Hid55.pdf

12/19/02

History 1800s: Electric Arc Lamp demonstrated; Gas Lamps; Edison invents electric electric lamp

High Intensity Discharge Lamps

1910s: Indirect lighting demonstrated; Neon lamp.

1930s: HPMV lamp; Reflector lamp; Fluorescent lamp; PAR lamp

1960s: Tungsten Halogen lamps; HPS lamps; First practical visible spectrum spectrum LEDs; LEDs; Metal Halide lamps

1980s: CFLs; CFLs; High Frequency Ballasts

1990s: Electrodeless lamps; InIn-Ga Nitride LEDs

Artificial Discharge Light Sources

Typical Characteristics ! ! ! ! ! !

High lumen , high efficacy , long life package Double Enveloped Point Sources Little effect of ambient temperature on lumens >20W/cm Arc loading Negative resistance 4200 – 5400K Arc temperature

High Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamps

Low Pressure

!Fluorescent

Lamps Pressure Sodium Lamp !Neon tube lamp !Low

High Pressure

!High

pressure Sodium Lamp Halide Lamp !High pressure Mercury Lamp !Self Ballasted Mercury Lamp !High Pressure Fluorescent Mercury Lamp !Xenon Lamp !Metal

Ultra High Pressure

!Ultra

High Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamp

Electrodeless (High Pressure)

!Microwave !Induction

powered lamps lamps

High Pressure Sodium Vapor Lamps •Arctube Body: Polycrystalline Alumina (PCA) •Dose: Na + Hg

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

Unsaturated ; Less temperature dependance Dose: Mercury Quartz discharge tube Characteristic lines at 405, 436, 546 and 577/579 nm; they are supplemented by a continuous spectrum, whose intensity increases with Hg vapor pressure. Penning mixture and auxiliary electrode allow starting at normal mains voltage. Fluorescent coating on OJ improves spectral characteristics and lumen output . Gas filled lamps Design variants: Self ballasted lamps, Black light lamps

•Saturated •Vacuum lamps •Requires high voltage ignition pulse •Lamp voltage rise and cycling •Design variants: Diffused coated and clear Built in Ignitor White HPS Plant grow HPS Twin arc tube

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Metal Halide Lamps

Metal Halide Arc tube shapes

•Fastest growing light source; Wide range , OJ and color options •Quartz / PCA Body •Dose: Metal Halide(s) + Hg •Saturated •Gas filled / vacuum •Requires high voltage igniton pulse •Better CRI than HPS and better lumen efficacy than HPMV •Non-passive failure

Design Variants: Quartz vs ceramic Formed / shaped body vs cylindrical Pinch White light in different CCT ranges Color lamps Built in ignitor Position oriented UV Block Open Fixture Lamps DC Lamps

Metal Halide Pulse Start Lamp:

•Ignitor starting eliminates third starter electrode •Formed body arc tube shape is smaller with less quartz mass •Contains higher arc tube argon fill pressure

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!

Advantages: •Provides longer lamp life (up to 50% longer) •Produces more light output initially (up to 20% more) •Offers significantly more maintained light over time (up to 40% more)

! !

Revolutionizes the control of UV damage to plastics, dyes and fabrics Extends maximum light output in polycarbonate lenses Open fixture rated Wattages varying from 50 watts to 400 watts

UniUni-Form Pulse Start Lamps for Open Fixtures 50

Yellowing Index

45

UV Spectral Distribution

100%

Relative Intensity(%)

• Protective arc tube shroud prevents breach of outer jacket • Eliminates need for fixture lens • Reduces fixture costs • Improves light output • Permits continuous operation • Includes UVShield™ UVShield™ protection

Yellowness Index Values for Bayer 3123 Polycarbonate

75%

50%

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

25%

330

Polycarbonate with standard 400W MH @90C Polycarbonate with UV Shield™ Shield™ @100C 340

350

360

370

380

390

150 Watt Metal Halide NonNon-Visible UV Spectrum (in nanometers)

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Typical HID Applications

Electrodeless Lamps Application

Fusion’ Fusion’s Sulfur Lamp ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Sulfur, Quartz and Argon in a spherical envelope Excitation by Magnetron High watt – high lumen packages; Light is distributed through pipes Efficacy ~ 76 lm/W ( lamp alone) / ~53 lm/W ( with diffuser) High CRI ~10000 – 20000 Hrs life . Depends on the envelope and magnetron life. High Lumen maintenance Negligible shift in Color / CRI.

Induction Lamps ! GE’ GE’s Genura and Philips’ Philips’ QL ! Use rare earth dose

MH

HPS

WHITE HPS

Interior: Decorative

X

X

Downlights

X

X

Parking Areas

X

HPMV

X

X

General Outdoor

X

X

Roadway / Tunnel

X

X

Sports Arena

X

Highbay spaces (Hangers, warehouses , etc)

X

X

Lowbay spaces (Super markets, Light Industrial shops, etc)

X

X

Outdoor signage

X

X

X

Typical Features of popular HID lamps Lamp type

Advantages

Disadvantages

Applications

Trends

HPMV

!Least

!Least

!Outdoor

!Gradually being replaced by MH

HPS

MH

expensive !No starter

efficient !Low CRI !High lumen depreciation

!Parking lots !Street Lighting !Warehouse !Farms (Dusk to Dawn)

!Long life !Universal positioning !High efficiency

!Poor CRI !Lamp cycling at end of life

!Highways

!High efficiency

Shorter life compared to HPS

!HPMV replacements !Warehouse !Sports lighting !Street lighting !Retail lighting

!Excellent color rendering

!Parking garages !Warehouse

!New lamps with High CRI and lower efficacy

!Factories !Car headlights !New pulse start lamps with higher efficiency and longer life.

CCT has limitations in specifying color

0.440 Ellipse - st ep Ellipse

0.420

Data Blackbody

0.400

2500K 3000K

0.380

3500K 4000K

0.360

4500K 0.340

5000K 5500K

0.320 0.300 0.300

6000K

0.350

0.400

0.450

CCX

CCT

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CCT vs Color Coordinates

CCT vs CRI

Color Uniformity

Energy Balance

As % of input power; Apply eye sensitivity curve

Lumen Efficacy

Life

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Photopic, Mesopic and Scotopic light levels

Flicker Index

Scotopic

0.001 cd/sq.m

STARLIGHT

Mesopic

Photopic 3 cd/sq.m

ROADWAY LIGHTING

INTERIOR LIGHTING

Recommended: < 0.1 Source: IESNA

Contrast Threshold Origin

Area

Requirement from Marketing Breakthrough Discovery Customer Complaint Internal Testing Competitor Comparison

Design Space Materials Manufacturing Method

HID Development

Response Time vs Color of Light

Result Longer Life Higher Lumen efficacy Better Lumen Maintenance Better Color characteristics Better SafetyFeatures Envirnment friendly

Constraints: High capital cost Uncertain Market response Compatibility with existing infrastructure

Trend in HID Worldwide, esp. in Europe and North America , Metal Halides are increasing their marketshare. marketshare.

Lamp Type 35 - 1000 HPS 35 - 2000 MH 40 - 1000 HPMV

1997 31% 60% 9%

2002 25% 70% 5% (Source: Mytech)

Quartz Metal Halide developments: •H75 Lamps •Cylindrical Pinch UV Shield lamps •3 Electrode formed body lamps •Tipless lamps More details in www.venturelighting.com

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General Trends in Metal Halide Development ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Energy saving designs High CRI Special application: Aquarium, Plant Grow etc. Optimised geometrical shapes Position oriented vs Universal burn battle will continue More chemical compositions Automobile application??? Better color control High Yield , Low cost manufacturing methods Environment friendly, safe designs Arc tube and Outer jacket coatings; Filters

Development Examples

Reduced HPS arctube with low Hg content -To allow conventional disposal at land fills

3 Electrode Ceramic Metal Halide lamp

by passing TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) -Material savings

Paschen Curve for 3 Electrode CMH

WALL THICKNESS(mm)

BORE(mm) 0.84 7.5

0.82

6000

7.0

0.80

Dia(mm)

Break Down Voltage (V)

t (mm)

6.5

5000

6.0

0.78

0.76

5.5

4000

0.74 5.0

0.72 4.5

3000

0.70 4.0

150W OLD

150W

200W

250W

200W

400W

250W

400W

X Data

WALL OLD WALL NEW

TYPE

NEW

2000

WALL LOADING (W/sq cm)

ARC LENGTH (mm) 1000

100

24

90

22

0

80

1

2

3

4

5 L (mm)

0

Pd (atm-cm)

20

70

60

18

50

16 40

14

30 150W

200W

250W

400W

TYPE

12 150W

ARC OLD ARC NEW

WALL TEMPERATURE (Deg C)

200W

250W

400W

Na, Hg PRESSURE 10000

1260

Integral Ceramic Body

1240 1220 1000

mBar

1200 1180 1160

THERMAL SHOCK RESISTANCE 100

205

1140 1120 150W

200W

250W

200

400W

1100 200W

250W

400W NaP OLD NaP NEW HgP OLD HgP NEW

Na , Hg DOSE(mg) 16

LAMP OPERATING VOLTAGE (V)

14 12

110

10

100

8

90

6

80

4

70

2

60

∆T (0 C)

150W

195

190

185

180

175 0.00

0.02

R vs 0.3

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

R (mm)

R vs 0.7

50

0 150W

200W

250W

400W 40 150W

NaQ OLD NaQ NEW Hg OLD Hg NEW

200W

250W

400W

VOLTS OLD VOLTS NEW

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Thank You!

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