H2 Final Review Sheet

H2 Final Review Ms. Dworken 1. The Byzantine Empire Geography: How did the location of Constantinople impact its development? - It was a good area for a port since it was surrounded by water on three sides. Because it also had trade routes linking Europe and Asia, it became a center of trade. Government: How did Justinian organize his government and code of law? – Justinian had three roles in his rule: to unify and restore the empire, to glorify and rebuild Constantinople, and to reform the law. His code of law included civil law while it also included international laws. Belief Systems: What was the Great Schism? Why did it happen? – The great Schism was the splitting of Christian churches into the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox. It happened in 1054 and happened mainly because of an argument over the authority of the Pope. In the Eastern Orthodox the monarch had supreme power over church and state since he elected the patriarch while in the Roman Catholic the pope ruled church and the monarch the state. There was also a large argument over icons which Justinian forbade, leading the pope to excommunicate him and his empire. Why was the name Byzantines a misnomer? – This name was a misnomer because the Byzantines called themselves Romans, considered themselves Romans, and in all honesty were Romans. Key People and Terms: Justinian, Justinian’s Code, autocrat, icon, patriarch, Great Schism, Hagia Sophia Justinian- The ruler of Constantinople. Justinian’s Code- A code of law that dealt with civil matters and international matters. Autocrat- A person invested with or claiming absolute authority. Icon- A statue of a biblical figure. Patriarch- The highest church official in the Eastern Orthodox Church who was also elected by the monarch. Great Schism- A division of the Christian Churches in 1054 into the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. Hagia Sophia- A giant, huge, and glorified church. 2. Medieval Europe Change: Why did the Germanic invasions of the Roman Empire usher in the Dark Age of the Middle Ages? What were the effects of the war on England and France? – Rome was being constantly invaded so under all of this pressure the empire collapsed. This destroyed a major trading center so trade declined and people pulled inwards. Interdependence: What duties and responsibilities guided people’s lives in medieval Europe? – Had to make food for lords. Lords and nobles had to fight for the monarch. Monarch had to give them land and protection. Political Systems: What roles did individual citizens play in the medieval feudal system? Why does feudalism emerge? What are the two main ideas supporting feudalism? – Individual citizens each have their own jobs to do, most being serfs who had to produce food. Feudalism emerges because after Charlemagne’s death there were a lot of wars so people needed protection which the monarch couldn’t provide alone. The two main ideas are basically obligations and loyalty. Economic Systems: How did manorialism provide for people’s basic economic needs? – People had land, a church and food. The serfs would work the land and provide payment to their lord while they had enough food for them to live. Belief Systems: What roles did the Church play in medieval society? Why did popes and monarchs clash? – The Church began to provide social services and began censorship of ideas it was against. Popes and monarchs clashed because the Pope tried to crown an emperor which the monarchs thought was outside the Pope’s authority. Power: Who held power in feudal society? Why was Charlemagne considered a light in the Dark Ages? In feudal society the lords held most of the power. Charlemagne was considered a light in the Dark Ages because he was crowned emperor by the pope. This led to unity and stability. There was a strong government, revival of learning, revival of record keeping, and people began to use capital letters. Turning Points: Why was the signing of the Magna Carta a turning point in English government?

H2 Final Review Ms. Dworken The signing of the Magna Carta was a turning point in English government because it outlined that nobles had certain rights and that the monarch was not above the law. This document limited the power of the monarch. Key People and Terms: medieval, Charlemagne, chivalry, manorialism, feudalism, serf, secular, excommunicate, usury, anti-Semitism, Hundred Year’s War, nationalism, Magna Carta 3. The Crusades Conflict: Why did Christians and Muslims engage in Crusades? – The Byzantine empire was under attack by Muslims so they asked the Pope for help. Change: What effect did the Crusades have on the economy Europe? – Even after a loss there was a revival of learning and new trade routes had been captured. The Crusaders also brought back Asian goods which increased European curiosity in them. Power: How did the Crusades affect the power of the Church and feudal lords? – The Church lost power as people began to challenge the authority of the Pope and claim that the bible was the true religious source, not the Pope. Even though these people were executed their ideas lived on. Culture: How did the Crusades expand Europeans’ worldview? How did the Crusades help bring Europe out of the Dark Ages? – Europeans acquired “new” texts from Aristotle and other philosophers and began to think differently. The Crusades helped bring Europe out of the Dark Ages with a revival in learning and an increase in trade. Key People and Terms: Crusades, Pope Urban II, Holy Land 4. Early Japan and Feudalism Geography: How did Japan’s geographic setting contribute to its development? - Japan is an archipelago which is a line of islands. The islands were surrounded by water which gave the Japanese protection from the Chinese. This meant that they only had to adopt what they wanted to from Chinese culture because the Chinese couldn’t force their ideas on Japan. Movement of People and Goods: What influence did China and Korea have on Japan? – Korea was a cultural bridge and China gave them the option to adopt some Chinese ideas. Political Systems: How did the system of feudalism work in Japan? How did it compare to European feudalism? – View of Death- Japan—suicide for honor Europe—against Christianity to kill self Chivalry- Japan—no romantic pedestal Europe—fragile, inferior beings Law- Japan—Confucian morality Europe—legalism Similarities- Loyalty and mutual obligations Key People and Terms: Shinto, Zen Buddhism, shogun, daimyo, samurai, bushido Shinto- religion based off of nature Zen Buddhism- enlightenment is achieved through the profound realization that one is already an enlightened being Shogun- commander of the forces Daimyo- powerful territorial lords in premodern Japan who ruled most of the country from their vast, hereditary land holdings Bushido- code of conduct for samurais 5. Islam and Islamic Civilization Geography: How would you describe the geography of the Arabian peninsula? How did it affect life there? – Arabia is a mountainous area with a few deserts and steppes so I would call it non- arable. This

H2 Final Review Ms. Dworken would mean that Arabs were probably nomadic pastoralists, looking for pastures where their animals could graze. Diversity: What lands and peoples came under Muslim rule? How did Islam spread? – Islam spread when Muhammad had to leave Mecca and makes way to Medina where he gains social, political and religious power. He then went back to Mecca and crushed the idols. The Bedouins were quick to convert. Islam spread truly begins to spread because of cultural diffusion and intermarriage. Economic Systems: What was the importance of trade in the Muslim empires? – Trade made the economy prosperous which gave people free time when they could learn which was important for their religion (must face Mecca when praying). Culture and Intellectual Life: What was the al-Jahiliyya culture of the Arabian peninsula? What achievements did Muslim society produce in arts and sciences? What’s the connection to Islam? – The old culture of the Arabian Peninsula was henotheism or adherence to one god and then sub-gods. Muslim society advanced a lot because their religion didn’t restrict learning and in fact it encouraged learning. Belief Systems: What are the beliefs and practices of Muslims? How did the beliefs and practices of Islam create unity and strength among Muslims? – 1) Genealogy- familyclantribe - Connection can be real or fictious 2) Honor- extremely valuable and dependant on women in family 3) Loyal to clan/tribe 4) Generosity hospitality 5) Courage expected of males 6) Revenge raid caravans but no bloodshed Conflict: What’s the difference between Sunni and Shi’a (Shiite) Muslims? – The Sunni want the most qualified (caliph) to rule while Shiites wanted bloodline (Imam) to rule. Key People and Terms: Muslim, Islam, caliph, Sharia, Sunni, Shiite, Muhammad, Five Pillars, Mecca, Hijra, jihad, People of the Book, Dar-al-Islam, Bedouins, Qur’an Jihad- religious duty 1. Dar-al-Islam- Muslims must be able to enjoy peace and security with and within this country. 2. It has common frontiers with some Muslim countries.

6. African Civilization Geography: How did the adaptations to the different environments lead to a diversity in cultures (especially in subsistence method, size of community, type of government)? – Desert- Hunter/gatherers and nomadic pastoralists, hunter gatherer bands where you rule by respect Rainforest- Slash and Burn, chief needed to handle surplus Savanna- Pastoralism, tribes that come together in times of need Mediterranean- intensive agriculture, formal laws and stuff, handle surplus Steppe- Pastoralists (tribes that come together) Power: What factors contributed to the rise of powerful kingdoms in West Africa ? What about kingdoms and city-states in East Africa? – One had gold the other had salt, gold-salt trade Movement of People and Goods: What were the effects of the Bantu migration? - The Bantu migrated because of desertification and it was important because over 400 ethnic groups are labeled by this. The migration spread the use of iron tools for farming, leading to a surplus of food which supports larger populations. There is also a language that 66% of Africans now had in common Belief Systems: What is the traditional religion of Africa? How was Islam spread to Africa? It is animism. Islam spread to Africa (North) through conquest and spread to Africa (West) through trade.

H2 Final Review Ms. Dworken Culture: How did art and literature strengthen African societies? Why is there so much mystery around the Great Zimbabwe? – They created large centralized governments. There is so much mystery around the Great Zimbabwe because we can’t understand their records (or they didn’t leave any). Key People and Terms: Bantu migration, savanna, Sahara, Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Mansa Musa, Swahili, Great Zimbabwe, historiography, factors of migration, (nomadic) pastoralist, age-sets Mansa Musa- emperor of Mali who made hajj across Africa Swahili- a mix of Bantu, Arabic, and European languages Factors of Migration- Environment Push- Used up land, not enough rainfall, etc. Pull- land, access to sea, surplus of food, etc. Political Push- discriminatory laws Pull- religious or economic freedom (tax) Economic Push- unemployment, inflation Pull- markets 7. Tang and Song China Political Systems: How did the Tang dynasty unite China and keep it strong? - The Tang built a strong empire through use of the civil service exam, military conquest and land reforms. These methods led to their downfall because they had to impose crushing taxes to pay for the conquests and the land became too large to administer. Economic Systems: How did Tang and Song rulers help the economy to flourish? - The Tang and Song used rice from Vietnam which ripened faster. This led to an increase in productivity which led to free time and people doing cultural advances and stuff. Culture and Intellectual Life: What are the 3 important achievements of the Tang and Song golden age? Why did foot binding emerge? Three important achievements of the golden age were gunpowder, the smallpox vaccine, and moveable type. Foot binding emerged first because it was seen as a sign of beauty and wealth but it spread to the poor so that they could try and marry up in society. Key People and Terms: tributary state, gentry, porcelain Gentry- aristocrats who also passed the civil service exam 8. The Mongols and Their Impact Geography: How did life on the steppe influence the culture of the Mongols? – There was little arable land so they became nomadic pastoralists. Power: Why were Mongols able to successfully conquer such a huge empire? What was the relationship like between the Yuan Dynasty and the Chinese? – The Mongols were able to conquer lands because of good military planning, strict training and adopted technologies like the cannon Change: How did Mongol rule affect the lands under their control? – They protected Silk road routes and also tolerated people so cultural diffusion occurred. Interdependence: How did the exchange of goods and ideas throughout Eurasia increase with Mongol rule? – Protection of Silk Road Routes * Do the Mongols deserved to be called barbarian and uncivilized? – No because they have government and everything, they were just considered to be barbaric because their government differed from that of the Europeans and Asians Key People and Terms: Genghis Khan, Golden Horde, Kublai Khan, Yuan Dynasty, Pax Mongolica, Marco Polo Golden Horde- ??????????? Kublai Khan- founder of the Yuan Dynasty

H2 Final Review Yuan Dynasty- When the Mongols were ruling China

Ms. Dworken

9. Ming China and Korea Change: How did the China change after it overthrew its Mongol rulers and restored a Chinese dynasty? – They wanted to reestablish Chinese supremacy so they had maritime expeditions. They glorified that which was Chinese and they went back to classical ideas. Choice: What is the symbolism behind taking the name Ming for the new dynasty? Why did China choose to isolate itself from foreign trade after 1433? – They wanted to say the Chinese were brilliant. They thought the rest of the world had nothing to teach them. Culture: What impact did China have on other societies in Asia? How did Korea balance its culture with Chinese culture? – Chinese ideas were taken up by many other Asians. Korea took Chinese ideas but made slight edits to them like that the civil service exam could only be taken by aristocrats. Power: How did the Ming restore Chinese culture and prosperity? To what extent could you say that Ming China was a super power? - There is a restoration of Chinese values and cultures like how the civil service exam was brought back yet made even more rigorous. The Ming also rebuilt the Great Wall and made it great and stuff. They also made grand canals. There is also a commercial revolution where more cities are created and they are larger. Geography: How did the geography of Korea affect its development? How was Korea’s location both a blessing and a curse? – It was mostly mountainous so people have to settle near the coast where the land is. It was a blessing so that they could take ideas from China yet a curse because China could impose it’s authority over them. Key People and Terms: Middle Kingdom, Zheng He, Southeast Asia 10. Mughal India and Ottoman Empire Diversity: How did Muslim and Hindu culture interact under the Delhi Sultanate? - The traditions clashed with violent disputes between Islam and Buddhism/Hinduism. This led to the decline of Buddhism which already had limited influence in India. The Muslims rejected the caste system too. The cultures blended in the creation of Sikhism and Urdu. Power: How did Akbar deal with the religious diversity of India?- He had a policy of tolerance and ended the tax on non-Muslims. Change: How did Akbar’s successors rule Mughal India? – Without that same policy of tolerance. Places and Regions: What lands came under control of the Ottoman Empire? – East? Diversity: How did the Ottomans rule a diverse empire? – They had millets or small societies which were small groups consisting of people with the same beliefs with their own leader as well. Key People and Terms: Delhi sultanate, Urdu, Sikhism, Akbar the Great, Nur Jahan, Shan Jahan, Taj Mahal, Istanbul, janissary, Suleiman, millet Nur Jahan- ruled India under Mughal empire b/c husband wasn’t truly ruling Shan Jahan- fifth Mughal ruler Taj Mahal- Combines Persian, Indian, and Islamic architecture 11. The Resurgence of Europe Change: How was the Renaissance a rebirth for Europe? What changes in Europe led to the Renaissance? – Renaissance take away from church and focus on the individual. This happened because of the Plague and well can’t think of any others. Conflict: What were the causes and effects of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation? Why did Henry VIII form a new church? – The Reformation led to the creation of the Protestant religion while the Counter- Reformation brought some people back to Catholicism. Henry made a new church because the Pope wouldn’t annul his marriage but if he made a new church he could put someone in charge who

H2 Final Review Ms. Dworken would. Belief Systems: How did Protestantism differ from Catholicism? - Luther and Calvin had the bible as the only source, Luther thought that one only needs strong faith for salvation while Calvin thinks that it is predetermined whether or not one will get into heaven, both thought that there was no hierarchy and that all Christians had an equal connection with god, and for religious practices just listen to the Bible and have faith (Luther), or no theater and overall strict morality (Calvin). Science and Technology: What was the impact of the printing press?- More people had Bibles in their language, people could research the works of others when they couldn’t before, people were more encouraged to learn to read/write Key People and Terms: Renaissance, humanism, 95 Theses, Martin Luther, John Calvin, Inquisition, 12. The Age of Exploration and Encounters Movement of People and Goods: How did global trade patterns change between the late 1400’s and the 1700’s? Why did Portugal take the lead and how did the Dutch end up being the most successful? How did Qing China, Korea and Japan resist European influence? Science and Technology: What types of technology allowed Western Europeans to explore the oceans? – Compass, Mercator Projection Interdependence: What motivations did Europeans have for establishing colonies between 1500’s and 1700’s? – God, and Gold Change: What major changes did the European expansion bring to peoples around the world? What caused Europeans to turn to ocean exploration and trade? – Saw immense wealth of Americas, Europe became stronger Choice: How did choices made by individuals and institutions impact the Americas, Africa, and Europe? – Led to slavery Economic Systems: How did mercantilism and capitalism lead to expansion of colonialism? – Saw mother country could benefit off of taking in imports from colonies, saw that slaves would be used helping capitalists Key People and Terms: Reconquista, astrolabe, Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, conquistador, plantation, encomienda, Columbian Exchange, Commercial Revolution, capitalism, inflation, mercantilism, peninsulares, creoles, mulattoes, mestizos, triangular trade, Trans-Atlantic slave trade, Jamestown, Puritans, Pilgrims, Qing Dynasty Peninsular- pure Spanish Creoles- Spanish but born in Indies Mulattoes- one white, one black Mestizos- mixed 13. Mesoamerican and South American Civilizations Geography: How did geography impact civilizations in the Americas? Belief Systems: What significance did religion have in empires of the Americas? Government: What types of governments allowed Mesoamerican societies to rule large areas? How did the Inca maintain their empire? - hegemonice Power: What’s the difference between territorial and hegemonic empires?- territorial annexes the land Culture and Intellectual Life: What were the accomplishments and advances of the Mesoamerican empires? Conflict: How did the policies of the Aztec and the Inca lead to conflict within their own empires and upon arrival of the Spanish? How did a small group of Spanish take over such a large part of the Americas? Key People and Terms: Olmecs, Mayas, Aztecs, Incas, allyu, quipus, Quechua, Tenochtitlan,

H2 Final Review

Ms. Dworken

14. Age of Absolutism Government: How did monarchs in England, France, and Russia work to increase their political power? – Take out enemies, strengthen army, kill those who have different religious beliefs Power: What ideas did absolute monarchs use to justify their power? – DIVINE RIGHT TO RULE Political Systems: In what ways was England’s experience of absolutism different from that of other European countries? – In England there was a civil war against this in which the monarchs were forced to limit their own power and accept the republican system Choice: What choices did Parliament make in England to assure a check on absolutism? – They made the sort of transition to republican system, etc. Change: How were Absolutist monarchs different than feudal monarchs? Why was this such an important change? – Absolutist monarchs had all the power while feudal monarchs were just figureheads Key People and Terms: Absolutism, divine right, Louis XIV, Ivan the Terrible, Oliver Cromwell, Glorious Revolution, English Bill of Rights, limited monarchy, constitutionalism, westernization, nationstates