These motors are again divided into two types. They are: AC and DC servo motor.

sensors is used as feedback. When the comparator voltage goes high the motor drive will able activated to move the solar panel accordingly in the line of the sun [6]. Sun light and PV panel are constantly monitored and control signals to move the panel till the error voltage is less than the predetermined threshold value. IV. RESULT

Solar panel: Light energy can be converted to electrical energy using this solar panel.name itself indicates that it receives energy from sun and are also called as photovoltaic cells. Solar cells absorb energy from sun and allow producing electricity between two opposite layers of the panel. This cell consists of PN diode on glass surface with a thin p type material which helps the photons to move easily to reach the junction. Here the current is proportional to the illuminations and also depends on the surface size. During the day time the panel gets charged and during nights the panel discharges [5]. The diode will be replaced by the panel’s power switch circuit

The proposed system changes its direction according to the direction of the sun. LDR sensor helps in detecting the intensity of the sun light and transmits information to the microcontroller for change the axis of the panel. Servo motor will help the panel to rotate according to the sun’s direction. V. CONCLUSION Compared to all other solar panels the proposed system receives 30% more energy from the sun light as it faces the direct beam of the sun’s rays.in single axis solar panel the panel receives less energy because it cannot change its direction. Thus dual axis solar panel receives more energy. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank the management of MLR Institute of Technology management for their encouragement and support. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4]

[5] [6] Fig. 8. Solar panel [7]

and relay is connected. Relay is of when supply is low, thus panel is not fixed to the battery.

[8]

A.K. Saxena and V. Dutta, “A versatile microprocessor based controller for solar tracking,” in Proc. IEEE, 1990, pp. 1105 – 1109. Muhammad Faheem Khan and Rana Liaqat Ali “Automatic Sun Tracking System (ASTS)”, Faculty of Electronics Engineering, Air University. T, Esram and P.L. Chapman, “Comparison of Photovoltaic Array Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques,” IEEE Transactions Chong, K.K.; Wong, C.W. General formula for one-axis sun tracking system and its application in improving tracking accuracy of solar collector “Solar Energy. 2009, 83, pp.298-305. Al-Mohamad, A.” Efficiency improvements of photo-voltaic panels using a sun tracking system”. Applied Energy 2004, 79, pp.345-354. Roth, P., Georgieg, A., Boudinov, H. “Design and construction of a system for sun-tracking”, Renewable Energy. 2004, 29, pp.393- 402. Saxena,A.K.; Dutta, V.“A versatile microprocessor based controller for solar tracking,” Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1990. Conference Record of the Twenty First IEEE, 21-25 May 1990, Page(s):1105 -1109 vol.2 Pritchard, D., “Sun tracking by peak power positioning for photovoltaic concentrator arrays,” IEEE Control Systems Magazine, Volume 3, Issue 3, August 1983, pp. 2 – 8

III. WORKING PRINCIPLE The Arduino UNO microcontroller is used to control the whole system by giving the commands to the other devices used in this system. LDRs will help in finding the efficiency of the sunlight such that the panel should rotate accordingly to the direction of the sun. as the direction changes the panel also changes its direction to receive more amount of sun light as it reaches the direct beam. The voltage generated in the LDR

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