Hybrid Drive - Technology For Drying Aquafeeds

September | October 2009 Feature title: Feed Management - Beyond the fish meal debate International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom. All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2009 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

Feed Management

T

he sustainability of aquaculture has been continuously debated in the last two to three decades.

Welcome to the Feed Management section of International Aquafeed magazine. In this issue we look first at the debate concerning the use of fish meal and the sustainable future of aquaculture. Following on from this we have an article highlighting the use of feed as a delivery system to combat the effects of pathogens in aquaculture.

Professor Krishen Rana Professor Krishen Rana is Associate Editor - Feed Management and Sustainability, for International Aquafeed magazine & lecturer in Sustainable Aquaculture Development at the University of Stirling, Scotland.

Fish meal and aquaculture development

move to other ingredients. The current debate implies that the growth of aquaculture is and may be influenced by the availability of fishmeal and may limit the growth of the sector. examples of such initiatives making notable contribution to the aqua feeds debate and to the development of alternative diets and coping strategies. The pragmatic need for such R&D is clear. Aquaculture is touted as the mechanism to fulfill the predicted demand driven shortfall in aquatic products from stagnating and declining wild capture fisheries. Whilst the increasing usage of fish meal and in particular fish oil in aquacul-

In particular, aquaculture has been recently criticized over the use of marine ingredients such as fish meal and fish oil and environmental degradation. Indeed recent, growth of aquaculture sector has been highlighted as a cause of decline in capture fisheries and critics asserts that the growth of the sector relies on fishmeal (Naylor et al., 2000). Such, publications and press, inaccurate and biased as it may be, have nevertheless created the much needed In some developing countries aquaculture opportunity production is still predominantly dependant and spurred sigon pond systems where single ingredient and nificant research traditional commodities into the identification and use ture (esp. for salmon and shrimps) is not of alternative nutrient ingredients and diet in question, this shift is in fact driven by performance. Collaborative initiatives such as market forces as other users of fishmeal AQUAMAX (www.aquamaxip.eu) are clear 38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | September-october 09

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Beyond the fish meal debate

Fed aquaculture production (million tonnes)

"The reported data on the relationship between fish meal production and the expansion of aquaculture production over the last two decades show no causal relationship between fish meal and aquaculture output"

Fish meal production/imports (million tonnes)

Feed Management

The reported data on the relationship between fish meal production and the expansion of aquaculture production over

the last two decades show no causal relationship between fish meal and aquaculture output (Figure 1). On the contrary, recent data show that aquaculture production increased significantly as fish meal produc-

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tion declined. (Figure 1). If we consider aquaculture production of farmed fish and shellfish species dependant the aqua feeds over the last two decades, output rose from 7.4 million tonnes in 1987 to around 36.8 million tonnes in 2007, representing an annual average increase of 19.7 percent/year whilst fish meal production which hovered between five - seven million tonnes/year declined at around 1.4 percent/year (Figure 1). Moreover, this expansion in aquaculture

million tonnes in 1997 to over 20 million in 2007 whilst over the same period total fish meal imports into China varied between 1-1.4 million tonnes over the same period (Figure 1).

Aquaculture expands with limited fish meal Aquaculture output has been clearly expanding even though fishmeal production has been stable. In developing countries such as China, Thailand, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Vietnam aquaculture production is still predominantly dependant on pond systems where single ingredient and traditional commodities such as soya bean, rice & rice bran, corn, wheat for on farm feeds in which fish meal plays a small but important role in nutrient supply. Regards relatively low value species such as carps, tilapias and catfishes production is migrating rapidly from extensive to semi-intensive methods using relatively low cost farm made aquafeeds in which

"Looking at the challenges for stabilizing and increasing aquaculture growth we should look beyond the fishmeal debate, especially if forecasts for fish production are considered. In Asia alone feed based aquaculture currently stands at 22 million tonnes with an estimated feed requirement 39 million tonnes at an eFCR of 2:1" was in developing countries, in particular China, where aquaculture expanded by 23 and 38 percent/year, respectively. China doubled its aquaculture output from 10.5

fish meal or oil inclusion is very low or absent. According to a recent estimate, based on seven leading aquacultureproducing countries, this trend was also evident from the increase in the estimated use of farm-made aqua-feeds 10.3 to 19.3 million tonnes during 2003-2004 in Asia alone (De Silva and Hassan, 2007). Looking at the challenges for stabilizing and increasing aquaculture growth we should look beyond the fishmeal debate, especially if forecasts for fish production are considered. In Asia alone feed based aquaculture currently stands at 22 million tonnes with an estimated feed requirement 39 million tonnes at an eFCR of 2:1. Projected fish requirements to 2020 = cc 90-95 million tonnes from aqua feed dependant production. At an FCR of 2:1 and 70 percent dependency we will require 125 -133 million tonnes of potential feed ingredients if the nutrient ingredients of vegetable origin ranges 70 – 75 percent by volume a staggering 90-100 million tonnes of proteins and oils of plant origin to meet 2020 targets! Therefore Greater challenge: How do we secure such supplies at acceptable prices given that these are also commodities in completion with direct human consumption, livestock and feedstock for bio fuel production?

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Practical methods improving health & performance in Pangasius culture in Vietnam Automated microdiet feeding - another step to early weaning

Hybrid drive - technology for drying aquafeeds

China’s aquaculture industry – A snapshot

Feed Management Beyond the fish meal debate

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