Health Economics Module By Tarun Das

Course: Healthcare Management and Administration

Module: Health Economics Components: (1) A comprehensive understanding of economic issues relating to health care systems and infrastructure; (2) A study of demographic transition and demographic dividends affecting health care systems and needs in India; (3) Systems, organizations and public policies for health care in India and international best practices; (4) Projections of health care needs, trained personnel and infrastructure demands; (5) Principles for pricing of health care services in public and private sectors; (6) Healthcare insurance and other means for financing healthy care servicesinternational best practices; (7) Methods for economic appraisal and evaluation of health care organizations; (8) Monitoring of trends relating to health care improvements, That will underpin various educational and career goals in both public and private health care organizations.

Healthcare Management and Administration Program in USA

The Health Care Management and Administration program is designed for students who are interested in health and health care in America. Students in this program realize that public health and health care are major public concerns and plan to seek employment in one of a variety of health-related management, administrative, supportive, planning and policy positions. The Health Care Management and Administration program is designed to provide students with a basic understanding of both the business and health fields. The program offers the first two years of an undergraduate major developed for students with an interest in non-clinical or non-technical health and health care careers. Students in the Health Care Management and Administration program can expect to achieve the following objectives: (1) a comprehensive understanding of health care issues and the health care system that will underpin various educational and career goals; (2) training in basic administrative, managerial and methodological skills; (3) preparation for entrylevel employment in the community's health and health care organizations, and in support systems in the private and public sectors; and (4) preparation for a graduate program leading to an advanced degree in health services administration or a related field. Upon completion of the Associate of Arts in Health Care Management and

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Administration, students will be prepared to transfer to a four-year institution with baccalaureate in health care management, administration, and/or policy. GENERAL EDUCATION CORE (General education core credits in excess of 36 will transfer as general electives or courses related to the major. Each student's total of general education and required courses must equal at least 60 semester hours of credit.)

Suggested Credits Semester

ENGL-121

College Composition I: Expository Writing

3

1

ENGL-122

College Composition II: Writing Through Literature

3

2

3

3

Fine Arts

3

2

SPCH-105

Fundamentals of Public Speaking

3

4

History

History Core

3

4

PSYC-101

General Psychology

3

1

SOCI-101

Introduction to Sociology

3

2

BIOL-101

General Biology I

4

1

CHEM-105 /115

Chemistry and Society

4

3

MATH-138

Statistics

4

1

HEED-101

Health and the World of Risk

1

3

Arts & Humanities

Literature Core Course

REQUIRED COURSES RELATED TO MAJOR ACCT-111

Principles of Accounting I

3

1

ACCT-112

Principles of Accounting II

3

2

HEED-218

Organizational Management in Health Care

MAMT-140

(OR) Principles of Management

3

3

ECON-101

Principles of Economics (Macro)

3

3

ECON-102

Principles of Economics (Micro)

3

4

BMGT-151

Business Law

3

4

CMSY-138

Information Systems and Computer Applications

3

3

Health Care in the U.S.

3

4

HEED-216

Healthcare Economics and Public Policy

The Duke MBA-Weekend Executive Health Sector Management Program Curriculum

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Regardless of their fields of work, Health Sector Management students benefit not only from one of the world's best MBA degrees, but also from additional insight and focus on the continually evolving health care industry. Health Sector Management students complete the core MBA courses with the general Weekend Executive class. HSM students are separated from the Weekend Executive group only for HSM classes. Courses are taught by world-class faculty members from both The Fuqua School of Business and Duke University School of Medicine. The HSM program increases the effectiveness of managers in the health care business by exploring the salient issues facing the industry. More and more health care professionals find themselves confronting complex situations including: • • • • • •

The effects of government legislation on financial projections for drugs under development. Maintaining appropriate levels of skilled staff. Designing insurance fee structures that provide value to clients while reducing risk. Organizing resources more effectively and efficiently. Keeping the right processes, partnerships or programs in place. Maintaining adequate funding to run a medical enterprise.

The modern health care professional must be equipped with the answers to these types of challenges. The Duke MBA - Weekend Executive Health Sector Management concentration provides the skills to achieve this. To earn the HSM concentration designation, students must complete all MBA course requirements plus two required courses, a seminar series and one additional health care-specific elective. Core HSM Courses

Health Care in the 21st Century Daniel N. Mendelson, M.P.P. This one-week course, offered in August, provides an overview on the interlocking segments of the health care industry, including physicians, hospitals, HMOs/PPOs, insurers, consultants, pharmaceutical companies and medical device companies. The course analyzes the health care industry from a historical perspective to understand how it

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has evolved to its current state and to predict how it is likely to change during the next century. Economics and Strategy of Health Sector Management The market behavior of consumers and firms in the health care sector is examined in this course, using tools from microeconomic theory. There is a focus on analyzing the economic fundamentals behind the actions and reactions of players in the health care market, e.g., the patients, payers and providers. Emphasis is placed on acquiring a tool kit that will enable a structured and analytical examination of the major issues. Seminars in Health Care This interactive series gives students the opportunity to discuss relevant and timely health care issues and apply the skill sets taught in their core HSM courses. Faculty moderators lead the discussions and students share their perspectives on current topics of interest. Elective Courses (At least one required)

Health Care Marketing Mary Frances Luce, Ph.D. Consumers are shaping the health care system of tomorrow, yet evaluating and predicting the role of the consumer in this new era remains challenging. This course will assess consumer preferences for health and health care, and then address how a consumer focus will reshape the health care industry. Topics relevant to marketing across many segments of the health care industry are examined in this course, including patient decision making, patient preference measurement, and mass marketed versus targeted segmentation and communication. Branding of health care services and coopetition and coordination in industries will also be covered. Health Care Operations Faculty This course provides an operational perspective on health care, with topics including quality management, materials management, inventory management, automated inventory systems, and health care logistics and distribution. Students will also learn about design and management of clinical processes, disease- and asset-focused health care delivery processes and operational issues in public health. Other Areas Beyond Coursework

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American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE) HSM students have the opportunity to become members of the first Duke University student chapter of the American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE). This organization provides student members and associates with the relationships, knowledge, leadership and marketability they need as they make their way through the continuously evolving world of health care management. Oscar R. Aylor, FACHE, and Governor Jack Bovender (Duke MHA, 1968) spoke at the special kick-off event in 2003.

Prospective Students Doctoral Program in Nursing with Health Policy Specialty A Ph.D. Program for Nurses from the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences

The Nurse as Health Policy Specialist. The nursing profession has a growing role in the health policy arena. The health policy program is a cross-disciplinary program that prepares students to assess the policy dimensions of issues in the clinical practice, teaching, and research environments within which they work and to translate nursing practice issues into policy issues. Note: UCSF School of Nursing also offers Doctoral (Ph.D.) Programs in Nursing, and (for non-nurses) Doctoral (Ph.D.) Programs in Sociology. In the UCSF School of Nursing Master of Science (M.S.) program, students may choose the Health Policy Nursing Specialty.

The Health Policy Nursing Programs Winter 2005 Newsletter is available at the link below:

•

spec-hpl-05wtr.pdf (Adobe/Acrobat .pdf format, "Adobe Reader" software required).

The focus is on preparing students to identify, critically analyze and evaluate laws, regulations, and policies at the institutional, local, state, and national levels that impact their patients and the practice of nursing, and in developing knowledge of the history, structure, and process of health policymaking in the United States.

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Public policies are the public actions that may be taken by policy makers at the federal, state and local levels. These actions can include budgetary changes, legislative changes, regulatory changes, and legal actions. Public policy work involves the process of public discourse, and requires a variety of skills and knowledge. Before nurses can advocate for public policy changes, they need a clear understanding of the current policies and how the health care system operates, including the financial incentives that influence health organizations. The curriculum is designed to provide academic preparation in health policy. It builds upon core doctoral programs including nursing theory, research methods, policy and economics, and cultural competency, and focuses on health policy and ethics as applied to policy and clinical arenas. Theory courses for the program focus on theories of the policy process, including theories from nursing, sociology, political science, and economics as they relate to nursing and health policy. The courses provide training in the policy making process not only in the U.S. but also in the international health care area. Health policy is a multi-disciplinary area, where the expertise of nurses, sociologists, economists, political scientists, and health experts are utilized to exam issues of health care access, quality and costs. Our innovative program is housed in the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences in the School of Nursing. The program involves faculty from other departments in the School of Nursing and the School of Medicine as well as from several research institutes and centers at UCSF utilizing a large multi-disciplinary faculty to develop a leading national program for the training of nurses in health policy. Such programs include the Center on Social Disparities and Health, Institute for Health and Aging (School of Nursing), the Institute for Health Policy Studies (School of Medicine), the Center for Research and Innovation in Patient Care (School of Nursing), the Center for the Health Professions (School of Medicine), and the Center for Tobacco Research and Education (School of Medicine). These programs and selected faculty serve to teach classes and to mentor students in research and provide residencies as part of their health policy training. This faculty, with large and successful research programs, also

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provides valuable research assistantships and employment for students during their educational programs. The program prepares a strong cadre of nurse researchers who can step into positions of health policy leadership in legislative organizations, regulatory agencies, licensing bodies, and policy organizations. The goal is to contribute to and improve health policy to benefit patients, the public and the nursing profession. Additionally, graduates are prepared to assume academic and research positions where they can initiate and contribute to health services and policy studies.

Program Objectives As part of the training process, the specific objectives of the specialty in health policy are for students to: Analyze the history, structure, and process of health policy making in the United States; • Assess the policy and ethical dimensions of issues in the clinical practice, teaching, and research environments, and translate nursing practice issues into policy issues; • Identify, critically analyze, and evaluate laws, regulations, and policies at the institutional, local, state, and national levels that impact patients and the practice of nursing; • Conduct health services research and policy and economic analyses; • Participate in policy and ethical debates and utilize criteria and processes by which policies are developed, implemented, evaluated, changed, and maintained; • Participate in the policy-making process, including core knowledge in health services research, policy theory and analysis, economics, ethics, medical sociology, health organizations and professions, and labor issues. •

Program Curriculum Each doctoral student works with his or her advisor in developing an individualized plan for their doctoral work. Students take core methods and theory courses in the program and are given wide flexibility in developing health policy electives that meet their own interests. Students are required to take at least one research rotation with a health policy faculty member during their program. Students will also be encouraged to collaborate with faculty members on research to gain experience in a variety of research methods and projects.

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During the third year, doctoral nursing students may participate in an interdisciplinary health policy-training program at the Institute for Health Policy Studies. The seminars for this program are held one day a week and include a writing workshop where students present and critique their work in progress (articles, grant proposals, and other work). The program also has a noon proseminar on a health policy issue. The health policy proseminar brings together doctoral and master’s students in health policy with health policy faculty members and policy leaders on a weekly basis. The discussions focus on the leading health policy debates and faculty and students present their research. UCSF offers a large number of health policy courses in a wide array of areas. Students can individually tailor their health policy interests and have a wide range of faculty to work with at the University. In addition, students on the UCSF campus can take courses at UC Berkeley offered in the School of Public Health, Medical Anthropology and Sociology and Business School. These larger University resources enable students to take courses depending on their specific research projects. A Model Curriculum for the Nursing PhD Health Policy program is available showing course requirements, click the link below: 

PHD-N-HP Model Curriculum: ps-dc-hpcu.htm

Health Policy Specialty Coursework Coursework covers the policy process including the structure of health care systems, economics of health care, communications and leadership strategies in policy, policy analysis, cost analysis in health care, health policy research, and the ethical and social aspects of policymaking. Students may choose policy-relevant electives focused on particular issues, including aging and long term care policy, ethics, managed care and financing, tobacco control policy, children and adolescent policy, labor market issues, race, class and gender factors in health care, social policy, women's health, and many other areas. Core doctoral coursework is taken in addition to specialty courses in health policy. Core Health Policy Specialty Courses Theories of the Policy Process focuses on learning and using theories of the policy process, including analyzing how health policy problems are constructed. Perspectives on agenda setting, media roles, advocacy, policy 8

innovation, diffusion, and implementation are integrated with examples of policy problems. Organizational Analysis of U.S. Healthcare examines formal organizational theory, structure, and processes of health care organizations. The focus is on how organizations function within the socioeconomic and political environment in the United States. Policy Proseminars are designed to extend knowledge of the varied scope of health policy research and analysis. The series presents the policy research work of core and affiliated health policy faculty on the campus and offers the opportunity for students to become acquainted with the faculty in the program. The focus is on specific policy research, analysis and implementation strategies. Research Rotations provide students the opportunity to learn hands-on policy and research analysis working with faculty on a policy or research project. Guided laboratory experience is designed to develop mastery in policy analysis or research. Race/Class Factors in Health Care Delivery examines racial and class membership impact on access to health care services, variations in the quality of those services, and how professional and sub-professional roles in the health care system are organized along racial and class lines. Health Policy I & II addresses models of health policy research with a focus on integrating health services research theory and methods. Health service research designs that focus on high priority national policy issues are examined, addressing key health policy research questions and assessing policy outcomes. Health Care Economics and Policy provides a critical analysis of economic, sociological, and political factors that affect health care. It examines U.S. health policies that impact access, quality, costs, delivery systems, professional practices, and reform. Ethical Issues in Nursing Practice explores selected ethical theories including social ethics related to health care and nursing practice within the institutional and broader health care policy context. Communications and Policy Leadership focuses on developing students' skills in various types of policy-relevant communications and leadership across different policy venues.

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Policy and Politics of Health examines health care policy and politics in terms of historical and contemporary issues related to access, quality, and cost. Organizational, financing, and labor market issues are included, along with strategies for social change. Select Policy Electives Perspectives on Social Policy and Health examines the impact of family and welfare policy on health status, health care access, and health outcomes. The course explores theories on the historical constructions of poverty and the poor and governmental policies affecting poor and working class employment, family supports, income subsidy, childcare, and access to health care. It examines the debates over universal access to health care and the impact of social constructions of poverty on the debate. Social Policy and Aging provides a critical analysis of major social, economic, and political issues of growing old in America. It examines social policy in the public and private sectors including health, income, and social services and considers prospects for social change and political movements. Tobacco Control Policy Issues focuses on issues and evolution of tobacco control policies in the U.S. and internationally. Lectures and readings in the history of tobacco control will prepare students to engage in weekly discussions and case studies of particular tobacco control policies, and to apply lessons from tobacco policy to other arenas. Ethics & Policy in Genetics & Genomics explores ethics, philosophy, and social policy of genetics research, screening, and therapeutic interventions using case-based discussions. Social and health care implications related to the understanding of human nature, informed consent, insurance, employment, emotional impact, and predictive variability of genetic screening will be explored. Basic Topics in Leadership in Health Care Systems examines basic topics in leadership in health care systems including management, human resources, financing and budgeting, and feedback and coaching. Managing Change in Health Care Systems examines the principles of organizational change in health care systems. These include strategy, decision-making and conflict management, communications, and quality improvement and management.

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Leadership Development & Self Renewal examines the principles of leadership and self-renewal including negotiating, motivating others, problem solving, managing diversity, improving care management, and developing skills and knowledge. Information Technology and Organizational Change examines information technology (IT) in health care organizations, with a focus on electronic medical records. The course covers: the potential for IT to improve quality; the economics of IT; theories of diffusion of innovations; theories of the relationship between IT, and behavior, practice and organizational changes; the costs and benefits of IT in health care costs and benefits and quality improvement; and alternative policy approaches to hasten IT adoption in health care.

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