last update: April 12, 2007
HST 362 (Spring 2007): SEX & SOCIETY IN THE MIDDLE AGES
POSSIBLE PRIMARY SOURCES FOR RESEARCH PAPERS As we discussed at the beginning of the semester, primary sources offer the most immediate access we can have to the medieval past. For your research papers, you will be REQUIRED to identify at least one primary source on which you will base your analysis. A primary source is any document (in any medium: a written text, an image, a building, an artefact) that was composed/created/built in the historical period we are discussing, in this case, Europe between the 4th and 15th centuries. Our biggest challenge is locating published translations (or, in the case of physical materials, reproductions) of these materials that make them accessible to us here in Englishspeaking modern America. What follows is a list of textual primary sources that students in years past have used for their research projects as well as other sources of relevance to this course. I’ve also included a list of anthologies of primary sources; these sometimes have whole texts (say, depositions from trials), sometimes just excerpts. In the latter case, you can often use the citation given to find the complete text published elsewhere. This is by no means an exhaustive list. The best way to locate additional sources is to read through books or articles that have been published on the topic that interests you. (See note at the end about how to locate these.) Check their footnotes or bibliographies for citations to primary sources they have used. NOTE ON CITATION PROTOCOLS: Some primary sources are embedded as appendices in secondary sources (books or articles that modern historians have written about the Middle Ages). Naturally, all primary sources that you use in your papers must be identified by proper bibliographic citations, so make sure you identify not simply the original author and title of the text, but also the modern translator and editor as well as the book and/or article in which the translation appears.
Development of the Christian Theology of Marriage Judith Evans Grubbs, ed., Women and the Law in the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook on Marriage, Divorce and Widowhood (New York: Routledge, 2002). Focuses on the Imperial period, when Christianity was first developing. Demetrios G. Tsamis, “The Life of St. Ilaria” [translation of a traditional account of St. Ilaria from “Meterikon,” Volume 4, Edition of the Sacred Monastery of Panagia of Evros (Alexandroupolis, 1993); the story recounts that Saint Ilaria, the daughter of King Zeno, escaped to Egypt to live as a male ascetic in the desert; her sister, possessed by a demon, was brought to Egypt for healing; Ilaria healed her and was forced to reveal her identity to her father; he rejoiced and regretfully allowed her to return to her life in the desert as the eunuch Ilarion]. In: Greek Orthodox Theological Review 42, 3 4 (FallWinter 1997): 381 394.
HST 362 Primary Sources
Page 2
Jerome, Against Jovinianus, Book I, available online at ; go to “External Links” on our Blackboard to access. Elizabeth A. Clark, ed. & trans., St. Augustine on Marriage and Sexuality (Washington, D.C. : Catholic University of America Press, 1996). Includes very useful commentary and long excerpts from Augustine’s major writings on marriage. John T. McNeill and Helena M. Gamer, transs., Medieval Handbooks of Penance: A Translation of the Principal "Libri poenitentiales" and Selections from Related Documents (New York : Columbia University Press, 1990). Note that in some cases these translations are expurgated, the sins that the translators themselves deemed outrageous (like lesbian activities) having been omitted. E. C. Whitaker and Maxwell E. Johnson, eds., Documents of the Baptismal Liturgy, 3rd ed., rev. and expanded (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 2003). Sources describing how practices of baptism developed over the centuries. Could be used to study how notions of family and kinship develop out of this ceremony.
Marriage and Inheritance in the Feudal System I. Law Codes these are great places to look for prescriptive statements on marriage law, and attitudes towards rape, abduction, etc. Katherine Fischer Drew, trans., The Burgundian Code: Book of Constitutions or Law of Gundobad, Additional enactments (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972). One of the earliest written law codes in France. Katherine Fischer Drew, trans., The Laws of the Salian Franks (Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991). The Visigothic Code (Forum iudicum), trans. S.P. Scott, available online at THE LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE, http://libro.uca.edu/vcode/visigoths.htm. Book III has extensive laws concerning marriage, rape, etc. Book IV has interesting sections on lineage and inheritance. Las Siete Partidas (“The SevenPart Law Code”) is a monument in the history of Spanish law. Compiled at the order of Alfonso X the Learned of Castile in the 13thcentury, it would dominate not simply Spanish law but that of the New World as well. IN: Las Siete Partidas, trans. Samuel Parsons Scott; ed. Robert I. Burns, S.J. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000). Anthony Melnikas, ed., The Corpus of the Miniatures in the Manuscripts of ‘Decretum Gratiani’ = Corpus picturarum minutarum quae in codicibus manu scriptis iuris continentur (Bologna: Universitatis Studiorum Bononiensis ; Columbus, Ohio : distributed by Index of Juridical and Civic Iconography, 1975). This would make an interesting project: examining the images that accompanied the sections of Gratian’s textbook on canon law on marriage.
II. Documents of Practice and Narrative Sources
HST 362 Primary Sources
Page 3
Feudal Documents concerns over marriage, inheritance, and the legitimacy of heirs were crucial to the kinbased system of feudalism. Many of the texts collected here give evidence of these concerns and in particular give evidence of the roles women played in feudal society. In: Theodore Evergates, ed., Feudal Society in Medieval France: Documents from the County of Champagne (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993). Lambert of Ardres, The History of the Counts of Guines and Lords of Ardres, trans. with an introduction by Leah Shopkow (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000). These are the same Counts of Guines that Duby discussed in his book. Widows, Heirs, and Heiresses in the Late Twelfth Century: The ‘Rotuli de Dominabus et Pueris et Puellis’, ed. and trans. John Walmsley, Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 308 (Tempe, AZ: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2006). After the Norman conquest of England, there was concern to get as much information as possible about the landholdings of the native English noble class. That led first to the compilation of the Domesday Books in the late 11th century. This text dates from 1185 and provides a survey of all widows and male and female minor heirs to various lands throughout England.
Sex inside and outside of Marriage Testimony of Beatrix de Planissoles these inquisition records from a trial of Cathar heretics in southern France in the early 14th century give amazing testimony to casual sexual relations of women and men (including priests!) in a small town in the French Pyrenees. In: Patrick J. Geary, Readings in Medieval History (Lewiston, NY: Broadview Press, 1989), pp. 540558. For more testimony from these trials of the Cathars (including more testimony from Beatrix de Planissoles), see http://www2.sjsu.edu/depts/english/Fournier/jfournhm.htm alGhazzali (10581111). Marriage and Sexuality in Islam: A Translation of alGhazali’s Book on the Etiquette of Marriage from the Ihya’, trans. Madelain Farah (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1984).
Family Life Dhuoda, Handbook for William: A Carolingian Woman’s Counsel for Her Son, trans. Carol Neel (Washington: Catholic University Press, 1999). Amnon Linder, ed. and trans., The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages (Detroit : Wayne State University Press; Jerusalem : Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1997). Judah ben Samuel (also known as Yehudah HeChasid, ca. 11501217), Sefer Chasidim: The book of the Pious, condensed, translated, and annotated by Avraham Yaakov Finkel (Northvale, N.J. : Jason Aronson, 1997). The Sefer Hasidim is a moral compilation written during the early thirteenth century by three members of the group known as Hasidei Ashkenaz or the German pietists. The authors were R. Samuel, R. Judah b. Samuel and his student R. Eleazar b. Judah of Worms. There is much rich material in here about the family and gender relations in medieval Jewish society.
HST 362 Primary Sources
Page 4
Judith R. Baskin, trans., “Dolce of Worms: The Lives and Deaths of an Exemplary Medieval Jewish Woman and Her Daughters,” in Lawrence Fine, ed., Judaism in Practice: From the Middle Ages through the Early Modern Period (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), pp. 42937. Dolce of Worms, a 12thcentury woman murdered by intruders into her home along with her two daughters, was memorialized by her husband, Eleazar of Worms. This account of her life shows how she supported the household financially by serving as moneylender to Christians. “Donna Sarah’s Plea to her Husband to Return to His Family,” in Franz Kobler, ed., A Treasury of Jewish Letters: Letters from the Famous and the Humble, 2 volumes (New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Young, 1953), pp. 23334. A letter from a 13thcentury Jewish woman describing the hardships she and her children are facing because of her husband’s desertion. The Goodman of Paris = Le ménagier de Paris. A Treatise on Moral and Domestic Economy by a Citizen of Paris (c. 1393), introd. and trans. Eileen Power (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1928). Excerpts are also available in: A Medieval Home Companion: Housekeeping in the Fourteenth Century, ed. and trans. Tania Bayard (New York, NY : HarperPerennial, 1992). John Edwards, ed. and trans., The Jews in Western Europe, 14001600 (Manchester ; New York : Manchester University Press, 1994). Translation of documents originally written in Latin, Hebrew, French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian. Barbara Ross, ed. and trans. Accounts of the Stewards of the Talbot Household at Blakemere, 13921425, Shropshire Record Series vol. 7 (Keele: Centre for Local History, University of Keele, 2003). An excellent resource for understanding how a medieval household actually functioned, from the provisioning of food and medicinal supplies to spending on alms, funerals, etc. Two Memoirs of Renaissance Florence: The Diaries of Buonaccorso Pitti and Gregorio Dati, trans. Julia Martines, ed. Gene Brucker (New York: Harper & Row, 1967). These are two sets of ricordanze, a peculiarly northern Italian genre of personal diary cum family history cum business records. Florentine Catasto: “Catasto of Florence,” ed. Patrick Geary, Readings in Medieval History, 3rd ed (Peterborough, Ont.: Westview Press, 2003). These are excerpts from the Florentine Catasto, the great tax census of Florence of 1427, on which a great deal of our demographic knowledge of the late Middle Ages has been built. Christine de Pizan, The Book of the Three Virtues an allegory directed to women of all social classes, telling them how they should conduct themselves properly, primarily by submitting to the authority of their husbands and putting their faith in a better life in the next world. Sarah Lawson, trans., The Treasure of the City of Ladies, or The Book of the Three Virtues, Rev. ed. (London: Penguin, 2003). The Letters of the Paston Women: A Selected Translation. Translated from the Middle English with Introduction, Notes, and Interpretive Essay, trans. Diane Watt (Woodbridge, Suffolk, and Rochester, New York: Boydell & Brewer, 2004) OR Norman Davis, ed. and trans., The Paston Letters: A Selection in Modern Spelling (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). Margery Kempe’s Book, trans. Liz Herbert McAvoy (Woodbridge, Suffolk, and Rochester, New York: Boydell and Brewer, 2004).
HST 362 Primary Sources
Page 5
The Letters of the Rozmberk Sisters: Noblewomen in FifteenthCentury Bohemia, trans. John M. Klassen with Eva Doležalovà and Lynn Szabo (Woodbridge, Suffolk, and Rochester, New York: Boydell & Brewer, 2001). Alessandra Macinghi Strozzi (14071471), Selected Letters of Alessandra Strozzi, translated with an introduction and notes by Heather Gregory (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997). The letters of a 15thcentury Florentine noblewoman. The Distaff Gospels: A First Modern English Edition of ‘Les évangiles des quenouilles’, Broadview Editions (Orchard Park, NY: Broadview Press, 2006). An anonymous 15thcentury collection of more than 250 popular beliefs. Told as a series of conversations between country women on long winter evenings. Each night, an old woman presents her “gospels” to the others, telling what life has taught her. Another woman then provides a commentary to her story.
Gender Roles Women’s Work and Men’s Work General note: there’s lots of material on medieval economic history. The materials I’ve included here focus specifically on documents that articulate why or how certain kinds of work are “gendered” they way they are, or because they allow comparative analyses between “men’s work” and “women’s work.” Etienne Boileau (f. 12611270), Livres des métiers, section on the silk guild in Paris, translation in Emilie Amt, ed., Women’s Lives in Medieval Europe: A Sourcebook (New York: Routledge, 1993), pp. 19499.
Anonymous, “Guild Regulations of the Shearers of Arras (1236),” in Roy C. Cave and Herbert H. Coulson, transs., A Source Book for Medieval Economic History (New York: Bruce Publishing, 1936), pp. 25052.
Ranks of Society In addition to de Pizan’s Book of the Three Virtues (see above), another text that examines women across the social orders is a late 15thcentury text, the Dance Macabre of Women. Death comes to take women from every order of society and presents women of dissolute life with an image of their damnation. Especially important for the images of each kind of woman, all of which are reproduced in Harrison’s edition. Ann Tukey Harrison, ed., The ‘Danse Macabre of Women’: Ms. fr. 995 of the Bibliothèque nationale, with a chapter by Sandra L. Hindman (Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press, 1994). Anonymous, Encomium Emmae Reginae, ed. and trans. Alistair Campbell, Camden Classic Reprints, vol. 4 (London: Cambridge Unversity Press, 1998). Regarding the life of Empress Emma. Nicolosa Sanuti, “Nicolosa Sanuti’s Defense of Women and their Clothes,” in Catherine Kovesi Killerby, “‘Heralds of a wellinstructed mind’: Nicolosa Sanuti’s Defence of Women and Their Clothes”, Renaissance Studies 13, no. 3 (1999): 255283. This article is an analysis (including translation) of the 1453 treatise written by the Bolognese noblewoman, Nicolosa Sanuti, demanding the repeal of Cardinal Giovanni Bessarion’s sumptuary law that persons who wear clothes beyond those approved for their social rank be excommunicated.
HST 362 Primary Sources
Page 6
Marital Celibacy Letters of Abelard and Heloise one of the most famous sets of correspondence of all time, these letters exchanged between the theologian/monk Abelard and his former lover/now abbess Heloise offer frank testimony to love and sexual desire. In: Betty Radice, trans., The Letters of Abelard and Heloise (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974). See also Constant Mews, The Lost Love Letters of Abelard and Heloise: Perceptions of Dialogue in TwelfthCentury France (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999), which provides translations of excerpts from Abelard and Heloise’s earlier correspondence.
Chivalry and Male Codes of Honor Note: I include under this heading a few chronicles of the Crusades. There are many more than what’s listed here, and almost all will be rich sources for constructing notions of masculinity (and sometimes, femininity) in the Middle Ages. Geoffroi de Charny, The Book of Chivalry of Geoffroi de Charny: Text, Context, and Translation, ed. Richard W. Kaeuper, trans. Elspeth Kennedy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996). Anonymous, “The Tract about the Places and Condition of the Holy Land,” trans. G. A. Loud, Leeds Medieval History Texts in Translation Website, University of Leeds, 2004available online at . Written between 1168 and 1176, this includes a kind of anthropological overview of the Middle East, such as the following statement: “The first of these [the peoples you will find there] are the Jews, obstinate men, weaker than women and everywhere slaves, suffering a flux of the blood every month.” Anonymous, “The Conquest of the Holy Land by Saladin” [and other texts], trans. G. A. Loud, Leeds Medieval History Texts in Translation Website, University of Leeds, 2004, available online at . Ibn AlAthir, “Account of the First Crusade,” in E. J. Costello, trans., Arab Historians of the Crusades (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969). Usamah ibnMunqidh, An ArabSyrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah ibnMunqidh, trans. Philip Hitti and Richard Bulliet, Records of Western Civilization (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).
Homosexuality Bassem Nathan, “Medieval Arabic Medical Views on Male Homosexuality,” Journal of Homosexuality 26, no. 4 (1994), 3739. Includes a translation of Avicenna’s (d. 1037) chapter on passive male homosexuality (ûbnah) from his Canon of Medicine. Peter Damian, Book of Gomorrah a diatribe written against clerical homosexuality in the mid11th century. In: Peter Damian, Book of Gomorrah: An Eleventh Century Treatise Against Clerical Homosexual Practices, translated with an introduction and notes by Pierre J. Payer (Waterloo, Ont., Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1982).
HST 362 Primary Sources
Page 7
John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980). In his Appendix, Boswell includes documents on homosexuality, 4th13th centuries. “The Trial of Arnold of Verniolle for Heresy and Sodomy” records of a trial held in 132324 in Pamiers (southern France) of a subdeacon accused of pretending to be a priest and of committing sodomy. In: Michael Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice: Homosexuality in the Later Medieval Period (Santa Barbara, CA: ABCClio, 1979), pp. 89123. The same text is also available in Goodich’s collection of primary sources, Other Middle Ages: Witnesses at the Margins of Medieval Society (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), pp. 11743. “Trial of John Rykener” we read this for class; it describes the case of a male prostitute arrested in London in 1394. For a fuller analysis of the text, see David Lorenzo Boyd & Ruth Mazo Karras, “The Interrogation of a Male Transvestite Prostitute in FouteenthCentury London,” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 1 (1994), 45965. “The Trial of Katherina Hetzeldorfer” brief record of a trial held in Speyer (Germany) in 1477 of a woman accused of dressing as a man and having sexual relations with other women. In: Helmut Puff, “Female Sodomy: The Trial of Katherina Hetzeldorfer (1477),” Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 30 (2000), 4161, at pp. 6061.
Sexuality in General: Here are some essay collections that give general overviews and suggestions for finding other sources. Vern L. Bullough & James A. Brundage, eds., Handbook of Medieval Sexuality (New York: Garland, 1996) Joyce E. Salisbury, Medieval Sexuality: A Research Guide (New York: Garland, 1990). This has selections of both primary and secondary sources. Karma Lochrie et al., eds., Constructing Medieval Sexuality (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997). Essays by historians and literary and art historical scholars. Carol Pasternack and Lisa M.C. Weston, Sex and Sexuality in AngloSaxon England: Essays in Memory of Daniel Gillmore Calder (Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University, 2005). A collection of literary essays.
Prostitution “Trial of John Rykener” (see under “Homosexuality” above) See the appendices to these following general studies: Leah Lydia Otis, Prostitution in Medieval Society: The History of an Urban Institution in Languedoc (Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1985).
HST 362 Primary Sources
Page 8
Jacques Rossiaud, Medieval Prostitution, trans. Lydia G. Cochrane (New York, NY: Blackwell, 1988). Also, there are a lot of sizable quotations (all in the original Castilian Spanish) in the following essay: Ekene Lacarra Lanz, “Legal and Clandestine Prostitution in Medieval Spain,” Bulletin of Hispanic Studies (Liverpool) 79, no. 3 (2002), pp. 26585. “Richeut,” an Old French literary text about a prostitute. There is a brief discussion and English translation by Gabriel Haddad in Comitatus 22 (1991): 129. “Regulations of the Southwark Stews” a detailed series of regulations by the archbishop of Winchester. This appears as an appendix to Ruth Mazo Karras, “The Regulation of Brothels in Later Medieval England,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 14 (1989), 399433; reprinted in Sisters and Workers in the Middle Ages, ed. J. Bennett, E. Clark, J. O’Barr, B. Vilen, and S. WestphalWihl (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), pp. 100134. “Confessions of a Muslim Prostitute (1491)” a case from Valencia (Spain) that tells a lot about violence as a major factor in the “making” of a prostitute. In: Olivia Remie Constable, ed., Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997), pp. 34042. A variety of documents (mostly legal records) related to prostitution in and around York, England, can be found on pp. 21022 of the Jeremy Goldberg collection (see General Anthologies below).
Medicine and Natural Philosophy (Science) Constantine the African, On Sexual Intercourse this is a treatise focused on male sexuality that Constantine the African, a monk at Monte Cassino, translated from Arabic in the late 11th century. In: Paul Delany, “Constantinus Africanus’ De coitu,” Chaucer Review 4:1, (1969), 5565. Note: if you can read Latin or Spanish, there is also a more recent edition of the Latin text, with complete Spanish translation, in Enrique Montero Cartelle, ed., Constantini Liber de coitu: El tratado de andrologia de Constantino el Africano. Estudio y edicion critica, Monografias de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 77 (Santiago de Compostela: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 1983). The Trotula a compendium of three texts on women’s medicine and cosmetics written in 12thcentury Salerno. In: Monica H. Green, ed. & trans., The ‘Trotula’: A Medieval Compendium of Women’s Medicine (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001), which has both the Latin text and an English translation; if you only need the English, you can use the paperback edition, The ‘Trotula’: An English Translation of the Medieval Compendium of Women’s Medicine (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002). Salernitan Anatomical Treatises: several texts on anatomy were composed in the famous medical center of Salerno in the 12th century. All of them have sections on the anatomy of the reproductive organs. They can be found in translation in George Washington Corner, Anatomical Texts of the Earlier Middle Ages: A Study in the Transmission of Culture, repr. (New York: AMS Press, [1977]). Hildegard of Bingen, Cause et cure (“Causes and Cures”) a treatise on nature and medicine, written by a 12thcentury Benedictine nun, with quite distinctive views on male and female nature. In: On Natural
HST 362 Primary Sources
Page 9
Philosophy and Medicine: Selections from ‘Cause et cure’, trans. Margret Berger (Rochester, NY: D.S. Brewer, 1999). If you can read Latin, a new critical edition (much improved over the text Berger used) is now available in Laurence Moulinier, ed., Beate Hildegardis Cause et cure, Rarissima mediaevalia, 1 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2003). Jewish Gynecological Treatises: a wonderful collection of medieval Hebrew and JudeoArabic texts on gynecology and generation are now available in translation: Ron Barkaï, A History of Jewish Gynaecological Texts in the Middle Ages (Leiden: Brill, 1998). These include: “The Treatise on Generation, Called the Secret of Conception” 14thcent. Hebrew tract on diagnosis and treatment of sterility in male and female. Barkaï, pp. 21222 “On Difficulties of Birth” chapter on difficult birth apparently extracted from a Hebrew medical compendium; accompanied by the 16 fetusinutero figures. Barkaï, pp. 11519. “Dinah’s Book on All That Concerns the Womb and Its Sicknesses” translation into JudeoArabic (Arabic written in Hebrew characters) of gynecological recipes. Barkaï, pp. 9710. “The Book on the Womb by Galen, which is called Gynaecias” Hebrew translation of a late antique Latin gynecological text, probably made between 1197 and 1199 in southern France. Barkaï, pp. 145 180. “Hippocrates’ Book on Pregnancy and the Womb”) a Hebrew translation (from the Arabic) of the Hippocratic On Superfetation (a treatise on how one child can be conceived when another pregnancy is already in progress). Barkaï, pp. 5355. “A Record of the Diseases Occurring in the Genital Members”) Hebrew text in 2 parts, one on diseases of male organs, one on female; probably written in Christian Spain in the 12th cent. or 13th cent. Barkaï, pp. 10944. The Secrets of Women a late 13thcentury treatise on processes of generation and sexuality, very misogynistic in tone. In: Helen Lemay, ed. & trans., Women’s Secrets: A Translation of Pseudo Albertus Magnus’s ‘De secretis mulierum’ with Commentaries (Albany: State University of New York, Press, 1992). We read this in class. For more background on Christine de Pizan’s views on the text, see Monica H. Green, “‘Traittié tout de mençonges’: The Secrés des dames, ‘Trotula,’ and Attitudes Towards Women’s Medicine in Fourteenth and Early FifteenthCentury France,” in Marilynn Desmond, ed., Christine de Pizan and the Categories of Difference (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998), pp. 14678, repr. in Green, Women’s Healthcare in the Medieval West: Texts and Contexts (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000). The Mirror of Coitus a 15thcentury Catalan treatise on sexual intercourse. In: Michael Solomon, trans., Mirror of Coitus: A Translation and Edition of the FifteenthCentury ‘Speculum al foderi’ (Madison, WI: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1990). “Public Record of the Labour of Isabel de la Cavalleria. January 10, 1490, Zaragoza,” Montserrat Cabré, trans., The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies . We read this in class.
HST 362 Primary Sources
Page 10
“Trial of Jacoba Felicie” excerpts from the trial of woman who was tried for illegal medical practice in Paris in 1322; part of her defence is her argument that she, as a woman, is better qualified to treat female patients. Partial translation in: James Bruce Ross and Mary M. McLaughlin, eds., The Portable Medieval Reader (New York: Viking, 1959), 63540.
Transvestism and Challenges to Gender Roles “The Life of St. Mary/Marinos,” available online at http://www.doaks.org/HolyWomen/talbch1.pdf. The story of an early Byzantine woman who cut her hair, took on men’s clothing, and followed her father into a monastery. Accused of fathering a child, instead of contesting the charge she accepted punishment for her “crime” and raised the child in the monastery with her. Christine de Pizan, “The Tale of Joan of Arc” the only contemporary writing about Joan by a woman, this short poem celebrates Joan as an emblem of all that is good about women. In: R. Blumenfeld Kosinki & K. Brownlee, The Selected Writings of Christine de Pizan (New York: Norton, 1997), pp. 25262. The trial records of Joan of Arc are a neverending source of fascination. An excellent recent interpretation of them is Karen Sullivan, The Interrogation of Joan of Arc (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999). For the records themselves, see: Régine Pernoud, Joan of Arc by Herself and Her Witnesses (Lanham, MD: Scarborough House, 1994). W P Barrett, trans., The Trial of Jeanne d’Arc: A Complete Translation of the Text of the Original Documents (London: G. Routledge, 1931). Available online on the Internet Medieval Sourcebook, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/joanofarctrial.html Daniel Hobbins, trans., The Trial of Joan of Arc (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005). Craig Taylor, ed. & trans., Joan of Arc: La Pucelle, Manchester Medieval Sources (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2006). From the publisher’s blurb: “Following a detailed and enlightening introduction by the author, the book adopts a chronological approach, starting with Joan’s childhood and her rise to prominence, her rise as a military leader, the trials which resulted in her death, and finally a section on the debate over Joan, looking at how she was remembered and recorded by her contemporaries after her death.” Primary Sources and Context Concerning Joan of Arc's Male Clothing. Joan of Arc: Primary Sources Series. Historical Academy (Association) for Joan of Arc Studies, 2006. http://primarysourcesseries.joanofarcstudies.org/PSS021806.pdf A useful collection of excerpts from Joan’s rehabilitation trial (in the 1450s, 20 years after her condemnation) of recollections about her crossdressing. Also includes a collection of opinions of 15thcentury theologians on the issue of crossdressing. “Joan of Arc: Primary Sources Series http://primarysourcesseries.joanofarcstudies.org/ Makes available a great collection of “contextualizing” materials on Joan of Arc: information on what her soldiers were paid, English records concerning her trial, etc. These are all accompanied by useful annotation.
HST 362 Primary Sources
Page 11
For general background and leads to other primary sources on female crossdressing, see Valerie Hotchkiss, Clothes Make the Man: Female Crossdressing in Medieval Religion, Literature and History (New York: Garland, 1996) Michael Shank, “A Female University Student in Kraków,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 12, no. 2 (Winter 1987), 373379; reprinted in Judith Bennett et al., Sisters and Workers in the Middle Ages (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1989). This is of course the document we read in class.
Witchcraft Witchcraft is related to gender roles both in the ways it may have been associated with women in particular, and in questions about the way the devil used sexuality as a way to gain access to his “victims.” The peak period of witchcraft trials came long after the Middle Ages were over, but there are nevertheless some important developments in the theology of witchcraft in the 14th and 15th centuries. A particular concern was how to tell whether a woman who claimed to be inspired by God (a mystic) was in fact holy or was deluded by the devil; this was called “the discernment of spirits.” Richard de Ledrede, The Sorcery Trial of Alice Kyteler: A Contemporary Account (1324) Together with Related Documents in English Translation, ed. and trans. L.S. Davidson and J.O. Ward (Binghamton, N.Y.: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1993). Henricus Institoris and Jacobus Sprenger, Malleus Maleficarum, ed. and trans. Christopher S. Mackay (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006). This is “big mama” of all witchhunting manuals. Written by two Dominican preachers, it is full of evidence for how idea about witchcraft became feminized in the late Middle Ages. Be sure to use this translation and not the very problematic one published by Montague Summers in the 1920s and widely cited on the Internet. See also the Kors & Peters volume listed under the General Anthologies section below.
Nuns, Anchoresses, Beguines, Vowesses Mother Maria Caritas McCarthy, The Rule for Nuns of St. Caesarius of Arles: A Translation with a Critical Introduction (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1960) Monastic rules for women from the early Middle Ages can be found in: Jo Ann McNamara, The Ordeal of Community (Toronto: Peregrina, 1993). Saints’ lives of holy women (some of whom were “transvestite saints”) can be found in Sainted Women of the Dark Ages, ed. and trans. Jo Ann McNamara and John E. Halborg with E. Gordon Whatley (Durham [NC] : Duke University Press, 1992). Vera Morton, ed. and trans., Guidance for Women in 12thCentury Convents, Library of Medieval Women (Boydell & Brewer, 2003). A selection of letters to and biographies of enclosed women in England and northern France. The interpretive essay by Jocelyn WoganBrowne is especially helpful.
HST 362 Primary Sources
Page 12
Goscelin of St Bertin, The Book of Encouragement and Consolation [Liber Confortatorius], trans. Monika Otter (Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer, 2004). Written ca. 1083, the monk Goscelin’s book of instruction to his friend and protegée Eva provides examples of moral living and advice on meditative practices. Anonymous, Guide for Anchoresses, in Medieval English Prose for Women: Selections from the Katherine Group and ‘Ancrene Wisse’, ed. Bella Millett and Jocelyn WoganBrowne (Oxford: Clarendon, 1990). A 13thcentury guide composed in Middle English; this edition has selections in a facingpage format with the Middle English. The full text, in translation, can be found in Anchoritic Spirituality: Ancrene Wisse and Associated Works, translated and edited by Nicholas Watson and Anne Savage (New York: Paulist Press, 1991); and Ancrene Wisse: Guide for Anchoresses, translated with introduction by Hugh White (Harmondsworth, New York: Penguin Classics, 1994). Odo Rigaldus (or Eudes Rigaud), Archbishop of Rouen, d. 1275. The Register of Eudes of Rouen, trans. Sydney M. Brown; ed. with an introd., notes, and appendix by Jeremiah F. O'Sullivan (New York: Columbia University Press, 1964). In his role as archbishop, Eudes was responsible for travelling around to the monastic houses and parishes in his archdiocese and confirming that ecclesiastical dictates were being followed. This is an amazing document, with tales about how much was not going right in some of the nunneries and monasteris under his supervision. Charity ScottStokes, trans., Women’s Books of Hours in Medieval England (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer, 2006). This is a collection of texts that often appeared in women’s books of hours: small, often highly personalized prayer books that people used for personal devotion and meditation. These were the most widely owned books in later medieval Europe and they give us a glimpse of how women might have used religion as a focal point of their lives. The Life of Christina of Markyate: A Twelfth Century Recluse, ed. and trans. by C. H. Talbot (Toronto : Published by University of Toronto Press in association with the Medieval Academy of America, 1998). Brigitte Cazelles, ed., The Lady as Saint: A Collection of French Hagiographic Romances of the Thirteenth Century (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991). AliceMary Talbot, trans., Holy Women of Byzantium: Ten Saints’ Lives in English Translation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995). Includes lives of the following 10th through 13th century saints: St. Mary/Marinos, St. Matrona of Perge, St. Mary of Egypt, St. Theoktiste of Lesbos, St. Elisabeth the Wonderworker, St. Athanasia of Aegina, St. Theodora of Thessalonike, St. Mary the Younger, St. Thoma of Lesbos, and St. Theodora of Arta. The Gilte Legende: Middle English Womens’ Saints Lives, trans. Larissa Tracy (Woodbridge, Suffolk, and Rochester, New York: Boydell and Brewer, 2003). The Writings of Margaret of Oingt, Medieval Prioress and Mystic (d. 1310), trans. Renate Blumenfeld Kosinski (Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1997). Marguerite Porete: The Mirror of Simple Souls, trans. Ellen L. Babinsky (Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press, 1993).
HST 362 Primary Sources
Page 13
Philippine de Porcellet, The Life of Saint Douceline, a Beguine of Provence, trans., Kathleen E. Garay and Madeleine Jeay, Library of Medieval Women (Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK; Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer, 2001). Goswin of Bossut, Send Me God: The lives of Ida the Compassionate of Nivelles, nun of Le Ramee, Arnulf, lay brother of Villers, and Abundus, monk of Villers, trans. Martinus Cawley (Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2003). An early 13thcentury beguine. “Na Prous Bonnet (Boneta)” a summary of the trial record of a southern French beguine, Na Prous Boneta (ca. 12901325), who claimed to have had a personal encounter with Jesus. She was burned at the stake in 1325. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/naprous.html Ulrike Wiethaus, trans., Agnes Blannbekin, Viennese Beguine: Life and Revelations, Library of Medieval Women (Cambridge, Eng.: D.S. Brewer, 2002). Anonymous, The Life of Juliana of MontCornillon, trans. Barbara Newman, Peregrina Translations Series, no. 13 (Ontario: Peregrina Publishing Co., 1999). The life of a 13thcentury beguine from the Low Countries. Interrogations of two Waldensian (heretical) women, Agnes Francou and Huguette de la Cote: in Shulamith Shahar, Women in a Medieval Heretical Sect: Agnes and Huguette the Waldensians, trans. Yael Lotan (Rochester: Boydell, 2001) Sister Bartolomea Riccoboni, Life and Death in a Venetian Convent: The Chronicle and Necrology of Corpus Domini, 13951436, Edited and translated by Daniel Bornstein (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000). Bartolomea's own account of the history of her convent, together with individual biographies of nearly fifty women who lived in the convent between 1395 and 1436. Teresa de Cartagena, The Writings of Teresa de Cartagena, ed. Dayle SeidenspinnerNunez, Library of Medieval Women (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1998).
Monks, Priests, University Students Documents on universities (statutes, rules, etc.) and student life can be found in: Lynn Thorndike, University Records and Life in the Middle Ages (New York: Columbia University Press, 1944). Seybolt, Robert Francis, trans., The Manuale Scholarium: An Original Account of Life in the Mediaeval University (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1921). This is the source used by Ruth Karras for her study of the beanus and rituals of initiation. It’s got lots more info on student life in the 15th century. A Monk’s Confession: The Memoirs of Guibert of Nogent, trans., with an introduction by Paul J. Archambault (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996). See also the entry for Odo Rigaldus (or Eudes Rigaud) under “Nuns” above.
“Courtly Love” The list of translations of literary texts would be endless. Here are some more important ones:
HST 362 Primary Sources
Page 14
Songs of the Women Troubadours, ed. and trans. Matilda Tomaryn Bruckner, Laurie Shepard, Sarah White (New York: Garland, 1995). Andreas Capellanus, The Art of Courtly Love by Andreas Capellanus, intro. and trans. John Jay Parry (New York: F. Ungar [1964]). Fournival, Richard de. Master Richard’s Bestiary of Love and Response, trans. Jeanette Beer. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
Comparative Topics Although we have focused in this course primarily on the development of Christian marriage and ideas about sexuality, comparative topics on Jewish and Muslim traditions are entirely permissible for your research papers. In addition to the Encyclopedia Judaica and Encyclopedia of Islam which were listed on the instruction sheet for your “Marriage Rites and Rituals” assignment, the following would be excellent resources to use. See also under the “General Anthologies” section below. Nicholas Awde, ed. and trans., Women in Islam: An Anthology from the Quran and Hadiths (Richmond, Surrey, England : Curzon, 2000). Basim F. Musallam, Sex and Society in Islam: Birth Control Before the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, England, 1983). This is a scholarly study of the history of birth control in Islam. It does not include whole primary sources, but the footnotes and bibliography will lead you to some sources that are available. Mordechai Akiva Friedman, Jewish Marriage in Palestine: A Cairo Geniza Study, 2 vols. (TelAviv: TelAviv University, The Chaim Rosenberg School of Jewish Studies, 'Moreshet' Project for the Study of Eastern Jewry; New York : The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 19801981. Volume offers historical analysis of the marriage (ketubba) traditions of Jewish communities in medieval Palestine. Volume 2 presents English translations of ketubba texts. S. D. Goitein, “Three Trousseaus of Jewish Brides from the Fatamid Period,” AJS Review 2 (1977), 77 110. This lists and comments on 11th and 12thcentury trousseaus of Jewish women in Egypt from varying social classes. Mark R. Cohen, The Voice of the Poor in the Middle Ages: An Anthology of Documents from the Cairo Geniza (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005). The Cairo Geniza is a collection of documents (letters, invoices, legal contracts, petitions, etc.) from a synagogue outside Cairo. This amazing resource allows us to capture life within the Jewish communities under Islamic rule. In this collection of sources, Cohen presents documents relating to poor people and how they attempted to carve out lives for themselves in the midst of poverty. Many documents relate to women. “Medieval Jewish Women in History, Literature, Law, and Art: A Bibliography” ; also available at . This bibliography, compiled and annotated by Cheryl Tallan, offers an excellent entree into scholarly work on the largest minority community in medieval Europe. This is not a database but just a link to a printed bibliography in PDF format.
HST 362 Primary Sources
Page 15
General Anthologies The following books bring a whole range of sources together. If you know you are interested in a particular geographic region or social group, these are great places to look for primary sources related to marriage, family life, sexuality, etc. Judith Herrin, ed., A Medieval Miscellany: The Medieval World in Its Own Words (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999). Robert S. Lopez and Irving W. Raymond, eds. and transs., Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: Illustrative Documents. Reprint of 1955 edition with a new foreword and bibliography by Olivia Remie Constable. Records of Western Civilization, vol. 52. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001). This collection of merchant contracts, etc., doesn’t have a whole lot pertinent to our themes of marriages, sexuality, etc. But who knows what things you might find relevant to the largely masculinized business of longdistance trade. Roy C. Cave and Herbert H. Coulson, A Source Book for Medieval Economic History (New York: Bruce Publishing, 1936). Jacqueline Murray, ed., Love, Marriage, and Family in the Middle Ages: A Reader (Broadview Press, 2001). A useful collection of key documents from church history, etc. Murray is mostly excerpting from fuller translations available elsewhere, so do check her notes if you’re interested in finding the complete text. David Nicolle, Medieval Warfare Source Book, 2 vols. (London : Arms and Armour ; New York, NY : Distributed in the USA by Sterling, 19951996). Volume 1 has “Warfare in Western Christendom”; volume 2 “Christian Europe and its neighbours.” Olivia Remie Constable, ed., Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997). This is a rich collection with marriage contracts, the confession of a Muslim prostitute, and a variety of other materials reflecting on family life and sexuality in the richly multicultural context of medieval Spain. Charles Melville, trans., Christians and Moors in Spain, 3 vols. (Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1988 1992). Alan C. Kors & Edward Peters, eds., Witchcraft in Europe, 11001700: A Documentary History (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999). Michael Goodich, ed. and trans., Other Middle Ages: Witnesses at the Margins of Medieval Society (Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998). A variety of testimony to the lives of “marginal” people (lepers, heretics, etc.), these sources are translated from Latin, Hebrew, and Arabic. Emilie Amt, ed., Women’s Lives in Medieval Europe: A Sourcebook (New York: Routledge, 1993). An interesting collection of sources relating to women from across Europe and several time periods. The translations used aren’t always the best available (e.g., the Trotula or some of the saints’ lives). Be sure to check for more recent translations elsewhere.
HST 362 Primary Sources
Page 16
Carolyne Larrington, Women and Writing in Medieval Europe: A Sourcebook (London & New York: Routledge, 1995). General topics include “Marriage”; “Love, Sex and Friendship”; “Motherhood and Work”; “Women and Christianity”; “Women and Power”; “Education and Knowledge”; and “Women and the Arts.” Jennifer Ward, Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, 10661500 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995). Topics include “Marriage”; “Family”; “Land”; “Wealth and Lordship”; “Household”; and “Religion.” NOTE: this collection has lots of otherwise unpublished sources (e.g., wills, charters, excerpts from account books) and so is especially valuable. P. J. P. (Jeremy) Goldberg, Women in England, c. 12751525 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995). Topics include “Childhood”; “Adolescence”; “Husband and Wife”; “Widowhood, Poverty and Old Age”; “Work in the Countryside”; “Work in the Town”; “Law and Custom”; “Recreation”; and “Devotion.” This contains lots of otherwise unpublished materials, many of which are drawn from sources from Yorkshire (Goldberg’s research field). Alcuin Blamires, ed., Woman Defamed and Woman Defended: An Anthology of Medieval Texts (Oxford: Clarendon, 1992). A superb collection of excerpts demonstrating medieval traditions of misogyny and also, sometimes, the defence of women. Anne Crawford, ed., The Letters of the Queens of England, 11001547 (Dover, NH: A. Sutton, 1994). S. D. Goitein, Letters of Medieval Jewish Traders (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973). Like the Lopez and Raymond collection above, despite this collection’s economic focus it nevertheless has valuable materials on the business aspects of marriage and the property and emotional aspects of long distance trade. Jacob R. Marcus, The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book, 3151791 (New York: Atheneum, 1974). Lawrence Fine, ed., Judaism in Practice: From the Middle Ages through the Early Modern Period (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001). Entries includes such texts as Italian Jewish Women at Prayer,” “The Role of Women at Rituals of Their Infant Children,” “Women and Ritual Immersion in Medieval Ashkenaz: The Sexual Politics of Piety,” and “LifeCycle Rituals of Spanish Crypto Jewish Women.” Lynn Thorndike, ed., University Records and Life in the Middle Ages (New York: Columbia University Press, 1944). A collection of all kinds of different materials relating to the exclusively masculine environment of the university. Basil Dmytryshyn, ed., Medieval Russia: A Sourcebook, 9001700 (New York, 1967).
Encyclopedias These are excellent places to look for introductory essays on topics of interest to you. They will also include short bibliographies that may lead you to relevant primary sources. See the instructions for the “Marriage Rites and Rituals” assignment (posted on our Blackboard under the “Assignments” button) for a full list of the major resources we have here in our libraries.
HST 362 Primary Sources
Page 17
Internet Sources Here are our old standbys, the Internet resources: “Internet Medieval Sourcebook” . The Internet Medieval Sourcebook is organized as three main index pages: Selected Sources, Full Text Sources, and Saints’ Lives. The first has selected passages (excerpts) of major documents; the second has the full text of the sources; while the third provides hagiographic sources. Each category is also supplied with a number of supplementary documents. “Epistolae: Medieval Women’s Latin Letters” . This database includes the letters by or, more often, to women who lived between the 4th and the 13th centuries. The full Latin text as well as an English translation are included. “Matrix: A Scholarly Resource for the Study of Women’s Religious Communities from 400 to 1600 C.E.” . This is an extraordinary resource for researching all aspects of formal women’s religious communities in the medieval period. The database includes a “Monasticon,” a listing of the names, dates of founding, abbesses, etc. of several thousand institutions. The “Cartularium” is the section you need to go to to find primary sources on female institutions, saints’ lives, etc.
Research Databases Finally, there is a vast world of professional scholarship (“secondary sources”) out there on the Middle Ages. Historians, literary scholars, art historians, and others all use primary sources as the basis of their own research and oftentimes include translated excerpts in their publications. Hence, if you know you’re interested in a certain topic, it often pays to find the best and most recent secondary literature on the topic to guide you to the primary sources. This mode of research may not always pay off in leading you to published translations: professional medievalists are expected to do their research in the original languages so even when sources exist, there may be no available translation. But it’s worth looking anyway, since at the very least you will have a reliable guide to the field. Links to all these resources can be found under the “Resources” button on our Blackboard site. Listed below are three of the main bibliographic resources for medieval scholarship. It often pays to check more than one of them, since they do not always have the same information. Feminae primarily focuses on English language materials, but the other two include scholarship in various European languages. Feminae: Medieval Women and Gender Index This is an freeaccess bibliography that currently covers articles and book reviews published from 1992 on. Try browsing through the subject index or using the “Advanced Search” option. http://www.haverford.edu/library/reference/mschaus/mfi/mfi.html International Medieval Bibliography This is probably the most comprehensive bibliography available. It includes material in all European languages. If you want to limit results to material in English, in the field “Language of work” input “English”. Access is through the ASU library webpage: http://www.asu.edu/lib/resources/db/imedbib.htm Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages and the Renaissance This combines medieval and early modern scholarship. It is less comprehensive than the IMB and less specialized than Feminae. But it might pull
HST 362 Primary Sources
Page 18
up material that you would not otherwise encounter. Remember that since this database also includes Renaissance material, you will need to doublecheck that the material you choose really relates to the Middle Ages only. (Any topic before 1500 is permissible for this course.) http://www.asu.edu/lib/resources/db/iter.htm