Gramatyka

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DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTIONS WANT TO I want to stay here. Do you want to stay here? I don’t want to stay here. She wants to stay here. Does she want to stay here? She doesn’t want to stay here. WOULD LIKE TO I would like to work here. Would you like to work here? I would not like to work here. WOULD PREFER TO She would prefer to buy a small car. Would she prefer to buy a small car? She would prefer not to buy a small car. WOULD RATHER He would rather live in France. Would he rather live in France? He would rather not live in France. I would rather you paid in cash. I would rather you didn’t pay by cheque. MAKE SOMEBODY DO SOMETHING She makes me learn hard. They make us get up early in the morning. I made them do it. They will make you change job. LET SOMEBODY DO SOMETHING They let us stay till Monday. I will let you watch this film. Will you let her do it? They let us play tennis yesterday. HAD BETTER I had better ring him now. You had better do it now. You had better not be late. Hadn’t you better ask him? WISH Czas teraźniejszy: I haven’t got a car. I wish I had a car. I don’t know the answer. I wish I knew the answer. I don’t have a dog. I wish I had a dog. Czas przeszły: I wasn’t there. I wish I had been there. I forgot about her birthday. I wish I had not forgotten her birthday. Czas przyszły: It will not rain. I wish it would rain. She will have troubles. She wishes she would not have troubles. I am not rich. I wish I were rich. IF ONLY I haven’t got a car. If only I had a car. I wasn’t there. If only I had been there. She had troubles. If only she had not had troubles. It will not rain. If only it would rain! IT IS TIME It is time to start. It is time for us to go. It is (high) time we started learning. It’s (high) time she was going. AS IF / AS THOUGH He behaves as if / as though he owned this place. She behaves as if she were rich. They talk as if they didn’t know me. He talks about Paris as if he had been there himself. (odnosi się do przeszłości)

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THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE (CZAS PRZYSZŁY PROSTY) Konstrukcja: I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they will come soon. I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they will not (won’t) come soon. Will I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they come soon? What will he do? Where will they go? How much will it cost? Who will call me? I / we shall - nieużywane obecnie. (Let’s go, shall we?) Zastosowanie: 1. Z następującymi określeniami:in the future tomorrow the day after tomorrow soon in a minute in two days in six months next year (week, month, day). They will meet next week. He will take his exams soon. We will discuss this problem again. 2. W zdaniach wyrażających opinie, przypuszczenia, spekulacje (doubt, expect, know, suppose, think, wonder, perhaps, possibly probably, surely, certainly). I’m sure it will be good. She hopes she will win the competition. They believe they will be rich. I’m afraid I won’t be able to help you. 3. Dla wyrażenia czynności, które pojawiają się regularnie: Spring will come again. Birds will build nests. People will make plans. 4. W oficjalnych nagłówkach: The president will open the new airport. The queen will arrive. 5. Jeśli podkreślamy determinację zrobienia czegoś: I will help you. I will study hard. I will finish this course.

THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE (CZAS PRZYSZŁY CIĄGŁY) Konstrukcja: I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they will be working. I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they won’t be working. Will I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they be working? What will you be doing? Who will be talking? How long will it be raining? Zastosowanie: 1. W celu wyrażenia czynności, która nie wyraża woli, determinacji, chęci mówiącego, lecz wynika ze zwykłego biegu wydarzeń. I’ll be seeing Tom tomorrow. They’ll be travelling together tomorrow morning. I won’t be working on Sunday. 2. Jeśli czas w przyszłości jest dokładnie określony: Tomorrow at seven she’ll be working. I’ll be talking to my boss on Monday at eight. What will he be doing next year at that time? When you arrive they’ll be watching TV. 3. Jeśli chcemy zaznaczyć, że wykonywanie jakiejś czynności zajmie nam określoną ilość czasu:

3 I’ll be working the whole evening tomorrow. She’ll be cooking dinner between six and seven p.m. They’ll be preparing party the whole afternoon.

THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (PRZYSZŁY DOKONANY) Konstrukcja: I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they will have finished. I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they won’t have finished. Will I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they have finished? Zastosowanie: 1. Najczęściej z określeniami by i in, podkreślając, że do danego czasu czynność zostanie definitywnie zakończona: By the end of the month he will have passed all his exams. They will have finished it by the end of the year. In two weeks I’ll have done my job. In three years time they will have built this highway.

THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS (PRZYSZŁY CIĄGŁY DOKONANY) By By By he

the the the will

end of this year he will have been acting for thirty years. end of this month I will have been living here for five years. end of this month he will have been climbing mountains for 20 years. (By the end of this month have climbed 50 mountains.)

GERUND VERSUS INFINITIVE 1. Infinitive without to (bezokolicznik bez to) Wszystkie czasowniki modalne z wyjątkiem ought to (will, shall, can, could, must, should, would, may, might, mustn’t, would rather, had better). 2. Infinitive with to (bezokolicznik z to) want, need, learn, offer, refuse, plan, try, forget*, hope, expect, remember* (would) prefer / love / like / hate 3. Gerund (koncówka -ing) like, dislike, hate, love, enjoy, prefer, start*, begin, continue, finish, stop* good at swimming bad at swimming

DIFFERENCES IN MEANING (RÓŻNICE W ZNACZENIU) remember to do / remember doing I remember hating school. Remember to buy some bread. remembering - przeszłość remember to - przyszłość forget to do / forget doing I forgot meeting her before. Don’t forget to write his telephone number. stop doing / stop to do He was working. The phone rang. He stopped working. She was walking. She stopped to have some rest. start doing / start to do It started raining. I start thinking about it.

4 She used to sing. She stopped and started to dance. see / see doing I saw him cross the street. I saw him crossing the street. hear / hear doing I heard them talk on the phone. I heard them talking on the phone.

Bezokolicznik wyrażający cel. I went to the shop. I wanted to buy some bread. I went to the shop to buy some bread. Zaimki + Bezokolicznik There is nothing to do. Have you anything to say? I want someone to help me. He wants something to drink. Przymiotniki + Bezokolicznik I’m sorry / pleased / happy / glad TO HEAR THAT. Rzeczownik + Bezokolicznik There is a job to do. Haven’t you got any work to do? Do you mind if? Do you mind my opening the window? (Do you mind if I open the window?) Do you mind her coming here? (Do you mind if she comes here?) I don’t mind working hard. She doesn’t mind being alone.

INDIRECT QUESTIONS Do you know.........................? Have you got any idea..........? Can you remember...............? Can you tell me.....................? Are you sure / certain...........? I wonder ..................................

I don’t know.......................... I’ve no idea........................... I can’t remember.................. I can’t tell you....................... I’m not sure / certain............

Do you know where it is? Can you remember where it was? Can you tell me who it is? I wonder how far it was? Are you sure how much it is? Does she know what time it is? I can’t tell you how far it was. I can’t remember how many of them there were. If / Whether Do you know if / whether he is married? Do you know if / whether the concert begins at seven? I don’t know if she will be here soon. I’ve no idea if they have finished yet. Do / Does / Did Questions Where does he come from? I don’t know where he comes from. Where do you live? I don’t know where I live. When did she go? I don’t know when she went. What did they do. I’m not sure what they did. Where has he gone. I don’t know where he has gone. What will they do? I wonder what they will do.

REPORTED SPEECH (MOWA ZALEŻNA) Present Simple I often go there.

Past Simple She said (that) she often went there.

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

I’m working.

5 She said she was working.

Present Perfect They have done it.

Past Perfect I said they had done it.

Present Perfect Continuous She has been waiting.

Past Perfect Continuous She said she had been waiting.

Past Simple They went home.

Past Perfect He said they had gone home.

Future Simple I will be there.

Conditional She said she would be there.

Future Continuous She will be working.

Conditional Continuous She said she would be working.

Past Continuous I was reading.

Past Perfect Continuous She said she had been reading.

She is going to be here. I used to live here.

She said she was going to be there. He said he used to live there.

Past Perfect, Wish, Would rather / sooner, It is time - nie zmieniają się! today yesterday the day before yesterday tomorrow the day after tomorrow next week / year last week / year a year ago / a week ago this this morning next week these now today tonight ago here it shall

- that day - the day before - two days before - the next day / the following day - in two day’s time - the following week / year - the previous week / year - a year before, the previous year / a week before, the previous week -

that, the that morning the next week those then that day that night before there that should

ROZKAZY, ZAKAZY, PROŚBY I RADY He said ‘Lie down, Tom.’ He told Tom to lie down. He said ‘Don’t do this.’ He told me not to do that. ‘You had better hurry, Bill!’ She advised Bill to hurry. He said, ‘Could I see Tom please?’ He asked to see Tom. He asked if he could see Tom. ‘Will all people stay away? He asked all people to stay away. ‘If I were you, I would stop smoking.’ He advised me to stop smoking. ‘Why don’t you take off your coat?’ He advised me to take off my coat. ‘Do sit down.’ He invited me to sit down. ‘Don’t forget to phone her.’ He reminded me to phone her. ‘Try again.’ They encouraged me to try again. ‘You had better not leave your car here.’ My friend warned me not to leave my car there. ‘You stole it!’ They accused me of stealing that. ‘Let’s go to the cinema.’ She suggested going to the cinema. / She suggested that we should go to the cinema.

PYTANIA He said, ‘Where does she live?’ He asked where she lived.

6 He said, ’Where is she going? He asked where she was going. ‘What happened?’ she said. She asked what had happened. ‘Who did it?’ He asked who had done that. ‘What are you doing?’ He wanted to know what I was doing. He said, ’Where is the station?’ He asked where the station was. He inquired... He wondered... ‘Why didn’t you put on your coat? ‘ He asked why she hadn’t put on her coat. ‘Who is absent?’ He wanted to know who was absent. ‘Why was he there?’ They wondered why he had been there.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Type I He said, ‘If I catch the plane I’ll be home by five.’ He said that if he caught the plane he would be home by five. Type II He said, ‘If I had a permit I could get a job.’ He said that if he had a permit he could get a job. Bez zmian! Type III He said, ‘If she had loved Tom she would not have left him.’ He said that if she had loved Tom she would not have left him. Bez zmian!

RÓŻNE He said, ‘Thank you!’ He thanked me. He said, ‘Curse this fog!’ He cursed the fog. He said, ‘Good luck!’ He wished me luck. He said, ‘Congratulations!’ He congratulated me. He said, ‘Liar!’ He called me a liar. He said, ‘Damn!’ He swore. He said, ‘Can you swim?’ and I said ‘No’ = He asked if I could swim and I said I couldn’t. He said, ‘Will you have time to do it?’ and I said ‘Yes’ = He asked if I would have time to do it / that and I said that I would. Zmiany nie obowiązują jeśli czynność wyrażona w zdaniu podrzędnym mówi o czynnościach lub stanie, które trwają nadal, są zawsze aktualne: He said that the Alps are in Europe. (He said, ‘The Alps are in Europe.’)

PASSIVE VOICE (STRONA BIERNA) Somebody breaks this glass every week. This glass is broken every week (by somebody.) They water flowers every day. Flowers are watered every day (by them.) Smb is breaking the glass now. The glass is being broken now. They are watering flowers now. Flowers are being watered now. Smb broke this glass yesterday. This glass was broken yesterday. They watered flowers yesterday. Flowers were watered yesterday. Smb was breaking the glass. The glass was being broken. They were watering flowers. Flowers were being watered. Smb has broken this glass. This glass has been broken. They have watered the flowers. The flowers have been watered. Smb will break this glass. This glass will be broken. They will water the flowers. The flowers will be watered. Smb had broken the glass. The glass had been broken. They had watered the flowers. The flowers had been watered.

QUESTIONS (PYTANIA) They bring flowers every day. What is brought every day (by them?) Smb painted it. Who was it painted by? They have taken it somewhere. Where has it been taken? Something was done. What was done? Smb is stealing it. What is being stolen? It is made of metal. What is it made of?

OTHER USES (INNE ZASTOSOWANIA)

7 He wants someone to take photos. He wants photos to be taken. She would like smb to help her. She would like to be helped. Someone gave her a dog. She was given a dog / A dog was given to her. They threw away the newspapers. The newspapers were thrown away. A dirty dog slept in this bed. The bed was slept in by the dirty dog. They were looking at the picture. The picture was being looked at. They They They They

think that he is wise. He is thought to be wise. consider it to be expensive. It is considered to be expensive. believe that she is honest. She is believed to be honest. say that he is rich. He is said to be rich.

You should know how to drive. You are supposed to know how to drive. It is your duty to do it. You are supposed to do it. He made me move my car. I was made to move my car. They let me know. I was let know. I saw him go... I heard them sing... MODALNE

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Konstrukcja czasu Pytania Przeczenia I have been working. Have I been working? I have not been working. You have been working. Have you been working? You have not been working. He / she / it has been working. Has she / he / it been working? He / she / it has not been working. We / you / they have been Have we / you / they been We / you / they have not been working. working? working. What have you been doing? Who has been driving? How long has she been living here? Zastosowanie: 1. Czasu tego używa się dla wyrażenia czynności, która wydarzyła się w przeszłości i nadal trwa lub właśnie się zakończyła: I’ve been waiting for an hour and he still hasn’t come. I’m sorry I’m late. Have you been waiting long? 2. He has repaired the car. Oznacza, że on naprawił samochód. He has been repairing the car. Oznacza, że czynność nie została jeszcze zakończona. 3. Czas ten jest często używany (wymiennie z czasem Present Perfect) z pytaniem ’How long?’ oraz z określ. for i since. How long has she been driving? She has been driving for two hours. Since seven o’clock. How far has she driven? 120 kilometers. How long have they been saving? They have been saving for two years. Since 1995. How much have they saved? They have saved $ 10,000. How long have you been learning English? I have been learning English for 5 years. Since 1992. How much have you learnt? I have learnt a lot.

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE Konstrukcja czasu I had worked. You had worked. He / she / it had worked. We / you / they had worked.

Pytania Had I worked? Had you worked? Had he / she / it worked? Had we / you / they worked?

Przeczenia I had not worked. You had not worked. He / she / it had not worked. We / you / they had not worked.

What had you done? Who had written this letter? Where had she lived before?

8 Zastosowanie: 1. Before i after: I had done much work before I went to bed. After I had done much work I went to bed. She had cooked dinner before she left home. After she had cooked dinner she left home. They had read a book before they watched TV. After they had read a book they watched TV. 2. Jeśli chcemy zaznaczyć, że jedna czynność w przeszłości została wykonana wcześniej niż druga czynność: When she had finished her dinner she left the room. When they stopped singing the audience clapped. 3. Inne przykłady: Before the war he had lived in Poland. Before his holidays he had studied a lot.

THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they had been working Had I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they been working? I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they had not been working. I had been reading before you came. They had been driving before they stopped to have lunch. How long had he been living in the USA before he moved to Australia? He had been living in the USA for 10 years before he moved to Australia. How long had you been waiting before they arrived? I had been waiting since 2 o’clock before they arrived.

TO BE GOING TO DO SOMETHING (MIEĆ ZAMIAR COŚ ZROBIĆ)

Affirmative I am going to send a letter. You are going to buy a car. He / she / it is going to be late. We / you / they are going to help you.

Negative I am not going to send a letter. You are not going to buy a car. He / she / it is not going to be late. We / you / they are not going to help you.

Interrogative Am I going to send a letter? Are you going to buy a car? Is he / she / it going to be late? Are we / you / they going to help you?

What are you going to do? What is she going to learn? Who is going to lend me some money? What time are they going to arrive? I am going to go = I am going I am going to come = I am coming

THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE (CZAS PRZESZŁY PROSTY) Affirmative I was busy. You were busy. He / she / it was busy. We / you / they were busy.

Negative I was not busy. You were not busy. He / she / it was not busy. We / you / they were not busy.

Interrogative Was I busy? Were you busy? Was he / she / it busy? Were we / you / they busy?

Who was happy? What was interesting? When were you at the cinema? Where was she? Affirmative I helped / spoke. You helped / spoke. He / she / it helped / spoke. We / you / they helped / spoke.

Negative I did not help / speak. You did not help / speak. He / she / it did not help / speak. We / you / they did not help / speak.

Interrogative Did I help / speak? Did you help / speak? Did he / she / it help / speak? Did we / you / they help / speak?

What did she do? When did they go? What time did you come here? Who helped you? Who helped you? Kto ci pomógł? Whom / Who did you help? Komu ty pomogłeś? Who helps you? Kto ci pomaga? Whom / Who do you help? Komu ty pomagasz? I did work. = I really worked.

9 Spelling: admit - admitted, stop - stopped, carry - carried, try - tried Uses of the tense: 1. Z następującymi określeniami: in the past, yesterday, the day before yesterday, before, last week / year / month, a week / year / month ago. I was there a week ago. He did it last month. 2. Jeśli z kontekstu zdania wynika, że zdarzenie miało miejsce w przeszłości: The train was ten minutes late. How did you get your present job? 3. They lived in Paris, now they live in New York.

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE (CZAS PRZESZŁY CIĄGŁY) Affirmative I was working. You were working. He / she / it was working. We / you / they were working.

Negative I was not working. You were not working. He / she / it was not working. We / you / they were not working.

Interrogative Was I working? Were you working? Was he / she / it working? Were we / you / they working?

When were you working? Who was working? Where were you going? What was she reading?

Uses of the tense: 1. Jeśli kilka czynności działo się w przeszłości równolegle: The sun was shining, the birds were singing, people were walking in the streets. She was reading when / while he was working in the garden. 2. Jeśli bardziej interesuje nas czas poświęcony na wykonanie danej czynności niż jej rezultat: What were you doing? Co robiłeś? (What did you do? Co zrobiłeś?) I was working the whole day yesterday. She was writing letters the whole afternoon. 3. Jeśli moment wykonywania danej czynności jest określony w czasie: Yesterday at 7 a.m. I was having breakfast. Last year at that time she was changing her job. Between 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. he was talking on the phone. 4. Jeśli wykonywanie jednej czynności przerwała inna czynność: He was having a shower when the telephone rang. We were walking when it started to rain. When he came, we were leaving. 5. Jeśli na przestrzeni czasu czynność stawała się coraz bardziej intensywna: It was getting dark. It was getting cold. They were getting old. She was getting fat. 6. Z always, jeśli wyrażamy swoje zniecierpliwienie: He was always ringing me up. He was always working.

USED I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they used to play tennis, now I play bridge. Przeczenia: I never used to play tennis. I didn’t use to play tennis. I used not to play tennis.

10 Pytania: Did you use to play tennis? Used you to play tennis? Zastosowanie: 1. W celu opisania przyzwyczajenia, sytuacji, stanu rzeczy, które miały miejsce w przeszłości ale nie są już aktualne. He used to drink beer, now he drinks wine. It used to be cheap, now it is expensive. We used to live in Kraków, now we live in Warszawa. She used to be rich, now she is poor. (She was rich, now she is poor.) 2. W celu opisania zdarzeń w przeszłości, które były w danym czasie zdarzeniami rutynowymi. W tym wypadku nie występuje kontrast pomiędzy przeszłością a teraźniejszością: During my holidays I used to sleep for a long time, then I used to have breakfast and I used to go for long walks in the mountains. W tym wypadku ‘used to’ może być zastąpione przez would. During my holidays I would sleep for a long time, then I would have breakfast and I would go for long walks in the mountains. Konstrukcja ‘I am used to’ - jestem przyzwyczajony do... I am used to noise. I am used to working a lot. She will get used to her new flat. (become) He got used to driving on the left. (became)

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Affirmative Negative Interrogative I have worked / taken. I have not worked / taken. Have I worked / taken? You have worked / taken. You have not worked / taken. Have you worked / taken? He / she / it has worked / taken. He / she / it has not worked / taken. Has he / she / it worked / taken? We / you / they have worked / We / you / they have not worked / Have we / you / they worked / taken. taken. taken? Where have you been? What time has she arrived? Who has done it? Zastosowanie: 1. Just. He has just come. Has he just come? I have just done it. 2. W celu wyrażenia czynności, której czas nie jest dokładnie określony, ale jej rezultat widoczny jest do chwili obecnej. I have seen this film but I don’t understand it. (I saw this film yesterday) Have you had lunch? (Did you have lunch before noon?) I have washed my hands. They are clean now. She has bought a car. She uses it every day. 3. This morning / afternoon / week / month / year - pod warunkiem, że dany rok / tydzień / miesiąc jeszcze trwa. I have visited many countries this year. She has written two essays this morning (do godziny 12). They have read three books this month. 4. Lately, recently. She has done much work recently. We have met them lately. Has he been here lately? 5. Ever. Have you ever been to Paris? (When was it? Who was with you?) Has he ever seen a ghost? (Where was it? How did it look like?) This is the worst wine I have ever drunk. 6. Never.

11 I have never been to Rome. He has never heard this record. 7. Already, yet. I have already finished my work. He has already come back from the business trip. Have you finished your work yet? Has he come back from the business trip yet? I haven’t finished my work yet. He hasn’t come back from the business trip yet. Yet - w pytaniach znaczy ‘już’; w przeczeniach ‘jeszcze’. 8. For, since. I have lived here for 3 years. I have lived here since 1994. She has had this car for 6 months. She has had this car since June. I haven’t seen him since November. Have you seen him for the last six months? I have smoked since I left school.

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (CZAS TERAŹNIEJSZY CIĄGŁY) Affirmative I am working. You are working. He / she / it is working. We / you / they are working.

Negative I am not working. You are not working. He / she / it is not working. We / you / they are not working.

Interrogative Am I working? Are you working? Is he / she / it working? Are we / you / they working?

Why are you working? Who is working? Where is she working? What are they doing? The spelling hate - hating; make - making; hit - hitting; swim - swimming Uses of the present continuous 1. Now, at present, at the moment I am reading now. He is playing tennis at the moment. They are singing at present. 2. I am reading a play by Shaw. 3. I’m meeting Peter tonight. They are flying to Rome tomorrow. 4. He is always working. She is always talking on the phone. 5. Następujące czasowniki nie są używane z czasem ciągłym: like, love, hate, feel, think, believe, hope, smell, taste, fear, remember, forget, agree, know, mean, expect, belong, own, possess.

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (CZAS TERAŹNIEJSZY PROSTY) Affirmative I work. You work. He / she / it works. We / you / they work.

Negative I do not work. You do not work. He / she / it does not work. We / you / they do not work.

Interrogative Do I work? Do you work? Does he / she / it work? Do we / you / they work?

What do you do? Where does she work? What time do they wake up? Who helps you? I do like it. She does hate it. The spelling s, ss, sh, x, ch, o, dodajemy es go - goes; fish - fishes; pass - passes; carry - carries; try - tries Uses of the tense 1. W celu określenia czynności, która jest naszym zwyczajem: I smoke. He drinks. Dogs bark. 2. Z określeniem ‘every’. Every day / year / week / month. 3. Z następującymi określeniami: always, never, sometimes, occasionally, often, hardly ever, usually, from time to time, on Mondays, once (a year), twice (a year), three times (a year), frequently 4. W nagłówkach gazet: MASS MURDERER ESCAPES. 5. W narracji. 6. Gdy opisujemy stałe prawa natury: The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 7. Z czasownikami, których nie wolno używać w czasie ciągłym (like, love, hate, feel, think, believe, hope, smell, taste, fear, remember, forget, agree, know, mean, expect, belong, own, possess).

12 8. Przy prezentowaniu wcześniej ustalonego planu: We arrive at 7 a.m. Have breakfast at 8 a.m., at 9 a.m. we do some sight-seeing.