Holding Our Ground (in Burme)

*

u|Ekyf w f . ‹dk ajr,mrsm;ukd odr;f yku d x f m;jcif; &cdi k jf ynfe,f/ rGejf ynfe,fEi S hf &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; ytkd0f;e,fwdk‹ Y ajr,modrf;,lr+rsm;

&cdik jf ynfv;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;ESihf vli,frsm; tpnf;t&k;H (AASYC) ytkd0f;vli,f tpnf;t&kH; (PYO) wdk;wufaomrGefvli,ftpnf;t&kH; (MYPO) wdk‹rS tpD&ifcH wifjyonf?

u|Ekfyfwkd‹. ajr,mrsm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;jcif; &cdkifjynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,fESifh &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; ytkd0f;e,fwdk‹ Y ajr,modrf;,lr+rsm;

2009 ck E S p f / rwf v tk y f a &?

? 500

atmuf y gtzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;rS xk w f a 0jzef @ csd o nf ? &cd k i f j ynf v H k ; qd k i f & m ausmif ; om;ES i f h tpnf;t&kH; (AASYC)

vl i ,f r sm;

P. O Box -135 Maesot, Tak Province 63110 Thailand E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +66 (0) 55 506 618

ytk d 0 f ; vl i ,f tpnf ; t&k H ; (PYO) P. O Box -134 Maesot, Tak Province 63110 Thailand E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +66 (0) 55 533 115

wd k ; wuf a om rG e f v l i ,f tpnf ; t&k H ; (MYPO) P. O Box -26 Sankhlaburi, Kanchanaburi Province 71240 Thailand E-mail: [email protected], Phone: +66 (0) 34 595 614

rmwd u m tpD & if c H p ma&;om;ol r sm;ta=umif ; 1? ed ' gef ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1) 2? wif j yyH k e nf ; pepf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1) 3? tpD & if c H p m tusOf ; csKyf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2) 3? 1? jrefrmEdkifiH. aemufcHordkif;tusOf; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2) 3? 2? avhvmcJhaome,fajrrsm;. aemufcHordkif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4) 4? jref r mEk d i f i H t ES H @ tjym;rS m ppf w yf r sm; wd k ; csJ @ csxm;jcif ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(7) 4? 1? ppfwyfrsm;tESH@tjym; wdk;csJ@csxm;jcif;ESifh wdkuf&dkuf tusKd;qufrsm; . . . . . . . . . . (7) 4? 2? ppfwyfrsm;csxm;jcif;ESifh ajrodrf;jcif;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(11) 4? 3? ppfwyfrsm;csxm;jcif;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_rsm;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (16) 4? 3? 1? twif;t"rR vkyftm;apcdkif;jcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (17) 4? 3? 2? jrefrmZmwfoGif;jcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(20) 4? 3? 3? vdifr_qdkif&m &rf;um;r_rsm;ESifh rk'drf;r_rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (21) 4? 3? 4? ppfwyfxJodk@twif;tusyfqGJoGif;jcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(22) 5? ajrod r f ; jcif ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(23) 5? 1? pm;usufajrrsm;udk odrf;jcif;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (23) 5? 2? tdrfeD;csif;wdkif;jynfrsm;odk@ ajymif;a&$@oGm;=ujcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(24) 5? 3? obm0ywf0ef;usif xdcdkufysufpD;r_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(26) 5? 4? a'oqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm; csKyfcs,fuef@owfcH&jcif;ESifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;rsm;qHk;&_H;jcif;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(29) 6? jref r mh a jr,mOya'ES i f h Ed k i f i H w umOya' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (30) 7? jref r mEd k i f i H . zG H @ òzd ; a&;pD r H u d e f ; rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (32) 8? avh v mawG @ &S d & aom vuf a wG @ jzpf & yf r sm;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (35) 9? ed * H k ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (43) 10? t}uH ð ywif j ycsuf r sm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (43) 11? tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;. aemuf c H t a=umif ; (AASYC/ PYO/ MYPO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(45)

aus;Zl ; wif v T m yxrOD;pGm TtpD&ifcHpmudk yl;wGJa&;om;=uonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpfaom &cdkifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t&kH; (AASYC) / wdk;wufaomrGefvli,f pnf;t&kH; (MYPO) ESifh ytk0d ;f vli,ftpnf;t&k;H (PYO) wd@k taeESihf aiGa=u;tultnDay;cJah om (Voluntary Service Overseas_VSO) ES i f h uG i f ; qif ; ppf w rf ; aumuf o l r sm;tm; aus;Zl ; wif & S d a =umif ; az: jyvd k y gonf ? TtzGJ@tpnf;ESifh yk*[email protected]/ tm;wufoa&móud;yrf;r_wdk@om ryg&Sdygu TtpD&ifcHpm ay:xGufvmEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs? 'kwd,taeESifh TtpD&ifcHpm a&;om;r_udk }uD;=uyfay;jcif;twGuf (MYPO) ESifh (PYO) wdk@u (AASYC) udk aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; az: jyvdkygonf? wwd,taeESifh apwemh0efxrf; ulnDolrsm;jzpf=uaom 'rD,if qrD; (Damien Smee)/ rufo,l; qrD; (Matthew Smee)/ u,fvD puJ&dk; (Kelly Scarrow)/ yrf;*&if; (Pam Green) wdk@tm; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdyg.? olw@kd .wefb;kd &Sad om 0dik ;f 0ef;óud;yrf;r_rsm;onf TtpD&ifcpH mjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf t&if;cHta=umif; wpf&yfjzpfygonf? xdk@jyif TtpD&ifcHpm yHkESdyfxkwfa0&mY pmapmifyHkpHESifh tqiftjyiftwGuf wm0ef ,lay;=uaom (AASYC) tpnf;t&kH;0ifrsm;. aus;Zl;ðyr_udkvnf; txl;az: jytyfygonf?

tpD & if c H p ma&;om;ol r sm;taMumif ; &cdkifjynfvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t&kH; (AASYC)/ wdk;wufaom rGefvli,f tpnf;t&kH; (MYPO)ESifh ytkd0f;vli,ftpnf;t&kH; (PYO) wdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiH ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;uGe*f &uf (Students & Youth Congress of Burma - SYCB) wGif yg0ifaom tzG@J tpnf; rsm;jzpf=u+yD; 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sad &;/ vl@tcGit hf a&;&&Sad &;/ ppfreS af om zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf wnfaqmufa&;twGuf aqmif&u G af e=uygonf? TtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf jrefrmEdik if rH mS Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm; a&;/ vlr_a&;ajymif;vJr_rsm;jzpfay:a&; &nfrSef;csufjzifh vlrsKd;pk jynfolrsm;t=um;rSm ,Hk=unfr_ESifh tjyeftvSef em;vnfr_ wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;udk aqmif&Gufae=uygonf? tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiHrSm vkyfief;u|rf;usifr_ t&nftcsif;jynfh0aom vli,ftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&Sdvmapa&;twGuf rdrdwdk@. tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk ynmaa&;ESifh vkyfief;u|rf;usifr_qdkif&m oifwef;rsm;jzifh pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufay;jcif; wk@d tm; aqmif&u G af eygonf? xd@k tjyif rwlujJG ym;onfh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;t=um; w&m;r#wr_EiS hf wef;wlnDr#a&;udktajccHonfh 'Drdkua&pD vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yf ay:xGef;vmapa&;twGuf óud;yrf; aqmif&Gufae=uygonf? TtzGJ@ tpnf;toD;oD;. tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk od&SdEdkif&ef pmrsufESm (45) ESifh (46) odk@ =unfyh g?

1? ed'gef; TtpD&ifcHpmonf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd jynfolrsm; txl;ojzifh vlrsKd;pktrsKd;om;rsm; }uHKawG@ae=u&aom jy\emrsm;udk pmzwfy&dowf}uD; *&krlrdap&eftwGuf a&;om;ðypkxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? jyify&Sd apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;tzdk@rl jrefrmEdkifiH. jy\emrsm;udk &_jrif=u&mY wdkif;jynf. 'Drdkua&pD enf;usa&G;aumufcHxm;&aom acgif;aqmifjzpfol EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk&Sif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh tjcm;aom a&G;cs,cf EH ikd if aH &;acgi;f aqmiftrsm;tjym; xde;f odr;f xm;cHae&jcif;wnf;[laom abmifxJ rSmom&Sdaeygonf? odk@&mwGif u|Efkyfwdk@ wifjyrnfrSm Tjy\emonf jynfolwdk@. 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&; ar#mfvifhcsuftwGuf t[ef@twm;jzpfapaom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_ trsm;tjym;xJu wpfck r#omjzpfygonf? TtpD&ifcHpmonf jrefrmEdkifiH. e,fajr (3) ck (&cdkifjynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,f ESifh &Srf;jynfe,f awmifydkif;&Sd ytkd0f;e,fajr) udk txl;ðywifjyxm;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm bwf*sufaiGa=u;ESifh tcsdeftuef@towf wdk@a=umifhwpfa=umif;/ ppftpdk;&vufatmufrSm ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;cHae&aom Ta'orsm;&Sd jynfolwdk@ taeESihf owif;Xmersm;. tm&Hpk u kd rf u _ kd aumif;pGmr&&Scd ahJ oma=umifh wpfa=umif; ,ckuo hJ @kd wifjy&jcif; jzpfygonf?

rSwfcsuf-jrefrmusyfaiGESifh tar&duefa':vmwdk@. w&m;0ifvJvS,fE_ef; (tar&duef 1 a':vm = 6. 5usy)f / arSmifcakd ps;uGuf vJv, S Ef e_ ;f (tar&duef 1 a':vm 1˜ 350 usyf ywf0ef;usi)f wd@k t=um;wGif tvGet f rif; uGm[aer_a=umifh TtpD&ifcpH mwGif aiGa=u;rsm;udk Edi_ ;f ,SOjf y&mY (tar&duef 1 a':vm - 1˜ 350 usyf) E_ef;udk toHk;ðyxm;ygonf?

(2) wifjyyHkenf;pepf TtpD&ifcHpmtwGuf t"duusaom ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_udk tzGJ@ (3) zGJ@yl;aygif;I aqmif&GufcJhygonf? ppfwrf; aumuf,lol (7) OD;udk tcsuftvufpkaqmif;&ef awGqHkar;jref;r_rsm;twGuf oifwef;ay;yg onf? xdk@aemuf ppfwrf;aumuf,la&;twGuf oufqdkif&me,fajrrsm;odk@ydk@v$wfygonf? tzGJ@0if (2) OD;u (AASYC) ESihf ytk0d ;f vli,ftzG@J (PYO) wd@k ukd ud, k pf m;ðy+yD; (3) OD;u (MYPO)udk ud, k pf m;ðyygonf? ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_udk jynfe,ftoD;oD;&Sd atmufyge,fajrrsm;wGif aqmif&GufcJhygonf? ¾ &cdkifjynfe,f/ &rf;+AJu|ef;&Sd ausmufjzLòrd@e,fESifh ykÀm;u|ef;òrd@e,f (AASYC) ¾ &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;/ [dkykef;/ awmif}uD;/ qDqdkifòrd@e,frsm; (PYO) ¾ rGefjynfe,f/ a&;òrd@e,f (MYPO) wd@k jzpfonf? u|Efkyfwdk@. ppfwrf;aumuf,lolrsm; oGm;a&mufavhvmcJh&m e,fajrrsm;tjyif TtpD&ifcHpm avhvm&m e,f (3) ck&Sd tjcm;e,fajrrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&&Sda&;twGuf tjcm;aomowif;Zpfjrpftrsm;tjym;udv k nf; avhvmcJyh gonf? tcsK@d aom owif;tcsut f vufrsm; (1)

onf trsm;od+yD; jzpfaeonfhwdkif ajr,modrf;,lr_ESifh ppfwyfrsm;udk ae&mtESH@wdk;I csxm;jcif;wdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiHrSm a&&SnfjzpfyGm;aeaom jy\emrsm;jzpfa=umif;udk az: jy&eftwGuf ‚if;tcsuftvuf wdk@udk xnfhoGif;az: jycJhjcif; jzpfygonf? t"duppfwrf;aumuf,lr_udk (2008) ckESpf. (3) v wm umvtwGif;rSm aqmif&GufcJhjcif;jzpfaomfjim;vnf; tcsKd@aom tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm;onf ukefvGefcJhaomESpfrsm;ESifh oufqdkifygonf? Todk@jzpf&jcif;rSm Te,fajrrsm;&Sd jy\emrsm;udk owif; rD'D,mXmersm;u aumif;pGm *&krxm;rdcJhaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?

3? tpD&ifcpH m tusO;f csKyf 3? 1? jrefrmEdkifiH\aemufcHordkif;tusOf;

&S r f ; jynf e ,f &ck d i f j ynf e ,f

rG e f j ynf e ,f

jref r mjynf ajryk H jrefrmEdkifiH (Burma) udk tm%mvuf&Sd ppftpdk;&jzpfaom EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&; aumifpD (State Peace and Development Council- SPDC) u (1989) ckEpS w f iG f (Myanmar) [k w&m;0iftrnf ajymif;cJhonf? EdkifiHwum. jypfwifa0zefr_rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;'%fcwfr_rsm; qufvuf &Sdaeonfh=um;uyif (etz) (SPDC)onf tm%mudk qufvufqkyfudkifxm;um twdkuftcHwdk@udk tiftm;oHk;vsufESdyfuGyf aeygonf? apmifh=unfhavhvmoltawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf; ppftpdk;&onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_rsm;udk t}uD;tus,f usL;vGefaeonfhtjyif pDyGm;a&;udkvnf; tvGJvGJ tacsmfacsmf pDrHaeonf[k pGyfpGJajymqdkae=uygonf? 1 (1988) ckESpf vlxktHkºuGr_ESifh (2007) ckESpf a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;wdk@udk ESdyfuGyfr_onf wdkif;jynf 1

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1300003.stm, 30th July 2008

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tkyfpdk;olwdk@. &ufpufr_udk az: jyvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? tqufqufaomppftpdk;&wdk@onf vlrsKd;pkrsm;udk aoG;cGJzdESdyfxm;+yD; oHvufoD;jzifh tkyfpdk;cJh=uonf? jrefrmppfwyf(wyfrawmf)onf tm%mESifh pdk;rdk;r_ wdk@udk jynfolrsm; rvSefEdkifa&;twGuf wdkif;jynftESH@tjym;wGif jzef@csxm;onf? wdkif;jynf. ta&S@ydkif; wGif txl;ojzifh urBmt h &Snq f ;kH jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpfymG ;ae&m u&ifjynfe,fwiG f awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm; udk qufvufwdkufcdkufaeygonf?2 aoG;cGJ zdESdyfcHae&aom vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;u bHk&efoludk qef@usifae=uyg.? odk@&mwGif rdrdwdk@vlrsKd;tkyfpktvdkuf csrSwfxm;aom udk,fenf;udk,fh[ef/ oD;jcm; OD;wnfcsufrsm;jzifh pcef;oGm;ae=ujcif; jzpfonf? 0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;vSonfrSmum; jrefrmEdkifiH. e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif ESpfaygif;axmifESifhcsDI Ttwdkif; jzpfyGm;aecJhjcif;yif jzpfygonf? +Adwdo#wdk@u ,ae@jrefrmEdkifiH[k ac:qdkaomEdkifiHudk (1885) ckESpfwGif t+yD;tydkifodrf;ydkufcJh+yD;aemuf tdE, dN Edik if /H umvuwWm;òrd@raS eI +Adwo d #-tdE, dN jynfe,fwcktjzpf tkycf sKyfco hJ nf? (1937) ckEpS w f iG f rufrdk[ef (McMahon) EdkifiHwum e,fjcm;rsOf;rsm;a&;qGJ owfrSwfaomtcgY +Adwdo# -tdENd,udk ydkif;jcm;vdkufum +Adwdo# - jrefrmEdkifiH[lI ay:aygufvmcJhonf? (1937) ckESpfaemufydkif;rSm +Adwdo#jrefrmEdkifiH[kac:qdkaomukef;ajronf ,ae@acwfopfjrefrmEdkifiH jzpfvmygonf? 3 rufrdk[ef e,fedrdwf rsOf;a&;qGJvdkufjcif;ESifh wqufwnf;jzpfaom +Adwdo# - jrefrmEdkififiHtjzpfowfrSwfvdkufjcif;wdk@a=umifh &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tcsif;csif; wdkufcdkufcJh=u+yD; tcsKyftcsmtm%mydkifpdk;ol bk&ifrsm; tkyfpdk;&me,fajr rsm;jzifh tpdwfpdwftr$muGJaecJhaom vlrsKd;pkaygif; (130) cef@onf wajrxJrSm pkaygif;aexdkif=u&av awmhonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. vGwfvyfa&;odk@csDwuf&mY vlrsKd;pkaygif;pHkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh jrefrmvlrsKd; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@u OD;aqmifcJh=uonf? (1947) ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u vef'efodk@ oGm; a&mufcJh+yD; +Adwdo# 0ef}uD;csKyf uvD;rifh tufwvD (Clement Attlee) ESifhpmcsKyf csKyfqdkjcif;/ xdk@aemuf (yifvHkpmcsKyf) csKyfqdkjcif;ponfjzifh e,fpyfa'orsm;udk aygif;pnf;apcJhonf? 4 odk@&mwGif vGwfvyfa&; tjynfht0r&rSDrSmyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; vkyf}uHcHcJh&onf? (1948) ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufae@wGif +Adwdo#wdk@u tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHonf udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;atmufrSaeI vGwfvyfa&; &cJah vonf?5 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ekonf jrefrmEdik if . H yxrOD;qH;k 'Dru kd a&pDenf;us a&G;aumufyrJG aS eI tm%m &vmcJjh cif;jzpfaomfvnf; vlrsK;d pkjy\emrsm;ESihf vlrsK;d pkrsm;.awmif;qdck surf sm;udk ajz&Si;f ray;Edik cf ahJ cs? vlrsK;d pkrsm;u rdrw d @kd rawmfrw&m;jyKcHae&onf/ yifvpkH mcsKyfuv kd nf; taumiftxnfaz:ay;jcif;r&S[ d k jrifcJh=uonf? vlrsKd;pkrsm;. udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhESifh ywfoufI tuef@towf&Sdaom uwdu0wfrsm;udk yifv#if xdxda&mufa&muf apmifhpnf;jcif;r&SdcJhacs? wdkif;jynfonf jynfwGif;ppfjzpfyGm;um jrefrmh wyfrawmf. wyfzGJ@rsm;uvnf; ykefuefcJh=uonf? wdkif;jynf tpdwfpdwftr$mr$m òyduGJrnfhtjzpfrS u,fwif&ef[k ta=umif;jyum (1962) ckESpfwGif ppfwyfu tm%modrf;cJhonf? 6 2 3 4 5 6

Ethnic groups in Burma: Development, Democracy and Human Rights Smith, M (1994) AntiSlavery International, London The political concept of National United Party of Arakan (NUPA), Khin Maung (1995) The New Panglong Initiative: Re-building the Union of Burma, Ethnic Nationalities Solidarity and Cooperation Committee Burma, Hall D, 1960, Hutchinson & Co, London The New Panglong Initiative: Re-building the Union of Burma, Ethnic Nationalities Solidarity and Cooperation Committee

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okd@aomfvnf; a'ozGH@òzd;a&;[laomta=umif;jycsufjzifh [dkykef;/ awmif}uD;/ qDqdkife,fajrrsm;udk odrf;ydkuf+yD;aemuf xdka'orsm;rSm ppfpcef;rsm;aqmufcJhonf? ppfpcef;rsm;aqmuf+yD;oGm;aomtcgY teD;tem;&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;udk twif;t"rR ae&ma&$@ajymif;apcJo h nf? Tod@k ae&ma&$@ajymif;cdik ;f jcif;a=umifh a'oaejynfolwdk@. toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm; t}uD;tus,f xdcdkufysufpD;cJhonf?

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(2008) ck E S p f rwf v (27) &uf / wyf r awmf a e@wG i f jref r mppf w yf ppf a &;jyaeyH k 10 7 8 9

10

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatmadaw Asia Briefing No. 21 – “Mynamar: The Future of the Armed Forces” – International Crisis Group, 27/09/2002 – p3, footnote 5 Burma‘s Arms Procurement Program”, Working Paper N°289 (Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, 1995); Andrew Selth, Burma‘s Secret Military Partners, Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence N°136 (Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, 2000). BBC News: Day in Pictures, 27th March 2008

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ppfwyfudkwdk;csJ@&ef (etz) ppftpdk;&u t&l;trl;jzpfaeyHkudk ay:vGifapaom tcsufrSm (1993 rS 2004) ckEpS t f wGi;f use;f rma&;ESihf ynma&;toH;k pm;&dwu f kd (3 µ) ESihf (8 µ) toD;oD;r#omwd;k +yD; umuG,af &; toHk;p&dwfudk (29µ) wdk;onf[laomtcsufyifjzpfygonf? 11 ppfwyfrsm;wdk;Icsjcif;onf qufwdkufvkyfaeaomudpP jzpfonf?12 TonfrSm zGJ@òzd;a&;pDrHcsufrsm;az: aqmifaeaome,fajrrsm;wGif tm%mpuf+rJaeap&efjzpfonf? òrd@jyrsm;Yvnf;aumif;/ ppfwyf. topf xde;f csKyfxm;aome,fajrrsm;Yvnf;aumif; r+idrrf oufrr_ sm;&Sad eonf?13 ppfwyfrsm;wd;k Icsxm;jcif;ESihf wygwnf;rSmyif ppfwyfrsm;u ppfwef;vsm;/ ppfwyfpcef;ESihf tjcm;ppftaqmuftOD;rsm; aqmufvyk jf cif; a=umifh ajrodrf;jcif;/ twif;t"rRtvkyfapcdkif;jcif;ESifh taxGaxG vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_rsm;jzpfyGm; avonf? tm&Svl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif (1999) (Asian Human Rights Commission-1999) . aw@G@&Sdcsuft& jrefrmEdkifiHrSm pm;eyf&duQm&Sm;yg;r_onf wdkif;jynfw0Srf;vHk;rSm ppfwyfrsm;csxm;jcif;. wdkuf&dkuftusKd;quf jzpfonf? 14 ppfwyfrsm;wdk;Icsxm;aom e,fajrrsm;wGif w&m;0if ppfaq;a&;pcef;rsm;a&m w&m;r0if ppfaq;a&; *dwfrsm;yg tajrmuftjrm;&SdaeonfudkawG@&onf? Tpcef;rsm;onf vHk+cHKa&;udkapmifh=unfh&eftwGuf csxm;jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; w&m;r0ifenf;vrf;jzifh 0ifaiGaumif;aumif;&&Sd&mae&mrsm;jzpfa=umif; awG@&onf? rGefjynfe,frSm ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_t& armfawmfqdkifu,ftcGefESifh vpOfay;aqmif&aom tcGef15 rSaeI *dwfrSL;rsm;onf vpOf (3˜ 000) usyf (tar&duef 2²2 a':vm) &&Sdae=ua=umif; od& onf? xdk@jyif ppfaq;a&;pcef;opfwckudk vlwpfOD; jzwfoef;oGm;vdkygu aiG (100) usyfaumufonf?16 jrefrmEdik if w H 0Sr;f vH;k rSm a'ocHjynforl sm;ESihf ukeo f nfrsm;xHrS Tod@k w&m;r0if tcGeaf umufcaH er_rsm; udk rSwfwrf;jyKxm;+yD;jzpfygonf? &cdkifjynfe,frSm (2008) ckESpf/ =o*kwfv qef&Sm;yg;r_tusyftwnf; jzpfaepOfumvtwGif;Y qefukeful;&mvrf;a=umif;&Sd w&m;r0if ppfwyfppfaq;a&;pcef; (4) ckudk jzwf&eftwGuf aiG (2˜ 500) usyfESifh qeftawmf rsm;rsm;udk ay;cJh&a=umif;od&onf?17 (1992) ckESpf wGif ta&S@ykdif;wkdif;pmXmecsKyf wkdif;A[kdtrSwf (3) avhusifha&;wyf [kdykH;+rdK@ ta&S@ajrmufbufwGif 11 12

http://www.unicef.org/view_chart.php?sid=764c6063cd1e1a2ab44da6cc6b654cce&cre ate_chart=Create+Table+%3E%3E&submit_to_chart=1&layout=1&language=eng

jrefrm ppfwyf wyf&if;w&if;. tjynfzh @JG pnf;yHo k nf w&m;0if 700 OD; jzpfonf? od@k aomf tiftm; 400-500 jzifv h nf; v_y&f mS ;wwfonf? od@k aomfvnf; owif;rsm;t& jrefrmppfwyf wyf&if;rsm;onf vlO;D a&tiftm; 200- 300 r#jzifh om v_yf&Sm;ae=uonf[kvnf; qdkonf? (“My Gun Was As Tall As Me” – Kevin Heppner & Jo Becker): see Human Rights Watch link below:- http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/burma/ Burma0902 -04.htm

13 14 15

16 17

Dammed by Burma’s Generals: the Karenni experience with hydropower development – From Lawpita to the Salween, Karenni Development Research Group 2006 Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC), 1999, Voice of the Hungry Nation, Hong Kong: AHRC

jrefrmppfwyfu vpOf ukeo f nfrsm;xHrS aumuf,al omtcGeaf iGrmS uket f rsK;d tpm;tay:rlwnfI ppfaq;a&;*dwrf sm; wGif aumuf,l=uonf? Primary field research MYPO FBR Arakan team report: Relief team brings food to famine victims as the Burma Army tries to stop assistance in Western Burma, 19 July, 2008

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ppfAsL[muGif;twGuf ajr (18˜ 982) {uESifh ppfa&;avhusifhuGif;twGuf (6˜ 420) {uudk odrf;,lcJh onf?18 (1999) ESifh (2002) ckESpftwGif;Y (etz) ESifh jrefrmppfwyfonf rGefjynfe,f/ a&;òrd@e,ftwGif; rSmyifv#if ajcjrefwyf&if;aygif; (10) &if;cef@csxm;+yD; oHjzLZ&yfESifh teD;tem;e,fajrrsm;Y aemufxyf tajrmufwyf&if;aygif; (10) &if; csxm;csxm;cJhonf? (1995) ckESpfu a&;òrd@t0ifY ppfwyfppfaq;a&; pcef; (2) ckom &Scd o hJ nf? ppfwyfrsm;wd;k Icsxm;r_a=umifh acgZmESihf vrdik ;f òrd@e,fct JG wGi;f rSm ppftajcpdu k f pcef;rsm;aqmufvyk +f yD;(2003)ESihf (2004)ckEpS t f wGi;f Tòrd@e,fcJG (2) ckwiG f w&m;0if ppfwyfppfaq;a&; pcef;opf (4) ckcsxm;cJhonf?19 a&;òrd@e,ftwGif;rSm ppfwyfrsm; wdk;Icsxm;jcif;onf rGefcGJxGuftkyfpkudk wdkufcdkufp&m&Sdaoma=umifh jzpfonf?20 TESpfwpfESpfwnf;rSmyif yvuf0òrd@e,f (Tòrd@e,fudk csif;jynf e,f. òrd@e,fwpfcktjzpf ,lqxm;=uaomfvnf; &cdkif/ crGD;ESifh csif;paom tjcm;vlrsKd;pkrsm; aexdkif&m e,fajrwpfckjzpfonf?)Y jrefrm ppfwyfrsm;udk wyf&if; (1) &if;rS rSaeI (3) &if;txd wdk;Icsxm;onf udk awG@&onf?21 &cd k i f j ynf e ,f t wG i f ; ppf w yf r sm;wd k ; I csxm;jcif ; &cdkifjynfe,fESifh csif;jynfe,f. yvuf0òrd@wdk@yg0ifaome,fajrwpfckjzpfonfh taemufydkif;wdkif; ppfXme csKyftajcpdkuf ajcvsifwyf&if;rsm;. ta&twGufonf wyf&if; (3) &if;rSaeI (1988) ckESpf aemufydkif; wGif (43) &if;txd wd;k vmcJo h nf? xd@k jyif (tif*sief , D mwyf/ qufo, G af &;wyfuo hJ @kd aom) txl;wyf&if; (10) &if;/ enf;AsL[mXmecsKyfrsm;ESihf a&wyftajccHpcef;rsm;vnf;&Sad o;onf? &cdik jf ynfe,f/ trf;òrd@wiG f XmecsKyfziG x hf m;aom taemufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmcsKyfonf 0ifaiGaumif;aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk csKyfuikd f xm;um vkyfief;vkyfcGifhvdkifpifESifh vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;twGuf ‚if;.cGifhjyKrdef@udk ,l=u&onf? jref r mEd k i f i H taemuf y d k i f ; a'o&S d jref r mppf w yf & if ; rsm; (1988 rS 2006) ck E S p f a jryH k 43-IB

1988 3-NC 3-Infantry Battalion 1-Western Command HQ 3-Navy

2006

1-

W

C

HQ

3-Strategic Commands

18

Primary field research PYO

19

Primary field research MYPO

20

Primary field research MYPO

21

FBR Arakan team report: Hunger and Malnutrition in Arakan & Chin States, November 2008

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4?2? ppf w yf r sm;csxm;jcif ; ES i f h ajrod r f ; jcif ; rnfonfah vsmaf =u;rS ray;bJajrodr;f jcif;onf jrefrmEdik if rH mS &d;k ae+yDjzpfaomudpw P pf&yfjzpfonf? txl; ojzifh ppftpd;k &ESihf Edik if jH cm;aumfyakd &;&Si;f rsm;u zG@H òzd;a&;pDru H ed ;f rsm; taumiftxnfaz:&mae&m a'o 22 rsm;wGif jzpfonf? vlrsKd;pkrsm;aexdkif&mjynfe,frsm;wGif ppfwyfrsm;udkwdk;csJ@csxm;aeor#umvywfvHk; ydkif&Sifrsm;udk avsmaf =u; rjzpfpavmufay;Iaomfvnf;aumif;/ vH;k 0ray;bJaomfvnf;aumif; ajr,mrsm;udk twif; t"rRodrf;aernfom jzpfygonf? odrf;,lxm;aomajr,mrsm;udk ppfwef;vsm;rsm;/ uif;pcef;rsm;ESifh ppfoifwef;uGif;rsm;tjzpf toHk;ðyonf? xdk@jyif ppfom;rsm;twGuf&duQmaxmufyHha&;ESifh tydk0ifaiG &&Sda&;twGuf v,fvkyf&ef ESifh O,smOfpdkufysKd;&efvnf; ajr,mtawmfrsm;rsm;udk odrf;,lao;onf?23 jrefrmppfwyfonf ‚if;wdk@tajcpdkufpcef;rsm;ESifh eD;&mae&mrsm;rS ajr,m/ pm;a&&duQmESifh tjcm;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk vk,al =umif; taxmuftxm;rsm;t& od&&dS onf?24 Ttaxmuftxm;rsm;onf wdkif;jynftESH@tjym;rSm ppfwyfrsm;csxm;jcif;ESifh eD;eD;pyfpyfqufpyfaeum ppfwyfrsm;csxm;r_ wdk;vm onfEiS t hf r# e,fajra'otwGi;f &Sd yk*v ~ u d ydik Ef iS hf trsm;ydik af jr,mrsm;udk odr;f ,lro _ nfvnf; wd;k vmcJh 25 ygonf? Todk@ wdk;vm&jcif;rSm ppfwyftaeESifh rdrdwdk@vdktyfaom&duQmESifh tajccHypPnf;rsm;udk rdrdwdk@ bmom xkwfvkyf&rnf[laom udk,fh'l;udk,fc|ef udk,fxludk,fx ay:vpDa=umifh jzpfonf?26 ppfwyfrsm;taeESifh vdktyfaom&duQmESifhywfoufI udk,fh'l;udk,fc|ef&Sm&rnf[k (1998) ckESpfupI rGefjynfe,f&Sd wyf&if;rsm;udk trdef@xkwfxm;onf? Ttrdef@a=umifh a'ocH&Gmom;rsm;xHrS &duQmESifh ypPnf;rsm;udk vk,lr_rsm; wdk;IvmcJhonfhtjyif ppfwyftwGufajrodrf;r_rsm;vnf; wdk;vmcJhonf?27 (1998) ckEpS f wpfEpS w f nf;rSmyif ppfwyfu ajr{uaygi;f (3˜ 000) ausmu f o kd rd ;f ,lco hJ nf? t"dutm;jzifh ppfom;rsm;. &duQmvdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;&efjzpfonf? (2000) ckESpfwGif ajr{u (100) r# om odrf;,lcJhaomfvnf; (2001) ckESpfwGif aemufxyf ppfwyfrsm;wdk;Icsxm;vmojzifh aemufxyf ajr{u (2˜ 000) odrf;,lcJhonf? (2002) ckESpfwGifrl aemufxyfI {u (1˜ 000) ausmf odrf;jyefyg onf? 28 22 23

“Our Land and Our Natural Resources in Burma”, The Nationalities Youth Forum, 2005 “The Impact of the confiscation of land, labour, capital assets and forced relocation in Burma by the militaryregime”, Dr. Nancy Hudson-Rodd Dr. Myo Nyunt, Saw Thamain Tun, and Sein Htay, 2003

24

“A conflict of interests: the Uncertian future of Burma’s Forests”, Global Witness, 2003, p. 28

25

“No Land to Farm”, Human Rights Foundaction of Mon Land, 2002

26

“Developments concerning the question of observing the Government of Myanmar of the Forced Labour Convention”, ILO Report of the high Level Team 2001

27

Primary Field research MYPO

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“Our Land and Our Natural Resources in Burma”, The Nationalities Youth Forum, 2005

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(2003) ckESpfaESmif;ydkif;ESifh (2004) ckESpf/ ESpfqef;ydkif;wGif rGefjynfe,f/ a&;òrd@e,ftwGif;Y acgZmESifh vrdkif;òrd@e,fcGJrsm;udk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? ppftpdk;&u rGefcGJxGuftkyfpkrsm;udk wdkuf&ef[laom ta=umif; jycsujf zifh Te,fajrtwGi;f rSm ppfwyftrsm;tjym;udk csxm;cJo h nf? Tod@k jzifh ajrrsm;udk {u axmifEiS hf 29 csDI odrf;,lcJhonf? (2005) ckESpf/ =o*kwfvtwGif;Y Zmuv,faus;&Gmvl}uD; Edkif (——) qdkolu (cr&) (587) ESifh aygif; I vrdkif;òrd@e,fcGJ&Sd rdom;pk (6) pkxHrS ajr{u (160) cef@udk odrf;,lcJhonf? TajruGufrsm;onf &mbm/ uGrf;oD;ESifh 'l;&if;yifwdk@pdkufxm;aom +cHrsm;jzpfonf? +cHydkif&Sifrsm;u e,fajrtm%mydkifrsm;udk wdkif=um;cJhaomfvnf; ta&;,lay;jcif; r&SdcJhacs? (2004) ESifh (2007) ckESpftwGif;rSm (cr&) (586) ESifh (587) wdk@u {uaygif; (1˜ 500) &Sdaom &mbm+cHrsm;udk odrf;,lcJhonf?30

a&;òrd @ e,f & S d (cr&) (587). =uuf q l y if p d k u f c if ; (2006) ckESpf/ arvY &cdkifjynfe,f/ ykÀm;u|ef;òrd@e,fawmifydkif; ppfawG-&efukef ta0;ajy;vrf;r}uD; ay:&Sd a'oaejynfolrsm;. bdk;ab;ydkifpdkufcif;rsm;udkppfwyfuodrf;,lcJhonf? Tpdkufcif;rsm;Y u|ef;yif/ ysO;f uwd;k yif/ o&ufyif/ ydEyJM if/ iSuaf ysmyifEiS hf [if;oD;[if;&Guyf ifuo hJ @kd aom tyifrsm;&So d nf? ppfwyfu +cHrsm;udk odrf;t+yD;wGif ydkif&Sifrsm;tm; ypPnf;ESifh oD;ESHrsm;odrf;qnf;&ef oDwif;ywf (1) ywfr#om cGifh ðycJhonf? oDwif;ywf ukefqHk;oGm;onfESifh ydkif&Sifrsm;tm; +cHrsm;xJodk@jyefvmcGifhrðyawmhacs? +cHxJodk@ jyefvmonfudkawG@&Sdygu '%faiG usyf (100˜ 000) &dkufrnf[k ppfwyfu trdef@xkwfxm; 29

Primary Field research MYPO

30

Primary Field research MYPO

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onf? tu,fI '%faiGray;aqmifEikd yf gu e,fjrppfwyfpcef;rSm (3) v csKyfaESmifc&H rnfjzpf+yD; +cHpnf;&d;k umjcif;/ jrufckwfjcif;/ ppfwyftwGuf xrif;/ [if;csufay;jcif; tvkyfrsm;udk vkyf&rnf[k qdkygonf? T+cHrsm;onf umvaygufaps; usyfoef; (5˜ 000 rS 10˜ 000) (tar&duefa':vm 3˜ 700 rS 7˜ 400 a': vm)wefa=u;&Sd+yD; +cHydkif&Sifrsm;tzdk@ pm;0wfaea&;twGuf T+cHrsm;udk rSDcdktm;xm; aecJh =u&onf? 31 ukvm;wefjrpf taemufbufurf;&Sd ta0;ajy;vrf;r}uD;wav#muf yef;eDvmESihf usicf ifaus;&Gm t=um; ESifh ykÀm;u|ef;òrd@e,ftwGif;&Sd ajr{u (1˜ 000) udk ppfawG ppfXmecsKyf trSwf (20) u xyfrHI odrf;jyefonf? 32

ajr{u (1000)ausmf o d r f ; ,l a =umif ; tao;pd w f a z: jyxm;aom qk d i f ; bk w f w pf c k &cdkifjynfe,f/ ausmufjzLòrd@e,f/ tkef;awm&GmESifh +ydKif;aphauaus;&Gmrsm;&Sd (15) {u&Sdaom O,smOf+cHajr rsm;udk (2005) ckESpfwGif opfawm0ef}uD;Xme vufatmufcH òrd@e,fopfawmXmeu odrf;,lcJhonf? ajrodrf;,laomae&mudk 'dk;'ef;awmif[k ac:ygonf? T&GmESpf&GmrS &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf yJESifh tjcm; [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;pdkuf=uonf? &Gmom;rsm;onf avsmfa=u;r&cJh=uacs?33 &cdik jf ynfe,f ausmufqyd Ef iS hf ,d;k ilaus;&Gmt=um;&Sd v,fajr{u (100)udk trSwf (908) ppftif*sief , D m wyfqG,fu rdk;pyg;pdkufysKd;&eftwGuf (2005) ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif odrf;,lcJhonf? tu,fI v,fydkif&Sif rsm;u rdrdwdk@v,fudkjyefvkyfvdkygu ppfwyfudk pyg;wif; (60) ay;&rnfjzpfonf? 31

Primary Field research AASYC

32

Primary Field research AASYC

33

Primary Field research AASYC

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xdkvtwGif;rSmyif trSwf (962) ppftif*sifeD,mwyfqG,fu xdke,fajrY v,fajr (35) {uudk odrf;,l+yD; trSwf (8) ppfajrjyif aq;wyf&if;uvnf; ppfawG-&efukef ta0;ajy;vrf;ay:&Sd ,dk;ief;ESifh o&ufcsKad us;&Gmt=um;rS v,fajr (31² 5) {uudk odr;f cJo h nf? ae&mwdik ;f rSmyif v,form;rsm;taeESihf rd r d w d k @ . tod r f ; cH x m;&aom v,f u d k j yef v k y f v d k y gu “pyg;wif ; (60)”ay;aqmif & rnf [ k owfrSwfonf?34

ausmuf j zLòrd @ &S d / (15){u&S d a om =uuf q l y if pd k u f c if ;

ausmuf j zLòrd @ e,f t wG i f ; &S d (5){u&S d a om =uuf q l y if p d k u f c if ; 34

Primary Field research AASYC

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ausmuf j zLòrd @ e,f Y (cr&) (232) u pyg;pd k u f & ef t wG u f ajr{u (100)ud k od r f ; ,l c J h o nf ? atmufygwdk@onf rsm;r=umao;rDSu &cdkifjynfe,f/ ykÀm;u|ef;òrd@e,fESifh ajrmufOD;òrd@e,fwdk@wGif jrefrm ppfwyf. ajrodrf;,lr_tcsKd@ jzpfonf? • • • • • • • • •

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• 35

ykÀm;u|ef;òrd@e,f oJwufaus;&GmrS OD; (u) ydkifaom O,smOf (7) {uudk (2008) ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (27) &ufae@wGif tusOf;OD;pD;Xme tm%mydkifrsm;u odrf;,lcJhonf? oJwufaus;&GmrS OD; (c) (touf 60) ydik /f o&ufyif(3˜ 000) ygaom wefz;kd (700˜ 000)usyf (tar&duefa':vm 520) &Sd o&ufO,smOfukd (2008) ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv (27) &ufae@wiG f tusOf;OD;pD;Xme tm%mydkifrsm;u odrf;,lcJhonf? oJ w uf a us;&G m rS OD ; (*) (touf 40) yd k i f / (o&uf / iS u f a ysm/ oH y k , mES i f h tjcm; oD;yifpm;yifrsm;ygaom) O,smOfajr {uwpf0ufudk (2008) ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (15) &ufae@wGif tusOf;OD;pD;Xme tm%mydkifrsm;u odrf;,lcJhonf? oJwufaus;&GmrS OD;(*) (touf50)ESifh ‚if;.ZeD;a': (u) wdk@. O,smOfudk (2008) ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (13) &ufae@wGif tusOf;OD;pD;Xme tm%mydkifrsm;u odrf;,lcJhonf? oJwufaus;&GmrS OD;(C) ESihf a': (c) wd@k yikd f (4) {u&Sad om o&uf+cHukd (2008) ckEpS /f atmufwkd bmv (12) &ufae@wGif tusOf;OD;pD;Xme tm%mydkifrsm;u odrf;,lcJhonf? oJ"mwfaus;&GmrS r (u) ESifh OD; (i) wdk@. o&ufyif (2˜ 400)ygaom O,smOfudk tusOf;OD;pD; Xme tm%mydkifrsm;u odrf;,lcJhonf? ykÀm;u|ef;òrd@e,f/ oJ"mwfaus;&GmrS OD; (p) ydkifaom o&ufjcHudk (2008) ckESpf/ atmufwdk bmv (15) &ufae@wGif tusOf;OD;pD;Xme tm%mydkifrsm;u odrf;,lcJhonf? v,form;wpfO;D jzpfaom OD; (q) . EGm;u tusO;f OD;pD;Xme. &mbm+cHteD;wGif jrufpm;rd&m (2008) ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm v(5) &ufae@wGif tusOf;OD;pD;Xme tm%mydkifrsm;u OD; (q) tm; '%faiG usyf (5˜ 000) (tar&duefa':vm 3² 7 a':vm)&dkufcJhonf? OD;a&$qef;onf ausmufqdyf&Gm. OuUÏjzpfonf? olonf ol@&Gmodk@ tvnfa&mufvmolrsm; tm; “cGifhðyvufrSwf”wpfapmifv#if (3˜ 000)usyf (tar&duefa':vm 2² 2 a':vm) jzifh 0,fcikd ;f onf? ol@ &Gmod@k vma&muforl sm;u TudpEP iS yhf wfoufI ar;=unf&h m olu olonf OuUÏ&mxl;twGuf aiGuek cf cH &hJ ojzifh TaiGtwGuf tpm;jyef&&efvakd oma=umifh jzpfonf[k jyefajzcJhonf? ajrmufOD;òrd@e,f/ cs,f&Dy&ef;aus;&Gmom;rsm;ydkifaom v,fajr {u (700) udk (2008) ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv/ (13) &ufae@wGif jrefrmppfwyf (cr&) (540) u odrf;,lcJhonf? xdk@jyif v,fydkif&SifwpfOD;csif;taeESifhvnf; v,fwpf{uv#if pyg;wif; (100) E_ef;jzifh ppfwyfudk ay;&rnf[k awmif;ao;onf? vdyq f efy&rf;aus;&GmESihf omya&uef;aus;&Gmwd@k rS v,f{u (700) udk (2008) ckEpS /f atmuf wdkbmv (15) &ufae@wGif jreefrmppfwyf (cr&) (540)u odrf;,lcJhonf? 35

FBR Arakan team report: Hunger and Malnutrition in Arakan & Chin States, November 2008

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ausmuf j zLòrd @ &S d v,f { u (100) ud k (cr&) (543) u od r f ; xm;yk H

&cd k i f j ynf e ,f / ausmuf j zLòrd @ e,f w G i f v,f { u (250) ud k (cr&) (542) u od r f ; xm;yk H “ tif t m;wd k ; csJ @ aevsuf & S d a om ppf w yf t wG u f t&yf o m;rsm;onf rd r d w d k @ .v,f , majrrsm;rS a eI armif ; xk w f c H a e=u&onf ? 36 36

Nancy Hudson-Rodd: “Housing, Land, and Property Rights in Burma”, October 2004 Centre for Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE) Collingwood, Victoria, Australia

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&cdkifjynfe,f/ ausmufjzLòrd@? ? (etz) ppftpdk;&onf ausmufjzLòrd@e,f/ t0ajyaus;&GmY pcef;wnfaqmufaeaom "n0wDa&wyfpcef;XmecsKyfvufatmufcH trSwf (3) AsL[m a&,mOfpkpcef;twGuf taqmuftOD; trsm;tjym; aqmufvkyfvsuf&Sdonf? ppfwyfonf a'G;csm/ rtljyifESifh pefayacsmif&Gmrsm;tygt0if ywf0ef;usifaus;&Gmrsm;rS v,fajrrsm;udk vnf; odrf;,lvsuf&Sdonf? avsmfa=u;wpHkw&m ray;bJ v,fajr{u (200) cef@udk odrf;,lvdkuf&m &Gmom; (50) ausmfwdk@ ajr,mvufrJh jzpfukef=uonf? ppfwyftaqmuftOD;rsm;aqmufvkyf&mY twif;t"rR vkyftm;apcdkif;onfhtjyif &Gmom;rsm;u (300) eD;yg;cef@&Sdaom ppfom;rsm;twGuf &duQmrsm; udkvnf; ay;&ao;onf? “'D a e&mrS m ppf w yf p cef ; aqmuf w mu ppf w d k u f z d k @ r[k w f b l ; ? &cd k i f u rf ; &d k ; wef ; rS m a&eH e J @ "gwf a iG @ wl ; az:aewJ h Ed k i f i H j cm;uk r ` % D a wG u d k umuG , f a pmif h a &S m uf a y;zd k @ ygyJ ? ” [k aus;&Gmom;wpfOD;uajymygonf? 37 4? 3? ppf w yf r sm;csxm;jcif ; ES i f h vl @ tcG i f h t a&;csKd ; azguf r _ r sm; (etz) ppftpdk;&. ppfwyfrsm;wdk;I csxm;a&;ay:vpDa=umifh ppfwyfrsm;wdk;Icsxm;r_wGif vlrsKd;pk aus;&Gmom;trsm;tjym;tzdk@ [email protected],mESifh tdk;tdrfypPnf;rsm;udk pGef@v¸wfxGufajy;=u&ygonf? useaf e&pforl sm;tzd@k rmS vnf; rdrw d @kd pu kd yf sK;d Iroifah wmfaom oD;ESrH sm;udk twif;t"rRapcdik ;f I pdu k yf sK;d &jcif;ESihf roifah wmfaomenf;rsm;udk toH;k ðy&jcif;wd@k a=umifh &d;k &mpdu k yf sK;d enf;rsm;udk pGe@f vw ¸ =f u&onf? =uufqyl ifpu kd yf sK;d a&;ay:vpDu Ttcsuu f kd txif&mS ;qH;k jyqdyk gonf? TtpD&ifcpH m.aemufyikd ;f wGif Ttcsufudk ydkItao;pdwf az: jyygrnf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif jrefrmppfwyf.rdom;pkrsm;u rGefjynfe,f/ ta&S@ydkif;e,fjcm;a'orsm;ESifh jrefrmjynf ajrmufydkif;wdk@wGif ajr,mrsm;udk wae@wjcm;wdk;Iodrf;,laevsuf&Sdonf? xdkrdom;pkrsm;u tdrfrsm; aqmufvkyf+yD; tjcm;olrsm;xHa&mif;pm;avh&Sd&m tdrf&mvufrJhjzpfoGm;olrsm;tzdk@ rdrdwdk@ ydkifcJhaom ajrESifhywfoufI ydkifqdkifcGifhr&Sdawmhacs? “'DudpPudk=unfh&if A[dktpdk;&&J@ay:vpD/ ppfwyf&J@ ajr,m odrf;,lr_/ odrf;,lcJhwJhajrawGudk tjrwfeJ@jyefa&mif;pm;r_awG[m wqufwnf; jzpfaewmudk awG@& w,f?”38 Oya't&qdkv#if EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u ajr,mtm;vHk;udkydkif+yD; v,fvkyfolonf v,fvkyfydkifcGifhudk tarG ay;cGi&hf adS omfvnf; olonf v,fvyk yf ikd cf iG &hf o dS rl #omjzpfonf? ajr,mudk w&m;0iftm;jzifh a&mif;0,fciG hf 37 38

http://www.narinjara.com/details.asp?id=2002 (Narinjara News - 18th December 2008) “Displacement & Dispossession: Forced Migration and Land Rights in Burma”, The Centre on HousingRights & Evictions (Switzerland)

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r&Sdacs? odk@&mwGif (1990) ckvGefESpfrsm;twGif;rSm ppfwyfrsm;wdk;Icsxm;&m e,fpyfa'orsm;ESifh vlrsKd;pk a'orsm;wGif ajrpm&if;tif;Xmet&m&Srd sm;u òrd@e,f/ aus;&Gm/ &yfuu G af umifprD sm;ESiahf ygi;f um ajr,m ydik q f ikd cf iG hf pm&Gu/f pmwrf;rsm;udk ajymif;vJjcif; (od@k r[kw)f ajr,mvkyyf ikd cf iG u hf kd jyefvnfowfrw S jf cif;rsm; ðycJh=uonf? Todk@ vkyfEdkifjcif;rSm pdkufysKd;ajr/ u|JEGm; pm;usufajr/ zHkqdk;ajrwdk@ESifhywfoufI Oya' jyXmef;csufcsif; rwluGJjym;aeaoma=umifh jzpfonf? Tta=umif;ESifhywfoufI aemufydkif;rSm tao; pdwfaz: jyygrnf?39 ajr,modrf;,ljcif;ESifh uajymif;ujyef vkyfxm;aomajr,mydkifqdkifr_pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH. tem*wfEdkifiHa&;tul;tajymif;wGif t}uD;tus,f &dkufcwfr_rsm;&SdEdkifygonf? (etz) ppftpdk;&.ay:vpDonf jrefrmr[kwfaom vlrsKd;pkrsm;udk twif;t"rRae&ma&¸@ajymif;apum xdkvlrsKd; pkrsm;. ydkifqdkifaom tdk;tdrfypPnf; OpPm/ 0ifaiGESifh t&if;tESD;ypPnf;rsm;udk ppftpdk;&. tcGifhxl;cH vlwef;pm; vuf0,fodk@ a&mufapygonf? EdkifiHa&;tul;tajymif;jzpfaomtcgY vltawmfrsm;rsm;u [email protected],mudk pm&Gufpmwrf;ESifhwuG tydkifpD;xm;onfh ydkif&Sifopfrsm;udk oGm;a&muf&ifqdkif =uayvdrfhrnf? 40 4? 3? 1? twif ; t"rR v k y f t m;apcd k i f ; jcif ; aemufw;kd ppfwyf (od@k r[kw)f wyf&if;rsm;a&mufvmonfEiS w hf òydief uf ppfwef;vsm;rsm;/ uif;pcef;rsm; ESihf tjcm;aom ppfbufqikd &f mtaqmuftOD;rsm;twGuf twif;t"rRvyk t f m;apcdik ;f r_rsm;ESihf ajrodr;f ,lr_rsm;wdk;I jzpfyGm;vmcJhonf? aiGESifhypPnf;rsm;udk tEdkifusifhawmif;jcif;/ vlrsKd;pkjynfolrsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufjcif;wdk@onfvnf; wdk;IjzpfyGm;vmcJhonf? tusKd;qufum; vGwfvyf pGmv_y&f mS ;cGi/hf vGwv f yfpmG pka0;cGi/hf vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdck iG Ehf iS hf vGwv f yfpmG yHEk ydS x f w k af 0cGi[ hf I l bmwpfcrk # r&Sdjcif;yif jzpfonf? 41 rGefjynfe,f/ acgZmòrd@e,fcGJrSm ppfwyfrsm;csxm;r_a=umifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_rsm; t}uD;tus,f wd;k I jzpfymG ;cJo h nf? aus;&Gmrsm;rSaeI oDwif;wpfywfv#if ay:wm (5) a,mufa&G;I yd@k vw ¸ af y;&onf? xdkay:wmrsm;onf ppfwyftwGuf &duQmESifh cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;o,fay;&+yD; rdrdwdk@. tvkyfysuf onfhtwGuf tca=u;aiGaomfvnf;aumif;/ avsmfa=u;aomfvnf;aumif; r&&Sd=uacs? e,fcH&Gmom; rsm;onf a&;òrd@/ acgZmòrd@e,fcEJG iS hf a&;òrd@e,ftpGe;f tzsm;ESihf qufo, G af omvrf; udak zguv f yk &f mYvnf; tca=u;aiGr&bJ twif;t"rR vkyftm;qifhqdkcH&onfhtjyif ppfwef;vsm;rsm;aqmufvkyf&mYvnf; tvkyfvkyfay;&onf? tu,fI cdkif;onfhtwdkif; vkyfray;ygu olykefudkaxmufcHtm;ay;olrsm;tjzpf pGyfpGJ+yD; zrf;vm; qD;vm;vkyfum jyif;jyif;xefxef '%fcwfta&;,lonf? 42 39

ibid

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ibid

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“Supply and Command: Natural Gas in Western Burma Set to Entrench Military Rule” – AASYC, July 2006. p 22 Primary field research MYPO

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www.prayforburma.org/.../images/2008_pfe_01.jpg

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Primary field research AASYC

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Narinjara News 10/11/2008 (http://www.narinjara.com/details.asp?id=1965)

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&cd k i f j ynf e ,f w G i f &G m om;rsm;tm; vrf ; jyif & mY twif ; t"rR tvk y f a pcd k i f ; aeyk H (2007) ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmvrS (2008) ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (1) &ufae@txd/ &Srf;jynfe,f/ axma';aus;&GmrS &Gmom;rsm;udk jrefrmppfwyfu oDwif;wywfv#if (2) }udr/f (3) }udrf ay:wmvdu k cf ikd ;f ae&m aemufq;kH Y &Gm&Sd tdrfaxmifpk (16) pkteuf (9) pk xGufajy;oGm;&awmhonf? 47

qD q d k i f & J w yf z G J @ u od r f ; xm;aomv,f , majrrsm;rS m ytk d 0 f ; &G m om;rsm;tm; tvk y f a pcd k i f ; aeyk H 47

Free Burma Rangers Lahu Relief Team Report, September 2008

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&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;&Sd qDqdkife,fajrtwGif;Y ppfwyfu aus;&Gmydkifajrrsm;udk odrf;,lum &Gmom; rsm;tm; =uufqEl iS hf tjcm;oD;ESyH ifrsm;udk rpdu k rf ae& pdu k cf ikd ;f cJo h nf? oD;ESrH ay:rSD ppfwyfu &Gmom;rsm; udk aygif;/ jruf &Sif;cdkif;jyefonf? xdk@aemuf oD;ESHay:aomtcgY oD;ESHrsm;udk &dyfodrf;cdkif;+yD; wyf&if; pcef;xJodk@ ta&mufo,fydk@apcJhonf? 48 (2008) ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif trSwf (903) ppfajrjyif tif*sifeD,mwyf&if;u yif;yufowWKwl;az:a&; pDrHcsufe,fajr teD;ywf0ef;usif&Sd aus;&Gm (6) &Gmtm; xdk&Gmom;rsm;. ,majrxJrSmyif =uufqlyif rsm;udk pdkufysKd;&rnf[k trdef@xkwfonf? ,majr (4) {u ydkifolonf =uufqlyifudk (2) {u pdkufay;& onf? trde@f ukd remcHygu xdrk emcHo. l ,mcif;rsm;udk ajrwl;pufjzifh xd;k ypf+yD; ppfwyfu =uufqyl ifrsm; 49 pdkufypfrnf[k qdkonf? 4? 3? 2? jref r mZmwf o G i f ; jcif ; jrefrmppftpdk;& }uHqxm;aom tm%m+rJa&;enf;vrf;wpfckrSm “jrefrmZmwfoGif;a&;” ay:vpDyif jzpfonf? ppfwyf trsm;tjym;udk vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om;rsm;aexdkif&m e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif wdk;csJ@ csxm;ojzifh &Gmom;rsm;xHrS odrf;,lxm;aomajr,mrsm;odk@ ppfom;rsm;u ‚if;[email protected];pkrsm;udk ta0;rS ac:oGif;vmjcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ e,fcHtrsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh tdrfaxmifðy&ef tm;ay; jcif;aomfvnf;aumif; ArmvlrsKd; rsm;vmapa&; ðy=uonf? ppfom;rsm;tm; vkyfief;uefx&dkufrsm; csay;onf? vkyfief;ydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;udk e,fcHjynfolrsm;. vuf0,frSaeI a'o (odk@) e,fajrtm%m ydkifrsm;. vuf0,fodk@ w&m;r0ifenf;vrf;jzifh v$Jajymif;ay;onf? xdk@jyif jrefrmbmompum;omv#if wdik ;f jynf.wpfcw k nf;aom bmompum; jzpfvmatmif Oya'rsm;xkwI f wdik ;f &if;om;bmom pum; oif=um;r_udk w&m;r0if jzpfaponf? odk@wnf;r[kwf wdkif;&if;om;bmompum;rsm;udk qufvuf oif=um;ygu ausmif;rsm;udkydwfypfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufonf? T0g;òrda&;ay:vpDjzifh (etz) ppftpdk;& onf vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. ,Ofaus;r_rsm; a&maESm wdrfaumoGm;atmifESifh jrefrm (Arm) rsKd; EG,f. =oZmt&Sdeft0g ysH@EHSatmifóud;pm;onf? (2003) ESifh (2004) ckESpfwGif rGefjynfe,fY acgZmESifh vrdkif;òrd@e,fcGJwdk@udk zGJ@pnf;+yD;aemufwGif ppftpdk;& onf vrdkif;òrd@e,fcGJESifh warmhueifaus;&Gmt=um; armfawmfum;vrf;wav#muf&Sd ajr{u (100) udk odrf;,l+yD;aemuf ppfwyfrdom;pkrsm; tajccsaexdkifap&eftwGuf “pGef@ypfxm;aom ajr,mrsm;”[k qdkif;bkwfrsm;udk vdkufvH pdkufxlxm;vdkufonf? xdk@aemufwGifrS ppfom;rdom;pkrsm;udk Tajrrsm;wGif ae&mcsxm;ay;jcif;jyKonf? “'DArmawGa&muf+yD;wJhaemufrSm Armpum;ajymwJhvlawG wae@wjcm; ydkrsm;vmw,f? ArmawGeJ@ tdrfaxmifðywJh vli,fawGvnf; renf;awmhbl;? 'gha=umifh Armjynftv,f ydkif;u ArmawGvmae=uvdk@ wdk@rGefpum;/ rGefpm[m aysmufoGm;awmhr,fh tE W&m,f&Sdaew,f?”[k touf (60) t&G,f&Sdol [ef*H aus;&Gmom;wpfOD;u qdkygonf? 50 48

Primary field research PYO

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Primary field research PYO

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Primary field research MYPO

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wyf&if;wpf&if;onf e,fajrwpfcw k iG f (4) vom tajccsae+yD; tvSnu hf s ajymif;a&$@aeaponf? (cr&20) wm0efuspOfumvtwGif;Y &cdkifjynfe,f/ ‘*** * **aus;&Gm/ r**aus;&Gm/ u**aus;&Gm/ e**aus;&GmESifh o**aus;&Gm (owif;ay;olrsm;. vHk+cHKa&;twGuf aus;&Gmtrnfrsm;udk uG,f0Suf xm;ygonf) wdk@rS trsKd;orD; (5) OD;onf jrefrmppfom;rsm;ESifh tdrfaxmifðycJhonf? ESpfOD;rSm rdbrsm;u qif;&J+yD; tiwfab;'%fcHae&=u&aoma=umifh [email protected];rsm; vufxyfvdkuf&jcif; jzpfonf? wpfOD; url rdrdcspfcifESpfoufI vufxyfjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;wOD;rSmrl twif;t"rR vufxyfcdkif;I vufxyfvdkuf&jcif;jzpfonf? 51 4? 3? 3? vd i f r _ q d k i f & m &rf ; um;r_ r sm;ES i f h rk ' d r f ; r_ r sm; wdkif;jynfw0Srf;vHk;rSm ppfwyfrsm;wdk;I csxm;jcif;a=umifh aemufxyfjzpfyGm;aomtE W&m,fwpfckrSm vHk+cHKa&;twGuf tE W&m,fwdk;vmjcif;jzpfonf? òrd@xJ/ &GmxJwGif pcef;csaom ppfom;rsm;onf trsKd; orD;ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm;udk rk'drf;usifhr_rsm;ESifh vdifr_qdkif&m &rf;um;r_jzpf&yfrsm; trsm;tjym; jzpf ay:vmaponf? om"utm;jzifah z: jy&aomf (2004) ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mvtwGi;f Y (cr&-424) rS ppfom; (4) a,muf onf ausmif;v$wf+yD;csdefY tv,fwef;ausmif;ol (3) OD;udk rk'drf;usifhcJhonf? xdkrdef;uav; (3) OD;onf &SufvGef;aoma=umifh ausmif;xGuf+yD; ynma&;udk pGef@v$wfvdkufcJh=uonf? (2005) ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv twGif;uvnf; qDqdkifòrd@/ jruefom&yfuGufrS trsKd;orD;wpfOD; a&csKd;aepOfrSm jrefrmppfom; wpf a,mufu tEdkifusifh &rf;um;cJhonf? &Gmom;rsm;u tr_udkppfaq;ay;yg&ef xdkppfom;. t&m&SdxH wdkif=um;cJhaomfvnf; ta&;,lay;jcif; r&SdcJhacs? 52 xdk@tjyif yvuf0òrd@e,f. txufydkife,fajrY (cr&-20) . wyf&if;rSL; oef@ZifxGef;onf rk'drf;r_ jzifh tr_zGifhcH&um w&m;&Hk;rSm w&m;pGJqdkcHcJh&onf? 53 rd o m;pk w pf p k t a=umif ; &cdkifjynfe,f aygufawmòrd@rS rdom;pkwpfpkonf jrefrmppfwyfrS wyf=uyfwpfOD;u zsm;a,mif; aoG;aqmif +yD; ppfwyfxJ qGo J iG ;f cHxm;&aom om;jzpfou l kd ppfwyfxrJ S jyefEw _ , f El ikd af &;twGuf aiGusyf (900˜000) (tar&duefa':vm 666²67 a':vm) ukefuscHcJh&onf? ppfwyfxJodk@0if&ef zsm;a,mif;cHcJh&olrSm aygufawmòrd@e,f y&defawmifaus;&GmrS OD;jrifhxGef;/ a':pef; ESif;[email protected]; armifxGef;a0 (touf 19-ESpf) jzpfonf? 51

Free Burma Rangers Arakan Relief Team Report, July 2008

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Primary field research PYO

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Free Burma Rangers Arakan Relief Team Report, July 2008

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bwfpfum;apmifhaepOfrSm armifxGef;a0udk vlwpfa,mufu ol@tdrfodk@ vdkufvnf&ef ac:oGm; cJhonf? armifxGef;a0udk tdrfodk@ac:oGm;&rnfhtpm; jynfòrd@&Sd ppfom;pkaqmif;a&; wyfzGJ@ wpfzGJ@qDodk@ac:oGm;+yD;aemuf wyfom;opftjzpf pm&if;oGif;vdkufonf? &efukefòrd@&Sd 'nif;ukef; wyfzGJ@odk@rydk@rD ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;wyfwGif wpfveDyg;=umr#aecJh&onf? xdk@aemuf tajccH ppfoifwef;trSwfpOf (12§2008) twGuf azgif}uD;&Sd trSwf (1) tajccH ppfavhusifha&;wyfodk@ tydk@cHcJh&onf? aemufwpfvt=umwGif armifxGef;a0u ol@rdbrsm;ESifh qufoG,fvdkuf&m avhusiahf &;wyfo@kd tajy;tv$m; a&mufvmcJ=h u onf? aemufq;kH Y ol@rb d rsm;u ppfwyfypJG m;rS wqifh oifwef;rSL;udk usyf (300˜ 000)/ oifwef;ausmif; tkyf}uD;udk usyf (400˜ 000)/ yGJpm;udk usyf (200˜ 000) vmbfx;kd vdu k rf o S m yGpJ m;u v$waf y;rnf[k tmrcHco hJ nf? vmbfx;kd +yD;aemuf armifxGef;a0onf usef;rma&; nHhzsif;vGef;aoma=umifh ppfwyfrSm wm0efxrf;aqmif&ef roifh [lI aq;ppfcsufudk xkwfay;um v$wfay;cJhonf? 4? 3? 4? ppf w yf x J o d k @ twif ; tusyf qG J o G i f ; jcif ; (1988) ckESpf 'Drdkua&pD awmif;qdkaom qENjyyGJrsm;udk &uf&ufpufpufESdyfuGyf+yD;aemufydkif;wGif jrefrm ppfwyftzdk@ wyfom;opfrsm; vdkoavmuf&&Sda&;rSm tcuf}uHKoGm;awmhonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif (e0w) ppftpdk;&. tm%mquf+rJa&;twGuf ppfwyfrsm;wdk;I csxm;a&;ay:vpDt& ppftiftm;udk qufvuf wdk;csJ@oGm;&ef rjzpfrae vdktyfaeygonf? wwdkif;jynfvHk;&Sd vli,ftrsm;udk ppfwyfxJodk@ twif;tusyf qGJoGif;jcif;tm;jzifh ppfom;pkaqmif;onfh (uav;ppfom;pkaqmifjcif; tygt0if jzpfonf) ay:vpD jzpfay: vmcJyh gonf? (etz) ppftpd;k &u “jrefrmh wyfrawmfonf rdrq d ENtavsmuf ppfr_xrf;olrsm;. wyfrawmf jzpfonf”[k vnf;aumif;/ “wyfom;opftjzpf owfrSwfxm;aom tedrfhqHk;toufonf (18) ESpfjzpfonf” [k vnf; w&m;0ifqdkygonf?54 odk@&mwGif Tpum; rrSef a=umif; jyoEdkifaom taxmuftxm;rsm;pGm &Sdaeyg onf? ukvor*~. (1995) ckESpf avhvmcsuf pmwrf;wpfapmifY jrefrmppfwyfrSm touf (18) ESpfatmuf uav; (50˜ 000) yg0ifaeonf[k xnfhoGif;az: jyxm;cJhonf? xdktcsdefum vu ppfom;tiftm;onf (265˜ 000) &Sdonf[k cef@rSef; xm;cJh&m uav;ppfom;OD;a&onf ppftiftm; tm;vHk;. (19µ) jzpfaeygonf? 55 (2007) ckESpfwGif pkpkaygif;ppfom;tiftm; (350˜ 000)cef@teuf uav;ppfom;OD;a&onf (70˜ 000) txd wdk;vmcJhonf?56 (etz)onf ppfwyftiftm;ESifhywfoufaom udef;*%ef;twdtusudk b,faomtcgur# trsm;od xkwfaz:cJhjcif; r&SdcJhacs? odk@aomfvnf; vl@tcGifhta&;apmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@ (Human Rights Watch)u ppfom;a[mif;rsm;udk awG@qHkar;jref;&mwGif &&SdcJhaomajz=um;csufrsm; t& =unfhrnfqdkv#if jrefrmppfwyf. wyfom;opf (35 µ rS 45µ) onf (18) ESpfatmuf t&G,frsm; 54

“My Gun Was As Tall As Me” – Kevin Heppner & Jo Becker: Human Rights Watch: http://www.hrw.org/ reports/2002/burma/Burma0902-04.htm

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“Children: The Invisible Soldiers” - Rachel Brett and Margaret McCallin, Save the Children Sweden, 1998. “Despite Promises: Child Soldiers in Burma’s Armed Forces” – Human Rights Education Institute of Burma, March 2006 p.12

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jzpf+yD; (15µ rS 20 µ) onf (15) ESpfatmuf t&G,frsm;jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifonf?57 ,ae@wGif jrefrmEdkifonf urBmay:wGif uav;ppfom;trsm;qHk;wdkif;jynf jzpfonf[k ,lq&onf?

5? ajrodrf;jcif; 5? 1? pm;usuf a jrrsm;ud k od r f ; jcif ; [dkykH;/ awmif}uD;/ qDqdkifòrd@e,frsm;ESifh rGefjynfe,fwdk@wGif aus;&Gmol/ aus;&Gmom; tawmfrsm;rsm;onf pm;/ 0wf/ aea&;twGuf u|J EGm;/ qdwf/ 0uf/ odk;ESifh =uufiSufwd&p>mefrsm; arG;jrL=uonf? ppfwyfu aus;&GmteD;tem;&Sd ajr,mrsm;udk odrf;,lvdkufaomtcgY wd&p>mefrsm;twGuf v$wfausmif;p&m pm;usufajrrsm; r&SdawmhbJ jzpfcJh&onf? odk@jzpf&m u|JEGm;wd&p>mefrsm;udk &GmESifh a0;a0;rSm xm;=u &ojzifh u|J/ EGm;cdk;r_rsm; jzpfyGm;vmcJhonf? Ttcsufa=umifh &Gmom;rsm;tzdk@ u|J EGm;ausmif;ay;rnfh EGm;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tca=u;aiG tydk tukeftus cH=u&avonf? vG,ftGef;/ vG,fay:/ usef;ifusKwf/ erf;aAmf[Gef (&Srf;jynfawmifykdif; [kdykH;+rdK@e,f&Gm) aus;&Gmrsm;.teD; tem;&Sd pm;usufajr trsm;tjym;udk ppftpdk;&u odrf;,lcJhonf? xdk@tjyif =uufqlyifpdkufcif;rsm;ESifh ppfwyf pcef;e,fajrxJo@kd 0ifa&mufaom u|/J EGm;rsm;udv k nf; zrf;qD;cJo h nf? zrf;rdaomEGm; (od@k r[kw)f u|Jwpfaumifudk jyefv$wfay;a&; twGuf '%faiG (6˜000) usyf rS (8˜000) usyf (tar&duefa':vm 4²50 rS 6 a':vm) owfrw S f onf? 58 pm;usuaf jrrsm;udk odr;f ,lvu kd f jcif;a=umifh aus;&Gmom;rsm;tzd@k u|JEGm;rsm;udk 00vifvif rau|;Edkifawmhacs? u|JEGm;csKd@wJhr_a=umifh awmifolv,form;rsm;. v,f,m pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfr_udk xdcdkufapygonf? ta=umif;rSm u|JEGm;rsm;. tnpfta=u;rsm;udk obm0 ajr =oZmtjzpf toHk;ðyae&aoma=umifh jzpfonf? ` u D atmifjzLjyifEiS hf yef;eDvmaus;&Gm e,fjrppftm%mydik rf sm;ESiahf ygi;f I tif;aygu0f (Impaukwa)ukr% t=um;&Sd a'ocHjynfolrsm;ydkifaom pm;usufajr{u (800) udk odrf;,lcJhonf? Tpm;usufajronf (2005) ckESpfu ukvm;wefjrpf taemufzufydkif; ta0ajy;vrf;r}uD;av#mufESifh ykÀm;u|ef;òrd@e,f ajrmufydkif;wGif wnf&SdcJhjcif; jzpfonf? ydkif&Sifrsm;udk avsmfa=u;wpHkw&may;jcif; r&SdcJhacs? wu,hf vufawG@rSmrl TajruGufrsm;udk oHql;óud;um&eftwGuf aus;&Gmom;trsm;tjym;tm; rvkyfrae& Tod r f ; ,l x m;aom ajray:od k @ usL;ausmf j cif ; rðy& vkyftm;ay;&ef apcdkif;cJhonfhtjyif “Tod rðy&” [laom pmwef;rsm;pdkufxlxm;cJhonf? 59 &cdkifjynfe,f/ ausmufjzLòrd,f/ t0ajyaus;&GmwGif trSwf (3) AsL[ma&,mOfa&pkpcef;udk wnfaqmuf &mY ppfwyfu a'ocHaus;&Gmom; trsm;tjym;. pm;usufajrrsm; odrf;,lcJh=uonf? “usaemfwdk@&J@ u|JEGm;awG pm;usufxJrSmpm;aewmawG@&if ppfwyftm%mydkifawGu tjypfay;wmwdk@ '%f &dkufwmwdk@ vkyfw,f? odrf;xm;wJh ajruGufxJrSm EGm;wpfaumifudk zrf;rd&if ppfwyfudk '%faiGtaeeJ@ aiG (5˜000) 57

“Despite Promises: Child Soldiers in Burma’s Armed Forces” – Human Rights Education Institute of Burma, March 2006 p.12

58

Primary field research PYO—Interview 13

59

Primary field research AASYC

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ay;&w,f? ppfwyfawG usaemfwdk@e,fxJudk a&mufvm+yD;wJhaemuf olwdk@ppfwef;vsm;awG aqmuf ay;&r,fhudpP[m usaemfwdk@tzdk@ {&mr 'kuQ}uD;ygyJAsm?”60 [k &Gmom;wpfOD;u qdkonf?

v,f o rm;rsm;onf rd r d w d k @ . pm;usuf a jrrsm; tod r f ; cH & +yD ; aemuf y d k i f ; u|J E G m ;rsm;ud k avS m if j cH r sm;xJ r S m avS m if x m;=u&yk H

pm;p&mpm;usuf r&S d a om &cd k i f j ynf e ,f r S u|J E G m ;rsm; 5? 2? td r f e D ; csif ; wd k i f ; jynf r sm;od k @ ajymif ; a&$ @ oG m ;=ujcif ; qnf/ vrf;/ wHwm;/ rD&xm;vrf;uJhodk@aom trsKd;om;zGH@òzd;a&;pDrHudef;}uD;rsm; az:aqmifr_twGuf 60

http://www.narinjara.com/details.asp?id=2002 (Narinjara News - 18th December 2008)

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vltrsm; twif; t"rR ae&ma&$@ajymif;cH&jcif;rsm;ESihf jynfwiG ;f ppfa=umifh td;k tdrt f ajcysu&f jcif;rsm;udk =unfhv#if ppftpdk;&u vlwpfOD;csif;. vl@tcGifhta&;udk vHk;0ta&;rxm;a=umif; ay:vGifaeygonf? xdk@tjyif vltawmfrsm;rsm;onf ynma&;ESifh tvkyftudkiftcGifhtvrf;r&Sdjcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ rawmfrw&m; tcGefaumufcHjcif;ESifh ajr,modrf;,ljcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif; xGufajy;=u&onf? vlenf;pk trsKd;om;rsm;. e,fpyfa'orsm;udk ppftpdk;&u xdef; csKyf&efóud;yrf;r_a=umifh jynfwGif;rSm rdrdwdk@aus;&Gmrsm;udk pGef@cGmae xdkif&olaygif; (1) oef;ESifh (600˜ 000) =um;wGif &Sdonf[k cef@rSef;&onf?61 TjynfwiG ;f 'kuo Q nfrsm; (IDP) tjyif onfx h ufyrkd rkd sm;jym;aomvlrsm;uvnf; tvky&f mS &efEiS hf tEdik f usifhr_ rSvGwfajrmuf&eftwGuf xdkif;EdkifiH/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf/ rav;&Sm;ESifh puFmyluJhodk@aom tdrfeD;csif; wdik ;f jynfrsm;od@k xGuaf jy;=uonf? e,fpyfrsm;rSaeI 0if&xGu&f vG,u f jl cif;ESihf aps;aygaom tvkyrf sm; vdt k yfaejcif;wd@k a=umifh xdik ;f Edik if o H nf jrefrmEdik if rH S a&$@ajymif; tvkyo f rm;rsm;trsm;qH;k oGm;a&muf&m ae&m jzpfonf? atmufaz: jyygZ,m;onf (8) ESpfausmfumvtwGif; xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ w&m;0if 0ifa&mufvmcJhaom a&$@ ajymif; tvkyform;rsm; rSwfyHkwifpm&if;udkaz: jyxm;ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHrS tvkyform;OD;a&udkyg xnfhoGif; az: jyxm;ygonf? 62 rS w f y H k w if a om jref r mOD ; a&

rS w f y H k w if a om ck E S p f

rS w f y H k w if o l OD ; a&pk p k a ygif ;

puf - Edk0ifbm/ 1996

323˜ 123

293˜ 652

90² 9

puf-atmufwdkbm/ 2001

568˜ 249

451˜ 000

79² 4

az - rwf/ 2002

430˜ 074

349˜ 000

81² 1

ZGef -Edk0ifbm/ 2004

1˜ 280˜ 053

921˜ 482

72² 0

jref r m (µ)

txufyg w&m;0ifudef;*%ef;rsm;ESifhywfoufI okawoeðy avhvmolrsm;u xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd jrefrm a&$@ajymif; tvkyform;rsm;. trSefwu,f ta&twGufonf (2) oef;cef@&Sdonf[k ,Hk=unfae=u onf? xdk@tjyif xdkif;EdkifiHbuf e,fpyfa'o&Sd 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;rSm aexdkifae=uvsuf ukvor*~ 'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;u 'kuQonftjzpf todtrSwfðyxm;olaygif;onf (150˜000) cef@&Sd onf? 63 trSefwGif Tudef;*%ef;onf pcef;aeolrsm;tjzpf w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwifxm;olrsm;udkom todtrSwfðyxm;jcif; jzpfonf? rSwfyHkwif rxm;olrsm;udkom xnfhaygif;vdkufygu 'kuQonfpcef;rsm; rSm &Sdaeaomvuf&Sd'kuQonf OD;a&xufrsm;pGm ydkoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? TtpD&ifcHpmyg vltkyfpkrsm;ESifh 61 62

63

Norwegian Refugee Council, 2004 The Mekong Challenge – “Working Day and Night: The Plight of Migrant Child Workers in Mae Sot,Thailand” – Federation of Trade Unions: Burma, edited by Phillip S. Robertson Jr., 2006 – p. 17 http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/country/detail/2894

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ywfoufI owfowfrSwfrSwfaz: jy&ygv#if xdkif;EdkifiHY &cdkifjynfe,frS a&$@ajymif;tvkyform; (50˜000)/ ytdk@0ftvkyform; (40˜000) ESifh rGeftvkyform; (200˜000) &Sdonf[k twnfðy az: jy Edkifygonf? 64 5? 3? obm0ywf 0 ef ; usif xd c d k u f y suf p D ; r_ vrkawmESihf aus;&Gmydik o f pfawmrsm;tygt0if {&mropfawmuGurf sm;udk ppfwyfu ‚if;wd@k . pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;twGuf twif;t"rR odrf;,lcJhonf? ukvm;wefjrpf0Srf;Y ppfwyf. ykZGefarG;jrLa&;vkyfief; ESifh tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf vrkawmrsm; t}uD;tus,f ðyef;wD;oGm;cJhonf?

&cd k i f j ynf e ,f & S d ppf w yf E S i f h a'ovk y f i ef ; &S i f r sm;yd k i f a om yk Z G e f a rG ; jrLa&;vk y f i ef ; rsm; Topfawmrsm;u urf;ajrudk 'Dvi_d ;f rsm;/ ajrqDvm$ wdu k pf m;r_EiS hf rkew f ikd ;f uJo h @kd aom obm0ab;&efrsm; . '%fwdk@rS umuG,fay;ygonf?

&cd k i f j ynf e ,f uk v m;wef j rpf a =umif ; wav#muf & S d +cd r f ; ajcmuf c H a e&aom 'D a &a&muf a wmrsm; 64

Primary research AASYC, PYO & MYPO

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xdk@tjyif opfawmrsm;u ig;rsKd;pdwfrsm;/ iSufrsm;ESifh &cdkif awmvdyfrsm;twGufvnf; cdkv_H&mae&m jzpfonf? “Tae&mY ckavmavmq,ftcsdeftxd ykZGefarG;jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh xif;ckwfr_rsm;a=umifh pwk&ef; uDvdk rDwm (60˜000) cef@ opfawmðyef;wD;oGm;cJh+yD; jzpfonf?”65

uk v m;wef j rpf 0 S r f ; &S d +cd r f ; ajcmuf c H a e&aom opf a wmrsm;

+cd r f ; ajcmuf c H a e&aom &cd k i f a wmvd y f r sm; (1990) ckvGefESpfrsm;Y &cdkifjynfe,f/ ajryHkòrd@e,f&Sd a'ocHaus;&Gmrsm;ydkifaom uGef;acsmif;awmifwef; wGifopfrsm;udk tvkt,uf ckwfcJh=uonf? opfawmrsm;xJrS u|ef;ESifh tjcm;opfrmrsm; tygt0if opfrSefor#udk ckwf+yD; tdENd,ESifh b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHrsm;odk@ a&mif;cscJhonf? Tvkyfief;wGif e,fcHvlxk rsm;udk tvkyform;tjzpf iSm;&rf;cJhaomfvnf; vkyfief;udk csKyfudkifrsm;rSmum; e,fajrtm%mydkifrsm;/ e,fcpH ;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;ESihf axmufvrS ;f a&;t&m&Srd sm; jzpfonf? opfawmrSaeI tjrwftpGe;f rsm; &cJh=uaomfvnf; wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u ckwfvSJcJhaom opfawmrsm;ae&mwGif tpm;xdk; jyefpdkufay;jcif; 65

“Supply and Command” - AASYC, July 2006, p.38

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rðycJhacs? Todk@jzifh e,fajr. a*[pepfudk t}uD;tus,f xdcdkufapcJhonfrSm xif&Sm;vSygonf?

a'ocH jynf o l r sm; xif ; o,f , l a e=uyH k xdk@tjyif a'ocHjynfolrsm;ydkifaom &dk;&ma&eHwGif;rsm;ESifh a&eHcsuf&Hkrsm;.ae&mwGif yifv,f&yfjcm; ukr% ` rD sm;u ae&m0if,cl o hJ nf? a'ocHjynforl sm;. toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyif ef;rsm; qH;k &_;H cJ&h onfh tjyif obm0ywf0ef;usifvnf; xdcdkufysufpD;cJh&onf? ta=umif;rSm (e0w) ppftpdk;&u T ukr`%Drsm;tm; obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ usiffh0wfpnf;urf;vdkufem&ef aomfvnf;aumif; owfrw S f jyXmef;ay;jcif;r&Scd ahJ oma=umifh jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh Tukr% ` rD sm;onf wGif;wl;&mrS xGufvmaom tnpfta=u;rsm;udk pepfwus pGef@ypf jcif;r&Sdacs? Ttnpfta=u;rsm;udk jrpfrsm;xJodk@ usa&mufapcJh+yD; a'ocHaus;&Gmrsm;. a&ESifh tpm;tpmrsm;udk npfnrf;apygonf?

wG i f ; wl ; &mrS x G u f v maom &$ H @ EG H r sm;a=umif h &cd k i f j ynf e ,f / ausmuf j zLòrd @ e,f & S d acsmif ; wpf a csmif ; npf n rf ; aemuf u sd a eyk H

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(2004) ESifh (2005) ckESpfrsm;wGif (cr&-423)ESifh (424) wdk@onf &Srf;jynfe,f. ytdk@0fe,fajrjzpfaom qDqdkifòrd@e,f xD;ref;&Gm.awmifbufwGif obm0a&uef (5) uefteD; ywf0ef;usifrS ajruGufrsm;udk odrf;,lcJhonf? xdk@tjyif a&uefrsm;.ywf0ef;usifrS opfyiftm;vHk;udk ckwfypfvdkufonf? xdk@aemuf &Gmom;rsm;udk xdak e&mwGif opfyifrsm;udk jyefpu kd cf ikd ;f onf? ppfwyfu xdu k efrsm;rS a&udk wyfpcef;xJo@kd oG,f,lcJhonf? Todk@vkyfvdkufjcif;a=umifh e,fcHaus;&Gmom;rsm;tzdk@vnf; opfyif/ oD;ESHrsm; pdkufysKd; Edkifjcif;r&Sdawmhonfhtjyif wd&p>mefrsKd;pdwfaygif;rsm;pGmtzdk@vnf; cdkv_Hp&mrJhoGm;apcJhonf? 66

ppfwyfu [dkyHkòrd@e,f/ ewfawmfaus;&GmteD;&Sd v,fajrrsm;udk odrf;,lvdkuf+yD; e,fcHopfukr`%DwpfckESifhaygif;I opfckwfpcef;wpfck 5? 4? a'oqd k i f & mvk y f i ef ; rsm; csKyf c s,f u ef @ owf c H & jcif ; ES i f h touf a rG ; 0rf ; ausmif ; vkyfief;rsm;qHk;&_H;jcif; (1998) ESifh (2002)ckESpftwGif;rSm tpdk;&u ajr,mrsm;udk odrf;,lvdkufjcif;a=umifh rGeft&yfom; rsm;tzdk@ ajr {u (7˜000) ausmf vufv$wfcJh&+yD; usyfoef; &mcsDwefaom oD;ESHESifh +cHrsm;qHk;&_H;cJh&onf? vltrsm;tjym; tvkyfvufrJhjzpfoGm;cJhonf? ta=umif;rSm [email protected];0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm; onf +cHESifh v,f,mwdk@tay:rSm tajccHxm;cJh=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? vltawmfrsm;rsm;tzdk@ ajr,mrsm;om rubJ xdkajr,mrsm;rSm &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;aom aiGrsm;yg qHk;&_H;cJh=u&jcif; jzpfonf? om"utm;jzifh az: jy&ygv#if &mbmpdu k yf sK;d olwpfO;D onf &mbmpdu k yf sK;d aom yxrESpw f iG f ajrwpf{u v#if tenf;qHk; usyf (20˜ 000)cef@ tukefuscH&onf? (tyifrsm;rS 0ifaiG&vmonfhtcsdeftxd 7ESp/f 8-ESpcf ef@=um avh&o dS nf?) aemufxyfI "gwaf jr =oZmzd;k / aygi;f &Si;f c/ rD;ab;umuG,af &;pm;&dwrf sm; 67 &Sad o;onf? uGrf;oD;ESifh 'l;&if;+cHrsm;um; 0ifaiG&onfh tcsdefa&muf&ef onfhxufyif ydkI=umwwf ao;onf? ppfwyfonf bmwpfckr#pOf;pm;jcif;r&SdbJ +cHorm;rsm;xHrS +cHrsm;udkodrf;,l+yD;aemuf olwdk@ tusK;d twGuf oD;ESrH sm;udk qGwcf ;l jcif;ðyonf? TtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_vyk if ef;qH;k &_;H r_. tusK;d quf wGif &mZ0wfr_rsm;wdk;vmjcif;ESifh tvkyf&Sm&ef tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ xGufoGm;=ujcif;yif jzpfonf? 66 67

Primary Research PYO Interviews with villagers from Koe-mile village, Southern Ye Township – featured in “No Land to Farm” -Human Rights Foundation of Mon Land, 2002

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ajrtodr;f cH&aom jynforl sm;tzd@k pdwu f sa&m*gEiS hf vlra_ &;b0ysuo f Ok ;f jcif; '%fw@kd ukd cHpm;&avonf? T'%fudk +cHydkif&Sifrsm;omru +cHydkif&Sifwdk@qDrSm tvkyfvkyfaeaom usbrf;tvkyform;ESifh yifwdkif tvkyform;rsm;yg cHpm;=u&onf? rdom;pktrsm;tjym;onf om;orD;rsm;.ynma&;twGuf raxmufyHhEdkifawmhonfhtjzpfudkvnf;aumif;/ tdrfom;rsm;. usef;rma&;twGuf jzpfjzpfajrmuf ajrmuf rwwfEdkifawmhonfhtjzpfudkvnf;aumif; a&muf=u&avonf? ppfwyf. ajrodrf;a&; ay:vpD onf wdu k &f u kd t f m;jzifh ajr,mqH;k &_;H &aomolrsm;udo k mru &yf&mG wpfcv k ;kH udyk g xdcu kd ef pfemap ygonf? Tjy\emudk rGefjynfe,fw0Srf;vHk;rSm awG@ae&onfjzpfaomfjim;vnf; rGefu,fq,fa&;ESifh zGH@òzd; aumfrwDtaeESihf awG@&adS e&onfrmS ajr,mtodr;f cH&aom jynfwiG ;f 'kuo Q nftrsm;pkonf a&;òrd@e,f 68 rS vmolrsm; jzpfae=uonf [laomtcsufyifjzpfonf? ppfwyfrsm;wdk;Icsxm;jcif;ESifh ajrodrf;,lr_ rsm; trsm;qHk; jzpfyGm;ae&jcif;.ta=umif;&if;rSm Tòrd@e,fwGif rGefcGJxGufolykeftkyfpk v_yf&Sm;aejcif; a=umifhjzpfonf? &cdik Ef iS hf jrefrmvlrsK;d wd@k . vltrsm;pkonf pdu k yf sK;d jcif;;ESihf ig;zrf;jcif;vkyif ef;rsm;jzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif; ðy=uonf? v,f,mESifh O,smOf+cHajrrsm;udk ppfwyfu odrf;,ljcif;a=umifh rdom;pk trsm;tjym;tzdk@ }uD;pGm aom twd'kuQrsm;ESifhñuHawG@=u&ygonf? 0ifaiG&&Sd&mvkyfief;rsm;qHk;&_H;r_a=umifh pm;a&; aomufa&;rSmaomfvnf;aumif;/ om;orD;rsm;udk ausmif;xm;a&;rSmaomfvnf;aumif; tcuftcJ awG@=u&onf? odr;f ydu k x f m;aomajr,mrsm;ay:wGif ppfwef;vsm;rsm;/ uif;pcef;rsm;ESihf ppfaq;a&;pcef; tajrmuftjrm;udk aqmufxm;vdu k =f uonf? tjctaeudk ydI k qd;k &Gm;apaomtcsurf mS e,fcu H ek o f nf rnfolrqdk ppfaq;a&;pcef;rsm;udk jzwfoGm;vsuf vkyfief;vkyfvdkygu Tppfaq;a&;pcef;rsm;a&S@rSm &yfwef@+yD; “tcGef”ay;=u&jcif;yif jzpfonf?69 ,ae@jrefrmEdkifiHtESH@tjym;Y ppfwyfrsm;wdk;Icsxm;jcif;ESifh wygwnf;vdkufI jzpfyGm;aeonfwdk@rSm ppfwyfpcef;rsm;wnfaqmufa&;twGuf twif;t"rRvyk t f m;apcdik ;f jcif;/ topfcsxm;aom ppfwyfrsm; twGuf e,fcHjynfolwdk@. pm;eyf&duQmrsm;udk tEdkifusifhawmif;,lr_rsm; wdk;I jzpfyGm;vmjcif;/ e,fcH aus;&Gmom;rsm; . vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vmr_ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; tay:csKyfcs,fuef@owfr_rsm; wdk;vmjcif;wdk@yifjzpfygonf?

6? jrefrmh ajr,mOya'ESifh EdkifiHwumOya' Oya'teuf wpfckwnf;aom ta&;}uD;qHk;Oya'rSm (1953) ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv(26) &uf ae@pGJyg/ v,f,majr EdkifiHydkifðyvkyfa&;ESifh v,f,majr tufOya'yifjzpfonf? TOya'u ajrtm;vHk;udk EdkifiH awmftpdk;&u ydkifonf[k jyXmef;xm;cJh+yD; (1974) ckESpf tajccHOya'rSmvnf; xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm; cJhonf? ,ae@jrefrmEdkifiHrSm Oya'usifhoHk;aer_onf a,bk,stm;jzifh TtufOya'udk y,fvSefxm; a=umif; awG@& onf? TOya'onf v,f,majr yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_tcsKd@udk todtrSwfðyxm; (yk'fr68

“No Land to Farm” - Human Rights Foundation of Mon Land, 2002

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Primary Research AASYC

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38) aomfvnf; a&mif;0,fr_ESifh v$Jajymif;r_udk uef@owfydwfyifxm;+yD; tpdk;&tzdk@ yvyfv,f,m ajrrsm;udk odr;f ,lciG ahf y;xm;onf (yk'rf -9-12)?70 xd@k tjyif (1963) ckEpS /f oD;pm;csxm;a&; tufOya'/ (1963) ckESpf/ v,f,majr vkyfydkifcGifh umuG,fa&; tufOya' ESifh trdef@a=ujimpm trSwf (4§78) wd@k uvnf; jynfow l @kd . ajr,m ydik q f ikd cf iG u hf kd qufvufI uef@owfyw d yf if xm;cJo h nf? ydI k qd;k onfrmS tu,fI v,form;rsm;taeESifh tpdk;&owfrSwf ay;xm;aomoD;ESHudk pdkufysKd;&ef ysufuGufv#if (od@k r[kw)f owfrw S x f m;aom txGuEf e_ ;f twdik ;f xGu&f adS tmif rpdu k rf sK;d Edik v f #if (od@k r[kw)f owfrw S f xm;aomcGJwrf;twdkif;/ óudwifowfrSwfxm;aom aps;E_ef;jzifh tpdk;&odk@a&mif;cs&ef ysufuGufv#if v,f,majrudk odrf;,l&efvnf; TOya'u tpdk;&udk cGifhðy xm;onf? 71 (1974) ckESpf/ zGJ@pnf;yHk tjccHOya'. yk'fr (18) wGif atmufygtwdkif; qufvufaz: jyxm;onfEd k i f i H a wmf t pd k ; &onf ajray:ajratmuf / a&ay:a&atmuf obm0o,H Z mwypP n f ; tm;vH k ; ES i f h w uG ajr,mtm;vH k ; ud k yd k i f q d k i f a om tjrif h q H k ; yd k i f q d k i f o l j zpf o nf ? TOya'ud k Ed k i f i H a wmf . tajccH r l } uD ; wck t jzpf (2004) ck E S p f Zef e 0g&D v wG i f xyf a vmif ; twnf ð yxm;cJ h o nf ? urBm@ukvor*~ vl@tcGifhta&;a=ujimpmwrf; (1948-ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv) . yk'fr(17) wGif atmufyg twdkif; az: jyxm;onf? (1) vlwdkif;onf wpfOD;csif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ trsm; oligESifh aygif;zGJ@Iaomfvnf;aumif; OpPmypPnf; ydkifqdkifcGifh &Sdonf? (2) rnfol. OpPmypPnf;udkr# tEdkiftxufðyI vufvGwfqHk;yg;apjcif; rðy&? onfhaemufydkif; EdkifiHwum a=unmpmwrf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHwum oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;uvnf; yk*~vdu OpPmypPn;f ydik q f ikd cf iG Ehf iS phf yfvsO;f I tumtuG,af y;xm;onf? ydI k ta&;}uD;onfrmS TudpEP iS hf pyfvsO;f I pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&; ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf (ICESCR) yk'fr 11 (1) wGif “æ rnfolrqdk rdrdESifhwuG rdrd.rdom;pktzdk@ vHkavmufaom tpm;tpm/ t0wftxnf/ tdk;tdrf wdk@tygt0if vHkavmufaom aexdkifr_tqifhtwef;jzifh aexdkifcGifh” udk twnfðy ay;xm;onf? 72 jrefrmEdkifiHonf (ICESCR) . tzGJ@0ifEdkifiH wEdkifiHr[kwfaomfvnf; yk'fr (11) onf EdkifiHwum xHk;wrf;Oya'. tqifhtwef;rsKd;&SdEdkifI jrefrmEdkifiHudkvnf; tñuH;0ifapygonf? xdk@jyif obm0 Oya' t&qdkv#if EdkifiHwumpmcsKyfOya'atmufrSm&Sdaeaom rnfonfhtpdk;&. jyXmef;csufrsm; &Sdaeonf jzpfap vlom;tm;vHk;onf vlom;jzpfonf[laom ta=umif;tcsufa=umifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh oufqdkifaeygonf? 70

Primary Research AASYC

71

“Mission Impossible” - Moo Ko Htee: Burma Issues Newsletter, April 2008

72

http://www.cohre.org/store/attachments/COHRE%20Burma%20Country%20Report.pdf (p24)

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tcsKyftm;jzifq h &kd v#if tqufqufaom Edik if w H umoabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;ESihf a=unmcsurf sm;u vlwpf OD;csi;f . OpPmypPn;f ydik q f ikd cf iG hf cdik rf mvmatmif óu;d yrf;cJah omfvnf; tqufqufaom jrefrmEdik if H ppftpd;k & rsm;url ‚if;wdk@. avsmfa=u;ay;jcif; jyefvnfukpm;r_vkyfay;jcif; r&SdbJ jynfolwdk@xHrS ajr,mrsm; odrf;,lcGifh udk cdkifrmvmatmif óud;yrf;vmcJhonf? Todk@óud;yrf;&mY ppftpdk;&onf wurBmvHk;t}uHK; 0ifaom Edik if w H umOya'rsm;udk ajzmifah jzmif}h uD;qef@usiu f m jrefrmEdik if o H m;wd@k . td;k tdrv f akH vmufpmG &SdcGifh/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;cGifh/ [email protected];odk@ jyefvnfajymif;a&$@aexdkifcGifh (odk@r[kwf) avsmf a=u;&&SdcGifh wdk@udk csKd;zsufcJhonf? jref r mEd k i f i H . wpf c k w nf ; aomOya'onf u m; Ad k v f c sKyf r sm;u tm%mwnf a p[k ae@pOf qH k ; jzwf a om Oya'yif jzpf o nf ?

73

7? jrefrmEdkifiH\ zGHYjzdK;a&;pDrHudef;rsm; r=umao;cifESpfrsm;twGif;Yvnf; ajrodrf;jcif;/ twif;t"rRae&ma&$@ajymif;jcif;/ ppfwyfrsm;wdk;I csxm;jcif;/ (etz) ppftpdk;& taumiftxnfaz:aom zGH@òzd;a&;vkyfief;pDrHudef; trsKd;rsKd;ESifhywfoufI t"rRvyk t f m; apcdik ;f jcif;wd@k jzpfymG ;cJo h nf? TpDru H ed ;f rsm;wGif a&eHw;l jcif;/ a&eHcsujf cif;/ obm0"gwaf iG@ ydkufvdkif;rsm;oG,fjcif;/ a&tm;v#yfppfxkwfrnfhqnfrsm;aqmufvkyfjcif;/ rD;&xm;vrf;/ armfawmfum; vrf;azguv f yk jf cif;ESihf wHwm;aqmmufvyk jf cif;vkyif ef;rsm; yg0ifonf? rsm;r=umao;rSu D yif =uufqyl if pdu k cf if;rsm;udk rpdu k rf ae& pdu k cf ikd ;f cJo h nf? TpDru H ed ;f rsm;udk Edik if jH cm;ukr% ` rD sm;u trsm;tm;jzifh rdrw d @kd wdkif;jynftpdk;&rsm;. pD;yGm;a&;ydwfyif'%fcwfr_udk zDvmðyIaomfvnf;aumif;/ vufwpfvHk;jcm; a&Smifwdrf;Iaomfvnf;aumif;/ pDrHaqmif&Gufae=ujcif; jzpfonf? wenf;qdk&v#if (etz) ppftpdk;& onf aps;òydifpepft& aps;trsm;qHk;ay;olrsm;udk wdkif;jynf. obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk a&mif;cs jcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmEdik if EH iS hf pD;yGm;a&; vkyu f ikd v f akd e=uaom Edik if jH cm;tpd;k &rsm;ESihf qufqaH ejcif; jzpfonf? Todk@jzifh rdrdjynfolwdk@jynfolrsm;pGmudk tusKd;cHpm;cGifhrJhapcJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rS &&Sdavmaom aiGrsm;jzifh ppftoHk;pm;&dwf wdk;jr‡ifhaejcif;jzpf&m TaiGrsm;onf ppftpdk;& tm%m\qufvuf+rJae apa&;udk taxmuftulðyaeygonf? &cdkifjynfe,f taemufbufurf;vGef/ b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf&Sd obm0"gwfaiG@wGif;rsm;rSaeI w&kwf jynfawmifydkif;/ ,leefjynfe,fodk@oG,fwef;&ef&nf&G,fxm;aom a&$ "gwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;onf ta&S@ awmiftm&S. obm0"gwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;rsm;wGif t&Snfvsm;qHk;jzpfvm&ef&Sdonf? ae&mtESH@tjym; ajr,modrf;,lr_rsm;/ vHk+cHKa&;twGuf ppfwyfcsxm;r_rsm;/ owfrSwfxm;aom vrf;a=umif;wav#muf wGif awm&Si;f &eftwGuf twif;t"rRvyk t f m;apcdik ;f r_rsm; jzpfvmawmhrnf[k apmif=h unfah 0zefow l @kd u óudwu G x f m;cJ=h uonf? Tpd;k &drrf r_ sm;onf jrefrmEdik if t H a&S@yikd ;f / weoFm&Dwikd ;f udk jzwfomG ;aom &wem ESifh &JwHcGef"gwfiG@ydkufvdkif; tawG@t}uHKwdk@rSaeI ay:xGufvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? TpDrHudef;rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_. wdkuf&dkuftusKd;quftjzpf pepfwus vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azgufr_rsm; jzpfyGm;cJha=umif; awG@&onf? om"utm;jzifh wifjy&aomf (2000) ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv (27) &ufae@Y rGefaus;&Gmwpf&Gm 73

P. Gutter & B. K. Sen, “Burma’s State Protection Law: An Analysis of the Broadest Law in the World” (Burma’s Lawyer Council 2001).

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jzpfaom 0Ju&wf aus;&GmrS tdrf (20)onfvnf; aumif;/ 0JoGef;acsmif; aus;&GmrS tdrf (10) tdrfonf vnf;aumif;/ obm0"gwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;twGuf vrf;&Sif;ay;&mY avsmfa=u;r&bJ zsufypfcHcJh&onf? aus;&Gmom;rsm;onf tdrfrJh/ ajrrJhrsm; jzpfoGm;cJh=uonf?74 (etz) ppftpdk;&ESifh tdENd,/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sftpdk;&wdk@ oabmwlnDr_rsm;vkyf+yD;aemufwGif (2009) ckESpfrS pI &cdkifjynfe,f/ ukvm;wefESifh av;òrd@jrpfrsm;Y a&tm;v#yfppfqnfrsm;wnfaqmuf&ef pDrHudef;rsm; csrSwfcJhonf? ukvm;wefpDrHudef;t& qnfaqmufvkyf+yD;pD;oGm;v#if ukefwifoabFmrsm; oGm;vm 0ifxGufEdkifa&;twGuf ukvm;wefjrpfrSma&m/ ppfawGqdyfurf;rSmyg aomifwl;vdrfhrnf jzpfonf? ppfawG (&cdkifjynfe,f.òrd@awmf) e,fajr&Sd tdrfrsm;tzsufcH&rnfhtjyif jrpfurf;rsm;wav#muf&Sd a&aeowW0g rsm;ESifh vrkawmrsm;rSmvnf; qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; xdcdkufayvdrfhrnf? a'oaejynfol trsm;tjym;. toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_vkyfief;rsm;vnf; xdcdkufOD;rnfhtjyif Te,fajrrSmomawG@&wwfaom ouf&Sd owW0grsm;. cdkv_H&mae&mrsm;onfvnf; +cdrf;ajcmufcH&ayOD;rnf? TpDrHudef;rsm;ESifhywfoufI apmif=h unfah 0zeforl sm;u oHviG q f nfEiS hf avmydwqnf pDru H ed ;f rsm; taumiftxnfaz:pOfu ajrodr;f r_rsm;a&m qnfaqmufvkyf&mY twif; t"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;r_rsm;yg jzpfyGm;cJhaom tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk axmufjy=uonf?75 r=umao;rSD (2005) ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvY (etz) ppftpdk;&u "gwfqDaps;usqif;a&;twGuf[kqdkum tpm;xdk;avmifpmqDtaeESifh ZD0'DZ,fxkwfvkyfa&;twGuf wpfEdkifiHvHk;rSm =uufqlqDyif pdkufysKd;&ef trdef@xkwfcJhonf? (3) ESpftwGif; =uufqlyif {u (8) oef;pdkufysKd;&ef &nf&G,fvsuf e,fajrtus,f t0ef;ao;onfjzpfap }uD;onfjzpfap/ pdkufysKd;&ef oifhawmfonfjzpfap/ roifhawmfonfjzpfap jynf e,f (odk@r[kwf)wdkif;toD;oD;rSm {u (500˜000) uspD pdkufysKd;aponf? odk@jzpfI &efukefwdkif;u ‚if;.pkpkaygif;ajrtus,ft0ef;teuf ajr (20µ)udk vnf;aumif;/ u,m;jynfe,fu (17µ) udk vnf; aumif; =uufqlyifpdkufysKd;&rnfjzpfonf? Trwefr&m &nfrSef;csufjynfhajrmufapa&;twGuf tjcm;aomzG@H òzd;a&;pDru H ed ;f rsm;enf;wlyif ajrodr;f ,lrr_ sm;ESihf t"rRvyk t f m;apcdik ;f r_rsm; jzpfymG ;cJo h nf?76

74

75

76

“No Land to Farm” - Human Rights Foundation of Mon Land, 2002. (for full information on the Yadana & Yetagun Projects see “Total Denial” & “Total Denial Continues” – Earth Rights International, 1996 & 2000) For full information on the Lawpita and Salween Dam projects see “Dammed by Burma’s Generals: the Karenni Experience with Hydropower Development – From Lawpita to the Salween” - Karenni Development Research Group, 2006 “Biofuel by Decree” – Ethnic Community Development Forum (2008) p7

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(2008) ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufae@wGif/ &cdkifjynfe,f/ acsmif;0aus;&GmtkyfpkY ajcjrefwyf&if;trSwf (542) u aus;&Gmom;rsm;ydkif pm;usufajr {u (40) ay:wGif =uufqlyif (48˜ 000) pdkufysKd;cdkif;cJhonf?

a&;òrd @ e,f & S d / od r f ; ,l x m;onf h ajrauG u f a y:wG i f pd k u f y sKd ; xm;aom =uuf q l y if (15) {upd k u f c if ; om"utaeESifhaz: jy&ygv#if a&;òrd@e,frS acgZmòrd@e,fcGJodk@oGm;&m um;vrf;ab;wav#mufwGif e,fajrqdkif&m wyf&if;rsm;u &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tm; =uufqlyifrsm;udk rpdkufrae& pdkufcdkif;cJhonf? a'ocHjynfolrsm; onf tyifaygufwyifv#if (1˜000) usyf (ar&duefa':vm 7²5 a':vm) E_ef;jzifh e,fajrtm%mydkifrsm;xHrS 0,f=u&onf? tcsKd@&Gmrsm; txl;ojzifh uavmhaus;&GmESifh udk;rdkifaus;&Gm wdk@onf tyifrsm; rpdkufrDrSm ajr udk xGef,ufðyjyif ay;=u&onf? 77 (2008) ckEpS f {+yDvwGif ppftpd;k &u tdE, dN Edik if o H @kd qDtek ;f ESihf ukvm;yJpu kd yf sK;d &eftwGuf ajr[uf wm aygif; (40˜000) udk tiSm;csay;cJhonf? (2008) ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvwGifvnf; (etz) ppftpdk;&u b*Fvm;a'h&Sftpdk;&xHodk@ &cdkifjynfe,f&Sd pyg;pdkufajr {u (50˜000) udk tiSm;cs ay;cJhonf? pyg;pdkufajr trsm;pkonf ajrmufOD;ESifh rmefatmifu|ef;wdk@rSjzpfonf? Tajrrsm;onf w&m;0if tm;jzifh ppf wyfydkifajrrsm;[k qdkaomfvnf; trSefwu,ftm;jzifhrl e,fjrv,form;rsm;xHrS odrf;,lxm;jcif; jzpfonf? rnfonfhavsmfa=u;r#ay;jcif; r&Sdonfhtjyif aemufxyfI ajrodrf; OD;rnfvm;[k pdk;a=umuf ae=u&onf? Todk@ vkyfvdkufjcif;a=umifh e,fajra'otwGif; 0rf;pm &duQmESifhywfoufI qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm;xdcdkuf vmEdkifp&m ta=umif; &Sdaeonf? 77

Primary field research by MYPO

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“v,fajr{u (50˜000) udk tiSm;csvdkufw,fqdkawmh &cdkifjynfe,fu vlawG iwfukefrSm aocsmygw,f?” [k trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (&ckdifjynfe,f). wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL; OD;odef;vd_ifu ajymygonf? 78

8? avhvmawGY&Sd&aom vufawGYjzpf&yfrsm; vuf a wG @ jzpf & yf (1) trnf - (az: jyjcif;rðyyg) usm;§ r - (az: jyjcif;rðyyg) ae&yfvdyfpm - qDqdkifòrd@/ &Srf;jynfe,f? tcif;jzpfyGm;aomae@ - (2007-2008)ckESpf &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;/ qDqdkifòrd@e,ftajcpdkuf/ ajcjrefwyf&if; (cr&-423) ESifh (424)wdk@onf (199293) ckESpfwGif vma&muf tajcpdkufcJh=uonf? Twyf&if;rsm;onf aus;&Gmom;rsm;. v,fajrrsm;ESifh ajruGufrsm;ukd avsmfa=u;aiGwpfjym;wcsyfr# ray;bJ ‚if;wdk@. wyfpcef;rsm;twGuf odrf;,lcJh=uonf? (1996) ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif (cr&-424) onf wyfpcef;wdk;csJ@a&;twGuf ‚if;wyfpcef;. taemuf buf&Sd aemifvHk aus;&Gmom;rsm;udk wpfvtwGif;ajymif;a&$@oGm;&ef trdef@xkwfcJhonf? (2005) ckESpfwGif (cr&-423) ESifh (424) wdk@onf &Gmom;rsm;ydkifaom v,f (odk@r[kwf) ,majr{u (5˜ 000) udk odrf;,lcJhonf? odrf;,laomajr,mrsm;teuf (8) {utwGufomv#if avsmfa=u;ay; cJhonf? xdk@tjyif (2007) ESifh (2008) ckESpfrsm;twGif;Y awmifolv,form;rsm; rdrdwdk@v,f,mrsm;rSm jyefvnfpdkufysKd;cGifh&a&;twGuf wpf{uv#if (5˜ 000) usyf (tr&duefa':vm 3² 7 a':vm) E_ef;jzifh oD;pm;cay;&onf? “v,fcif;&SifawGu tyifawGpdkufzdk@ tqifoifhjzpfaecsdefrSmyJ Armppfwyfu 'Dv,fawGudk odrf;vdkuf+yD qdkwJhta=umif; ppfAdkvfwpfa,mufa&;xm;wJhpmwapmifa&mufvmw,f”[k bmoma&; acgif;aqmif wpfOD;uajym jycJhonf? 79 vuf a wG @ jzpf & yf (2) trnf - (az: jyjcif;rðyyg) usm; §r - (az: jyjcif;rðyyg) ae&yfvdyfpm - ukvm;ukef;&yfuGuf/ [dkyHk;òrd@/ &Srf;jynfe,f? tcif;jzpfyGm;aomae@ - (2004) ckESpf 78 79

Democratic Voice of Burma: http:/english.dvb.no/news.php?id=1849 (10th October 2008) Primary field research by PYO

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(2004) ckESpfwGif jynfaxmifpk}uHhcdkifa&;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;toif; (USDA) u ukvm;ukef;&yfuGuf upm; uGi;f udk odr;f ,lco hJ nf? a'ocHvil ,facgi;f aqmifrsm;u uef@uu G af eonfh =um;xJuyif }uHch ikd af &;toif; u tdrrf sm; ESiahf ps;qdik rf sm;udk aqmufco hJ nf? Tod@k uef@uu G &f jcif;jcif;rSm taqmuftOD;rsm;aqmufvyk f +yD;oGm;onfESifhwòydifeuf jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;u ajr,mOD;ydkif rSwfyHkwif+yD; tjrwfwifI jyefa&mif;pm; vdrrhf nf[k a'ocHvx l rk sm;u odae=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? od@k jzpf&m a'ocHvil ,frsm;u taqmuf tOD;rsm;udk zsufqD;ypf=uum ajrudk jyefodrf;,l=uonf? xdktcgY &Jt&m&Sdrsm;/ ppfom;rsm;/ }uHhcdkifa&; toif;ESifh òrd@tm%mydkiftcsKd@ wdk@u upm;uGif;udk jyefodrf;,l&onfhtjzpfodk@a&mufcJhonf? xdkESpfxJrSmyif/ [dkyHk;òrd@e,f/ òrd@e,fat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;aumifpD (rtz) u Zdkrde,fajr&Sd/ txufwef;ausmif;. taemufbuf ajr{u (1˜ 400) udk odrf;,l&ef tpDtpOfvkyf=uonf? TtpD tpOfudk }uHhcdkifa&;toif;/ ppfwyf/ &JwyfzGJ@ESifh ajrwdkif;t&m&Sdrsm;u taumiftxnfaz:=uonf? [dyk ;kH òrd@ taemufbuf&/dS vGKd ifteG ;f aus;&Gmom;rsm;ydik o f nfh u|EJ mG ;pm;usuf {u (500) udv k nf; odr;f ,l vdkuf=uonf? xdk@aemuf [dkyHk;tm%mydkifrsm;u xdk{u (500) udk OD;ydkifrSwfyHkwifvdkuf=u+yD;v#if wdk;eD;,m;ukr`%Dodk@a&mif;vdkuf=u&m/ ukr`%Du ajruGufudk ‚if;.u|JEGm;wd&p>mefrsm; twGuf toHk;csavonf?

“}uHhcdkifa&;toif;/ &JwyfzGJ@/ rD;owfwyfzJG@ 'grSr[kwf ppfwyfxJu vlwpfa,mufa,mufjzpfr,f qdk&if óudufwJhajruGufudk ,lvdk@&w,f? &Srf;jynfom;awGuawmh ydkif&Sif&J@cGifhðycsufr&bJ/ b,f ajruGufudkrS r,lcsif =uygbl;?”[k [dkyHk;òrd@om;vli,fwOD;u ajymygonf?80 vufawG@jzpf&yf (3) trnf - Edkifxxxxx(ESifh nDtpfudkarmifESpfrrsm;)? usm;§r - trsKd;om;? touf - 45? tvkyftudkif - &mbm+cHydkif&Sif? ae&yfvdyfpm - a&;+rKdh/ rGefjynfe,f? tcif;jzpfyGm;aomae@ - rwfv (2008) ckESpf? zcifxHrS Edkif xxxxx ESifh nDtpfudkarmifESpfrrsm; tarG&xm;aom ajr (15) {uudk (2008) ckESpf/ rwfvwGif ppfwyfu odrf;,lcJhonf? TajruGufwGif &mbmyiftawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdonf? +cHudktarG&+yD; aemuf nDtpfudk wawGu vmrnfhrdk;&moDwGif +cHudkckwfxGif&Sif;vif;um &mbmyiftopfrsm; xyfrHI pdkufrnf[k pDpOfxm;cJh =uonf? TwGif ajcjrefwyf&if; trSwf (586) u ajrwdkif;t&m&Sdjzpfol OD;vSxl; atmif/ &Gmvl}uD;jzpfol Edkifvlat;wdk@ESifh aygif;um óudwifowday;jcif;/ avsmfa=u;ay;jcif;r&SdbJ +cHudk odrf;,lvdkufonf? 80

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&Gmvl}uD; Edik v f al t;tm;ar;jref;pHpk rf;=unf&h m tqdyk g ajruGuu f kd (2006) ckEpS u f wnf;u ajr&dik ;f tjzpf owfrw S x f m;cJ+h yD; ajrpm&if;&H;k . ajryHx k rJ mS ydik &f iS rf t hJ jzpf owfrw S x f m;cJah =umif; Edik v f al t;u ajymjycJh onf? “rif;wdk@ajrudkjyefvdkcsif&if rif;wdk@nDtpfudkawG wa,muf (5˜ 000) (tar&duefa':vm 3² 7 a':vm)pDay;&r,f” [k Ekdifvlat;u vdk&if;udk ajymjyonf? Edkifxxxxxx wdk@ nDtpfudk wawGu oabmwlum aiGay;+yD;/ ajr udk jyef,lcJh=uonf? odk@&mwGif olwdk@udk ay;xm;onhfuwd twdkif; w&m; 0ifpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udkawmh r&&Sd ao;acs? jynfe,ft&m&SdxHrSm arwWm&yfcHcJhaomfvnf; tqJcH &&Hkom&SdcJh onfhtwGuf aejynfawmfokd@ oGm;a&mufoifjycJhaomfvnf; bmta=umif;rS r&&SdcJhay? 81 vufawG@jzpf&yf (4) trnf-roef;vS? usm; §r-trsKd;orD;? touf- (18)ESpf? tvkyftudkif- O,smOftvkyform;? ae&yfvdyfpm- ykZGefazaus;&Gm/ ajrmufOD;òrd@e,f/ &cdkifjynfe,f? tcif;jzpfyGm;aomae@ - Zlvdkif (7) &uf/ (2006) ckESpf ajrmufOD; òrd@e,f/ ykZGefaz&GmrS touf (18) ESpft&G,f&Sdol roef;vSudk ppfom;wpfpku &uf&uf pufpuf t"rR ðyusifhcJhonf? rdbrsm;. +cHrS jyefvm&mvrf;wGif roef;vSonf e,fjrtwGif; uif;vSnfhaeaom ppfom;wpfpkESifh yufyif; wdk;rdcJhonf? ppfom;rsm;u olrtm; b,fujyefvmovJ[k ppfvm;ar;vm;vkyfonf? olru rdbrsm;. +cHrSm tvkyfvkyf&mrS jyefvmjcif;jzpfonf[k jyeftajzwGif ppfom;wapf,mufu olr. vufudkqGJum ajr}uD;ay:odk@ twif;vSJcsvdkufonf? olr idk,dk/ toem;cHaeonfh=um;xJuyif ppfom; rsm;u T (18) ESpf t&G,f rdef;uav;udk wpfa,muf+yD; wpfa,muf t"rRðyusifhcJh=uonf? +yD;awmh rSyif olrudk teD;tem;&Sd +cHawmxJrSm ypfxm;cJh=uonf? xdkae@aESmif;ydkif;wGif &Gmom;wpfOD;u rdef; uav;. tavmif;udkawG@&Sd+yD; rdbrsm;xH oGm;a&muf today;cJhonf? rdbrsm;u olr. tavmif;udk ajrmufO;D aq;&Ho k @kd o,f,o l mG ;cJ=h uonf? rk'rd ;f r_ukd ajrmufO;D tajcpdu k f wyf&if; (227) rS ppfom;rsm;u usL;vGefcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? Tppfom; (7) a,mufudk ta&;,lay;&ef roef;vS.rdbrsm;u tr_zGifh wdkif=um;cJhaomfvnf; oufqdkif&mu rnfol@udkr# w&m;&Hk;odk@ pGJqdkwifydk@jcif;r&SdcJhacs? 82 vuf a wG @ jzpf & yf (5) trnf - Edkif—- (vHk+cHKa&;twGuf trnfudkv#dK@0Sufxm;ygonf)? touf - (58) ESpf? tvkyftudkif - &mbm+cHKydkif&Sif? ae&yfvdyfpm - uGef'l;aus;&Gm/ rGefjynfe,f? 81 82

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tcif;jzpfyGm;aomae@- =o*kwfv (2005) ckESpf? Edkif—- ESifhZeD;wdk@onf [ef*efaus;&GmrSm aexdkif=uolrsm;jzpfonf? ol@ZeD;onf uGef'l;aus;&GmrSjzpf+yD; xdk &GmrSm olw@kd yikd af om &mbm+cH (10) {u&So d nf? (2005) ckEpS /f =o*kwv f wGif 'kAv kd rf LS ;}uD; cifarmiftek ;f OD;pD;aom (cr&-587) u T&mbm+cHajr. (7) {uudk odrf;,lcJhonf? xdktcsdefu &mbm+cH (7) {u . umvwefbdk;rSm usyf(20˜000˜000) (tar&duefa':vm 15˜000 a':vm) jzpfonf? “'D&mbm+cHawGtukefvHk;udk EdkifiHawmfu vdktyfvdk@ ppfwef;vsm;aqmufr,fqdk&if wdkif;jynftwGuf odr;f vd@k &w,fv@kd Adv k rf LS ;}uD;u ajymw,f? usaemfah jrudk Edik if aH wmfu ydik w f mjzpfv@kd olw@kd ord ;f ,lwmvd@k usaemfhudk ajymw,f?”[k Edkif— u ajymjycJhonf? Edkif— u ol@ +cHjyef&a&;twGuf ajrpm&if;XmerSm tultnDoGm;awmif;cJhonf? odk@&mwGif ajrpm&if; XmerS wm0ef&Sdolu T+cHajrtm;vHk;udk EdkifiHawmfuydkifojzifh olwdk@vnf; rnfodk@r#rwwfEdkifa=umif; ajymjycJhonf? Edkif— rSm om;orD; (7) a,muf&Sdonf? (5) a,mufu xdkif;EdkifiHxJrSm tvkyfvkyfaeonf? usef (2) OD;u tdrfaxmifus+yD;jzpfae=uum rdbrsm;udk tultnDray;Edkif=uacs? olu touft&G,f}uD;&ifh+yD jzpfI +cHtvkyfudk oludk,fwdkif rvkyfEdkifawmhacs? odk@jzpfI usef &mbm+cH (3) {utwGuf tvkyfvkyf&ef tvkyform; (3) OD;udk iSm;&rf;&onf? tvkyform; (3) OD;udk vkyfc &Sif;ay;+yD;aemufwGif ol@rdom;pk twGuf aiG jzpfjzpf ajrmufajrmuf rusefawmhacs?83 vuf a wG @ jzpf & yf (6) trnf - (az: jyjcif;rðyyg)? usm;§r - trsKd;orD;? touf - (50)? tvkyftudkif - v,form; O,smOfydkif&Sif? ae&yfvdyfpm - rl&if;aus;&Gm/ rl&if;aus;&Gmtkyfpk/ ausmufjzLòrd@e,f? tcif;jzpfyGm;aomae@ - (30) &ufae@/ ZGefv (2008) ckESpf? (2006) ckESpfwGif "n0wDa&wyfpcef;onf =uufqlyifpkdufysKd;&eftwGuf ausmufjzLòrd@e,f/ rl&if;aus; &Gmtkyfpk/ ukef;abmifawmf[kac:aom txufawm e,fajrudk odrf;,lcJhonf? Te,fajrudk a'ocH aus;&Gmrsm;u ajryJESifh oD[dkVfyifrsm;pdkufysKd;&m ajr,mtjzpf toHk;ðycJh=uonf? &Gmom;rsm;tzdk@ avsmfa=u; wpfjym;wpfcsyfr# r&bJ/ "n0wDa&wyfpcef;XmecsKyf('&c)u Tajrudk ,ck =uufqlqDyif rsm; pdkufysKd;xm;vdkuf+yDjzpfonf? &Gmom;rsm;tzdk@ todrf;cHxm;&aomajrrSm ajryJpdkufysKd;Edkifjcif; r&Sdawmhojzifh toufqufvuf &SifoefEdkifa&;twGuf tonf;toef vHk;yrf;ae=u&onf? 83

Primary field research by MYPO

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ydI k qd;k onfrmS &Gmom;rsm;onf a&wyf. pdu k cf if;twGuf xGe, f ufay;&jcif;jzpf+yD; wpf{uv#if aiGusyf (10˜ 000) cef@wefa=u;&So d nf[k qdyk gonf? Tod@k xeG , f ufay;jcif;twGuf tca=u;aiG wpfjym;wpfcsyf r# r&&Sd=uacs? tu,fI pdkufcif;xJodk@ EGm;wpfaumif 0ifpm;rdyguvnf; '%faiGusyf (10˜ 000) (tar&duef a':vm 7 ² 4 a':vm) ay;&onf? rl&if;aus;&Gmtkyfpk uef‹vef‹wJ aus;&Gm/ OD;bwif. oD[dk+cHY ppfom;wtkyf}uD; pcef;csae=uonf? oD[dk+cHtrsm;tjym;udk ppf wyfrsm;u odrf;xm;=uojzifh aus;&Gmrsm;tzdk@ ESpfpOf cef@rSef;ajc 0ifaiG usyf (10) oef; (tar&duefa':vm 407² 40 a':vm) cef@qHk;&_H;ae=u&onf? ppfwyf. =uufqlqDyif pdkufcif;vnf; rjzpfxGef;acs? uef‹vef‹wJ bwfpfum;*dwfrS rl&if;*dwft=um;&Sd pdkufysKd;ajr{u (100) ausmfudk e,fcHaus;&Gmrsm;xHrS odrf;,lxm;onf? todrf;cH&aomajrrsm;wGif aus;&Gm. pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;twGuf toufaoG;a=umjzpfaom O,smOf+cHrsm; ESifh pm;usufrsm;yg0ifygonf? u|JEGm;pm; usufr&Sdawmhjcif;a=umifh e,fcHaus;&Gmrsm;twGuf t}uD;tus,f tcufawG@ae&onf? 84

OD ; bwif . tod r f ; cH & aomajray:rS m pd k u f y sKd ; xm;onf h =uuf q l y if p d k u f c if ; vuf a wG @ jzpf & yf (7) trnf - (az: jyjcif;rðyyg)? usm;§r - usm; touf - (27) ESpf? tvkyftudkif - e,fcHa&eHwl;orm;? ae&yfvdyfpm - a&eHawmifaus;&Gm/ rif;jyifaus;&Gm tkyfpk/ &cdkifjynfe,f? tcif;jzpfyGm;aomae@ - (12) &ufae@/ {+yDv (2008) ckESpf? 84

Primary field research by AASYC

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&d k ; &menf ; jzif h w l ; aoma&eH w G i f ; at;&Sm;a0g ukr`%DvDrdwuf (Asia World Ltd) onf tjcm;aom jrefrmukr`%DwckESifhtwl (2004) ckESpfwGif ausmufjzLòrd@e,fodk@ a&mufvmcJhonf? at;&Sm;a0g ukr`%DvDrdwufonf ausmufwpfvHk; bk&m;teD;&Sd &rRm0wDukr`%DvdrdwufwGif pcef;csonf? tjcm;ukr`%Du ausmufajymufaus;&Gmtkyfpk/ 0ajr‡mifaus;&Gm rlvwef; ausmif;Y pcef;csonf? vrf;twGufawm&Sif;&ef &Gmom;rsm;udkiSm;+yD;/ wae@vkyfctjzpf(1˜200) usyf ay;onf? a&eHtprf;wGif;rsm;wl;+yD;aemuf (2005) ckESpf/ arvwGif ukr`%Drsm;jyefoGm;=uonf? xdkESpf pufwifbmv wGif jyefvm=u+yD;aemuf atmufwdkbm/ Edk0ifbmESifh 'DZifbmvrsm;wGif aemufxyf tprf;wGif;rsm;ukd &rf;+AJuGsef;tESH wl;=ujyefonf? xkdtprf;wGifrsm;wGif ,rf;bDvl;rsm;jzifh azgufcGJ r_rsm;a=umifh pyg;cif;rsm;ESifh O,smOfjcHajr trsm;tjym; ysufpD;oGm;cJh onf? v,fcif;ESifh +cHydkif&Sifrsm;udk avsmfa=u;ay;rnf[k ukr`%Drsm;uajymcJhaomfvnf; rae@txdr&&SdcJhacs? (2006) ckESpfqef;ydkif;wGif/ at;&Sm;a0g ukr`%DvDrdwufonf a'otm%mykdifrsm;ESifhyl;aygif;+yD; a&eHawmif&GmrS OD;armifapmatmif/ OD;armifa0wif/ OF;armifvSESifh OD;armifvSwifwdk@ydkifaom ajr (2) {uausmfausmfudk odrf;,lcJhonf? Tajrae&mrsm;onf t*Fvdyftpkd;&vufxufuwnf;u &dk;&menf; jzifh a&eHwl;&mae&mrsm;jzpfonf? ukr`%Donf wGif;wl;&mae&mrsm;tjyif &Gmom;rsm;ydkifaom &dk;&ma&eHwGif;trsm;tjym;udkyg zsufqD;ypfcJhojzifh a'ocHa&eHawmif&Gmom;rsm;. pD;yGm;a&;ukd rsm;pGmxdcdkufcJhygonf? xdk@jyif ausmufjzL+rdKhrS OD;0if;aZmfv_difydkifaom &dk;&ma&eHcsufpuf&Hkudkvnf; zsufqD;ypfcJhonf? OD;pae atmifESifh ‚if;.tvkyf orm;rsm;tm; ay;rnfqdkaom vkyftm;c aiGusyf (1) oef;udkvnf; r&&SdcJhacs? at;&Sm;a0gukr`%DvDrdwufrS jrefrmtvkyform;wpfOD;u TaiGudk xkwf,l+yD; xGufajy;oGm;cJhonf? ukr`%Du TaiGjyef&a&;twGuf ta&;,l aqmif&Gufay;jcif;vnf; r&SdcJhacs? odk@jzpf&m OD;paeatmif (40)

taeESifh ol@tvkyform;rsm;twGuf ay;p&m&Sdonfrsm;udk rdrdtdwfxJrSaiGjzifh pdkufay;cJh&+yD; ol@rSm vkyfief;t}uD;tus,fxdcdkufcJh&onf?

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&d k ; &ma&eH c suf p uf & H k wGi;f wl;&mrS xGuv f maom &$@H ErHG sm;udk acsmif;0acsmif;xJo@kd pD;0ifnpfnrf;apcJu h m a'owGi;f &Sd ig;rsK;d pdwf rsm;udk aoa=uysufpD;apcJhonf? (2007) ckESpfqef;ydkif;Y wGif;wl;&mrSm toHk;ðycJhaomypPnf;rsm; (41)

yvyfpwpf trd_ufrsm;udk rD;&_d@cJh&m tqdyfoifhapaom rD;cdk;rsm;xGufvmcJh+yD; a&eHawmifteD;&Sd aus;&Gm om;rsm;. usef;rma&;udk qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; xdcdkufapcJhonf? xkdjzpf&yfrsm;a=umifh a'ocH&Gmom;rsm;ESifh at;&Sm;a0gukr`%DvDrdwufwkd‹jy\emjzpf=u&m &Gmom;trsm;tjym;ukd zrf;qD;cJhonf? (2007) ckESpf/ {+yD - arvrsm;wGif pDrHudef; &yfqdkif;oGm;cJhonf?

&cd k i f j ynf e ,f / ausmuf j zLe,f a jr. v,f u G u f w pf c k x J w G i f at;&S a 0guk r ` % D v D r d w uf u a&eH @ wG i f ; wl ; +yD ; aemuf pG e f @ ypf x m;cJ h a om trd _ u f o &d k u f y pP n f ; rsm; ,cktcgY odrf;,lxm;+yD; v,fajrrsm;udk oHql;óud;jzifh 0if;cwfum&Hxm;+yD; &Gmom;rsm; teD;tem; odk@rvm a&mufEdkifatmif e,fajr&JwyfzGJ@tygt0if tapmifhwyf wwyfjzifh wif;wif;usyfusyf apmifh =uyfxm;onf? 85

oH q l ; }ud K ;rsm;jzif h um&H x m;aom od r f ; yk d u f c H a jr,m 85

Primary field research by AASYC

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9? ed*Hk; (etz) ppftpdk;&. ppfwyfrsm;wdk;Icsxm;a&;ESifh OD;a&wdk;vmaom ppfwyfrsm;twGuf ae&mxdkifcif; ay;&ef twGufa&m/ au|;xm;&eftwGufyg ajr,modrf;,la&;wnf;[laom ESpfcGay:vpDudk qufvuf usifhoHk;aer_ a=umifh jrefrmjynfwjynfvHk;tESH@rSm jy\emrsm;jzpfyGm;cJhygonf? avsmfa=u;ray;bJ aomfvnf;aumif;/ rjzpfpavmufr#aomavsmfa=u;ay;vsufaomfvnf;aumif; trsm;jynfolwdk@ vkyfudkifpm;aomufp&m ajr,mrsm;udk vk,ljcif;a=umifh trsm;jynfolwdk@rSm &duQmESifh aomufoHk;a& csKd@wJhjcif;/ om;orD;rsm;udk ausmif;rxm;Edkifawmhjcif;/ tvkyfvufrJhjzpf&jcif;uJhodk@aom qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; jy\em}uD;rsm;ESifh }uHKawG@=u&avonf? xd@k tjyif tpd;k &. aqmufvyk af &;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;pDru H ed ;f rsm;wGif twif;t"rRvyk t f m; apcdik ;f jcif;ay:vpDukd usio hf ;kH jcif;ESihf wpfygwnf;rSmyif TpDru H ed ;f rsm;a=umifh obm0ywf0ef;usirf mS qd;k qd;k &Gm;&Gm;xdcu kd cf u hJ m wdik ;f jynfw0Sr;f vH;k rSmvnf; }uD;rm;aom use;f rma&;jy\emrsm; jzpfymG ;cJo h nf? Tta=umif;w&m;rsm; . pkpkaygif;tusKd;qufum; a&=unf&mjrufEk&m&Smaomtm;jzifh vltrsm;tjym; wdkif;jynfrS xGufajy; oGm;=ujcif;om jzpfawmhonf?

10? tBuHKjyK wifjycsufrsm; wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d rsm;zG@H òzd;a&;qdik &f m qH&k yf (Ethnic Community Development Forum – ECDF) . zGH@òzd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;qdkif&m tajccHrl (3) &yfudk vdkufem usifhoHk;jcif;r&SdbJ rnfonfhzGH@òzd;a&;vkyfief; udkr# rvkyfoifhacs? (1) trsm;jynfolwdk@. ydkifqdkifr_rsm; zGH @òzd;a&; vlwdkif;onf rdrdwdk@. obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ yk*u d~ ydik yf pPn;f ESihf ,Ofaus;r_w@kd ukd trSew f u,ftm;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ Oya't&vnf;aumif; ydik q f ikd cf iG /hf toHk;ðycGifh/ pDrHcGifhESifh xdef;odrf;cGifh &Sd&rnf? (2) zGH@òzd;a&;vkyfief;wGif trsm;yg0ifcGifh&Sda&; - vlwdkif;onf rdrdwdk@ESifhoufqdkifaom zGH@òzd;a&; vkyif ef; (od@k r[kw)f pDru H ed ;f wpHw k &mESihf ywfoufI wufwufºuGºuG yg0if aqmif&u G cf iG hf &S&d rnft h jyif aumif;pGmyg0ifEdkifjcif;vnf; &Sd&rnf? xdk@tjyif xdkzGH@òzd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rS tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk wef; wlnDr#cHpm;cGifhvnf;&Sd&rnf? vlxkw&yfvHk;tm; óudwiftoday;xm;+yD; xdktodjzifh vlxk}uD;u oabmwljcif;jzpf&rnft h jyif vlx}k uD;. b0ESihf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_qikd &f m vHðk cHru _ v kd nf; tjynfh t0 tmrcH&rnf? (3) a&&SnfwnfwHhzGH@òzd;a&; - zGH@òzd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;onf trsm;jynfolwdk@. vwfwavm vdktyfcsuf rsm; jznfh qnf;ay;a&;udk OD;wnfaqmif&u G &f rnft h jyif trsm;jynfow l @kd . ,Ofaus;r_tarGtESprf sm;udk ysufpD;apjcif; r&Sd&? xdk@tjyif tem*wfrsKd;qufrsm;. vdktyfcsufrsm;udkvnf; xdcdkufapjcif;r&Sd&?

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(etz) ppftpdk;&odk@ ♦ avsmfa=u;ray;bJ ajrodrf;ydkufaom ay:vpDudk csufcsif;&yfypf&ef? ♦ ajr,mESifh aetdrfqHk;&_H;cJholrsm;udk xdkufoifhaom avsmfa=u;rsm; ay;aqmif&ef? ♦ trsm;jynfolwdk@tm; yHkpH (105) jzifh ajr,mrSwfyHkwif&efvdktyfa=umif; ynmay;jcif;tm;jzifh

ajr,mESifh tdk;tdrfypPnf; w&m;0ifydkifqdkifr_udk Oya'jzifh oifhavsmfpGm tumtuG,fay;&efESifh todtrSwfðyay;&ef? ♦ EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&rsm;/ ukr`%Drsm;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;pDrHudef;pmcsKyfrsm; oabmwlvufrSwf rxdk;rDwGif oifhawmfaom ywf0ef;usifxdcdkufr_ tuJjzwfcsufrsm; (Environment Impact Assessments) vkyf&rnf? EdkifiHjcm;om; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;odk@ ♦ vuf&Sd&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk csufcsif; &kyfodrf;oGm;&ef? ♦ jrefrmEdkifiHrSm vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_rsm;tqHk;owfoGm;+yD; 'Drdkua&pDenf;us a&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aom tpdk;&wufvmonfhtcsdeftxd aemufxyf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; quf rvkyf&ef? EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;odk@ tpdk;&rsm;tm;vHk;odk@ ♦ jrefrmEdkifiHESifh ukefoG,fr_ odk@r[kwf jrefrmEdkifiHrSm &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_udk ydwfyifaomtm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;'%fcwfr_rsm;csrSwf&ef? txl;ojzifh (etz) ppftpdk;&xHodk@ ppfvufeuf ypPnf;rsm; a&mif;csjcif; rðy&ef? ♦ vuf&SdcsrSwfxm;+yD;jzpfaom pD;yGm;a&;'%fcwfr_rsm;ESifhywfoufI csrSwfxm;onfh twdkif; xdxda&mufa&muf aqmif&Guf&ef? ♦ 'Drdkua&pDodk@ trSefwu,fa&S@&_oGm;atmif ppftpdk;&tm; (TpD;yGm;a&;'%fcwfr_rsm;r&kyf odrf;rcsif;) zdtm;ay;oGm;&ef? tmqD,Hodk@ ♦ 'Drdkua&pDenf;usa&G;aumufwifajrmufxm;aom tpdk;&wufvm+yD; vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azguf r_rsm; tqHk;owf roGm;rcsif; - jrefrmEdkifiHudk tzGJ@0iftjzpfrS raES;tjref xkwfy,fypf&ef?

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11? tzGJYtpnf;rsm;\ aemufcHtaMumif; &cd k i f j ynf v k H ; qk d i f & m ausmif ; om;ES i f h vl i ,f r sm; tpnf ; t&k H ; (AASYC) onf jrefrmEdkifiHtaemufydkif;/ &cdkifjynfrS ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;udk udk,fpm;ðyonfh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaomtzGJ@tpnf;wpfckjzpfonf? (1995) ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif zGJ@pnf;cJhonf jzpf aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ppfwyftm%modrf;cJhonfh (1988) ckESpfrSm pwif t&if;cHcJhonf? XmecsKyfudk rJaqmufrSm xm;&Sd+yD; b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHwGif &Hk;cGJxm;&Sdonf? rav;&Sm;EdkifiH/ puFmyl/ awmifudk&D;,m;/ ,lEdkufwufuif;'rf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ qGD'ifESifh e,fomvefEdkifiHwdk@wGifvnf; a'oqdkif&m tquftoG,frsm;&Sdonf? (2000) ckESpfwGif a&$"gwfaiG@v_yf&Sm;r_ (www.shwe.org) jzifh yGJOD;xGuf v_yf&Sm;cJhonf? &cdkiftrsKd;om;aumifpD (Arakan National Council-ANC)/ wdkif;&if;om; vli,frsm;qkH&yf (Nationalitieas Youth Forum-NYF) / jrefrmEdkifiH ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; uGe*f &uf (Students & Youth Congress of Burma - SYCB)/ wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d rsm; vlxzk @HG +zdK;a&; qk&H yf (Ethnic Community Development Forum - ECDF) / vltcGit hf a&;rSww f rf;Xme (jrefrmEkid if )H (Network for Human rights Documentation Burma – ND-Burma) ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHjrpfrsm; qdkif&m uGef&uftzGJ@ (Burma Rivers Network – BRN) wdk@. tzGJ@0ifjzpfonf?

AASYC

&ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t&kH; (AASYC) . OD ; wnf c suf r sm;rS m (1) &ckdifausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; Avig;wefzGH+zdK;a&;? (2) &ckdifh a*[pepfESifh ,Ofaus;r_ItarGtESpfrsm;ukd xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;? (3) &ckdifwpfrsKd;om;vkH; aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;? (4) e,fcsJ@vlrsKd;}uD;0g'ESifh ukdvkdeDpepf wkdufzsufa&;? (5) tzdESdyfcHwkdif;&if;om;jynfolwpf&yfvkH; vGwfajrmufa&;? (6) 'Drkdua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;&&Sda&;? (7) &ckdifwpfrsKd;om;vkH; ukd,fh=urRmukd,fzefwD;cGifhESifh ukd,fykdifjyÏmef;ykdifcGifh&&Sda&;? onf jrefrmEdkififiHrSm 'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;a&;tjrifESifhywfoufI vlrsKd;pktzGJ@tpnf;trsm; tjym;. rJoa0gxmoabmwlnDcsufrSmyg0if oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhaom tzGJ@tpnf;wpfck jzpfonf? (AASYC) onf 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf r[mrdwzf @JG vsuf jrefrmppftpd;k &qef@usiaf &; t=urf;rzufay:vpDudk usifhoHk;onf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd rdrd.owif;&yfuGufrsm;udk tm;udk; tm;xm;ðyvsuf &cdkifESifh jrefrmvlrsKd;todkif;t0dkif;udkvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;udk vnf; aumif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;&efESifh ynmay;&eftwGuf pmapmiftrsm;tjym;udk xkwfa0jzef@ csDcJhonf? (AASYC)

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ytkd0f;vli,f tpnf;t&kH; (PYO) ytkd0f;vli,ftpnf;t&kH;ukd jrefrmEkdifiHa'otESH@tjym;rS jynfyokd@a&muf&Sdvmaom ytkd0f;&[ef; oHCmESifh ytkd0f;vli,farmifr,frsm;u 1998 ckESpf 'DZifbm (4) &ufae@wGif jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;cJhonf? ytkd0f;vli,ftzGJ@onf jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;ESifhvli,frsm;uGef*&uf (Students & Youth Congress of Burma-SYCB) ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vli,frsm;qkH&yf (Nationalitieas Youth Forum-NYF) wdk@. tzGJ@0ifvnf; jzpfonf? ytk d 0 f ; vl i ,f tpnf ; t&k H ; (PYO) . t"d u &nf r S e f ; csuf r sm;rS m (1) +idrf;csrf;vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wr_ tjynfht0&Sdaom vl@abmifopfwpf&yfukd wnfaqmuf oGm;&ef? (2) tem*wfacgif;aqmifaumif;rsm;twGuf rsKd;qufopf ytkd0f;vli,frsm;ukd jyKpkysKd;axmif oGm;&ef? ytk d 0 f ; vl i ,f t pnf ; t&k H ; . &nf & G , f c suf (1) ytkd0f;vlrsKd;wkd@. pmayESifh ,Ofaus;r_"avhxkH;pHrsm;udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufoGm;&ef? (2) ytkd0f;vli,fxkrsm;t&nftaoG;ESifh zefwD;Ekdifr_pGrf;tm; ykdrkdjrifhrm;vmap&ef? (3) vl@tcGit hf a&;ESihf obm0ywf0ef;usif xde;f odr;f a&;qkid &f mwk@d udk ytk0d ;f a'otwGi;f &Sd jynfol wkd@ ykdrkdem;vnfod&Sdvmap&ef? (4) jrefrmEkdifiHwGif wef;wl+yD; ukd,fykdifjyÏmef;cGifhtjynfht0&Sdaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk ay:aygufvmap&ef? wk d ; wuf a omrG e f v l i ,f t pnf ; t&k H ; aemuf c H o rk d i f ; wdk;wufaom rGefvli,ftpnf;t&Hk; (MYPO) udk rGefjynfe,f&Sd/ òrd@e,ftoD;oD;rS vli,frsm; ESifh 2001 ckESpfwGif zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? [email protected]"du&nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm jrefrmEkdifiH. 'Drdkua&pD ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;wdkufyGJudk tm;ay;a&;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH.+idrf;csrf;onfh 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&; twGuf tm;aumif;aom vlxktajcjyKtzGJ@tpnf; ay:aygufa&;jzpfonf? wk d ; wuf a omrG e f v l i ,f t pnf ; t&k H ; (MYPO). t"d u &nf r S e f ; csuf r sm;rS m (1) vli,frsm;ESifh wuf=uGvSKyf&Sm;olrsm;. t&nftaoG;jr‡ifhwifa&; (2) rGefvlrsKd;wkd@. t&HekdifiHa&;tiftm;pktjzpf vli,frsm;ukd jyKpkysKd;axmifa&; (3) vlxktajcjyKtzGJG@tpnf;rsm;. uGef,ufrsm;tm;aumif;a&; (4) 'Drdkua&pDESifh vlxktajcjyKtzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m t,ltqrsm;udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jzef@csda&;? (5) rGefpmay/,Ofaus;rSkukd xdef;odrf;jrSifhwifa&; wkd@jzpfonf// (46)

"mwf y k H a&S ‹ rsuf E S m zk H ; rGefjynfe,frS rdom;pkwpfpk (MYPO) aemuf r suf E S m zk H ; [kdykH;+rdK‹ ajrmufbuf *sKHpkduf&majr,mtm; ppfwyfuodrf;,l+yD; =uufqlyifrsm; pkdufysKd;xm;ykH (PYO).