Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Y

F T ra n sf o

A B B Y Y.c

bu to re he C

lic

k

he k lic C w.

om

w

w

w

w

rm

y

ABB

PD

re

to

Y

2.0

2.0

bu

y

rm

er

Y

F T ra n sf o

ABB

PD

er

Y

w.

A B B Y Y.c

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Brought to you byRitesh Bhusari

06

om

Y

F T ra n sf o

A B B Y Y.c

bu to re he C

lic

k

he k lic C w.

om

w

w

w

w

rm

y

ABB

PD

re

to

Y

2.0

2.0

bu

y

rm

er

Y

F T ra n sf o

ABB

PD

er

Y

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

1. INTRODUCTION Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. In fact, many people have probably owned a hybrid vehicle at some point. For example, a moped (a motorized pedal bike) is a type of hybrid because it combines the power of a gasoline engine with the pedal power of its rider. Hybrid vehicles are all around us. These include Giant mining trucks, Submarines, diesel-electric buses, locomotives etc. The gasoline-electric hybrid car is just that a cross between a gasolinepowered car and an electric car. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine the internal combustion engine of a conventional vehicle with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicle, resulting in twice the fuel economy of conventional vehicles. This combination offers the extended range and rapid refueling that consumers expect from a conventional vehicle, with a significant portion of the energy and environmental benefits of an electric vehicle. The practical benefits of HEVs include improved fuel economy and lower emissions compared to conventional vehicles. The inherent flexibility of HEVs will allow them to be used in a wide range of applications, from personal transportation to commercial hauling. The flexibility in the design of hybrid vehicles comes from the ability of the control strategy to manage how much power is flowing to or from each component. There are many (often conflicting) objectives desirable for HEVs, the primary ones being: · Maximize fuel economy · Minimize emissions · Minimize propulsion system cost to keep overall vehicle cost affordable to the consumer market · Do all of the above while maintaining or improving upon acceptable performance (acceleration, range, handling, noise, etc.)

2

B. N. C. O. E., Pusad

w.

A B B Y Y.c

om

Y

F T ra n sf o

A B B Y Y.c

bu to re he C

lic

k

he k lic C w.

om

w

w

w

w

rm

y

ABB

PD

re

to

Y

2.0

2.0

bu

y

rm

er

Y

F T ra n sf o

ABB

PD

er

Y

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2. NEED OF HYBRID VEHICLES The most challenging task for automobile scientists is to provide pollution free vehicle for the people in the next millennium. The fossil fuel like gasoline & diesel which are being used in present are causing serious problem to environment condition by polluting the atmosphere which is a quit dangerous to human life. The reserves of petroleum products are also limited & hence cause serious concerns in future if they are exhausted. The four closed linked problem of air pollution, global warming resource depletion & noise pollution cannot be solved by continuation of past trends i.e. program to improve new vehicle performances. So there is need to go alternate possible solutions. Other alternative fuel vehicle operating on natural gas, alcohol or dimethyl ether (underdevelopment)are in category of conventional fuelled vehicles. To overcome above problem is electrical vehicle, which is also called as zero emission vehicles. The electrical power could be obtained either from batteries or fuel cells. Batteries still plagued with limitations in terms of their energy performance cost, power performance as well as durability. Fuel cells producing electricity directly by electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen, for vehicular application is serious contenders the batteries. But fuel cells still in their primary stage the lot of research is required for their feasible use. But till situation become a worldwide phenomenon, hybrid electric vehicles, equipped with a gasoline engine & electric motors are offering immediate relief reducing the toxic emission. HEV’S solves the problem of range as well as cost giving a completely feasible as well as optimum solution.

3

B. N. C. O. E., Pusad

w.

A B B Y Y.c

om

Y

F T ra n sf o

A B B Y Y.c

bu to re he C

lic

k

he k lic C w.

om

w

w

w

w

rm

y

ABB

PD

re

to

Y

2.0

2.0

bu

y

rm

er

Y

F T ra n sf o

ABB

PD

er

Y

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

3. WHAT IS HEV? Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are powered by two energy sources—an energy conversion unit (such as a combustion engine or fuel cell) and an energy storage device (such as batteries or ultracapacitors). The energy conversion unit may be powered by gasoline, methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other alternative fuels. Hybrid electric vehicles have the potential to be two to three times more fuel-efficient than conventional vehicles.

4

B. N. C. O. E., Pusad

w.

A B B Y Y.c

om

Y

F T ra n sf o

A B B Y Y.c

bu to re he C

lic

k

he k lic C w.

om

w

w

w

w

rm

y

ABB

PD

re

to

Y

2.0

2.0

bu

y

rm

er

Y

F T ra n sf o

ABB

PD

er

Y

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

4. HEV COMPONENTS

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is an optimized mix of various components. Continue reading to learn about components that are found in HEVs. The HEV drivetrain consists · · · ·

Electric traction motors/controllers Electric energy storage systems, such as batteries, ultracapacitors, and flywheels Hybrid power units such as spark ignition engines, compression ignition direct injection (diesel) engines, gas turbines, and fuel cells Fuel systems for hybrid power units , Transmissions

Other key developments are being made to help reduce emissions and improve the efficiency of HEVs: Emission control systems ·

Energy management and systems control

·

Thermal management of components

·

Lightweight and aerodynamic body/chassis

·

Low rolling resistance (including tires

·

Reduction of accessory load

5

B. N. C. O. E., Pusad

w.

A B B Y Y.c

om

Y

F T ra n sf o

A B B Y Y.c

bu to re he C

lic

k

he k lic C w.

om

w

w

w

w

rm

y

ABB

PD

re

to

Y

2.0

2.0

bu

y

rm

er

Y

F T ra n sf o

ABB

PD

er

Y

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

5. DESIGN OF HEV Auto manufacturers are making these HEVs with comparable performance, safety, and cost because they know that these three elements are most important to consumers. 5.1 DESIGN OF ENGINE : For designing of engine following aspects are considered 1. low initial cost, low weight for given power output, less knocking 2. less objectionable exhaust gas order &less smoke 3. less vibration 4. easy starting ,higher fuel economy For considering above aspect we can use Gasoline engine than C.I and SI engine. By combining gasoline with electric power, hybrids will have the same or greater range than traditional combustion engines. The HEV is able to operate approximately two times more efficiently than conventional vehicles. Various advantages that fulfills the niche for the prime mover in the vehicle are. Along with the above advantage the gasoline engine has following limitations: 1. These limitations along with the measured to remedy them are as below. 2. high emission level of CO&HC 3. Lower fuel economy 4. another disadvantage is that the gasoline has lower density &fuel being sold volume causes the higher cost. To over come the emission problem the catalytic converter efficiency for all the three CO,HC&NOX can be used atom the outlet As the operation of the engine is to be done at constant speed & load ,rated maximum load of operation of the gasoline engine will its efficiency .Better technogy will unable the complete combustion fuel giving improve fuel economy. Hybrid efficiency: Besides a smaller, more efficient engine, today's hybrids use many other tricks to increase fuel efficiency. Some of those tricks will help a car get better mileage. 1. Recover energy & store it in the battery, Sometimes shut off the engine. 2. Use advanced aerodynamics to reduce drag 3. Use low-rolling resistance tires Use lightweight materials

6

B. N. C. O. E., Pusad

w.

A B B Y Y.c

om

Y

F T ra n sf o

A B B Y Y.c

bu to re he C

lic

k

he k lic C w.

om

w

w

w

w

rm

y

ABB

PD

re

to

Y

2.0

2.0

bu

y

rm

er

Y

F T ra n sf o

ABB

PD

er

Y

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

5.2 HEVs Performance Compared To Gasoline Vehicles:

Performance Characteristic Power Acceleration Cruising Speed Range

Rating Compared to Gasoline Vehicle Similar Similar Similar Similar/Bett Vehicles that employ hybrid electric technology can be more fuel efficient than those with straight internal combustion engines and in many cases can travel farther before having to fuel.

7

B. N. C. O. E., Pusad

w.

A B B Y Y.c

om

Y

F T ra n sf o

A B B Y Y.c

bu to re he C

lic

k

he k lic C w.

om

w

w

w

w

rm

y

ABB

PD

re

to

Y

2.0

2.0

bu

y

rm

er

Y

F T ra n sf o

ABB

PD

er

Y

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

6. HOW DO HYBRID HEV WORK?

Hybrid electric vehicles combine the best features of internal combustion engines (1) and electric motors (3). In the Honda Insight and Toyota Prius both the engine (1) and the electric motor (3) are connected to the wheels by the same transmission (2). With the assistance of the electric motor the engine can be smaller. Intelligent power electronics (4) decide when to use the motor and engine and when to store electricity in advanced batteries (6) for future use. The electric motor is used primarily for low speed cruising or to provide extra power for acceleration or hill climbing. When braking or coasting to a stop, the hybrid uses its electric motor (3) as a generator to produce electricity, which is then stored in its battery pack (6).Unlike allelectric vehicles, hybrid vehicles do not need to be plugged into an external source of electricity. Gasoline stored in a conventional fuel tank (5) provides all the energy the hybrid vehicle needs

8

B. N. C. O. E., Pusad

w.

A B B Y Y.c

om

Y

F T ra n sf o

A B B Y Y.c

bu to re he C

lic

k

he k lic C w.

om

w

w

w

w

rm

y

ABB

PD

re

to

Y

2.0

2.0

bu

y

rm

er

Y

F T ra n sf o

ABB

PD

er

Y

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

7. HYBRID VEHICLE CONFIGURATIONS There are two possible configurations for hybrid vehicles, 1. Series hybrid and 2. Parallel hybrid

7.1 SERIES CONFIGURATION: An HEV with a series configuration uses the heat engine or fuel cell with a generator to produce electricity for the battery pack and electric motor. Series HEVs have no mechanical connection between the hybrid power unit and the wheels; this means that all motive power is transferred from chemical energy to mechanical energy, to electrical energy, and back to mechanical energy to drive the wheels. Here are some benefits of a series configuration: · · ·

The engine never idles, which reduces vehicle emissions. The engine drives a generator to run at optimum performance. The design allows for a variety of options when mounting the engine and vehicle components. · Some series hybrids do not need a transmission. The downside is that series HEVs require larger, and therefore, heavier battery packs than parallel vehicles. In addition, the engine works hard to maintain battery charge because the system is not operating in parallel

9

B. N. C. O. E., Pusad

w.

A B B Y Y.c

om

Y

F T ra n sf o

A B B Y Y.c

bu to re he C

lic

k

he k lic C w.

om

w

w

w

w

rm

y

ABB

PD

re

to

Y

2.0

2.0

bu

y

rm

er

Y

F T ra n sf o

ABB

PD

er

Y

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

7.2 PARALLEL CONFIGURATION: An HEV with a parallel configuration has a direct mechanical connection between the HPU and the wheels, as in a conventional vehicle, but also has an electric motor that drives the wheels. For example, a parallel vehicle could use the power created from an internal combustion engine for highway driving and the power from the electric motor for accelerating. Some benefits of a parallel configuration are: · The vehicle has more power because both the engine and the motor supply power simultaneously. · Most parallel vehicles do not need a separate generator because the motor regenerates the batteries. · Because the power is directly coupled to the road, it can be more efficient. A combination alternator/starter/"flywheel" is being considered for parallel HEVs. This is essentially an electric machine that can electronically balance the engine, start the engine, and take power from the engine and turn it into electricity. It could also provide extra power to the driveline when power assist is needed for hill climbing or quick acceleration.

10

B. N. C. O. E., Pusad

w.

A B B Y Y.c

om

Y

F T ra n sf o

A B B Y Y.c

bu to re he C

lic

k

he k lic C w.

om

w

w

w

w

rm

y

ABB

PD

re

to

Y

2.0

2.0

bu

y

rm

er

Y

F T ra n sf o

ABB

PD

er

Y

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

8. FUTURE OF HEV HEVs are now at the forefront of transportation technology development. Hybrids have the potential to allow continued growth in the automotive sector, while also reducing critical resource consumption, dependence on foreign oil, air pollution, and traffic congestion. A few examples are listed here to give a flavor of some possibilities: The car could be warmed up or cooled down while it's still in the garage (based on a timer) to make the first few minutes of commute more enjoyable and energy efficient. For "lead-foot" drivers, the control strategy could always keep batteries as close to fully charged as possible to allow maximum power for hard accelerations and keep the APU running continuously to have full power available on demand. For people who drive their cars with maximum fuel economy in mind, the vehicles would use their onboard components in such a way that they would be operating in their highest efficiency regions as much of the time as possible. For people who normally drive long commutes, the vehicle could turn on the APU before batteries get depleted in anticipation of extra on-board power being needed. For those who have a short, repeatable commute, the vehicle could delay turning on the APU to allow the commuter to use only "wall charged" electric energy except when driving longer trips.

11

B. N. C. O. E., Pusad

w.

A B B Y Y.c

om

Y

F T ra n sf o

A B B Y Y.c

bu to re he C

lic

k

he k lic C w.

om

w

w

w

w

rm

y

ABB

PD

re

to

Y

2.0

2.0

bu

y

rm

er

Y

F T ra n sf o

ABB

PD

er

Y

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

9. HEV ADVANTAGES HEVs have several advantages over conventional vehicles: ·

Regenerative braking capability helps minimize energy loss and recover the energy used to slow down or stop a vehicle.

·

Engines can be sized to accommodate average load, not peak load, which reduces the engine's weight.

·

Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (hybrids consume significantly less fuel than vehicles powered by gasoline alone).

·

Emissions are greatly decreased.

·

HEVs can reduce dependency on fossil fuels because they can run on alternative fuels.

·

Special lightweight materials are used to reduce the overall vehicle weight.

·

The size is perfect. We feel safe, pollute a lot less than we used to

·

The car is great so far in terms of performance and reliability

·

It's smooth, cute, efficient, and it teaches as we drive.

·

The air conditioner and other accessories are of the highest quality and it seats four large adults comfortable

·

It has excellent acceleration and handling in all types of traffic.

·

HEVs produce fewer vehicle emissions than conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles, so driving one helps reduce air pollution.

·

HEVs require no special infrastructure changes because they typically run on gasoline or diesel and can be refueled at any service station.

12

B. N. C. O. E., Pusad

w.

A B B Y Y.c

om

Y

F T ra n sf o

A B B Y Y.c

bu to re he C

lic

k

he k lic C w.

om

w

w

w

w

rm

y

ABB

PD

re

to

Y

2.0

2.0

bu

y

rm

er

Y

F T ra n sf o

ABB

PD

er

Y

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

10. CONCLUSION Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. And by combining gasoline with electric power, hybrids will have the same or greater range than traditional combustion engines. The HEV is able to operate approximately two times more efficiently than conventional vehicles. More efficient cars can make a big difference to society in terms of environmental benefits. Hybrids will never be true zero-emission vehicles, however, because of their internal combustion engine. But the first hybrids on the market will cut emissions of global-warming pollutants by a third to a half, and later models may cut emissions by even more.

13

B. N. C. O. E., Pusad

w.

A B B Y Y.c

om

Y

F T ra n sf o

A B B Y Y.c

bu to re he C

lic

k

he k lic C w.

om

w

w

w

w

rm

y

ABB

PD

re

to

Y

2.0

2.0

bu

y

rm

er

Y

F T ra n sf o

ABB

PD

er

Y

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

11. REFERENCES 1. “Hybrid Solution” by Ashok Nedugadi, Ph.D & Mark Wall. Published in “Technology Today” (spring 1999} 2. Development of prototype series HEV by Maduri Marathe &Ujjawala Karte. (ARAI}Pune. 3. “Analysis of Batteries for HEV” by Ashok Nagarkatti. HBL Nife Limited Hyderabad. Published in proceeding of International Symposium &Exposition on automotive Electronic &Alternative Energy vehicles.(19-21 Nov.99)

WEB SITES: http://www.howstuffworks.com/hybrid-car1.htm http://www.howstuffworks.com/hybrid-car2.htm http://www.ott.doe.gov/pdfs/drivehev_factsheet.pdf http://www.ott.doe.gov/pdfs/puthev_factsheet.pdf http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybridtech.shtml http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybrid_sbs.shtml http://www.ott.doe.gov/hev/what.htmlhttp://www.ott.doe.gov/hev/components.html http://www.fleets.doe.gov/fleet_tool.cgi?$$,benefits,1 http://www.ott.doe.gov/hev/faqs.htmlhttp://www.ott.doe.gov/pdfs/techhev_factsheet.pdf

14

B. N. C. O. E., Pusad

w.

A B B Y Y.c

om

Y

F T ra n sf o

A B B Y Y.c

bu to re he C

lic

k

he k lic C w.

om

w

w

w

w

rm

y

ABB

PD

re

to

Y

2.0

2.0

bu

y

rm

er

Y

F T ra n sf o

ABB

PD

er

Y

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

15

B. N. C. O. E., Pusad

w.

A B B Y Y.c

om

Y

F T ra n sf o

A B B Y Y.c

bu to re he C

lic

k

he k lic C w.

om

w

w

w

w

rm

y

ABB

PD

re

to

Y

2.0

2.0

bu

y

rm

er

Y

F T ra n sf o

ABB

PD

er

Y

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

16

B. N. C. O. E., Pusad

w.

A B B Y Y.c

om