Hotspots Of Biodiversity Borneo

HOTSPOTS OF BIODIVERSITY BORNEO

INTRODUCTION “Biodiversiti hotspots’ definition: Biogeography region that highly occupied by biology diversity which are treated endanger. History: • Introduced by Dr. Norman Myers in his two articles: • “The Environmentalist” (1988 & 1990) • “Hotspots: Earth’s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions” (1999) • Also by Russell Mittermeier in his book “Hotspots revisited” (2004)

HOW TO IDENTIFY THE BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT REGION?

Any region that consist of: 2. At least 1,500 endemic* vascular plant species. 3. At least 70% origin habitat extinction occurred.

*endemic - (animal/plant) that occupied in certain region only.

Continue… • At least 25 hotspot regions all over the world, and another 9 probability regions to be hotspot region. • These region reserve almost 60% plant, bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species in the world that share high endemic species.

SPECIES DIVERSITY • Ecosystem – Dipterocarp forest, swamp forest, mangrove swamp and coral. • 20 000 plant species: - 15 000 sp. flowery plant. - 300 sp. tree (267 sp dipterocarp) - 1,200 sp. wild orchid, and hundreds rhododendron, periuk kera, lichen and fern.

• Borneo as natural habitat for Orang Utan. • Conservation region for Asia Elephant, Sumatera Rhinoceros, Borneo Leopard and Buah Dayak Bat.

ENDEMIC SPECIES

Borneo Map

Location Coordinates Area Rank Highest point

: South Earth Asia : 1˚00 `N,114˚00 `E : 743,330 km² : Third largest island in the world : Kinabalu(4,095m) (13,435 ft) above sea level

The Dominant Societies in Borneo Sarawak

Sabah

Penan Iban Melayu Dayak Darat Melanau

Rungus Kadazan Murut Bajau

The Penan : -one of the last such peoples remaining -based around a village ‘longhouse‘ -mostly nomadic hunter An old Penan woman from Ulu Baram, Sarawak

-They eat :plants (medicines) and animals

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY Food - 80% of plant - source of protein

Sustained the climate

Economic sources Medicine Recreation

Fuel-tree and foliage

Traditional medicine

"We were the first people here."

"What happened to all the money?"

"We do not need longhouses, we just want our forest."

"I want to plant but I do not have seeds."

Destruction of Biodiversity. What Penan’s people say?

"The damages done

will disturb the ancestor spirit prosperity"

"3 inches tall, then our vegetables will all die."

"My wife died after drinking from the river." "My breast milk dries up sometimes…"

Destruction of Biodiversity. What Penan’s people say? (continue)

WWF • Non-governmental organization. • conserving, restoring, and protecting a diversity of species, forests, marine, coastal, and freshwater environments • Support about 100 conservation project and environmental around the world. • Funds : from government, corporate partnership and donation. Example :licensing partnership with CIMB Bank or any donation from organization or individual donors.

WWF • One of the programmed: - ‘Hearts of Borneo’ conservation programmed. - 3 countries : Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei. - covered a total of 240,000 sq km (2 million hectares) of equatorial rainforests. - to conserve pristine tropical rainforest and support a continuous economical development. - Forest conversion, mining, development and fires threaten Borneo’s Heartland

The Asian Nature Conservation Foundation • ANCF focused on conservation activity of elephant including review about elephant’s density, habitat and threats towards them. • In Borneo, focused on Asian Elephants and conservation of it’s habitats.. • Threats : damage to elephants habitat, elephant-human conflict (illegal hunting for elephants tusk.

Kinabatangan Orang-Utan Conservation Project (KOCP) • set up in 1998 by HUTAN in collaboration with the Sabah Wildlife Department. • The goal of the project is to achieve long-term viability of Orang-utan populations in Sabah. • The project's objective is to restore harmonious relationships between people and the Orangutan, which in turn will support local socioeconomic development compatible with habitat and wildlife conservation.

CONCLUSION 

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Borneo is an important region in biology because of Borneo rich in epidemic and species diversity. Deforestation give the big impact to the biodiversity in Borneo. Lot of effort have been spent to ensure the Borneo hotspot region can be conserve.

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