I18n Is Needed In The Following Places
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I18N is needed in the following places. •
Displaying characters for the users' native languages.
•
Inputing characters for the users' native languages.
•
Handling files written in popular encodings that are used for the users' native languages.
•
Using characters from the users' native languages for file names and other items.
•
Printing out characters from the users' native languages.
•
Displaying messages by the program in the users' native languages.
•
Formatting input and output of numbers, dates, money, etc., in a way that obeys customs of the users' native cultures.
•
Classifying and sorting characters, in a way that obey customs of the users' native cultures.
•
Using typesetting and hyphenation rules appropriate for the users' native languages.
I18N (internationalization) means modification of a software or related technologies so that a software can potentially handle multiple languages, customs, and so on in the world. L10N (localization) means implementation of a specific language for an already internationalized software. L10N (localization) model This model is to support two languages or character codes, English (ASCII) and another specific one. Examples of softwares which is developed using this model are: Nemacs (Nihongo Emacs, an ancestor of MULE, MULtilingual Emacs) text editor which can input and output Japanese text files, and Hanterm X terminal emulator which can display and input Korean characters via a few Korean encodings. Since each programmer has his or her own mother tongue, there are numerous L10N patches and L10N programs written to satisfy his or her own need. I18N (internationalization) model
This model is to support many languages but only two of them, English (ASCII) and another one, at the same time. One have to specify the 'another' language, usually by LANG environmental variable. The above I18N-L10N model can be regarded as a part of this I18N model. gettextization is categorized into I18N model. M17N (multilingualization) model This model is to support many languages at the same time. For example, Mule (MULtilingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs) can handle a text file which contains multiple languages - for example, a paper on differences between Korean and Chinese whose main text is written in Finnish. GNU Emacs 20 and XEmacs now include Mule. Note that the M17N model can only be applied in character-related instances. For example, it is nonsense to display a message like 'file not found' in many languages at the same time. Unicode and UTF-8 are technologies which can be used for this model. Globalization Globalization is an approach to business strategy that aims to address all of the logistical and organizational challenges an enterprise faces as it expands its supporting content, assets and message across cultures and markets to new clients. Globalization incorporates internationalization and localization to achieve this goal. Globalization describes a comprehensive process that incorporates, augments, and extends: •
Research on and identification of global markets
•
Market validation and selection
•
Identification and formalization of global business requirements
•
Language translation and cultural integration (a.k.a. Internationalization and Localization)
•
Identification of technology standards and solutions (format and structure)
•
Identification of cross-market affinities (to enable marketing and technology asset reuse)
•
Alignment with and support for Internationalization (i18n) and Localization (l10n) processes.
Internationalization I18n is planning and implementing products and services so that they can easily be localized for specific languages and cultures.
This process requires a combination of both international and technical expertise, and generally involves both deploying new systems and reengineering existing ones. Once the internationalized platform is in place, rollouts in new countries or cultures should be significantly more cost efficient, timely and market effective. Internationalization may include: •
Creating illustrations for documents in which the text can easily be changed to another language and allowing expansion room for this purpose
•
Allowing space in user interfaces (for example, hardware labels, help pages, and online menus) for translation into languages that require more space
•
Creating print or web site graphic images so that their text labels can be translated inexpensively
•
Leaving enough space in a brochure to drop in different length languages
•
Separating the language elements from the graphic elements, or abstracting content from markup in a web application and software
•
Using written examples that have global meaning
•
Insuring that the tools and product can support international character sets
•
For software, ensuring data space so that messages can be translated from languages with single-byte character codes (such as English) into languages requiring multiple-byte character codes (such as Japanese Kanji)
Localization L10n is the process of adapting the text and applications of a product or service to enable its acceptability for a particular cultural or linguistic market. Translation is the central activity of localization. Localization goes beyond literal translation, in addition to idiomatic language translation, numerous locale details such as currency, national regulations and holidays, cultural sensitivities, product or service names, gender roles, and geographic examples among many other details must all be considered. A successfully localized service or product is one that seems to have been developed within the local culture. Localization primarily includes: •
Translating text content, software source code, web sites, or database content; machine translation may be used in early stages.
•
Adjusting graphic and visual elements and examples to make them culturally appropriate
•
Post-production quality control of content, systems and the integrated product
The localization market is focused on software, documentation (packaging information, technical booklets, user manuals, training equipment, etc.), web sites and applications.
Displaying characters for the users' native languages.
•
Inputing characters for the users' native languages.
•
Handling files written in popular encodings that are used for the users' native languages.
•
Using characters from the users' native languages for file names and other items.
•
Printing out characters from the users' native languages.
•
Displaying messages by the program in the users' native languages.
•
Formatting input and output of numbers, dates, money, etc., in a way that obeys customs of the users' native cultures.
•
Classifying and sorting characters, in a way that obey customs of the users' native cultures.
•
Using typesetting and hyphenation rules appropriate for the users' native languages.
I18N (internationalization) means modification of a software or related technologies so that a software can potentially handle multiple languages, customs, and so on in the world. L10N (localization) means implementation of a specific language for an already internationalized software. L10N (localization) model This model is to support two languages or character codes, English (ASCII) and another specific one. Examples of softwares which is developed using this model are: Nemacs (Nihongo Emacs, an ancestor of MULE, MULtilingual Emacs) text editor which can input and output Japanese text files, and Hanterm X terminal emulator which can display and input Korean characters via a few Korean encodings. Since each programmer has his or her own mother tongue, there are numerous L10N patches and L10N programs written to satisfy his or her own need. I18N (internationalization) model
This model is to support many languages but only two of them, English (ASCII) and another one, at the same time. One have to specify the 'another' language, usually by LANG environmental variable. The above I18N-L10N model can be regarded as a part of this I18N model. gettextization is categorized into I18N model. M17N (multilingualization) model This model is to support many languages at the same time. For example, Mule (MULtilingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs) can handle a text file which contains multiple languages - for example, a paper on differences between Korean and Chinese whose main text is written in Finnish. GNU Emacs 20 and XEmacs now include Mule. Note that the M17N model can only be applied in character-related instances. For example, it is nonsense to display a message like 'file not found' in many languages at the same time. Unicode and UTF-8 are technologies which can be used for this model. Globalization Globalization is an approach to business strategy that aims to address all of the logistical and organizational challenges an enterprise faces as it expands its supporting content, assets and message across cultures and markets to new clients. Globalization incorporates internationalization and localization to achieve this goal. Globalization describes a comprehensive process that incorporates, augments, and extends: •
Research on and identification of global markets
•
Market validation and selection
•
Identification and formalization of global business requirements
•
Language translation and cultural integration (a.k.a. Internationalization and Localization)
•
Identification of technology standards and solutions (format and structure)
•
Identification of cross-market affinities (to enable marketing and technology asset reuse)
•
Alignment with and support for Internationalization (i18n) and Localization (l10n) processes.
Internationalization I18n is planning and implementing products and services so that they can easily be localized for specific languages and cultures.
This process requires a combination of both international and technical expertise, and generally involves both deploying new systems and reengineering existing ones. Once the internationalized platform is in place, rollouts in new countries or cultures should be significantly more cost efficient, timely and market effective. Internationalization may include: •
Creating illustrations for documents in which the text can easily be changed to another language and allowing expansion room for this purpose
•
Allowing space in user interfaces (for example, hardware labels, help pages, and online menus) for translation into languages that require more space
•
Creating print or web site graphic images so that their text labels can be translated inexpensively
•
Leaving enough space in a brochure to drop in different length languages
•
Separating the language elements from the graphic elements, or abstracting content from markup in a web application and software
•
Using written examples that have global meaning
•
Insuring that the tools and product can support international character sets
•
For software, ensuring data space so that messages can be translated from languages with single-byte character codes (such as English) into languages requiring multiple-byte character codes (such as Japanese Kanji)
Localization L10n is the process of adapting the text and applications of a product or service to enable its acceptability for a particular cultural or linguistic market. Translation is the central activity of localization. Localization goes beyond literal translation, in addition to idiomatic language translation, numerous locale details such as currency, national regulations and holidays, cultural sensitivities, product or service names, gender roles, and geographic examples among many other details must all be considered. A successfully localized service or product is one that seems to have been developed within the local culture. Localization primarily includes: •
Translating text content, software source code, web sites, or database content; machine translation may be used in early stages.
•
Adjusting graphic and visual elements and examples to make them culturally appropriate
•
Post-production quality control of content, systems and the integrated product
The localization market is focused on software, documentation (packaging information, technical booklets, user manuals, training equipment, etc.), web sites and applications.
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