Human Health And Diseases

Q1. Give Scientific reasons:1. Albino persons cannot synthesize the pigment melanin. Ans. Albino persons cannot synthesize the pigment melanin because. 1. It is hereditary disease in which there is no pigmentation of hair, eyes and colour of the skin. 2. The gene, which controls the synthesis of the pigment melanin, undergoes mutation in them. 2. In take of saturated fat should be avoided. Ans. Intake of saturated fat should be avoided because 1. Saturated fat contains cholesterol and triglycerides in them. 2. Excess intake of saturated fats leads to deposition of these fats on the inner walls of the arteries causing arteriosclerosis. 3. It also increases the chance of heart attack. 3. In India, the causes of heat attacks are increasing. Ans. In India, the cause of heart attacks are increasing due to increased mental and physical stress and strain on the people. Both mental and physical stress and strain have adverse effects on the heart causing heart attacks. 4. There is oedema on the body during kidney failure. Ans. There is oedema on the body during kidney failure because 1. Kidney failure is the malfunctioning of kidneys. 2. There is accumulation of poisonous substance and water in body. 3. Accumulation of water in the tissues leads to swelling called oedema. 5. The people should be educated to avoid cancer and AIDS. Ans. The people should be educated to avoid cancer and AIDS because they are the leading cause of mortality in developed countries. 6. Cancer cannot be diagnosed in its early stage. Ans. 1. Cancer is one of the leading cause of mortality in developed countries. 2. There is no early warning symptoms such as pain or fever. Hence, cancer cannot be diagnosed in its early stage. 7. Vehicle drivers are tested for colour blindness before issuing license. Ans. 1. Colour blindness is a hereditary disease. 2. Colour – blind persons cannot distinguish between different colours. 3. Most common colour blindness is for red and green colour. 4. This defect is usually observed in males. Hence, vehicle drivers are tested for colour blindness before issuing license.

8. Blood sugar level increases in diabetes. Ans. 1. Diabetes may be due to metabolic disorder as well as organic failure and its can be hereditary. 2. It is the defective functioning of the beta cells of islets of Langerhans in pancreas which secrets the hormone insulin. 3. In absence of this hormone, the tissues, especially liver tissues fail to utilize glucose. This, results increased blood sugar level in diabetes. Q2. Define 1. Communicable disease :- Diseases that are caused due to pathogens and are transmitted from one person to another are called communicable diseases. Diseases such as influenza, cholera, tuberculosis are communicable diseases. 2. Non – communicable disease:- Diseases that are caused due to factors other than pathogens and are not transmitted from one person to another are called non – communicable diseases. Diseases such as cancer and diabetes are non – communicable diseases. Q3. Answer the following in short:1. List the carcinogenic factor (or) Name the factor which increases the risk of caner. Suggest the treatment of cancer. Ans. Factors such as smoking, exposure of radiation, some chemicals, food stuffs and dyes may increase the risk of caner. These factors are called carcinogenic factors as they cause cancer. The Treatment of caner are 1. Radiotherapy. 2. Chemotherapy. 3. Surgery. 2. Write a note on kidney failure. Ans. 1. Malfunctioning or defective functioning of the kidney is called kidney failure. 2. It is due to infection of physiological disorders. 3. It leads to accumulation of poisonous substances in the tissues causing oedema. 4. Urea in the blood increases, which leads to uremia. 3. What are the four types of heart diseases? Ans. The four types of heart diseases are as follows. 1. Congenital defect 2. Rheumatic fever. 3. Coronary diseases. 4. Excessive strain on the heart.

4. Name the hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. Write down three affects due to excess secretion. Ans. 1.The hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is thyroxine. 2. Effects due to excess secretion of thyroxine is increased metabolic rate, hyperactivity, loss of weight and protruding eyeballs. 5. Write the symptoms of diabetes Ans. They symptoms of diabetes are as follows. 1. Excess of throat. 2. Hunger 3. Frequent urination 4. Loss of weight with general weakness 6. Suggest any four measures to control diabetes. Ans. The four control measures to control diabetes are as follows. 1. Restriction of sugar intake. 2. Injections of insulin 3. Consumption of hypoglycemic substances 4. Regular exercise can control diabetes. 7. Name any four diseases caused by polluted water. Ans. 1. Jaundice 2. Cholera 3. Typhoid 4. Gastroenteritis Q4. State the effect of the following 1. Effect of X – rays on health:- They show adverse affects on cell growth and interfere with the genetic constitution and metabolic activities. 2. Effect of air pollutants on human health :- They cause lung disorders. They also cause headache, irritation of eyes and nose, coughing, breathlessness, chest pain and bronchial asthma. 3. Effect of water pollutants on health:- Water pollutants cause disease like jaundice, cholera, typhoid and gastro – enteritis. 4. Effect of deficiency of iodine on health :- Deficiency of iodine causes goiter i.e. enlargement of the thyroid gland. 5. Effect of mental and physical strain on health:- Mental and Physical strain cause mechanical strain on the heart, resulting into heart diseases.

6. Effect pf consumption of saturated fats on health:- Consumption of saturated fats causes arteriosclerosis, which results in heart attack. Q5. Describe the following heart diseases:1. Congenital heart diseases:1. The congenital heat diseases are mostly due to malfunctioning of the valves in the heart. 2. Congenital heart diseases may also be due to the presence of a hole in the septal wall of the heart which causes the mixing of oxygenated and de – oxygenated blood in the heart. 3. The main causes of congenital heart diseases are as follows:i. Infections like German measles in the pregnant mother. ii. Administration of pregnancy. iii. Exposure to radiations like X – rays which may affect the embryo. 2. Rheumatic fever:1. Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease caused by the infection by a strain of streptococcus. 2. Rheumatic fever affects the heart. 3. Rheumatic fever is usually seen in the population living in cold and humid climate in overcrowded areas where the condition are unhygienic. 3. Coronary diseases:1. Coronary diseases of heart and caused by the intake of fats, especially saturated fats in the diet. 2. The cholesterol from the fats gets deposited on the wall of the artery supplying blood to the heart. 3. Owing to the deposition of cholesterol on the wall of the artery, its lumen becomes narrow resulting into less supply of blood to the heart. This disease is called arteriosclerosis. 4. Arteriosclerosis may cause heart attack. 5. Coronary diseases are observed in the people able the age of 45 years. 6. Males are more prone to coronary diseases. Q 6. Explain the following:1. Health:1. Health literally means sound condition of the body. 2. It is a state of physical, mental and social well – being and not merely the absence of disease. 2. Disease:1. The word disease (dis – ease) means uneasiness. i.e. departure from a state of normal health.

2. Disease is a condition in which the normal state of mind, body and well – being person is impaired. 3. A disease is diagnosed from the symptoms which it produces. 3. Haemophilia:1. Haemophilia is a hereditary disease caused by mutation of the gene which controls the clotting blood. 2. In Haemophilia the blood does not clot. Therefore, a person suffering from Haemophilia may bleed to death when injured. 3. Haemophilia is usually found in males. It is rarely seen in females. 4. Albinism:1. Albinism is a hereditary disease. 2. A person suffering from albinism cannot synthesize the pigment melanin. Therefore, his skin, iris of the eyes, eyelashes and hairs on the body appear white. 3. Albinism is caused by the mutation in the gene which controls the formation of the pigment melanin in the body. 4. A person showing albinism is known as albino. 5. Albinos develop rashes on their skin in bright light. Their eyes are sensitive to bright light. 5. Uremia :1. When the amount of urea increases in the blood, it leads to disease, called uremia. 2. Uremia is caused by the malfunctioning of the kidney. 3. Dialysis and kidney transplantation are remedial measures for uremia. 6. Silicosis:1. Silicosis is a respiratory diseases caused by the inhalation of silica dust. 2. Workers working in stone quarries and coal mines usually suffer from silicosis. 3. Silicosis is an occupational disease. 7. Cretinism:1. Cretinism is caused by under secretion of thyroxine hormone secreted by thyroid gland. 2. In a child suffering from cretinism, the growth is stunted. 3. Cretinism also makes a child mentally retarded. 8. Diabetes:1. Diabetes is the defective functioning of the beta cells of islets of Langerhans in pancreas which secrete the hormone insulin. 2. Owing to the lack of insulin, the cells of the body, especially, the liver cells fail to utilize glucose. 3. As a result of this, the level of sugar in the blood increases. 4. In diabetes, there is excretion of glucose in urine.

9. Arteriosclerosis:1. Arteriosclerosis is caused by excessive intake of fats, especially saturated fats in the diet. 2. In this disease, the cholesterol present in fats gets deposited in the arteries as a result of which their lumens become narrow. 3. Owing to this, there is less supply of blood to the heart which causes heart attack. Q 7. Suggest the treatment for the following:1. Kidney disorders :- Kidney disorders can be treated by dialysis and kidney transplantation. 2. Cancer:- Cancer can be treated by surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. 3. Cretinism:- Cretinism can be treated by the harmone thyroxine. 4. Diabetes:- Diabetes can be treated by restriction of sugar intake, injections of insulin, consumption of hypoglycemic substances and regular exercise can control diabetes. Q7. Distinguish between 1. Cretinism and Dwarfism Cretinism 1. It is caused due to under secretion of thyroxine hormone. 2. Mental development is not normal. 3. Body proportions are not normal. 4. Face is without expression.

Dwarfism 1. It is caused due to under secretion of growth hormone. 2. Mental development is normal. 3. Body proportions are normal 4. Face is with expression.

2. Gigantism and Dwarfism Gigantism 1. It is caused due to over secretion of growth harmone. 2. Individual grows to a height of 7 to 8 feet. 3. Skin, tongue, lips and ears become thick.

Dwarfism 1. It is caused due to under secretion of growth hormone. 2. Individual grows to a height of only 3 to 4 feet. 3. There is no thickening of skin, tongue, lips etc.

3. Communicable and non – communicable diseases Communicable Diseases 1. Diseases that are caused due to

Non – communicable diseases 1. Diseases that are caused due to

pathogens and are transmitted from one person to another are called communicable disease. 2. It spreads through air, water, contact or animals. 3. It is caused by micro – organisms such as virus, bacteria, fungi or protozoan.

factors other than pathogens are called non communicable disease. 2. It does not spread. 3. It is not caused by micro – organisms.

4. Thyroid gland and Pituitary gland. Thyroid gland 1. Thyroid gland is situated in the lower part of the neck. 2. Thyroid gland secretes the hormone thyroxine. 3. Under secretion of the hormone thyroxine from the thyroid gland leads to stunted growth called cretinism. 5. Air pollutants and Water pollutants Air pollutants 1. Pollutants that pollute air are called air pollutants. 2. Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, etc. are air pollutants. 3. Air pollutants are known to cause airborne diseases like asthma, chest pain, common cold, tuberculosis, pneumonia, etc.

Pituitary gland 1. Pituitary gland is situated in the posterior and lower part of the cerebrum. 2. Pituitary gland secretes the growth hormones. 3. Under secretion of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland leads to dwarfism. Water pollutants Pollutants that pollute water are called water pollutants. 2. Chemical wastes from factories, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, etc. are water pollutants. 3. Water pollutants are known to cause water borne diseases like jaundice, cholera, typhoid, gastroenteritis, etc.