History Of Islam

tpPvmrf omoem ordik ;f tpPvmrfordik ;f udk rlqvif ordik ;f [k odae=uayonf? tpPmvmrfonf omoemwpfckjzpfI/ vlr_aA'wnf aqmufr_ Oya'rsm; r#wnD!Gwpf mG yg0ifaeayonf? tpPvmrfordki;f onf tma&AswGif rlqvifwdk@. ^m%fpOfawmfaqmif jzpfaom udk,af wmfr[ k rR'f. usr;f jrwfu&k t f u H dk pwif qifjh yefonfh 7 &mpkrS pwifco Jh nf? tjcm;aom urBmhomoem}uD;rsm; enf;wl/ tpPvmrfomoem. qifu h JzGH@+zdK;r_rmS Edik if Ha&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;rsm;. oufa&mufr_rsm;onf xdkomoemtm; rlvyifrXmaeudk ausmv f eG I f jyef@ESH@oGm;apcJah yonf? tpPvmrfordik ;f . wd;k wuf zGH@+zdK;r_rsm;onf tpPvmrfurBm. twGi;f tjyif ESpcf kv;Hk udk oufa&mufcJhayonf? tpPvmrfurBm. qufpyf r_onf vl@ordik ;f . jcm;em;jzpfwnfaom acwfumvrsm;ukd pl;prf;&mY ta&;ygcaJh yonf? tvm;wlyif “tGerf wf” [kac:onfh ,H=k unfolrsm; tdrzf GJ@wnfaqmufonfh owfrSwpf cH sde&f aSd om Edik if aH &;todik ;f t0dik f; wpf&yfonfvnf; ta&;ygcaJh yonf? tpPvmrf ,Ofaus;r_u xdo k dk@tdrzf GJ@wnfaqmufaom Edik fiaH &; todik ;f t0dik ;f wpf&yf jzpfay:&ef tiftm;wpf&yfjzpfI/ usi0fh wfpnf;rsnf;rsm;uvnf; ordik ;f wpfav#muf t"duZwfaumifrsm;. tusifph &du k rf sm; tay:Y =oZmv$r;f cJhonf? tpPvmrfordki;f onf Edkiif aH &;/ pnf;yGm;a&;ESifh ppfa&;rsm;jzifh eD;pyfv#u&f Sdayonf? ud, k fawmf rk[ d rR'f y&deAd mŠ efjyK+yD; yxr&mpkwiG f tpPvmrftifyg,monf taemufbuf twWvefwuf ork'rN S ta&S@buf tm&Stv,fyidk ;f xd us,fjyef@vmcJah yonf? tpPvmrf tifyg,mrsm; jzpfaom tdrk idk f,mh'/f tbmquf'/f zmwDrdku/f r*d/k qmzmAuf'Ef iS fh atmfwrdk ef tifyg,mrsm;onf urBmt h }uD;qH;k ESifh tiftm;t&Sq d ;Hk tifyg,mrsm; teufrS jzpfcaJh yonf? tpPvmrf +rdK@jy,Ofaus;r_onf rsm;pGmaom ,Ofaus;r_ A[dck sufrrsm;ESifh odyy`H nm&yfrsm;udk pwifxeG ;f awmufr_ ay;cJah yonf? txifu&jzpfaom ody`Hynm&Sirf sm;/ euQwWaA'nm&Sirf sm;/ ocsmF ynm&Sirf sm;/ aq;ynm&Sirf sm;/ olemjyKrsm;/ 'oeynm&Sirf sm;udk “tpPvmrf a&$acwf” umvwGi;f Y arG;xkwaf y;cJah yonf? enf;ynmrsm;udk tm;ay;r_tjzpf/ a&xkwfa&oGi;f pepfESifh wl;ajrmif;wnfaqmufjcif;rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&; xkxnftjzpf &if;ES;D jr‡yEf cHS Jhayonf? xdk@tjyif uk&t f u H sr;f awmftm; &Gwzf wf&ef ta&;}uD;jcif;a=umifh omrefjynforl sm;tm; pmay wwfajrmufapr_ tqifjh rifrh m;vmcJah yonf? aemufydik ;f at'D 18 &mpk/ 19 &mpkwiG f rsm;pGmaom tpPvmrf e,fajrrsm;onf Oa&my "e&Sif tifyg,mwGi;f od@k usa&mufv#uf tkyfxed ;f cHrsm; jzpfc&Jh ayonf? yxrurBmppf aemufyidk ;f wGif atmfwrdk eftif,monf Oa&my tkyx f ed ;f olrsm;. vufatmufwGif &kyaf o;jzpfc&Jh +yD;/ 1924 ckEpS rf S pI/ tpPvmrf cvDzm pepfrmS edXdwcH Jhayonf? (aemufq;Hk cvDzm tjzpf atmfwrdk ef tifyg,mu cH,cl Jhonf?) (20)&mpktwGi;f wGif uGejf rLepf0g' uJhodk@ rsm;pGmaom oabmw&m; a&;&mrsm; &dkucf wfcaJh omfvnf; tpPvmrf *k%f &nfEiS fh tpPvmrftyk cf sKyfre_ ,frsm;/ Edik fiaH &;&m udp&P yfrsm;onf (21) &mpktapmydki;f wGif tjiif;yGm;Edik fb, G &f m r&Sd jyef@ESw H ;dk wufvmcJah yonf? taemufEidk if rH sm;u tpPvmrf a'orsm;udk tv#iftjref pdw0f ifwpm;&Sdjcif;/ Edik if w H um yÉdyuQmrsm;ESifh urBmvH;k qdki&f m0g'rsm;u (21) &mpkwiG f urBmay:odk@ tpPvmrf. =oZmv$r;f rd;k r_ jzpfwnfvm&ef jyKjyifv#uf &Sad eayonf?

rmwdum •

1? Zpfjrpf

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2? tapmydik ;f cvDzmrsm; o 2 (u) acwftydki;f tjcm;rsm; o 2 (c) tmvf &m&S' D gef “ajzmifrh wfaom vrf;jy cvDzmrsm;/” o 2 (*) tbmquf'r f if;quf “tpPvmrf a&$acwf” o 2 (C) a'oqdi k &f m tkycf sKyfa&;rsm; o 2 (i) zmwDru dk f tifyg,m o 2 (p) tdi k rf idk f,mh'Ef iS fh bmbm rif;qufrsm; vufatmuf tbm&D,mef u|ef;qG,f 3? u&l;qdwpf pfyGJrsm; 4? refvGwu f f rif;rsm; 5? tmz&du tpPvmrfomoem o 5 (u) r*~[mhbf (udk,y f idk ef ,frsm;) rS tpPvmrfomoem o 5 (c) ta&S@ tmz&durS tpPvmrfomoem o 5 (*) taemuf tmz&durS tpPvmrfomoem 6? tm&SrS tpPvmrfomoem o 6 (u) tEdN, wdkui f ,f o 6 (c) w&kwf o 6 (*) ta&S@awmiftm&S 7? rGe*f w dk dk@. usL;ausmpf pf 8? acwfopfurBm tapmydik ;f umv rlqvif tifyg,m oHk;ck o 8 (1) r*dk tifyg,m o 8 (c) qzmAuf'f tifyg,m o 8 (*) atmifwr dk if tifyg,m 9? 0g[mbD 0g' 10? 20 &mpk o 10(u) atmfwr dk if tifyg,m arS;rSed o f Gm;jcif; d udk cGJpw d jf crf;jzmjcif; o 10 (c) tEN, o 10 (*) tm&Af tpPa&;vf yÉdyuQ o 10 (C) a&eH "e o 10 (i) tD&ef awmfve S af &; ESpcf k 11? 21 &mpk tpPvmrfomoem o 11 (u) wl&uD tpPvmrfomoem o 11 (c) Oa&my tpPvmrfomoem o 11 (*) &k&m S ; tpPvmrfomoem o 11 (C) ajrmuftar&duwdu k f tpPvmrfomoem o 11 (i) awmiftar&duwdkuf tpPvmrfomoem

Zpfjrpf rsKd ;&d;k pOfquf ,Hk=unfrt _ &/ at'D 610 wGif ud, k fawmfrk[rR'x f YH usr;f jrwfu&k t f H okwaf 'oemrsm;udk pwifI ^m%fpOf ude;f 0yfcJhonf? uk&t f u H sr;f awmf. okwfawmfrsm;udk udk,fawmfouf&x Sd if&mS ; &Sad epOfYyif a&;rSwfv#uf

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vnf;aumif;/ ESwif HkusufrSwv f #ufvnf;aumif; rSww f rf;wifcaJh yonf? ruUm[f+rdK@onf at'D 630wGif rlqvifrsm; . vufodk@ usa&mufcaJh yonf? at'D 628 ckEpS fwiG f ruUm[f+rdK@rS t}uD;qHk; vlrsKd ;pkjzpfonfh ud&k dkucf sf vlrsKd ;rsm;ESihf r'DemrS rGeq f vif todik ;f t0dki;f wdk@onf [l'idk Af D,m [kco k nfh +idr;f csr;f a&; pmcsKyfudk csKyfqcdk I Jh / 10 ESpfwm +idr;f csr;f a&; oabmwlncD Jhonf? ‚udk ud&k u dk cf sEf iS fh olwdk@. r[mrdwrf sm;jzpfonfh buUm&f vlrsKd ;pkwdk@u csKd ;zsufv#uf rlqvifwdk@. r[mrdwjf zpfaom ulZm[f vlrsKd ;pkudk pwifwdkucf dkucf aJh yonf? udk,af wmfr[ k rR'fonf at'D 632 *|ef vwGif y&deAd mŠ efjyKI/ xdEk pS f 'DZifbmvwGif yxrqH;k cvDzm tblbmhcf rlqidk fvrD mwdk@=um; ppfrufjzpfymG ; cJhayonf? (cvDzm. t"dy`g,rf mS tm%mqufco H /l odk@r[kwf orRw [k jzpfonf? xd&k mxl;udk vltrsm;u a&G;cs,f wifajr‡muf&ayonf?)

tapmydik ;f cvDzmrsm; ud, k fawmfr[ k rR'f y&deAd mŠ efjyK+yD;aemuf tpPvmrfEdkiif aH wmftm; pOfqufrjywfaom cvDzmrsm;jzpfonfh tblbmhc/f tdrk m&f/ tGwo f ref/ tvDEiS fh [mqefwdk@u tkycf sKyfcaJh yonf? xdk tapmydik ;f cvDzmrsm;udk “&m&S'D ge”f ajzmifrh wfol rsm; [k vlord sm;ayonf? xdk “&m&S'D ge”f rsm;.aemuf? rsm;pGmaom cvDzm pepfrsm;ud xlaxmifcJhayonf? cvDzm wpfudk,pf Donf tpPvmrfOh ya'[k vlord sm;aom “&S&t D wf” udk tajccHum udk,yf idk f Oya'rsm;udk jyKpkcaJh yonf? qGeef D “cvDzm”rsm;ESifh tvDEiS fh udk,af wmfr[ k rR'f. orD;awmf zmwDrmbufrS qif;oufaom rsKd ;&d;k rSjzpfaom tpPrmvftDvD &S, D m wdk@. “atrmef” rsm;pif+ydKifjzpfaom umvrsm;vnf; &Scd aJh yonf? &S, D mwdk@onf xdrk S udk,yf ikd f cvDzmpepfudk xlaxmifI/ zmwDrdkuf tifyg,m tjzpf tkycf sKyfcaJh yonf? (qGeef ED iS fh &S, D monf omoema&;a=umifh r[kwb f J/ tkycf sKyfrt _ m%ma=umifh *d% k ;f uGJc&Jh jcif; jzpfI/ atrmef qdo k nfrmS a&S@aqmifvrf;jy [k t"dy`g,u f dk ay;ayonf?)

acwftydik ;f tjcm;rsm; at'D 630 rS 660 - tmvf &m&S'D gerf sm;acwf at'D 660 rS 750 - tdrk idk f,mh'f rif;quf at'D 750 rS 960-tbmquf'rf if;quf at'D 960rS 1250- zmwDrdkurf if;quf at'D 1250 rS 1517-rmefvGwu f rf if;quf 16 &mpkrS 20 &mpk tpydik ;f txd rlqvif tifyg,mrsm; 20 &mpktwGi;f udkvedk t D yk cf sKyfcH rlqvifrsm; 20 &mpk tukeyf idk ;f ESifh 21 &mpk qef;p rlqvifrsm; Ed;k =um;vmaomacwf tmvf &m&S'D gef “ajzmifrh wfaom vrf;jy cvDzmrsm;/”

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ud, k fawmf rk[rR'f y&deAd mŠ efjyK+yD;aemuf cvDzm ig;OD;u tpPvmrf tifyg,mudk pOfquf OD;aqmifcJhayonf? od@k aomf yÌrajrmuf cvDzm atrmef[mqefrmS (OD;aqmif) oufwrf; wdak wmif;vGe;f aoma=umifh rlqvif trsm;pku cvDzm (orRw)}uD; av;yg;udkom todrsm;=uayonf? tbmquf'f rif;quf “tpPvmrf a&$acwf” at'D 750 wGif tbmquf'rf if;quf tm%m&vmaomtcg tdik rf idk f,m'f tifyg,monf pnf;vH;k nD!Gwrf _u&kd cJI h tiftm;cdik rf m awmifhwif;vmcJhayonf? ‚wdk@onf b,fvm&ufp/f ppfpvDu|ef;rsm; tygt0if ajrxJyifv,f u|ef;a'orsm;udk odr;f ydkuEf idk fcaJh yonf? tkyfcsKyfa&;topfonf tdik rf idk f,mh'rf sm;vufxufrS b0ifrusaom t&m rsm;udk qef@usif pnf;&H;k cJh+yD; ,Ofaus;r_awmfveS af &;jzpfonfh “tbl rlqvif” tbmquf'f awmfvSeaf &;udk jyKvkycf Jh ayonf? tbmquf'rf if;rsm; vufatmufwGif tpPvmrf +rdK@jy,Ofaus;r_rmS &GuEf ak 0cJhayonf? txl;ta&;ygaom wd;k wufrr_ Sm tm&fApD um;ajy ta&;tom;ESifh uAsmvuFum pmayxGe;f um;r_rsm;rSm xGe;f awmufcJhI/ ude;f b&pf wuUodkvrf jS yKpkaom tpPvmrf ordki;f wGif xdak cwfudk “a&$acwf” [k wifpm;cJah yonf? ‚wdk@wGif pD;yGm;a&;ESihf ukef xkwfvyk if ef;/ 0dZm… ody`yH nm&yfrsm; (rlqvif ody`Hacwfajymif; awmfveS af &;) onfvnf; t"du tcef;u¾rS yg0ifcJh ayonf? tbmquf'f rif;qufrsm;rS tmvfrefqm/ (tkyfcsKyfumv at'D 754-775)/ [m&Gef &m&Sp'f f (tkycf sKyf umv at'D 786-809) tmvfrmrGe;f (tkycf sKyfumv (at'D 809-813)ESifh olwdk@aemuf tapmydik ;f qufcHonfh orRwrsm;vufxufwiG f txl;ojzifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufcJhayonf? at'D 820wGif tbmquf'rf if;quf cvDzmrsm;ESifh acwf+ydKif tifyg,mrsm; &Scd aJh yonf? tbmquf'rf if;rsm;. ta&S@ar#mf oDt&dk t D & ta&S@buf&Sd yg&mS ;ESifh w&efpZdk meD;,m;wdk@. ta&;udprP sm;twGuf xdrk if;qufonf ,cif+rdK@awmfjzpfaom 'rwfpuwfrS buU'wfudk +rdK@awmftjzpf ajymif;a&$@owfrSwcf Jhayonf? tbmquf'f awmfveS af &;twGi;f tdrk idk f,mh'f rdom;pkrsm; owfjzwfcv H dku&f aomfvnf;/ rdom;pk0ifwpfO;D jzpfaom t'l &m[fref (1)onf pydeo f dk@ xGufajy;vGwfajrmufomG ;cJI at'D 756 ckEpS w f iG f ud, k yf dik f cvDzm pepfukd xdak 'oY pwifxal xmifcJhayonf? udk,yf idk t f yk fcsKyfa&;a'o tjzpf [m&Ge&f m&Sp'f v f ufxufwiG f txl;udk,yf idk f tkycf sKyfciG &hf rif;rsm; “tmcfvmbuf'f” rsm;udk cef@tyfxm;cJhayonf? olwdk@udk,w f idk u f vnf; A[dk cvDzmrsm;. =oZmtm%mudk tod trSwjf yKcJhayonf? odk@aomf at'D 909 wGif &S, D m zmwDrdkurf if;quf. jzKwfcsra_ =umifh “tmcfvmbuf'”f rsm;onf eef;oufr&Sncf aJh cs? at'D 960 wGif zmwDrdkurf sm;onf tbmquf'fwdk@. tD*spfudk atmifEidk cf I Jh ‚wGif yif at'D 969-973 wGif +rdK@awmfopfwnfcaJh yonf? xd+k rdK@awmfudk “tmvfumG [D&m-atmifjrifr_ +*dKvfopf” tjzpf trnfay;cJhI ,ckacwfwGif udik &f [ dk k ac:wGifayonf? tvm;wlyif yg&mS ;wGifvnf; wmuuf&Sf *gpef mAuf'f wd@k u tbmquf'w f dk@. =oZmudk xdyg;vmcJhayonf? tbmquf'w f dk@. =oZmonf ,m,Dtm;jzifh wnf&aSd eao;aomf vnf; yg&mS ;jynfr}uD;odk@ ajymif;a&$@vmaom rlqvif wmuuf&rSf sm;jzpfonfh qJv*f smhuf wmuuf&rSf sm;u tbm quf'f wdk@udk at'D 1055 wGif 0g;+rdKvdkuaf yonf? xdu k mvrsm;wGif wpfcgw&H ppfa&;t&/ wpfcgw&HwGif +idr;f csrf;pGm =o0g'cH,rl t _ & ponfjzifh tifyg,mrSm us,fjyef@ vmcJhayonf? at'D 1000 rwdkirf u SD av;wGif tdENd,udk yxrtqift h aejzifh atmifEidk cf Jhonf? xdk@aemuf ESpf 200 twGi;f (at'D 1193-1209) wGif **Fgjrpf0rS ;f a'orsm;udk atmifEidk cf aJh yonf? qm[m&. udik ;f uGJjzpfaom taemufyidk ;f tmz&duwGif at'D 1000 ausmfuav;wGif tpPvmrftifyg,mudk tcdik f trm wnfaqmufcaJh yonf? umeifrf wGif at'D 1081 ESifh 1097 =um;Y rlqviftyk fcsKyfa&;udk xlaxmifcJ+h yD;/

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jynfwiG ;f yÉdyuQrsm;a=umifh 19 &mpk tukeyf idk f;wGif atmfwrdk if tifyg,monf pwif ,kwaf vsmhvmcJo h nf? yxr urBmppfwiG f olwdk@onf *smr%DbufrS &yfwnf&ef qk;H jzwfcJhI/ xdpk pf}uD;wGif *smrefonf ppf&;_H oGm;aoma=umifh ol wdk@. A[dt k m%mrSmvnf; +zdKcGJcHvdku&f ayonf? xdjk zpf&yfonf wl&uD vlrsKd ;a&;acgif;aqmif twmwmhuf urmvf yg&mS ;tm; tm%mudk &&Sad p&ef wdku&f dkuf wGe;f tm;ay;cJjh cif; jzpfomG ;ayonf? yxrurBmppf +yD;aomtcg atmfwrkd if tifyg,m. tºuif;tusef tydik f;onfyif Oa&my em,ursm;. =unf&h j_ cif;atmufY usyx f kwpf nf; cHvkdu&f ay awmhonf? atmfwrdk ifwdk@. vufatmufcrH sm;jzpfaom ,ckacwf tvfab;eD;,m;/ abmhpef ;D ,m;/ [mAD*Zkd ;D em;/ blvaf *;&D;,m;/ tD*sp/f *&d/ tD&wf/ vufbEGe/f rGefweD *D &d;k / &dak r;eD;,m;/ aqmf't D ma&AD;,m;/ qmAD;,m;/ qD;&D;,m;/ a*sm'f ef/ wl&uDEiS fh abmvfuef wdik ;f jynfrsm;/ ajrmuf tmz&duwdki;f jynfrsm;ESifh yifv,feuf. ajrmufbufyikd f; wdik ;f jynfrsm;rSm Oa&mywdik ;f jynfrsm;. =oZmcHrsm; jzpfomG ;awmhonf? rsm;pGmaom rlqvif wdki;f jynfrsm;onf Oa&my Edik if aH &;ykpH H tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh trsKd ;om;a&; 0g'udk arG;pm; vufuidk fjyK&ef enf;em&Sm}uHI rlqvifurBmodk@ xd;k 0ifvmcJhonf? tD*sp/f qD;&D;,m;ESifh wl&uDuJhodk@ Edkiif rH sm;onf olwdk@. Edik if aH &; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk pnf;=uyfaom rl0g'rsm; csrw S fum olwdk@jynforl sm;. =um;Y trsKd ;om;a&; *k%o f dumQ tjzpf cdik rf mvmatmif }udK;yrf;=uonf? tD&wfuo Jh dk@ tjcm;aom Edik if rH sm;wGif ESp&f Snv f rsm; bmoma&; *d% k ;f rsm;t=um; wif;rmr_/ rlqvifEiS fh rlqvif r[kwo f rl sm;t=um; }udKwifq;Hk jzwfaom pdwjf zifh r,HkouFmr_rsm; cdik rf maeI trsKd ;om; nD!w G rf u _ dk &,l&ef cufcJvaS yonf? wl&uD/ tD*spf/ b*Fvma'h&/Sf tif'edk ;D &Sm; wdk@uJhodk@ tcsKd @aom rlqvif wdik ;f jynfrsm;rSm bmoma&;ESihf Edik fiaH &;udk oD;jcm;xm;&ef enf;vrf;rsm; &SmazG=u+yD;/ aqmf't D ma&AsEidk firH mS xdrk S oD;jcm;jzpfayonf? ‚rSm tpPvmrfomoem oef@pifa&;qdkaom aqmify'k fjzifh 0g[mbD 0g'udk vufcu H m 0g[mbD tpPvmrf bmoma&;Edik if aH wmf tjzpf &yfwnf ayonf?

tdE, Nd udk cGJpw d jf crf;jzmjcif; tdE, Nd udk cGJpw d fjcrf;jzmjcif; qdkonfrmS 1947 ckEpS f =o*kwv f wGif tdENd,ESifh ygupPwef[I l tcsKyftjcmydik af om ESpEf idk if H ay:aygufvmjcif;udk &nf!e$ ;f ayonf? +Adwo d #u vGwfvyfa&; owfrSwf vdkuaf omtcg ,cifu +Adwo d #&mh*sf a'otm; ESpfjynfwpfjynf pmcsKyftygt0if ESpEf idk fit H jzpf zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifvdkuaf yonf? xdpk mcsKyft& txl;ojzifh yef*syEf iS fh ba*Fga'owdk@onf ygupPwef[k jzpfvmcJah yonf? 1947 wGif tdENd,udk cGJjcrf;+yD; jzpfay:vmaom ygupPwefonf urBmh rlqvif trsm;qH;k Edik if jH zpfI 'kwd, urBmppf vGef umv urBmh q,fEdkiif aH jrmuf t}uD;qH;k Edik if H jzpfcaJh yonf? 1971 ck ESpfwiG f aoG;ajrus ppfyGJ}uD;jzpfI ba*Fg jynfe,fonf b*Fvma'h&t Sf jzpf oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom Edkiif jH zpfcaJh yawmhonf? ,ae@wGif ygupPwefonf tif'edk ;D &Sm;+yD;v#if 'kw, d tpPvmrfomomem0if vlO;D a& trsm;qH;k Edik if H jzpfI EsLuvD; ydik f rlqvifEidk fiH wpfEidk if H jzpfayonf?

tm&Af tpPa&;vf yÉdyuQ tm&Af tpPa&;vf yÉdyuQonf Edkiif aH &;wif;rmr_rsm;ESifh yGiv fh if;pGm &efvrdk r_ sm;udk &mpkEpS cf ef@ =umatmif qGJqef@v#uf &Sad yonf? acwfopf *sL;vlrsKd ;rsm; (a&0wD bmom0ifrsm;). trsKd ;om;Edik if t H jzpf tpPa&;vf Edik if H xlaxmifrE_ iS hf tjcm;wpfzufwiG f tm&AfEidk if rH sm;ESifh vlrsKd ;wl ygvufpwdik f; vlrsKd ;wdk@tm; udk,yf idk ef ,fajr aysmufq;Hk apr_ jzpf&yf

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rsm;rSm xdt k a&;tcif;. t"du aomhcsufwpfck jzpfayonf? xdyk ÉdyuQonf tjriftm;jzifh tm&AfEidk if rH sm;/ tjcm; rlqvifEdkiif rH sm;ESifh tpPa&;vfwdk@t=um;om ywfoufonf[k xif&aomfvnf; bmoma&;/ vlrsKd ;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ qufpyfr/_ vl@tcGit fh a&;/ tjcm;aom r[mAsL[musonfh ta&;t&mrsm;a=umifh urBmESit fh 0Sr;f wpfo;D yk*~v jzpfap/ tpd;k &r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;vdkujf zpfap ta=umif;aygi;f pHkudk udk,pf m;jyKv#uf yg0if ywfoufaeayonf? wpfcsKd @uvnf; tm&Af tpPa&;vf yÉdyuQonf taemufurBmESifh tpPvmrfurBmt=um; wpfppESifh tr_u d fup jy\'fr;D avmif p&m jzpfvmonf[k oH;k oyf=uI/ tcsKd @rS xdko;Hk oyfcsufudk vufrcHay? rnfodk@qdkap xdyk ÉdyuQ a=umifh bufEpS b f ufrS axmufcHorl sm;t=um; r=umc%aom tacstwif yÉdurQ sm; urBmESifh t0Sr;f jzpfae&ay onf?

a&eH "e 1953ESifh 1964 =um;wGif bk&if qtk('f)onf ol@zcif tdAed qtk('f) bk&ifpepfudk jyefvnf pkpnf;+yD; aqmf'D tma&AD;,m; tkyfcsKyfa&; opfudk zefw;D cJhonf? xdt k yk cf sKyfa&;opfwiG f qufoG,af &;0ef}uD;Xme (1953) pdu k yf sKd ;a&; ESifh a&oGi;f a&xkw0f ef}uD;Xme (1953)/ avmifpmESifh "gwfqD 0ef}uD;Xme (1960)/ tvkyo f rm;ESifh vlrz_ v l Hak &; 0ef}uD; Xme (1962)/ owif;ESijfh yef=um;a&; 0ef}uD;Xme (1963) wdk@yg0ifI/ ol@xuf 29 ESpif ,faom nDi,f wvmv wvmvf udk o,f,yl dk@aqmifa&; 0efcsKyftjzpf cef@tyfcJ@ayonf? 1958-59 wGif wvmvf u trsKd ;om; aumifpDudk jyKjyifajymif;vnf;&ef tpD&ifcpH m wpfck tqdw k ifoGi;f cJhonf? ol tpD&ifcH ouJo h dk@ ol. tpD&ifcpH mtm; w&m;0if vkyyf idk cf Gifh r&Sad om aqG;aEG;n‡Ed i_d ;f a&; ud, k x f nftjzpf xm;&Scd Jh onf? ol@tawG;tac:rSm ‚onf tpd;k &udk,fxnfwiG ;f Y vlxkbufrS us,fus,fjyef@jyef@yg0if ywfoufvmEdik &f ef yxr ajcvSrf;jzpfcJhonf? wvmvf onf ol. tpD&ifcpH mudk tdraf &S@rif;om; jynfyY &Spd Of bk&ifrif;tm; wdku&f u kd f wifjycJjh cif; jzpfayonf? bk&if qtk('f) onf &d;k &d;k om;om;yif xdt k pD&ifcpH mtm; Edik if . H bmoma&;ynm&Sit f zGJ@ (tkvr† m)tm; wifjyI trsKd ;om;aumifpD zGJ@pnf;jcif;onf tpPvmrfomoemESifh udkun f rD _ &Srd &Sdudk ar;jref;cJ&h m xdt k awG;tac:rSm xdkbmoa&; tzGJ@tpnf;wGi;f wGiyf if aysmufuG,fomG ;[ef&aSd yonf/ odk@r[kwf qufvuf ajymqdk aeaumif;vnf; ajymqdkaeEdik fayonf? ESpfaygi;f oH;k q,f =um+yD;aomfrS xdt k awG;tac:tm; taumiftxnf az:&ef trsKd ;om;aumifp[ D k 1992 ckEpS w f iG f pwif ay:aygufvmayawmhonf? xdt k awmtwGi;f 1960 wGif avmifpmqD jynfyydk@ Edik if rH sm; tpnf;t&H;k jzpfwnfvmcJhonf? yxr q,fpk od@k r[kwf xdx k ufydkI ‚onf wnf+rJcJh+yD; txl;tjzifh tzGJ@0ifEdkiif rH sm;t=um; =oZmoufa&mufcaJh yonf? xdu k mvwGiyf if zdik Zf ,fEiS fh qtk('f)wdk@t=um; wif;rmr_rmS }uD;xGm;vm+yD; aemufq;Hk 1964 ckEpS fwiG f yÉdyuQ aygufuJGawmhonf? qtk('f)u zdik Zf ,ftm; bk&ifo h ufapmifhwyfjzifh zrf;qD;xm;rnf[k +cdr;f ajcmufI/ zdik Zf ,fuvnf; qtk('f)tm; bk&ifh oufapmifhwyfjzifh zrf;qD;xm;rnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufcaJh yonf? xdyk ÉdyuQwGif qtk('f)onf xD;eef;ypfcGm pGe@f cJI h / udik &f kd odk@ xGufcmG vmcJhonf/ xdrk S *&dodk@ xGucf mG cJhI 1969 ckEpS fwiG f *&dYyif uG,v f eG cf aJh yonf? xdk@aemuf zdik Zf ,fonf bk&ifjzpfvmawmhonf? 1967 (tm&Af tpPa&;vf) ppfyGJu tjcm;aom oufa&mufr_rsm;udk jzpfcJhI/ pl;tufw;l ajrmif;udk ydwfvu dk &f jcif;onf vufAsm;Y rGerf m&mvf u'gzDudk tm%m&vmapaom awmfveS ;f a&;udk jzpfay:apcJo h nf? xdrk q S ufI ‚onf (1970)wGif qD;&D;,m;udk jzwfI aqmf't D ma&AD;,m;rS vufbEGefodk@ o,fydk@aom a&eHyu dk v f idk f;udk ydwfvkdu&f onf txd OD;wnfcaJh yonf? xdt k usKd ;w&m;udk vufAsm;u aumif;pGm cHpm;&ayonf/ vufAsm;onf Oa&myod@k a&eH wifydk@&mwGif ukeu f sp&dwfoufomaom vrf;qHk jzpfcJhayonf?

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1970 wGif aemufcH a&eHurk `%rD sm;ESifh a&eHxGuEf idk if Hrsm; o[Zmwwnfph Gm qufqaH &;xlaxmifr_ jzpfonfh taemufwidk ;f qdik &f m avmifpmqD oGi;f xkwrf u _ dk tajccHoabmwlnD tjzpfa&;qGJxm;aom oabmwlnDwpfck jzpfvm&ef &kww f &uf ajymif;vJcaJh yonf? TudpPwiG f u'gzt D pd;k &opfrS awmif;qdkaom a&eHaps;E_e;f wd;k jr‡iahf &; udpo P nf vGepf mG xda&mufr_ &Scd aJh yonf? tpPa&;vfEiS fh tdref ;D csi;f Edik if Hwdk@ jzpfaom 1973 ckEpS f ,Geu f ufyg ppfyGJwiG f a&eHurk % ` Dxyd fo;D rsm;onf AD,ifemod@k OD;wnfcu Jh m a&eHxGuEf idk if rH sm; (tdyk uf). acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;r_jyK&ef pDrcH &Jh onf/ tdyk uf acgif;aqmifrsm;u vufAsm;. awmif;qdkcsuf (a&eHaps; jr‡ifhwifa&;) udk OD;pm;ay; ajymqdv k mcJI h / ppfyGJa=umifh xdkawmif;qdck sufrsm;udk awmif;qd&k ef ydrk dn k D!Gwv f mcJah yonf? 1973 ckEpS f tm&Af tpPa&;vf 6 &ufppfyGJwiG f tm&Afwdk@ &H;_ edrjfh cif;onf a&eHjyoemudk cvkyEf Syd v f kdufovdk jzpfomG ;cJI h / ‚udk wkef@jyefaomtm;jzifh taemufEidk if rH sm;u tpPa&;vftm; ta&;ay: ulnrD r_ sm; ay;cJjh cif;a=umifh tpPa&;vfu tD*spEf iS fh qD;&D;,m; ppfwyfudk atmifEidk cf Jhonf? xdk@a=umifh tm&AfurBmu tar&duefjynfaxmifpEk iS hf taemufEdik if rH sm;tm; a&eHwifydk@jcif;udk qef@usicf aJh wmhonf? bk&ifzidk Zf ,fu aqmf't D ma&AD;,m;. a&eHr&S aom aiGa=u;tm; tpPa&;vfEiS fh xdyq f idk fw;dk ae&aom a&S@wef;rsufEmS pmrS Edik if rH sm;udk axmufy&Hh ef &HyaHk iGtjzpf oabmwl ay;cJah yonf? wenf;tm;jzifh a&eHudk ta&;ygaom vufESuftjzpf toH;k jyK&ef tcGit fh vrf;&cJah yonf? avmifpmqD. txl;ta&;ygr/_ tm&Af-tpPa&;vf yÉdyuQESifh Edik if aH &; pD;yGm;a&; r+idrrf oufjzpfrE_ iS fh raocsmao;r_ rsm;onf/ a'owGi;f Edik if aH &; tajctaetm; wif;rmaeqJyif jzpfaeayao;onf?

tD&ef awmfveS af &; ESpcf k 1905 ESifh 1911 =um;wGif tD&efY tajccHOya'qdki&f m awmfveS fa&; jzpfyGm;cJhonf? xdkawmfveS fa&;onf tD&ef ajr &Sif pepfudk tqH;k owfapI yg&mS ;wGif ygvDrefpepfudk xlaxmifum &Sm; bk&if. tcsKyftjcm tm%mudk pnf;rsn;f cH jzpfapcJhayonf? yxrtaejzifh tD&ef. zGJ@pnf;yHu k dk twnfjyKcJah omfvnf;/ aemufq;Hk &Sm;bk&iftay:Y tEdik &f +yD; aomtcg/ acwfvdku0f g'rD sm;ESifh acwf&;dk 0g'rD sm;t=um; tcsif;csi;f wdu k cf dkurf _ jzpfyGm;cJ&h mrS awmfveS af &;rSm t[ef@ twm;}uD; jzpfomG ;ayawmhonf? xdk@aemuf yxr urBmppf jzpfvmaomtcg urBmppfwiG f yg0ifaom ESpb f ufv;kH rS ppfonfrsm;onf tD&efodk@ usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufcJhI tD&eftpd;k &udk tm;enf;csed J@oGm;apum vGwv f yfa&;udyk g +cdr;f ajcmufvmcJhonf? uGm*sm rif;quf. eef;wGi;f ta&;awmfyjHk zifh &mZm&Sm;zmv0D ;zmv0Donf eef;wufvmI awmfveS af &; tusKd ;qufa=umifh jzpfay:vmaom rdZk mhzzf mtk'if&S&mS ;. fh m%mrSm 1925 wGif ; pnf;rsnf;cH bk&ifpepf. tcGit tm;enf;vmcJh avawmhonf? tpPvmrf0g' awmfveS fa&;[k ac:aom 1979 ck tD&efawmfveS af &;onf tD&efEidk fit H m; &Sm;rk[rR'f &mZm zmv0D. vufatmufwGif &Sad om pnf;rsnf;cH bk&ifpepfrS &S, D m rlqvif acgi;f aqmif t,mwdv k m cdrk ife. D tkycf sKyfr_ atmufodk@ a&mufum vl}udKufrsm; bmoma&; oDt&dk Dvufuidk fjyK0g' tpPvmrf jynfol@Edik if H jzpfvmcJah yonf? tD&ef awmfveS af &; +yD;aemuf tpPvmrf0g' jynfol@Edik if H tjzpf twnfjyKaom tpd;k & wufvmaomtcg/ &l[[ f v kd m cdrk ifet D m; tD&ef. t"dywd acgi;f aqmiftjzpf a&G;aumufcaJh yonf? awmfveS fa&;+yD; 2 ESpt f wGi;f o[Zmw 0g'rD sm;/ b,f,dr;f 0g'rD sm;ESifh tpPvmrf tm;oef0g'rD sm; t=um; tcsi;f csi;f wdkucf dkurf r_ sm; jzpfcJhI aemufq;kH wGif tpPvmrftm;oef0g'rD sm; bufrS vH;k 0tEdik cf aJh yonf? wpfcsed w f nf;wGif tar&duef/ &k&mS ;ESifh ta&S@tv,fyikd ;f rS tm&AfEidk if t H rsm;pku olwdk@. a'owGi;f tpPvmrfEidk if aH &; tawG;tac:opf. pdeaf c:r_rsm;udk a=umuf&@HG vmI/ q'ef[pl ed t f m; ausmaxmuf aemufcH jyKay;v#uf tD&efEidk fio H dk@ usL;ausmfapcJ&h mrS tD&ef tD&wfppfyGJ jzpfcaJh yonf?

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8ESp=f um yifv,fauG@ppfyGJ twGi;f wGif tD&ef-tD&wf ESpb f ufvHk;onf ppfbufqidk &f m enf;ynmrsm;udk v#Kd @0Supf Gm }udK;yrf;&SmazG=uI/ 1990 wGif tD&ef tD&wfppfyGJudk &yfwef@v#uf tD&wfonf ul0dwfodk@ 0ifa&muford ;f ydkucf Jhayonf? xdrk S aemufqufwGJ tar&duefEiS fh r[mrdwfwdk@. OD;wnfcsuf &eforl mS tD&wfjzpfoGm;+yD; tar&duefonf t=urf; zufErSd Ef iS ;f a&;udk ta=umif;jyI 2003 wGif tD&wfodk@ usL;ausmford ;f ydkufu q'ef[pl ed u f dk okwfoifvdu k fayonf? xdo k dk@ tar&duefEiS fh r[mrdwfwdk@onf tD&wfEiS fh tacstwif jzpfaepOfwiG f tD&efrSm +ydKifbufr&Sd }udK;yrf;cGihf &oGm; +yD; 2009 ckEpS fwiG f xdyfo;D enf;ynm acwfveG Ef idk if H}uD;rsm;ESifh &ifabmifwef;onfh tqifhodk@ 0ifa&mufEikd &f ef tmum o odk@ udk,yf idk f+*dKvfwk wifEidk af om tqifh odk@r[kwf wma0;ypf 'H;k ysyH pfvw $ Ef dkio f nf txd enf;ynm atmifjrifr_ukd &oGm;cJah yonf? tD&ef. EsL;uvD;enf;ynm ydik fqidk rf _urdk l urBmEh idk firH sm;t=um; tjiif;yGm; pOf;pm;p&m jzpfaeqJyif jzpfayonf?

21 &mpk Edik if aH &; oDt&dk t D rsKd ;rsKd ;. &dw k fcwfr/_ +rdK@jyvlaer_ pepfrsm; xGe;f um;I pdwzf pd ;D r_ trsKd ;rsKd ;wd@k a=umifh bmomw&m; acgi;f pOftm; pdw0f ifpm;r_rsm; tm;enf;vmaomfvnf; tpPvmrf omoem. wpfausmhjyef EkysKd vmr_rmS rSww f rf;wif p&m jzpfvmcJah yonf? txl;ojzifh tpPvmrf omoemwGif tav;xm;cJhjcif; r&Sad om rlqvif wdki;f jynfrsm;rS tpd;k &rsm;/ tkycf sKyfcjH ynfolrsm; t=um;wGif tpPvmrf 'oersm;rSm pdw0f ifwpm; avhvmp&m tjzpf vef;qef;vmcJh onf? udkvedk D vufatmufcH jzpfc&Jh aom rlqvifEidk if rH sm;rS trsm;pkonfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; &mpkxuf0ufcef@ xlaxmifcGifh oufwrf;&vmjcif;/ tkycf sKyfcH vGwfvyfa&; r&ao;aom a'orsm;onfrS rlqvifrsm;onfvnf; vl@tcGifh ta&;acgi;f pOf atmufY vGwfvyfpmG ud;k uG,f,=Hk unfciG fh &vmjcif; odk@r[kwf tqd;k 0g;qH;k ESyd u f yG cf &H jcif;wd@k rS av#mhvmjcif;rsm;a=umifh (21) &mpkudk rlqvifrsm; Ed;k =um;vmaom acwf[k qdEk dik af yonf?

wl&uD &uD (tpPvmrf) 1923 ckEpS f wl&uDEidk if t H m; wl&uDjynfol@Edik if H [k xlaxmif+yD; uwnf;u twmwmhcf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; tajccH Oya'onf cdik rf mv#uf bmoma&; rv$r;f rd;k cH&aom Edik if t H jzpf tm;aumif;pGm wnf&cSd aJh yonf? wl&uD vGwfvyf a&; twGuf usL;ausmforl sm;udk qef@usipf Ofu wl&uD trsdK;om; nDvmcHudk vlxkwpf&yfv;Hk rS tpPvmrf pnf;rsnf; Oya'ESifh tnD wpfcJeufaxmufcH cJhaomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&; &+yD;aemufwiG f tpPvmrfomoemtm; wajz;ajz;ESihf ta&;w,l r&Sad wmhay? bmomw&m;udk vufuidk rf jyKaom Oya'udk wl&uD. tajccHpnf;rsnf; Oya'wGif 1937 ckEpS Yf w&m;0if jyXm;efvu dk fjcif;onf a'ocH tpPvmrfrpf tkypf rk sm;ESifh wl&uD vlrt _ odki;f t0dik ;f u tpPvmrf Oya' tm; t}uD;tus,f tm;xm;r_tay: ajymifajymifwif;wif; qef@usifvdkujf cif;yif jzpfayonf? vlO;D a&. trsm;qH;k odk@r[kwf wl&uD wpfEidk if Hv;Hk eD;yg; tpPvmrf omoem0ifrsm; jzpfaomfvnf; Edik fiaH wmftm; umvfrm;uf0g' odk@r[kwf Edik fiaH wmf bmom[k jyXmef;xm;jcif; r&Sdaom Edik if t H jzpf xlaxmifcaJh yonf? tedrfhq;Hk tqifh orRw a&G;aumufyGJ wGiyf if bmoma&;trnf emrudk oH;k cGifh r&Sad y? 0ef}uD;csKyf &DqAd f wm,mhAf tD'dk*efu orRwtjzpf a&G;aumufrnf[k trnfpm&if;wifoGi;f aomtcg/ olonf bmoma&; aemufc&H aSd om tiftm;pkrS wufvmonft h wGu/f bmom w&m; acgi;f pOf;rJh Edik if aH wmftm;/ Edik if aH wmf omoem [lI &Sad om Edik fit H jzpf ajymif;vJypfrnfudk pd;k &drfI/ 2007 ckEpS w f iG f wl&uD avmuD,rd ;f 0g'rD sm;. +idr;f csr;f pGm vlxq k ENjyyGJrsm; qufwdkuf jzpfymG ;cJhayonf?

Oa&my tpPvmrfomoem

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tpPvmrf omoemonf at'D 7 &mpk rwdik rf SD odk@r[kwf tpPvmrfomoem pwifay:ayguf+yD; ESpf wpf&m twGi;f rS yif Oa&myodk@ a&mufEiS fh vm+yD; jzpfonf? t&Sed t f [kejf zifh jyef@ESH@vmaom tpPvmrfrsm;udk wm;qD;&ef twGuf at'D 8 &mpkwiG f pydef c&pfrif;qufonf tpPvmrf tiftm;pkrsm;udk pwif xd;k ppfqifc+Jh yD; aemufydki;f wGif Oa&myrS c&pf,mef vlrsKd ;}uD; 0g'rD sm;u olwdk@. omoemjyKppf (u&l;qdwf) ppfyGJrsm; qifEu $J m rlqvif rsm;udk t}uD;tus,f ESyd u f yG fowfjzwfcaJh yonf? txl;ojzifh pydef &Dae;qef;acwfwiG f rlqvifrsm; ajrmufrsm;pGm owfjzwfokwfoifc&H +yD; tpPvmrf tEkynm vuf&mrsm;onfvnf; t}uD;tus,f zsufq;D cHvu dk &f ayonf? odk@aomf atmfwrdk if tifyg,m vufatmufwGif abmvfuefa'orsm;ESifh Oa&y tv,fyidk ;f a'orsm;odk@ tpPvmrf omoem jyefymG ;cJhayonf? taemufurBmrS udkvedk jD yKxm;aom umvrsm;wGiv f nf; tdE, Nd wdu k if ,f/ tmz&duESifh tjcm;aom rlqvif Edik if H rsm;rS tpPvmrfomoem0ifrsm;onf rdrt d m; udkvedk jD yKxm;&m Oa&myEdik if rH sm;odk@ oGm;a&muf aexdkicf iG rhf sm; &cJh+yD; tacscs aexdik rf r_ sm; jzpfcJhonf? odk@aomf 1990 rwdik rf Su D mvESifh aemufyidk ;f ,l*dkvqvm;AD;,m; +ydKuGJaom tcsed fwiG rf S Oa&mr&Sd rlqvifrsm;udk urBmrS owdxm;rdvmcJh+yD;/ Oa&my rlqvifEidk if rH sm; ay:xGuv f mcJo h nf? xdk@aemufwiG f urBmt&yf&yfrS Edik if Ha&;/ pD;yGm;a&; tcuftcJ trsKd ;rsdK;a=umifh Oa&myESifh eD;pyfaom Edik if rH sm;ESifh urBmt h &yf&yfrS rlqvifEidk if rH sm;rS tpPvmrf omoem0ifrsm;. ajymif;a&$@vmr_rmS tvH;k ESifh t&if;ESifh jzpfvmcJo h nf? xdk@tjyif Oa&myom;rsm;ESihf ajrmuf tar&du wdu k fom;rsm;. tpPvmrfodk@ 0ifa&mufvm r_rSm p&if;jyKEdik af om vlO;D a& wpf&yfjzpfvmcJhonf? od@k jzifh vuf&Sd Oa&my. tenf;qH;k vlO;D a& 20 &mE_e;f rSm tpPvmrf omoem0ifrsm; jzpfvmayonf?

&k&mS ; tpPvmrfomoem &k&mS ;Edik if o H dk@vnf; tpPvmrfomoemonf tpPvmrfomoemay:+yD; rsm;r=umrSDuyif a&muf&v Sd mcJhayonf? tpPvmrfwdk@. tvGefausmf=um;aom ['D;of ordki;f usr;f udk jyKpkonfh bdck g&D rSm &k&ES idk if H bdck g&uf +rdK@om; jzpfay onf? txl;ojzifh 19 &mpkaESmif;ydik ;f wGif &k&mS ; Zmbk&if. odr;f oGi;f r_atmufY rlqvifa'orsm; rsm;pGmrSm &k&S tifyg,m twGi;f Y yg0ifcJhayonf? zdEySd cf &H r_rsm;&Sad omfvnf; tifyg,m wpfct k wGi;f twlaexdik rf r_ sm;a=umifh tpPvmrf omoem0ifrsm;rSm tifyg,m twGi;f jyef@ESH@pGm aexdik cf Gifh &cJah yonf? xdk@aemuf 20 &mpk qef;p (1917)wGif &k&jS ynfY uGejf rLepftpd;k & wuf vmaomtcg/ bmomw&m; ESyd fuyG rf r_ sm;atmufY tpPvmrf omoemonfvnf; txdtemqH;k omoemwpfcrk S jzpfcaJh yonf? omoedu taqmufttHrk sm;udk zsufq;D cH&jcif;/ tpPvmrf omoem ynmwwfrsm;udk OD;aESmuf rGe;f rHr_ jyKvky&f ef pdwZW aq;&Ho k dk@ydk@jcif;/ e,fEiS 'f %fay;jcif; ponfh ta=umif;rsdK;pHjk y ESyd u f yG fcaJh yonf? od@k jzifh 1924 ckEpS w f iG f &k&mS ;&Sd rlqvif a'orsm;odk@ }udK;eDpepfjzifh jyif;jyif;xefxef ESyd fuyG fxm;aoma=umifh &k&mS ; rlqvifrsm;onf jyify rlqvif urBmESifh tqufjywfoGm;cJ&h ayonf? xdk@aemufyidk ;f rsKd ;qufrsm;rS trsm;pkrmS rdrdu, dk rf rd d rlqvif jzpf onf [lIyif odEidk fciG fh enf;yg;vmcJah yonf? odk@aomf 1979 rS 1989 &k&mS ;tifyg,m. tmz*efodk@ usL;ausmf ppfyGJtwGi;f wGif &k&mS ;ppfom;rsm;onf tmz*efod@k wdu k fcu dk &f if;/ rlqvifwdk@. usr;f pmrsm;/ bmoma&;toH;k tE_e;f rsm;udk =um;cGi&fh +yD; olwdk@. bd;k bGm;rsm; ud;k uG,cf Jh onfh omoemwpfck jzpfonf[k odciG &fh cJ&h mrS tpPvmrfomoemonf &k&mS ;jynfwiG f twGi;f v_u d pf m; vmcJI h ? 1989 ckEpS fwiG f tZmbdik *f sefwiG f bmoma&; tHkºur_}uD; jzpfvmcJhavawmhonf? xdrk S wpfppjzifh 1990 ckEpS fwiG f &k&mS ; tifyg,m}uD; +ydKuGJ&avawmhonf?

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1990 wGif qdAk D,uf,el D,H +ydKuGJaomtcgwGif OZbufupPwef/ wmcfarepPwef/ tZmbdik *f se/f wm*spfupPwef paom rlqvifEidk if H (6) Edik fiH uGJxGufvmI/ vufatmufcH rlqvifudk,yf idk f a'orsm;vnf; ay:xGe;f vmcJhayonf? odk@aomf &k&ES idk if HwiG f rlqvifwdk@tm; zdESdycf sKyfcs,rf r_ Sm tqHk;owfomG ;jcif; r&Sad o;acs/ acscsi;f nm uJho@kd cGJxGuaf &; vdak om jynfe,frsm;ESifh cGJxGuaf &;orm;rsm;udk ta=umif;jyum rlqvifqo dk nfrmS t=urf;zuf aomif;use;f ol [k xifjrifap&ef &k&S &kyjf rifoH=um;rS pDrcH sufjzifh xkwv f $iv fh #uf &Sad eayonf? orRwylwif. vufxufwiG f wdk;yGm;vmaeaom rlqvifrsm;xuf vlO;D a& zH;k v$r;f Edik &f ef twGuf &k&mS ;rS rlqvif r[kwo f rl sm;udk uav;rsm;rsm; ,l&efEiS fh tpPvmrfomoemudk ud;k uG,fonfh wdik ;f &if;om; rsKd ;EG,pf rk sm;rS rdbrJh uav;rsm;udk rlqvifr[kwfonfh &k&mS ;vlrsKd ;rsm;rS arG;pm;=u&ef w&m;0ifv@_H aqmfcI Jh / yxr uav;twGuf &k&mS ; &lb,faiG 1500/ 'kwd, uav; twGuf &lb,faiG 3000 pD tpd;k &rS ay;&ef urf;vSr;f cJah yonf? odk@aomf &k&mS ;&Sd rlqvif bmoma&; acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf ynmxl;c|efpmG wwfajrmufjcif;/ bmompum; rsm;pGmudk u|rf;usiv f drmR yDopGm ajymEdik jf cif;/ oyf,yfajyjypfaom t0wftpm;rsm;udk 0wfqifI rkwq f dwrf &Sjd cif;a=umifh vlwef;pm; cGJjcm;& cufcJjcif; wdik ;f &if;om;a'orsm;t=um; xd;k azgufI pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;/ usrmR a&; tcuf tcJrsm;udk ulnDajz&Si;f ay;Edik jf cif; paom tm;omcsufrsm;ESifh +ydKusvek ;D eD; &k&mS ;. pD;yGm;a&;tm; jyefvnfacgi;f armh vmEdik &f ef &k&t S pd;k &onf rlqvif urBmESifh qufqaH &; ajyvnfvjdk cif;a=umifh +rdK@ay:ae rlqvifw@kd tm; vlod &Si=f um; rESyd u f yG Ef idk jf cif; rsm;a=umifh 2008 ckEpS fwiG f &k&mS ; rlqvif vlO;D a&rSm wpfae@wjcm; wd;k yGm;vm+yD; &k&mS ; vlO;D a& 143 oef;. 40 &mE_e;f rSm tpPvmrf omoem0ifrsm; jzpfvmcJah yonf? &k&mS ;wGif vGecf aJh om 15 ESpfu tpPvmrf0wfjyKausmif;aqmif (AvD) 300 cef@om &Scd aJh omfvnf; 2008 ckEpS fwiG f 0wfjyKaqmifaygi;f 8000 xdjzpfvm+yD;/ 2015 wGif 25000 xd jzpfvmrnf jzpfonf? vlr_aA'qdik &f m ynm&Sirf sm;. wGufcsufrt _ & aemif q,fpEk pS f 2 cktwGi;f &k&mS ;onf rlqvif vlrsm;pk Edik fijH zpfvmrnf [k jzpfonf?

ajrmuftar&duwdu k f tpPvmrfomoem uae'g/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpEk iS fh ruUqDudk Edik if Hwdk@ygaom ajrmuftar&duwdkufwiG f 20 &mpkaESmif;ydik ;f ESihf 21 &mpk qef;pwGif tpPvmrfomoem wd;k yGm;r_rSm odomxif&mS ;aom tqifw h Gi&f aSd yonf? txl;ojzifh tar&duefEikd fiw H iG f tpPvmrfomoemodk@ ul;ajymif;r_ vlvi_d ;f rSm 1960 ywf0ef;usifwiG f t}uD;tus,f jzpfcJhonf? 1930 wGif tar&d uefY tpPvmrf Edik if Hawmf (Nation of Islam)[laom tzGJ@udk 0vDzmh'f rk[rR'fu xlaxmifc+Jh yD;/ vlrJw@kd tm; omoem jyKv#uf trsKd ;om;a&; pdwfudk oGif;ay;cJhonf? 1934 wGif xdt k zGJ@tm; tvD*smrk[rR'o f nf acgi;f aqmif jzpfvmI ol@ud, k fol 0vDzmh'f jzpfonf[k a=ujimum tar&du urBmopftwGuf wrefawmfjzpfonf[k a=ujimcJh ayonf? ol.omoemjyKr_a=umifh vlrnf;acgif;aqmif jzpfvmaom rJvu f G et f u d pf rf Sm tpPvmrfomoemod@k ul; ajymif;cJ+h yD; tom;a&mifcGJjcm;r_ yaysmufa&; wdkuzf sufr_umvtwGi;f vlO;D a& oH;k oef;rS ajcmufoef;txd umvwdk twGi;f tpPvmrf omoemodk@ ul;ajymif;cJ=h uonf? xdk@aemufwGif t&Sed af v#mhusomG ;aomfvnf; ae@pOf y#rf;r# 10 OD;cef@ tpPvmrf omoem bufodk@ ul;ajymif;v#uf &Scd o Jh nf? xdo k dk@ tpPvmrfxJodk@ ul;ajymif;cH,lvmaom olrsm;rS &mE_e;f trsm;pkonf vufwiftar&du ZmwdbmG ;rsm;jzpfI- olwdk@. rdcifZmwdwl vlrsKd ;rsm;jzpfaom ruUqu D rkd S wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;ESifh awmiftar&du&Sd wdki;f &if;om;rsm;xHodk@ tpPvmrf omoemtm; pwif rdwfqufae+yD jzpfonf?

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2001 ckEpS f pufwifbm 11 &uf urBmph ;D yGm;a&; A[dck surf (World Trade Center) tm; wdkucf dkucf &H +yD; aemufyikd f; wGif tpPvmrfomoemtm; pdw0f ifpm;r_rSm jyefvnfE;dk =um;vmcJhum 2004 ckEpS t f wGi;f vlO;D a& 6 aomif;ausmfcef@ tpPvmrfbufodk@ ul;ajymif;um 2005 ckraS emufyidk ;f vuf&u Sd mvtxd ESppf Of y#r;f r# 3 aomif;rS 4 aomif;txd ae@pOf y#r;f r# vlO;D a& 100 ausmcf ef@ tpPvmrfomoemodk@ ul;ajymif;v#uf &Sdayonf? 1990 ckaemufydik ;f wGif abmhpef ;D ,m;/ rGew f eD *D &d;k / &k&mS ;/ qdkrm;vD;,m;/ ql'efEiS fh tjcm;aom a'orsm;rS ajymif;a&$@ vmaom tpPvmrfvOl ;D a&rSmvnf; tar&duefEiS fh uae'gwGif tpPvmrfbmom0ifrsm; wd;k yGm;apaom ta=umif; &if; wpf&yfxJwGif yg0ifaeayonf? 2006 ckEpS f ,ltpf owif;*sme,ft& tar&duefwiG f rlqvifvOl ;D a&rSm 10 &mE_e;f txd jr‡ifhwufvm+yD jzpfa=umif; az:jyxm;onf? tar&duef rlqvifrsm;onf Edik if aH &; e,fxJodk@vnf; xd;k azgufvm+yDjzpfI 2008 ckrpS I/ tar&duef tpd;k & tzGJ@wGif atmufv$waf wmf trwftjzpf uD,uf tDvq D if +yD;v#if 'kw, d ajrmuf atmufvw $ af wmf trwftjzpf tif'&D umqGef jzpfvmcJah yonf? tif'&Donf tpPvmrfbmomodk@ ul;ajymif;vmoljzpfI ydI k vlord sm;ayonf?

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