History Important Event And Satelite

Location

Population Density Literacy Total : 62,405,679 Total Literates :40,524,545 80 5’ & 130 35’ N Male : 31,400,909 480 persons per sq. km Literacy Rate : 73.5% (Age7+) 0 0 76 15’ & 80 20’ E Female : 31,004,770 Female literacy rate: 64.4%. Sex Ratio : 987 Sl No

Name

Total Households

Total Population

Male Population

1

Chennai

962213

4343645

2219539

2

Perambalu r

121176

493646

246141

Ministers from Tamil Nadu Dr. Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi Prof. K. Anbazhagan Thiru Arcot N. Veerasamy Thiru M.K. Stalin Thiru Ko.Si. Mani Thiru Veerapandi S. Arumugam Thiru Durai Murugan Dr. K. Ponmudy Thiru K.N. Nehru Thiru M. R. K. Panneerselvam Thiru Pongalur N. Palanisamy Thiru I. Periasami Thiru N. Suresh Rajan Thiru Parithi Ellamvazhuthi Thiru A.V. Velu Thiru Suba Thangavelan Thiru K.K.S.S.R. Ramachandran Thiru T.M. Anbarasan Thiru K.R. Periakaruppan Thiru Thangam Thennarasu Thiru S. N. M. Ubayadullah Thiru T. P. M. Mohideen Khan Thiru N. Selvaraj Thiru Vellakoil Saminathan Tmt. Geetha Jeevan Tmt. Tamilarasi Thiru K. P. P. Sami Thiru U. Mathivanan Thiru K. Ramachandran

Female Sex Population Ratio 2124106

Area

Population Density

957

174.00

24963.5

247505 1006

1750.00

282.08

Chief Minister Finance Electricity Rural Development and Local Administration Cooperation, Statistics and Ex-Servicemen Agriculture Public Works and Law Higher Education Transport Health Rural Industries & Animal Husbandry Revenue and Housing Tourism and Registration Information Food Slum Clearance and Accommodation Control Backward Classes Labour Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments School Education Commercial Taxes Environment Forests Highways Social Welfare Adi Dravidar Welfare Fisheries Dairy Development Khadi

Central Ministers from Tamil Nadu Thiru P. Chidambaram Sivaganga Thiru Mani Shankar Aiyar Mayiladuthurai

Finance Panchayati Raj, Youth affairs & Sports and Development of North Eastern Region. Communications and Information Technology Health & Family Welfare Statistics & Programme Implementation. Railway.

Thiru A. Raja Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss Thiru G K Vasan Thiru R. Velu

Perambalur Rajya Sabha Rajya Sabha Arakonam

District Collectors Ariyalur Coimbatore Dharmapuri Erode Kanniyakumari Krishnakiri Nagapatnam Perambalur RamanathapuramSivaganga The Nirgiris Thiruvallur Thiruvarur Thiruchi Vellore -

Sudalaikannan V.Palanikumar P.Amudha Mahesan Kasirajan Dr. Rajendra Kumar Dr. V.K.Shanmugam M.Jayaraman Anil Meshram R.Kirlosh Kumar Pankaj Kumar Bansal Anandrao Vishnu Patil G.Sundaramurthy M.Chandrasekaran R.Soundaiah C.Rajendran

Chennai Cuddalore Dindugal Kancheepuram Karur Madurai Namakkal Pudukottai Salem Thanjavur Theni Thiruvannamalai Thoothukudi Tirunelveli Villupuram

-

Mythili K.Rajendran Rajendra Ratnoo R.Vasuki Santhosh K.Misra Dr. K.Uma Maheswari P. Seetharaman U.Sagayam Reeta Harish Takkar J.Chandrakumar M.S.Shanmugam Muthuveeran M.Rajendran R.Palaniyandi G.Prakash R.Palanisamy

Virudhunagar

-

K.Raghupathy.

Indian Satellites Sl.No.

Satellite

Launch Date

Achievements

1.

Aryabhata

19.04.1975

First Indian satellite. Provided technological experience in building and operating a satellite system. Launched by Russian launch vehicle Intercosmos.

2.

Bhaskara-I

07.06.1979

First experimental remote sensing satellite. Carried TV and microwave cameras. Launched by Russian launch vehicle Intercosmos.

3.

Bhaskara-II

20.11.1981

Second experimental remote sensing satellite similar to Bhaskara-1. Provided experience in building and operating a remote sensing satellite system on an end-toend basis. Launched by Russian launch vehicle Intercosmos.

4.

Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment (APPLE)

19.06.1981

First experimental communication satellite. Provided experience in building and operating a three-axis stabilised communication satellite. Launched by the European Ariane.

5.

Rohini Technology Payload (RTP)

10.08.1979

Intended for measuring in-flight performance of first experimental flight of SLV-3, the first Indian launch vehicle. Could not be placed in orbit.

6.

Rohini (RS-1)

18.07.1980

Used for measuring in-flight performance of second experimental launch of SLV-3.

7.

Rohini (RS-D1)

31.05.1981

Used for conducting some remote sensing technology studies using a landmark sensor payload. Launched by the first developmental launch of SLV-3

8.

Rohini (RS-D2)

17.04.1983

Identical to RS-D1. Launched by the second developmental launch of SLV-3.

9.

Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-1)

24.03.1987

Carried payload for launch vehicle performance monitoring and for Gamma Ray astronomy. Could not be placed in orbit.

10.

Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-2)

13.07.1988

Carried remote sensing payload of German space agency in addition to Gamma Ray astronomy payload. Could not be placed in orbit.

11.

Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C)

20.05.1992

Launched by third developmental flight of ASLV. Carried Gamma Ray astronomy and aeronomy payload.

12.

Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C2)

04.05.1994

Launched by fourth developmental flight of ASLV. Identical to SROSS-C. Still in service.

Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) 13.

INSAT-1A

10.04.1982

First operational multi-purpose communication and meteorology satellite procured from USA. Worked only for six months. Launched by US Delta launch vehicle.

14.

INSAT-1B

30.08.1983

Identical to INSAT-1A. Served for more than design life of seven years. Launched by US Space Shuttle.

15.

INSAT-1C

21.07.1988

Same as INSAT-1A. Served for only one and a half years. Launched by European Ariane launch vehicle.

16.

INSAT-1D

12.06.1990

Identical to INSAT-1A. Launched by US Delta launch vehicle. Still in service.

17.

INSAT-2A

10.07.1992

First satellite in the second-generation Indian-built INSAT-2 series. Has enhanced capability than INSAT-1 series. Launched by European Ariane launch vehicle. Still in service.

18.

INSAT-2B

23.07.1993

Second satellite in INSAT-2 series. Identical to INSAT-2A. Launched by European Ariane launch vehicle. Still in service.

19.

INSAT-2C

07.12.1995

Have additional capabilities such as mobile satellite service, business communication and television outreach beyond Indian boundaries. Launched by European launch vehicle. In service.

20.

INSAT-2D

04.06.1997

Same as INSAT-2C. Launched by European launch vehicle Ariane. Inoperable since Oct 4, 97 due to power bus anomaly.

21.

INSAT-2DT

January 1998

Procured in orbit from ARABSAT

22.

INSAT-2E

03.04.1999

Multipurpose communication & meteorological satellite launched by Ariane.

23.

INSAT-3B

22.03.2000

Multipurpose communication - business communication, developmental communication and mobile communication purpose.

24.

GSAT-1

18.04.2001

Experimental Satellite for the first developmental flight of Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, GSLV-D1.

25.

INSAT-3C

24.01.2002

To augment the existing INSAT capacity for communication and broadcasting, besides

providing continuity of the services of INSAT-2C. 26.

KALPANA-1

12.09.2002

METSAT was the first exclusive meteorological satellite built by ISRO named after Kalpana Chawla.

27.

INSAT-3A

10.04.2003

Multipurpose Satellite for communication and broadcasting, besides providing meteorological services along with INSAT-2E and KALPANA-1.

28.

GSAT-2

08.05.2003

Experimental Satellite for the second developmental Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, GSLV

29.

INSAT-3E

28.09.2003

Exclusive communication satellite to augment the existing INSAT System.

30.

EDUSAT

20.09.2004

India’s first exclusive educational satellite.

31.

HAMSAT

05.05.2005

Micro satellite for providing satellite based Amateur Radio Services to the national as well as the international community (HAMs).

32.

INSAT-4A

22.12.2005

The most advanced satellite for Direct-to-Home television broadcasting services.

33.

INSAT-4C

10.07.2006

State-of-the-art communication satellite - could not be placed in orbit.

34.

INSAT-4B

12.03.2007

An identical satellite to INSAT-4A further augment the INSAT capacity for Direct-ToHome (DTH) television services and other communications.

35.

INSAT-4CR

02.09.2007

Designed to provide Direct-To-home (DTH) television services, Video Picture Transmission (VPT) and Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG), identical to INSAT4C .

test

flight

of

India's

Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) 36.

IRS-1A

17.03.1988

First operational remote sensing satellite. Launched by a Russian Vostok.

37.

IRS-1B

29.08.1991

Same as IRS-1A. Launched by a Russian Launch vehicle, Vostok. Still in service.

38.

IRS-1E

20.09.1993

Carried remote sensing payloads. Could not be placed in orbit.

39.

IRS-P2

15.10.1994

Carried remote sensing payload. Launched by second developmental flight of PSLV.

40.

IRS-1C

28.12.1995

Carries advanced remote sensing cameras. Launched by Russian Molniya launch vehicle. Still in service.

41.

IRS-P3

21.03.1996

Carries remote sensing payload and an X-ray astronomy payload. Launched by third developmental flight of PSLV. Still in service.

42.

IRS-1D

29.09.1997

Same as IRS-1C. Launched by India's PSLV service. In service.

43.

IRS-P4 Oceansat

26.05.1999

Carries an Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) and a Multi-frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR), Launched by India’s PSLV-C2,

44.

Technology Experiment Satellite (TES)

22.10.2001

45.

IRS-P6 Resourcesat1

17.10.2003

46.

CARTOSAT -1

05.05.2005

Launched by PSLV-C6, carries two panchromatic cameras - PAN (fore) and PAN (aft) with 2.5 meter resolution. The cam mounted with a tilt of +26 deg and -5 deg along the track to provide stereo images.

47.

CARTOSAT - 2

10.01.2007

Launched by PSLV-C7, it is an advanced remote sensing satellite carrying a panchromatic camera capable of providing scene specific spot imageries.

48.

SRE - 1

10.01.2007

Launched by PSLV-C7, Space capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE-1), intended to demonstrate the technology of an orbiting platform for performing experiments in microgravity conditions. SRE-1 was recovered successfully after 12 days over Bay of Bengal.

49.

CARTOSAT-2A

28.04.2008

Identical to CARTOSAT - 2, launched by PSLV-C9

50.

IMS-1

28.04.2008

Launched by PSLV-C9 along with CARTOSAT-2A and other Eight Nanosatellites

51.

Chandrayaan 1

22.10.2008

PSLV C11 launched in Moon.

Technology Experiment Satellite Launched by PSLV-C3 .

Launched by PSLV - C5, carries three camera, names, LISS-4, LISS-3 and AwiFS

Indian History - Important events. 2700 BC

Harappa Civilisation

1000 BC 900 BC

Aryans expand into the Ganga valley Mahabharata War Aryans expand into Bengal; Beginning of the Epic Age: Mahabharata composed, first 800 BC version of Ramayana 550 BC Composition of the Upanishads 544 BC Buddha's Nirvana 327 BC Alexander's Invasion 325 BC Alexander marches ahead 324 BC Chandragupta Maurya defeats Seleacus Nicator 322 BC Rise of the Mauryas; Chandragupta establishes first Indian Empire 298 BC Bindusara coronated 272 BC Ashoka reigns 180 BC Fall of the Mauryas ; Rise of the Sungas 145 BC : Chola king Erata conquers Ceylon 58 BC Epoch of the Krita-Malava-Vikram Era 30 BC Rise of the Satvahana Dynasty in the Deccan 40 AD Sakas in power in Indus Valley and Western India 50 AD The Kushans and Kanishkas 78 AD Saka Era begins 320 AD Chandragupta I establishes the Gupta dynasty 360 AD Samudragupta conquers the North and most of the Deccan 380 AD Chandragupta II comes to power; Golden Age of Gupta Literary Renaissance 405 AD Fa-hein begins his travels through the Gupta Empire 415 AD Accession of Kumara Gupta I 467 AD Skanda Gupta assumes power 476 AD Birth of astronomer Aryabhatta 606 AD Accession of Harshavardhan Gupta 622 AD Era of the Hejira begins 711 AD Invasion of Sind by Muhammad Bin Qasim 892 AD Rise of the Eastern Chalukyas 985 AD The Chola Dynasty: Accession of Rajaraja, the Great 1001 AD Defeat of Jaipal by Sultan Mahumd 1026 Mahmud Ghazni sacks Somnath Temple 1191 Prithviraj Chauhan routs Muhammad Ghori: the first battle of Tarain 1192 Ghori defeats Prithviraj Chauhan: the second battle of Tarain 1206 Qutbuddin establishes the Slave Dynasty 1221 Mongol invasion under Genghis Khan 1232 Foundation of the Qutub Minar 1288 Marco Polo visits India 1290 Jalaludin Firuz Khalji establishes the Khalji dynasty 1320 Ghiyasuddin Tughluk founds the Tughluk dynasty 1325 Accession of Muhammad-bin-Tughluk 1336 Foundation of Vijayanagar (Deccan) 1398 Timur invades India 1424 Rise of the Bahmani dynasty (Deccan) 1451 The Lodi dynasty established in Delhi 1489 Adil Shah establishes dynasty at Bijapur 1490 Nizam Shahi dynasty at Ahmednagar starts 1498 Vasco da Gama lands in India 1510 The Portuguese capture Goa 1518 Kutub Shahi dynasty established at Golconda The beginning of the Mughul Dynasty with the First Battle of Panipat and Babur defeating 1526 the Lodis 1526-1530 Reign of Babur 1530 Humayun succeeds Babur 1538 Death of Guru Nanak 1539 Sher Shah Suri defeats Humayan and becomes Emperor of Delhi 1555 Humayun recovers the throne of Delhi 1556 Death of Humayun leads to accession of Akbar. 1564 Akbar abolishes poll tax on Hindus 1565 Battle of Talikota where Muslim rulers in Deccan overcome the Vijaynagar Empire 1568 Fall of Chittaur

1571 1572 1573 1575 1576 1577 1580 1581 1586 1591 1592 1595 1597 1600 1602 1605 1606

Foundation of Fatehpur Sikri by Akbar Akbar annexes Gujarat Surat surrenders to Akbar Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Haldighat: Akbar defeats Rana Pratap; Subjugation of Bengal Akbar invades Khandesh Accession of Ibrahim Adil Shah II in Bengal. Rebellion in Bihar and Bengal Akbar's march against Muhammad Hakim and reconciliation with him Annexation of Kashmir Mughul conquest of Sind Annexation of Orissa Siege of Ahmednagar; Annexation of Baluchistan Akbar completes his conquests Charter of the English East India Company Formation of the United East India Company of Netherlands Death of Akbar follwed by Jahangir suucceding to the throne Rebellion of Khusrav; Execution of the Fifth Sikh Guru, Arjan The Mughul Governor of Bengal defeats the rebellious Afghans and the Mughuls annex 1612 Kuch Hajo 1615 Submission of Mewar to the Mughuls; Arrival of Sir Thomas Roe in India 1620 Capture of Kangra Fort; Malik Ambar revolts in the Deccan 1622 Shah Abbas of Persia beseiges and takes Qandahar 1623 Shah Jahan revolts against Jahangir 1624 Suppression of Shah Jahan's rebellion 1627 Death of Jahangir, followed by Shah Jahan succeeding 1628 Shah Jahan proclaimed Emperor 1631 Death of Shah Jahan's wife Mumtaz Mahal and the construction of Taj Mahal Mughul invasion of Bijapur; Grant of the "Golden Firman" to the English Company by the 1632 Sultan of Golkunda 1633 End of Ahmednagar Dynasty 1636 Aurangzeb appointed Viceroy of Deccan 1639 Foundation of Fort St. George at Madras by the English 1646 Shivaji captures Torna 1656 The Mughuls attack Hyderabad and Golkunda; Annexation of Javli by Shivaji 1657 Invasion of Bijapur by Aurangzeb; Aurangzeb captures Bidar and Kalyani 1658 Coronation of Aurangzeb 1659 Battles of Khajwah and Deorai 1661 Cession of Bombay to the English; Mughul capture Cooch Bihar 1664 Shivaji sacks Surat and assumes royal title 1666 Death of Shah Jahan; Shivaji's visit to Agra and escape 1674 Shivaji assumes the title of Chhatrapati 1678 Marwar occupied by the Mughuls 1680 Death of Shivaji 1686 Fall of Bijapur 1689 Execution of Sambhaji 1698 The new English company trading to the East Indies 1699 First Maratha raid on Malwa 1707 Death of Aurangzeb and the Battle of Jajau 1714 Husain Ali appointed Viceroy of the Deccan. Treaty of Marathas with Husain Ali 1739 Nadir Shah conquers Delhi 1740 Accession of Balaji Rao Peshwa. The Marathas invade Arcot 1742 Marathas invade Bengal 1750 War of the Deccan and Carnatic Succession; Death of Nasir Jang 1751 Treaty of Alivadi with the Marathas 1756 Siraj-ud-daulah captures Calcutta 1757 Battle of Plassey: The British defeat Siraj-ud-daulah 1760 Battle of Wandiwash: The British defeat the French Third battle of Panipat: Ahmed Shah Abdali defeats the Marathas; Accession of Madhava 1761 Rao Peshwa; Rise of Hyder Ali 1764 Battle of Buxar: The British defeat Mir Kasim 1765 The British get Diwani Rights in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa 1767-1769 First Mysore War: The British conclude a humiliating peace pact with Hyder Ali 1772 Death of Madhava Rao Peshwa; Warren Hastings appointed as Governor of Bengal

1773 1774 1775-1782 1780Second Mysore War 1784 1790-1792 1793 1794 1799 Fourth Mysore War:

1802 1803-1805 1814-1816 1817-1818 1817-1819 1824-1826 1829 1829-1837 1831 1833 1838 1839-1842 1843 1845-1846 1848 1848-1849 1852 1853 1857 1858 1861 1868 1874 1877 1878 1885 1897 1899 1905 1906 1911 1912 1916 1920 1921 1922 1923 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935

The Regulating Act passed by the British Parliament Warren Hastings appointed as Governor-General The First Anglo-Maratha war The British defeat Hyder Ali Pitt's India Act Third Mysore War between the British and Tipu Permanent Settlement of Bengal Death of Mahadaji Sindhia The British defeat Tipu; Death of Tipu; Partition of Mysore Treaty of Bassein The Second Anglo-Maratha war: The British defeat the Marathas at Assaye:Treaty of Amritsar The Anglo-Gurkha war The Pindari war The last Anglo-Maratha war: Marathas finally crushed by the British The First Burmese war Prohibition of Sati Suppression of Thuggee Raja of Mysore deposed and its administration taken over by East India Company Renewal of Company's Charter and the abolition of company's trading rights Tripartite treaty between Shah Shuja, Ranjit Singh and the British First Afghan war Gwalior war First Anglo-Sikh war Lord Dalhousie becomes the Governor-General Second Anglo-Sikh war with the rise of the Sikhs followed by the British annexing Punjab as Sikhs are defeated Second Anglo-Burmese war Railway opened from Bombay to Thane, telegraph line from Calcutta to Agra First War of Indian Independence British Crown takes over the Indian Government Indian Councils Act, Indian High Courts Act, Introduction of the Penal Code Punjab Tenancy Act, Railway opened from Ambala to Delhi The Bihar Famine Delhi Durbar: The Queen of England proclaimed Empress of India Vernacular Press Act First meeting of the Indian National Congress; Bengal Tenancy Act Plague in Bombay. Famine Commission Lord Curzon becomes Governor-General and Viceroy The First Partition of Bengal Formation of Muslim League; Congress declaration regarding Swaraj Delhi Durbar; Partition of Bengal modified to create the Presidency of Bengal The Imperial capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi Home Rule League founded, Jalianwalla Bagh massacre Mahatma Gandhi leads the Congress, non-co-operation movement started First Census of India Civil Disobedience Movement, followed by violence at Chauri-Chaura which leads Gandhi to suspend movement Inclusion of Swarajis in Indian Councils, certification of Salt Tax; Hindu-Muslim riots Simon Commission Appointed Simon Commission comes to India, boycotted by all parties. Lord Irwin promises Dominion status for India, Jawaharlal Nehru hoists the National Flag at Lahore Civil Disobedience movement continues, salt satyagraha, Gandhiji's Dandi March, First Round Table Conference Second Round Table Conference; Irwin-Gandhi Pact; Census of India Third Round Table Conference Publication of White Paper on Indian reforms Civil Disobedience Movement called off; Bihar Earthquake Government of India Act

1937 1939 1942 1944 1945 1946 15 Aug 1947

Inauguration of Provincial Autonomy; Congress ministries formed in a majority of Indian provinces Political deadlock in India as Congress ministries resign Cripps Mission to India, Congress adopts Quit India Resolution, Congress leaders arrested, Subhash Chandra Bose forms Indian National Army Gandhi-Jinnah talks break down on Pakistan issue First trial of Indian Army men opened Mutiny in Royal Indian Navy, Cabinet Mission's plan announced, Muslim League decides to participate in the Interim Government, Interim Government formed, Constituent Assembly's first meeting Indian Independence, Jawaharlal Nehru becomes the first Indian Prime Minister

Reserve Bank of India nationalized, Mahatma Gandhi assassinated, B.R.Ambedkar presents first Draft Constitution to Constituent Assembly 26 Jan 1950 Republic of India declared with the Constitution of India in force 1951 First Five year plan set in motion '51- Feb'52 First General Election 1956 Second Five year Plan 1957 Second General Election held 1959 Dalai Lama flees from Tibet to India, military confrontation with China in Aksai Chin 1961 Liberation of Goa 1962 Third General election 1962 Indo-China war 1964 Jawaharlal Nehru dies, Lal Bahadur Shastri becomes Prime Minister 1965 Indo-Pak war 1966 Lal Bahadur Shastri dies, Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister 1967 Fourth General Election Morarji Desai resigns from cabinet, fourteen Banks nationalized, Indira Gandhi expelled 1969 from Congress party for indiscipline Supreme court holds nationalisation of banks illegal, Privy Purses and special privileges of 1970 former Indian rulers abolished 971 Fifth General Election, Indo-Pakistan War 1973 Coal mines nationalised; Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) passed 1974 Underground nuclear explosion at Pokhran Indian satellite Aryabhatta launched, Sikkim joins India, Emergency declared Indira Gandhi 1975 announces 20-point economic programme 1976 Private Oil companies nationalized, Urban Land Ceiling Regulation Act passed 1977 Sixth General Election: first Non-Congress Govt, led by Morarji Desai Morarji Desai resigns after split in Janata Party, Seventh General Election, Indira Gandhi 1979 becomes Prime Minister again 1982 The Ninth Asian games held in Delhi 1983 Indira Gandhi imposes President's rule on Punjab Operation Blue Star where Indian army storms Golden Temple in Amritsar, killing hundreds of people. Indira Gandhi assassinated in Delhi and Rajiv Gandhi sworn in as Prime 1984 Minister. India's biggest industrial disaster: Bhopal gas tragedy, Eighth General Election: Congress wins with Rajiv Gandhi as Prime Minister 1985 Narmada Bachao Andolan 1988 Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) comes into existence, Insat-IC launched 1989 Ninth General Election: Congress loses; V.P. Singh becomes Prime Minister 1990 Mandal Commission Report Rajiv Gandhi assassinated by LTTE , tenth General Election in which Congress wins and 1991 Narasimha Rao becomes Prime Minister. Liberalisation initiated by Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh 1992 Demolition of Babri Masjid Hindu-Muslim riots in Bombay, Rupee made convertible on trade account, over 300 people 1993 killed in bomb blasts, Latur earthquake 1994 Telecom services sector opened to private companies Eleventh General Election; BJP's Atal Behari Vajpayee becomes Prime Minister, BJP loses 1996 confidence vote; Deve Gowda takes over as Prime Minister of United Front coalition government Congress withdraws support to UF government, I.K.Gujral appointed Prime Minister, nation 1997 celebrates 50 years of Independence, Gujral government falls as Congress withdraws support, Sonia Gandhi steps into active politics BJP-led alliance government is sworn in. Atal Behari Vajpayee becomes the Prime Minister 1998 of India, India conducts three underground nuclear tests at Pokhran in Rajasthan. 1948

1999

Lok Sabha elections lead to National Democratic Alliance forming a coalition government with Atal Behari Vajpayee as Prime Minister. Pakistan backed insurgents infiltrate Kargil valley, deep in Indian territory, and are successfully pushed back.