Green-structure-and-urban-planning

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Green structure and urban planning — Final report

European cooperation in the field of scientific and technical research

Urban civil engineering

Green structure and urban planning

Final report

EUR 21731

ISBN 92-898-0014-3

COST Action C11

COST is supported by the EU framework programme for research and technological development.

EC

The European Science Foundation provides and manages the scientific and technical secretariat for COST.

QS-NA-21731-EN-C

COST — the acronym for European cooperation in the field of scientific and technical research — is the oldest and widest European intergovernmental network for cooperation in research. Established by a ministerial conference in November 1971, COST is currently used by the scientific communities of 35 European countries to cooperate in common research projects supported by national funds. The funds provided by COST — less than 1 % of the total value of the projects — support the COST cooperation networks (COST actions), through which, with only around EUR 20 million per year, more than 30 000 European scientists are involved in research having a total value which exceeds EUR 2 billion per year. This is the financial worth of the European added value which COST achieves. A ‘bottom up’ approach (the initiative of launching a COST action comes from the European scientists themselves), ‘à la carte participation’ (only countries interested in the action participate), ‘equality of access’ (participation is open also to the scientific communities of countries not belonging to the European Union) and ‘flexible structure’ (easy implementation and light management of the research initiatives) are the main characteristics of COST. As a precursor of advanced multidisciplinary research, COST has a very important role for the realisation of the European research area (ERA), anticipating and complementing the activities of the framework programmes, constituting a ‘bridge’ towards the scientific communities of emerging countries, increasing the mobility of researchers across Europe and fostering the establishment of ‘networks of excellence’ in many key scientific domains, such as physics, chemistry, telecommunications and information science, nanotechnologies, meteorology, environment, medicine and health, forests, agriculture and social sciences. It covers basic and more applied research and also addresses issues of a pre-normative nature or of societal importance.

COST Action C11

EUR 21731 9 789289 800143

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Contact: Mr Jan Spousta (Science Officer) COST Transport and COST Urban Civil Engineering ESF COST Office, Avenue Louise 149, B-1050 Brussels Tel. (32-2) 53-33832; fax (32-2) 53-33890 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://cost.cordis.lu

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41CG61_Pages_lim

02-08-2005

07:44

Pagina 1

COST Action C11

Green structure and urban planning Final report

41CG61_Pages_lim

02-08-2005

07:44

Pagina 2

COST European cooperation in the field of scientific and technical research

COST Action C11

Green structure and urban planning Final report Edited by

Ann Caroll Werquin, Bernard Duhem, Gunilla Lindholm, Bettina Oppermann, Stephan Pauleit, Sybrand Tjallingii Authors:

K. Attwell, A. Beer, J. Bendl, K. Bjornberg, M. Buizer, J. M. Chapa, C. Costanzi, B. Duhem, U. Ellefsen, E. Erhart, M. Eronen, P. Grahn, G. Grundt, S. Guldager, J. M. Halleux, P. Hanocq, I. Hanouskova, C. Harrison, K. Jorgensen, E. Kaliszuk, T. Kucera, K. Lapintie, G. Lindholm, O. Maijala, B. Malbert, L. Martincigh, M. Meriggi, S. Nyhuus, B. Oppermann, S. Pauleit, U. Reeh, G. Scudo, S. Schöbel, A. Ståhle, R. Stiles, B. Szulczewska, S. Tjallingii, I. Vähä-Piikkiö, A. Van Herzele, M. Vesely, K. Wagner, A. C. Werquin, K. Zaleckis

2005

EUR 21731 EN

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not directly available, but this was assumed to be not less than the amount used in public areas. Thus, the minimum quantity of nutrients and organic matter from organic waste products that can be applied in the urban green structure amount to 8 tonnes of N, 1.6 tonnes of P and 40 tonnes of sphagnum. In order to estimate the maximum amount of organic waste products that can be applied within the urban green structure having regard to environmental protection, the limits stipulated by the Danish Ministry of the Environment (1996, 1998) were used. These limits are: 170 kg N ha-1, 30 kg P ha-1 and 15 tonnes of dry organic matter ha-1. With 2,750 ha. of urban green structure available, the following quantities can be applied in Herning: 2750*170 kg N, 2750*30 kg P, and 2750*15 tonnes dry organic matter. Information on the actual amounts of different fractions of organic waste produced in the Municipality, the present treatment methods and the end use of products was gathered, and illustrated in a single waste flowchart. The figure shows that the Municipality of Herning uses most of its organic waste to produce energy, so the motivation for using the local urban green structure in the handling of organic waste is small. However, to complete the assessment of the potential for using organic waste, the amounts of N, P and dry matter contained in the urban fractions of organic waste, which was produced annually by the Municipality, were calculated. Approximately 166 tonnes of N, 82 tonnes of P, and 8,459 tonnes dry matter in total are contained in these fractions. Compared to the minimum estimate, the potential for the urban green structure to contribute to the handling of organic waste in non-agricultural fractions by replacing purchased fertiliser and sphagnum is small. It amounts to 5% of N, 2% of P, and 0.2% of sphagnum/organic matter. Compared to the maximum estimate, the available area in the urban green structure just suffices in terms of legal application of organic waste products. In conclusion, the ongoing consumption of manufactured fertiliser and sphagnum in parks and gardens was unnecessary and could be replaced by compost based on garden and park waste. Climate and Air The prevailing westerly wind brings fresh air from the North Sea into the region. Accordingly, protection by windbreaks has been necessary to support agricultural production. Over the years, a network of pine and fir hedgerows has been created. The hedgerows today virtually belong to the perception of the traditional landscape in the region. Within the last few decades, however, these traditional hedgerows have been replaced by deciduous trees and shrubs planted in three, five or seven rows. Since agriculture on poor soils is no longer profitable, some of these areas have been changed again to meadows or have been forested. The Danish Government and the EU give financial support for these changes as part of a general nature protection and forestation policy.

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3 How are the character and functions of green structure considered in land use/landscape planning? How are the character and functions being managed to meet ecological and environmental goals? Formal planning instruments - Danish planning regulations The Danish planning system was changed radically in the 1970s with a new Planning Act. According to the Planning Act three comprehensive planning levels were introduced in local authorities, based on the principle of framework control. Local authorities have to formulate plans for the total geographical expanse of the particular local authority, including the countryside. Following an amendment to the Planning Act in 2000, an Agenda 21 strategy on environmental issues is now a compulsory part of municipal planning. Green areas are highlighted in the Planning Act as one possible category of land use within towns and cities. Green structures connecting urban and rural areas are also brought into focus. In the overall structure plan in Herning, green areas and green structures are integrated. A Green Plan presented by the Parks Department underlines traditional cultural and recreational values, but does not specifically take the ecological potential of green structure into consideration. But the Danish Nature Protection Act also places emphasis on planning activities and an Action Plan on the Protection of the Environment has to be prepared by local authorities. In Herning, such a plan was first presented in 1993 and has since been evaluated and revised several times. Topics in the plan for the period 2001-2006 include: health, noise, air pollution, and the protection of water and soil resources, etc. Tools to support the plan include identifying indicators (birds and fresh water conditions) and subjects of high priority (energy saving in industrial production and transport planning to reduce vehicle movements). Informal strategies The actual handling of urban landscapes and potential for green structures is defined by economic possibilities and by the experience and skill of the local authority’s specialist staff, where dialogue with citizens also plays an important role. In the last decade or so, economy and efficiency related to quality in the management of green areas have been a big issue in park departments all over Denmark. Management systems have been developed to help all actors within the profession to communicate and find a common understanding. The Parks Department in Herning has defined quality criteria expressing different aims in the management of parks and green areas. In relation to environmental goals, the use of pesticides has ceased and alternative methods have been introduced with success. Different standards are also accepted in the maintenance of the green elements. For example, different levels in the maintenance of lawns allow biodiversity to be enhanced according to their natural potential. From 2003 onwards, the Parks Department is hosting an innovative project, called Holistic Park Management, which is supported by the National Agency for Enterprise

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and Housing, under the Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs. The project brings the users of the parks into focus and relates user needs to financial issues and priorities, and to the organisation of green areas and nature. 4

Summary and perspectives

The experience of Herning shows that records on biological and environmental matters are found in different departments within the local authority. This implies that data on parks is held in the Parks Department; that data on green issues as an integrated part of the urban environment is kept in the Town Planning Department; and that data on flora and fauna is found in the Environment Department. Systematic information is not currently collated by the local authority itself, but information on certain subjects of interest, such as birds and botany, is gathered in co-operation with private organisations. This procedure creates problems for the adoption of a holistic approach in relation to sustainable planning and management. This seems to be the case not only in Herning, but generally in Danish municipalities. The research study in Herning clearly demonstrated that tools to make information available and support interdisciplinary solutions are needed urgently and that the planning process must take care to co-ordinate local plans with the overall goals in planning and management. In co-operation with the administrators in the Municipality of Herning, it became clear that the green structure does possess the potential for contributing to a more sustainable management of biodiversity in particular, and urban runoff, and to some extent organic waste too. However, lack of adequate information and appropriate methodologies are barriers to the planning process, as well as in the realisation of goals in design and management. The Municipality of Herning took an early interest in sustainability and formulated goals in local planning demanding sustainable solutions from designers and developers. Much valuable experience was gained and new knowledge was gathered, which have influenced the next steps and have clearly identified the need for new tools and methodologies. References : Jensen, M. B., Persson, B., Guldager, S., Reeh , U., Nilsson, K., 2000. Green structure and sustainability – developing a tool for local planning. Landscape and Urban Planning 52, 2000, p. 117 – 133. Persson, B., Guldager, S., Reeh, U. Jensen, M. B., 1999. Økologiske muligheder i byens grønne struktur – et tværfagligt samarbejde om biodiversitet, organisk affald og regnvand i Herning Kommune. Park- og Landskabsserien nr. 26, 1999. Ministry of Environment: The Danish Planning Act (763 – 11/9 2002). Municipality of Herning: Green plan for Herning and Environment 1996.

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COST Office COST domain: Urban civil engineering EUR 21731 — COST Action C11 — Green structure and urban planning Final report Edited by Ann Caroll Werquin, Bernard Duhem, Gunilla Lindholm, Bettina Oppermann, Stephan Pauleit, Sybrand Tjallingii Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 2005 — 438 pp. — 17.6 ҂ 25 cm ISBN 92-898-0014-3

The COST Action C11, ‘Green structure and urban planning’, was launched at the beginning of 2000. Fifteen countries were involved in this action and about 40 delegates and experts participated. COST Action C11 belongs to the ‘Urban civil engineering’ domain of the COST programme. The main objective of this action was to address researchers, planners and practitioners about the multitude of roles played by the city’s green structure. Green structure links town and country. In a spatial perspective, green structure is more than the sum of green spaces. Speaking of green structure implies drawing attention to the spatial network that links open spaces, public and private gardens, public parks, sports fields, allotment gardens and recreational grounds within the city to the networks of woodlands and river floodplains in the surrounding countryside. Thus, green structure highlights the role of greenways for walkers and cyclists and stresses the importance of ecological corridors for wildlife. Green structure links the past to the future. From a time perspective, green structure expresses a long history and a long-term planning policy to make the spatial structure of green spaces a basis for sustainable urban development. Green structure concerns, existence and strategies to maintain, create or improve — differ to a large extent from one country to the next, and sometimes between two cities in the same country, which is why so useful for comparison elements to be gathered through field visits. In order to progress in its work, COST Action C11 was organised in three working groups: one on the ecological approach of green structure, the second on the ‘human issues’; and a third dealing with the policy aspects. The final seminar was open to ‘key-note speakers’ who could add their own contribution to this report and, to conclude, a kind of synthesis stresses some questions still worthy of reflection. For more information on COST Action C 11 : http://www.map211td.com/COSTC11/C11.htm