Ib History Ww1 Preview

‹•–‘”›‹–‡‡˜‹‡™ PurposesofWagingaWar x x x x x x x x x

Eitheroffensiveordefensive Warofaggression:onesidesimplyattackstheother PunitiveWar(warofrevenge):punishtheothersideforsomerealorimaginedaggressionin past Preemptivewar:actuallyoffensive,butforwhichdefensivereasonsareclaimed Ideologicalwar:whentwosidesaredividedbyanideology.Ex.HolyWarÆfoughtoverreligion Imperial/colonialwars:foughttoacquireorguardcoloniesorclientstates.Decolonizationor warsofnationalliberationarefoughttoobtainindependencefromarulingnation. PostcolonialconflictÆwhennewlyindependentcountriesgotowar Proxywars:foughtbetweenstatesonbehalfofotherstates(theirhegemonicpowers Aplenipotentiaryisaspecialrepresentativeofagovernmentwhoisempoweredtomake decisionsonhisownwithanothergovernmentataconference.

CausesofWar x x

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Warsusuallyrequireapretext:aprofessedreasonorexcusedesignedtomakewagingawar appearjustifiable(casusbelli) Thecassusbelliisoftenfictitious. o Forexamplewhentheoriginalpretextischanged,peoplemaythinkitsfalse o Thecasusbelliforthe2003IraqWarwasthatHusseinhadweaponsofmassdestruction thathecouldunleashontheU.S.andthathewasconnectedtoAlQaeda(bothfalse) o Thecasusbellithenchangedtoremovinganevildictatorandbringingdemocracyto Iraq o Realcausesmayhaveincludedoil,U.S.companycontractsandfamilyvendettas o Apretextcanbefalseinonesensebuttrueinanother.ThepretextforHitlerinvading theUSSRwasthatStalinwaspreparingtodoublecrosshimandattackGermany.His realreasonwastodestroyBolshevismandenslavetheslavs.HedidinvadetheUSSR, buthisoriginalpretextendedupbeingtrue Classificationofgenuinecauses: o 1.StandingConditions ƒ rivalries=colonial,sphereofinfluence,political,economic o 2.LongTerm(Underlying)Conditions: ƒ consequencesofpreviouswarsorpeacesettlements ƒ foreignpolicies ƒ domesticpolicies ƒ rivalries o 3.ShortTermConditions: ƒ onepoliticalparty'sdesiretooverthrowanother ƒ one'sdesiretoprotectthestateagainsttheimpendinginvasionofanother o 4.ImmediateCauses ƒ the'trigger'thatlaunchestheconflict o 5.NegativeFactors

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1. OnNov9,somerevolutionariesproclaimedarepublicandtheKaiserfledtoHolland.

RevoltshadbrokenoutacrossGermanybecausethegov’twasseekinganarmistice

DescribeGermany’s“politicalturmoil”immediatelyfollowingthearmistice.

        

x AnewregimeunderFriedrichEbertemergedandwasbeleagueredfromadversariesonbothsideofthe politicalspectrum

               

x CitizensassemblyformedinJan1919atWeimar(b/cofinstabilityinBerlin)andEbertwaselectedthe firstpresidentofthe“WeimarRepublic”.Manypoliticianswantedademocraticliberalstate. DescribetheeventssurroundingtheAlliespresentationoftheproposedtreaty.

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Inthemeantime,theofficersoftheinternedGermanfleetinScotlandscuttledtheshipssotheycouldnot fallintoAlliedhands.ThisjusthardenedtheAlliesattitudesandtheyrejectedtheGermangov’t reservationandgavethem24hourstoagreeorfacenewhostilities.

TheGermangov’tresignedoverthematter,andanewaparliamentwasformed.Theyacceptedthe treatyexceptfortheWarguiltclause

OnJune17,1919theAlliesdeclaredthatifGermanydidnotsignwithin7daysthantheywouldresume hostilities

Germanstriedtodelaythesituationsinhopeofobtainingsomeconcessions

TheGermanswerenotallowedtonegotiatewiththeAllies

TheperceivedharshnessofthetreatydisgustedheGermandelegateswhosawthenewGermany punishedfortheactionsoftheoldregime.

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TheGermandelegatesfinallyagreed90minutesbeforethedeadlineandthepeacetreatywassignedon June28,1919intheHallofMirrors.

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AbriefperiodofpeacebetweennationsÆwarwillfollow HowdidtheTreatyofVersaillesleadtoFrenchsecurityissues?

Harshsettlementwouldleadtoacivilwarbetweentheforcesofreactionandrevolution,whilethe horrorsofthelastwarwillfadeandtheprogressofourgenerationwillbedestroyed(i.e.anotherwar) WhatismeantbythetermCarthaginianpeace?

Condemnedthereparationsclausesandpredictedthattheywouldonlyleadtogreaterinstabilitythrough problemsofthereparationspayments

ExplainJohnMaynardKeynes’condemnationoftheTreatyofVersailles.

 

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AmericaendedupwithdrawingfromtheTreatyandthisleadtotheBritishAmericanguaranteeof France’ssecuritybecomingannulled.

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ThisleftFrancehavingtofindmoreforcefulmeasurestoensureitssecurityfromGermanyÆwouldlead tomountingtensioninWesternEurope