Havo Vier Hand

Present Past Passive Bijwoorden

Verb tenses: 1)

Present Simple: page 3 I play cards (every week).

2)

Present continuous: page 4 I am playing cards (right now).

3)

Present Perfect: page 5 I have played cards (and I am rich now, because I have won every game).

4)

Present perfect continuous: page 6 I have been playing cards (for two hours now).

5)

PRESENT PERFECT and PAST SIMPLE: page 7

I have played cards<------> I played cards yesterday.

1)Present Simple - The present simple is the base form of a verb: Play, know, take, see, et cetera. -

In the 3rd person singular (He, she, it) we add –s or –es.

He knows (base form is: know) He touches (base form is: touch)

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Negative  :

I/you/we/they don’t/do not He/she/it doesn’t/ does not

- Questions?

Do you know? Do they know?

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-

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We often use the present simple to indicate that things always happen. Routines and habits, jobs/hobbies, things that happen repeatedly. Keywords: these are words usually found in sentences with “present simple”. - Always

- Often

- Usually

- Ever/Never

- Every day - Once a day

- At 10 o’clock

- Every year

- Sometimes

2)Present Continuous How to create a present continuous: Present form of to be + ing-form of verb in use. For example: We are playing



I am playing/He is playing/They are playing

 I am not playing/He is not playing/ They are not playing ? Am I playing? Is he playing? Are they playing?

Short forms (abbreviations)

 I’m/you’re/he’s  I’m not/ you aren’t/they aren’t

- We use this tense for a present action over a period of time, something that we are in the middle of now. - The action has started, but it hasn’t finished yet. Time expressions: Now

Still

Just

Already

3)Present Perfect How to I create a present perfect: present tense of have+ past particle. For example: I have played

 He has played

 He hasn’t played ? Has he played?

- When we use the present perfect we look back from the past. Time expressions: Just

Recently

Lately

Still

Ever/never Today

Already Since

(year)

4)

Present Perfect Continuous

How to create: Have+been+ing-form. The war has been going on for two years now.

 I have been playing cards  I haven’t been playing cards

(I’ve been watching the news) ? Have you been playing cards again?

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This action can be continuing in the present:

Where is he? I’ve been waiting for half an hour now! (He still isn’t here, and I’m still waiting here!)

- Or the action may have ended recently: I’m sweaty, because I’ve been running. (I stopped running a couple of minutes ago, and now I’m sweating, and I’m very tired!)

5)

Present Perfect and Past Simple:

Present Perfect

Past

Simple

A routine/habit, linked to the present - The new bridge has just opened Recently, it is open now. -

The car has broken down. This means it’s out of action now.

In the past, over now - The new bridge opened last week. It’s over. -

The car broke down yesterday. Yesterday indicates it’s a past event.

- The past simple means a finished time and does not tell us anything about the present.

- The choice of tense depends on whether the speaker sees something as in the past or as linked to the present.

- When we refer to a specific time in the past (e.g. last week, last year) we use the past simple rather than the present perfect. -------------------------------------------------------------------------

I lived in Hoofddorp two years ago (but now I live in Amsterdam)

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I have lived in Hoofddorp (I still live there; I have lived there for four years now.)

6)Present Simple and Present Continuous:

Present Simple

Present Continuous

A routine or habit: We eat lunch every day.

A state or fact:

Something we’re in the middle of: We are eating lunch now.

My dad loves cars. We need a new kitchen. Two and two is four.

Permanent: I travel to work by car. My friends live in Amsterdam.

Temporary: My car is in the garage right now, so I’m travelling to work by bus this week. They are living in a rented flat until they find a bigger place.

Verb tenses: 1)

Past Simple: page 9 I played cards (yesterday).

1)Past Simple

 He played cards last week.  He didn’t play cards last week. ? Did he play cards last week? -

We use the past simple for an action in the past. The time of the action (e.g. yesterday, in 1905) is over.

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Watch out with irregular verbs!

The campers left (to leave) at six in the morning. Someone saw (to see) the smoke and rang (to ring) the fire brigade. See page 7 for a comparison between Past Simple and Present Perfect!

2)Past continuous How to create: past of to be+ ing-form: -

It was getting dark.

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The coffee machine wasn’t working.

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We use the past continuous for an action over a period of past time.

It expresses the idea that at a time in the past, we were in the middle of something.

Below is a comparison between the present continuous and past continuous! I was traveling around the worldPast continuous. (I was in the middle of that journey then)

I am traveling around the worldPresent continuous. (I am in the middle of my journey now)

3)Past Perfect How to create: past of have + past participle.

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James apologized for the trouble he had caused. 1st: James caused trouble2nd: he apologized. His bad behavior happened before he apologized.

 Someone had played cards.  Someone hadn’t played cards. ? Had someone played cards?

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We use the Past Perfect for an action (or a state) before a past time:

What had she done wrong? He suddenly ran out. Action She did this first. caused this.

Result Then she

4)Past perfect Continuous How to create: had been+ ing-form.

 Someone had been playing cards.  Someone hadn’t been playing cards.

? Had someone been playing cards?

All persons are the same, singular and plural. I had been looking/you had been/he had been/we had been/ you had been/they had been.

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We use the Past Perfect Continuous for an action that went on over a period before a past time:

I was delighted when I found a second-hand copy of the book. I had been looking for one (for ages).

Underlined= past time Italics: the action before the past time