Hisyory And Generation

Topic-history & Generations of Computers

vComputer history. Thing that Changed the World

ABACUS 4th Century B.C. vThe

abacus , a simple counting aid , invented in Babylonia ( now Iraq ) in the fourth century B.C.

vThis

device allows users to make computations using a system of sliding beads arranged on a rack .

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BLAISE PASCAL v

In 1642 , the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal invented a calculating device that would come to be called the " Adding Machine ".

vPascal's

mechanical Adding Machine automated the process of calculation . Although slow by modern standards , this machine did provide a fair degree of accuracy and speed .

8 vBarren

Gotterfried Wilhelm invented first machine for multiplication

the

Charles Babbage 8

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Invented Difference reliable tables to statistical data

Engine for producing support mathematical and

Then he produced a new idea of an Analytical Engine for faster processing of arithmetic operations Analytical Engine was capable of performing 60 additions per minute But he was unable to produce working model of this engine

MARK I (19731944).

q Aiken built the 1st

generation computer. q Weighed 10,000 pounds q Speed 1calculation/3seconds q First fully automatic machine q Electromechanical device (both electrical & mechanical) q Complex in design and huge in size

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The EDVAC (1946-52)

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qElectronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer Designed by Von Neumann qUsed concept of stored program in the computer memory so that they can be changed as and when required qVon Neumann also introduced concept of storing both instructions in binary form

ENIAC-1943-46 Ø Electron Numerical Integrator and Calculator) Ø 1946 Ø Constructer- John Mauchly Ø Program storing capacity Ø 1calculation/millisecond Ø Weapon analysis Ø Weather Forecasting Ø Space study Ø Aerodynamic Designing 8

UNIVAC-(1951) ü Universal Automatic Computer ü First computer built for business. ü Much more developed than ENIAC ü Constructed- J. Presper, John Mouchly. ü Ability to use both numeric n textual information ü Used magnetic tape for input 8

1st Generation Computers v 1942 - 1955

Vacuum Tube  Heat  Burnout

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v Data & instructions were fed with the help of punched cards

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v Instructions were written in machine or assembly level language  

Continued…… v High power consumption v Costly to manufacture and maintain these computers v The first computer prototype using vacuum tubes was ENIAC 8

2nd Generation Computers (1955-64) 8 Use

of transistors & diodes

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8 Increased

storage capacity

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8 Faster

speed

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8 Reduction

in size and heat generation

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8 High

level programming language (COBOL, FORTRAN)

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Transistors & Vacuum tubes Because 2nd generation computers used transistors, they were smaller, faster and more reliable than the 1st generation computers. 8 Advantages of the transistors over vacuum tubes8

8 Weight 8Power consumption 8Heat output

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1st generation computer

2nd generation computer

vModels v v v

v IBM’s fully 1401 v IBM’s 1620 for scientific computing v IBM’s Systems/360 (Compatible computers with big instructions set) 8

Disadvantages v Time sharing was not possible v Costlier than IC’s v Large in size 8

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3rd Generation (1964 ------1975): Integrated Circuit w An electronic circuit that packages transistors and other electronic components into one small silicon chip called semiconductor.

w More powerful & faster (could perform 1million instructions/sec) w Smaller in size and hence require small space for installation 

Keyboards

and

monitors

were used.

w Magnetic disks were used widely as secondary storage 8

3 Generation Computers w Third generation computers use semiconductor memories w The CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) was developed at MIT in the early 1960s w The LILLIAC IV is an example of a third generation computer. 8

3 Generation Computers

FOURTH GENERATION (19751989) 8

Use of large scale and very large scale integrated circuits

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Increased storage

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Considerably faster & smaller

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Modular design versatility & compatibility

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Sophisticated programs & languages for special applications 8 Increased use of microcomputers (PCs)

Characteristics: 8 Cheapest

among all generations 8 Easily portable 8 Speed accuracy and reliability is improved 8 Billions of circuits per cubic foot. 8 Explosive Growth: 8 Digital watches 8 Pocket calculators 8 Personal computer 8

5th Generation (Present & Beyond) : Artificial Intelligence

w Artificial Intelligence (AI) concerns with making computers behave and think like humans. w The branch of computer science that deal with writing computer programs that can solve problems creatively w AI studies include robotics, expert systems, games, etc..

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Artificial Intelligence

Generatio Dates Characte Use Valves 1st 1944-55 (Vacuum n ristic tubes)

Generations Of Computers

2nd

1955-64 Use transistors

3rd

1964-75

Large Scale Integrated Circuits

4th

1975-85

Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits

5th

Under “Artificial developme Intelligence nt

… u o y k n a h T