Gov 141 Potus
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The Presidency The Most Powerful Office in the World
© 2006 By Default!
Slide 1
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The President’s Powers Formal Powers set by U.S. Constitution, Article II
© 2006 By Default!
Slide 2
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Slide 3
Article II Powers
‘Executive Power vested in a President.’ ‘He shall hold his Office four Years and with the VP chosen for the same Term, be elected, [by the electoral college system]. Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 4
Article II Powers
No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 5
Article II Powers
He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 6
Article II Powers
Section. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States. Section. 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
© 2006 By Default!
Slide 7
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Article II Powers Legislation? Not
© 2006 By Default!
found in Article II
Slide 8
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Article I
Section. 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House … but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. Every Bill [passing] the House and Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States: If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated… If after such Reconsideration 2/3rds agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent to the other House and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 9
Article I, Section 7 Continued
Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 10
The Expanding Presidency: A Tale of Two “GW’s” George
Washington’s Budget: $4 million
George
W. Bush’s Budget: $1.8 Trillion
– 700 armed troops – Population 4 million
– 1.4 million troops, 2.4 million civilian employees – Population 300 million
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 11
Historically Great Presidents Washington:
Set an early pattern of a temporary executive. Lincoln: Greatly expanded Presidential powers to save the Union. T.R.: The first imperial president… expanded federal powers and consolidated the welfare state. Woodrow Wilson: The Great Reformer
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 12
Historically Great Presidents
FDR: Brought America out of the depression… presided over an incredible expansion of federal government. Served from 1932 until 1944. LBJ: Tried to fight three wars at once but won only Civil Rights. Reagan: Brought an end to the cold war. Set a new path for government Clinton and Bush: So far, so bad… per historians… but we’ll have to wait and see.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 13
Recent Presidents
America in transition:
– George H.W. Bush: Won the first Gulf War but left the job unfinished. – Bill Clinton: Presided over an incredible economic expansion. Wasn’t a terribly active President. Believed in “small ball” government. – George W. Bush: Revolutionary in some ways. Presided over the war on terror. Government has grow under watch. Main legacy will be expansion of Democracy… it’s not yet known how successful that will be.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 14
Roles of a President Ceremonial:
Head of State Legislative Leader: Bully pulpit and Article I Powers Manager of the Economy: Overrated power… but important politically. Foreign Policy Leader: Controls executive agencies, sets the tone of the debate, drives the agenda, controls the military
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 15
War Powers
Congress, Article I:
– To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; – To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; – To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 16
War Powers President
has historically been recognized to have the power to commit troops short of war.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 17
War Powers Act Passed
in 1972 by Congress Gave President 60 days for military action before requiring him to come to Congress for further approval Most Presidents have ignored… Supreme Court likely to stay out of it.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 18
Presidential Team VP:
From John Nance Garner to Dick Cheney The Office of Management and Budget (vs. the Congressional Budget Office) Council of Economic Advisers The Cabinet: Secretary of State, of Defense, of Health and Human Services, of Energy, of the EPA, of Interior, of Labor, of Transportation, Director- CIA © 2006 By Default!
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The Presidency & the Executive Branch
© 2006 By Default!
Slide 19
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Slide 20
The President and the Pyramid 1999:
Bill Clinton is President. Seattle, WA is hosting a meeting of the World Trade Organization. The WTO has drawn the ire of numerous anti-globalization activists. Clinton, while free trade, wanted to take some of the protestors’ suggestions and make them a part of policy.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 21
The Base or the Structural Level
International: The U.S. has long advocated for global policies of free trade and economic interdependence. This system has resulted in stability and prosperity for many nations abroad. At the same time, there are many foreign losers.
International: Commerce has advanced to the point where physical boundaries are less relevant.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 22
The Base or the Structural Level Economy:
America’s companies and workers have largely benefited from the free trade system.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 23
The Base or the Structural Level Society:
The American people are largely ambivalent to free trade. They resent it when it’s perceived to have cost them jobs. They give it rhetorical support otherwise.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 24
The Base or the Structural Level Constitution:
Treaties are the law of the land under the constitution. America has ratified many treaties impacting free trade.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 25
Political Linkages Interest
Groups: Business want free trade expansion and incorporation of rules favorable to them in trade agreements. Interest Groups: Labor groups oppose free trade. Interest Groups: Many left leaning organizations oppose free trade.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 26
Political Linkages Protests,
Demonstrations- Should this be added to the pyramid? The interest groups protests’ take on a life of their own. At times they become violent.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 27
Political Linkages The
Media: They cover the protests and attempt to get at the angst that causes them. They serve to bring attention to (some of the) protestors’ causes. Elections: President Clinton wants to help Al Gore become President in 2000.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 28
The Parties Democrats:
President Clinton has worked hard to create a new perception for Democrats. He supports free trade. At the same time, many in his party, including labor, oppose free trade expansion. Republicans: Poised to support candidates against Democrats. If they can take advantage of free trade riffs, they will. (Typically close to business) © 2006 By Default!
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Slide 29
Political Linkages Public
Opinion: Public usually rhetorically supports free trade. There are no galvanizing events at this time to rally them to the anti-free trade crowd. Protestors may hurt the cause’s image among the public.
© 2006 By Default!
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Government Congress:
Tends to be slightly free trade absent some galvanizing event. Courts: Non-player for now.
© 2006 By Default!
Slide 30
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Slide 31
Governmental Level President
Clinton: Strong believer in free trade with protections for the environment. Feels pressure from interest groups on both sides.
© 2006 By Default!
Slide 32
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Policy So
the President endorses both sides… calls for more labor protection and environmental protections in WTO but supports more trade.
© 2006 By Default!
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Federal Bureaucracy
© 2006 By Default!
Slide 33
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Slide 34
Federal Bureaucracy The
totality of the departments and agencies of the executive branch of the national government.
© 2006 By Default!
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Hostile Political Culture Americans
generally distrusting of government.
© 2006 By Default!
Slide 35
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Slide 36
Civil Servants Civil
Service: Federal Government jobs held by civilian employees excluding political appointees. Civil Servant: Government workers employed under the merit system. These are not political appointees.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 37
Bureaucratic Hodgepodge Incoherent
organization… few clear lines of responsibility. Divided control: Bureaucracy in many ways answers to two bosses- Congress and the President.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 38
The Evolution of the Federal Bureaucracy in America Post
Civil War: Except for military in the south, fairly small. Bureau for unclaimed lands and Indian Affairs. Ag in response to farm crisis. Early 20th Century: Bureaucracy expands to meet new needs: food and drug act, banking, anti-trust laws. Prohibition and anticommunism.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 39
The Evolution of the Federal Bureaucracy in America The
Great Depression and the New Deal: Work for unemployed (WPA), relief for the poor, Social Security, agricultural subsidies, labor law enforcement. WWII: Some war time controls and rationing. Post-WWII:
CIA, Department of Defense, Atomic Energy Commission, Anticommunism
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Slide 40
The Evolution of the Federal Bureaucracy in America The
Regulatory State: Environmental protection, urban affairs, consumer protection, drug safety, education The Reagan Devolution: From 1980-2001 we saw increasing rollbacks of government. The war on poverty was surrendered. Less oversight on the economy. Increase in war on drugs. Welfare reform. Largely Republican led. © 2006 By Default!
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Slide 41
The Evolution of the Federal Bureaucracy in America Post
9/11: Homeland Security Department and the nationalization of airport security/baggage staff. Increase in scope of activities for NSA, CIA, FBI
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 42
The Executive Branch
Departments Bureaus and Agencies Independent Executive Agencies report to the President Government Corporations: TVA, USPS Quasi governmental orgs- Government involvement, outside control Independent Regulatory Commissions- Control vested outside of political authority. (SEC) Foundations- Private orgs with federal $$ and input.
© 2006 By Default!
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Bureaucrats’ Jobs Execute
the law Regulating (Fleshing out the law) Adjudicating (not courts)
© 2006 By Default!
Slide 43
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Slide 44
Civil Servants and Political Appointees Civil
Servants- Career oriented. Usually with agency for years. Have protections from political firings. Political Appointees- Usually come in at the top of the bureaucracy. Serve at the whim of the President. Much more ideological. Only there for a short time.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 45
Public Pressure and Bureaucracies Public
pressures bureaucracies usually only indirectly… public does pressure Congress and President directly. President and Congress provide often contradictory or incomplete “orders” to bureaucracies after public pressure.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 46
President’s Control over the Bureaucracy Not
absolute… ex. branch implements law. Civil Servants have merit employee protection. President doesn’t completely control the agencies purse. Usually exercised through appointment of bureaucratic heads. Also has power to attempt to change the law, executive order
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Slide 47
Congressional Control over the Bureaucracy Not
direct… more removed than the President’s. Oversight: Are agencies doing what they’re supposed to be doing. Appropriations: He who has the gold makes the rules… Law: Executive branch implements and bound by the law… Congress can change.
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Congressional Control over the Bureaucracy Confirm
Agency Heads Inspector Generals
© 2006 By Default!
Slide 48
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Reforming the Bureaucracy Reorganizing
bureaucracies Privatizing government services Whistleblower protections
© 2006 By Default!
Slide 49
The Presidency The Most Powerful Office in the World
© 2006 By Default!
Slide 1
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The President’s Powers Formal Powers set by U.S. Constitution, Article II
© 2006 By Default!
Slide 2
A Free sample background from www.awesomebackgrounds.com
Slide 3
Article II Powers
‘Executive Power vested in a President.’ ‘He shall hold his Office four Years and with the VP chosen for the same Term, be elected, [by the electoral college system]. Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 4
Article II Powers
No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 5
Article II Powers
He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 6
Article II Powers
Section. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States. Section. 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
© 2006 By Default!
Slide 7
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Article II Powers Legislation? Not
© 2006 By Default!
found in Article II
Slide 8
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Article I
Section. 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House … but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. Every Bill [passing] the House and Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States: If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated… If after such Reconsideration 2/3rds agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent to the other House and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 9
Article I, Section 7 Continued
Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 10
The Expanding Presidency: A Tale of Two “GW’s” George
Washington’s Budget: $4 million
George
W. Bush’s Budget: $1.8 Trillion
– 700 armed troops – Population 4 million
– 1.4 million troops, 2.4 million civilian employees – Population 300 million
© 2006 By Default!
A Free sample background from www.awesomebackgrounds.com
Slide 11
Historically Great Presidents Washington:
Set an early pattern of a temporary executive. Lincoln: Greatly expanded Presidential powers to save the Union. T.R.: The first imperial president… expanded federal powers and consolidated the welfare state. Woodrow Wilson: The Great Reformer
© 2006 By Default!
A Free sample background from www.awesomebackgrounds.com
Slide 12
Historically Great Presidents
FDR: Brought America out of the depression… presided over an incredible expansion of federal government. Served from 1932 until 1944. LBJ: Tried to fight three wars at once but won only Civil Rights. Reagan: Brought an end to the cold war. Set a new path for government Clinton and Bush: So far, so bad… per historians… but we’ll have to wait and see.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 13
Recent Presidents
America in transition:
– George H.W. Bush: Won the first Gulf War but left the job unfinished. – Bill Clinton: Presided over an incredible economic expansion. Wasn’t a terribly active President. Believed in “small ball” government. – George W. Bush: Revolutionary in some ways. Presided over the war on terror. Government has grow under watch. Main legacy will be expansion of Democracy… it’s not yet known how successful that will be.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 14
Roles of a President Ceremonial:
Head of State Legislative Leader: Bully pulpit and Article I Powers Manager of the Economy: Overrated power… but important politically. Foreign Policy Leader: Controls executive agencies, sets the tone of the debate, drives the agenda, controls the military
© 2006 By Default!
A Free sample background from www.awesomebackgrounds.com
Slide 15
War Powers
Congress, Article I:
– To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; – To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; – To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 16
War Powers President
has historically been recognized to have the power to commit troops short of war.
© 2006 By Default!
A Free sample background from www.awesomebackgrounds.com
Slide 17
War Powers Act Passed
in 1972 by Congress Gave President 60 days for military action before requiring him to come to Congress for further approval Most Presidents have ignored… Supreme Court likely to stay out of it.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 18
Presidential Team VP:
From John Nance Garner to Dick Cheney The Office of Management and Budget (vs. the Congressional Budget Office) Council of Economic Advisers The Cabinet: Secretary of State, of Defense, of Health and Human Services, of Energy, of the EPA, of Interior, of Labor, of Transportation, Director- CIA © 2006 By Default!
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The Presidency & the Executive Branch
© 2006 By Default!
Slide 19
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Slide 20
The President and the Pyramid 1999:
Bill Clinton is President. Seattle, WA is hosting a meeting of the World Trade Organization. The WTO has drawn the ire of numerous anti-globalization activists. Clinton, while free trade, wanted to take some of the protestors’ suggestions and make them a part of policy.
© 2006 By Default!
A Free sample background from www.awesomebackgrounds.com
Slide 21
The Base or the Structural Level
International: The U.S. has long advocated for global policies of free trade and economic interdependence. This system has resulted in stability and prosperity for many nations abroad. At the same time, there are many foreign losers.
International: Commerce has advanced to the point where physical boundaries are less relevant.
© 2006 By Default!
A Free sample background from www.awesomebackgrounds.com
Slide 22
The Base or the Structural Level Economy:
America’s companies and workers have largely benefited from the free trade system.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 23
The Base or the Structural Level Society:
The American people are largely ambivalent to free trade. They resent it when it’s perceived to have cost them jobs. They give it rhetorical support otherwise.
© 2006 By Default!
A Free sample background from www.awesomebackgrounds.com
Slide 24
The Base or the Structural Level Constitution:
Treaties are the law of the land under the constitution. America has ratified many treaties impacting free trade.
© 2006 By Default!
A Free sample background from www.awesomebackgrounds.com
Slide 25
Political Linkages Interest
Groups: Business want free trade expansion and incorporation of rules favorable to them in trade agreements. Interest Groups: Labor groups oppose free trade. Interest Groups: Many left leaning organizations oppose free trade.
© 2006 By Default!
A Free sample background from www.awesomebackgrounds.com
Slide 26
Political Linkages Protests,
Demonstrations- Should this be added to the pyramid? The interest groups protests’ take on a life of their own. At times they become violent.
© 2006 By Default!
A Free sample background from www.awesomebackgrounds.com
Slide 27
Political Linkages The
Media: They cover the protests and attempt to get at the angst that causes them. They serve to bring attention to (some of the) protestors’ causes. Elections: President Clinton wants to help Al Gore become President in 2000.
© 2006 By Default!
A Free sample background from www.awesomebackgrounds.com
Slide 28
The Parties Democrats:
President Clinton has worked hard to create a new perception for Democrats. He supports free trade. At the same time, many in his party, including labor, oppose free trade expansion. Republicans: Poised to support candidates against Democrats. If they can take advantage of free trade riffs, they will. (Typically close to business) © 2006 By Default!
A Free sample background from www.awesomebackgrounds.com
Slide 29
Political Linkages Public
Opinion: Public usually rhetorically supports free trade. There are no galvanizing events at this time to rally them to the anti-free trade crowd. Protestors may hurt the cause’s image among the public.
© 2006 By Default!
A Free sample background from www.awesomebackgrounds.com
Government Congress:
Tends to be slightly free trade absent some galvanizing event. Courts: Non-player for now.
© 2006 By Default!
Slide 30
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Slide 31
Governmental Level President
Clinton: Strong believer in free trade with protections for the environment. Feels pressure from interest groups on both sides.
© 2006 By Default!
Slide 32
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Policy So
the President endorses both sides… calls for more labor protection and environmental protections in WTO but supports more trade.
© 2006 By Default!
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Federal Bureaucracy
© 2006 By Default!
Slide 33
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Slide 34
Federal Bureaucracy The
totality of the departments and agencies of the executive branch of the national government.
© 2006 By Default!
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Hostile Political Culture Americans
generally distrusting of government.
© 2006 By Default!
Slide 35
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Slide 36
Civil Servants Civil
Service: Federal Government jobs held by civilian employees excluding political appointees. Civil Servant: Government workers employed under the merit system. These are not political appointees.
© 2006 By Default!
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Slide 37
Bureaucratic Hodgepodge Incoherent
organization… few clear lines of responsibility. Divided control: Bureaucracy in many ways answers to two bosses- Congress and the President.
© 2006 By Default!
A Free sample background from www.awesomebackgrounds.com
Slide 38
The Evolution of the Federal Bureaucracy in America Post
Civil War: Except for military in the south, fairly small. Bureau for unclaimed lands and Indian Affairs. Ag in response to farm crisis. Early 20th Century: Bureaucracy expands to meet new needs: food and drug act, banking, anti-trust laws. Prohibition and anticommunism.
© 2006 By Default!
A Free sample background from www.awesomebackgrounds.com
Slide 39
The Evolution of the Federal Bureaucracy in America The
Great Depression and the New Deal: Work for unemployed (WPA), relief for the poor, Social Security, agricultural subsidies, labor law enforcement. WWII: Some war time controls and rationing. Post-WWII:
CIA, Department of Defense, Atomic Energy Commission, Anticommunism
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The Evolution of the Federal Bureaucracy in America The
Regulatory State: Environmental protection, urban affairs, consumer protection, drug safety, education The Reagan Devolution: From 1980-2001 we saw increasing rollbacks of government. The war on poverty was surrendered. Less oversight on the economy. Increase in war on drugs. Welfare reform. Largely Republican led. © 2006 By Default!
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The Evolution of the Federal Bureaucracy in America Post
9/11: Homeland Security Department and the nationalization of airport security/baggage staff. Increase in scope of activities for NSA, CIA, FBI
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The Executive Branch
Departments Bureaus and Agencies Independent Executive Agencies report to the President Government Corporations: TVA, USPS Quasi governmental orgs- Government involvement, outside control Independent Regulatory Commissions- Control vested outside of political authority. (SEC) Foundations- Private orgs with federal $$ and input.
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Bureaucrats’ Jobs Execute
the law Regulating (Fleshing out the law) Adjudicating (not courts)
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Civil Servants and Political Appointees Civil
Servants- Career oriented. Usually with agency for years. Have protections from political firings. Political Appointees- Usually come in at the top of the bureaucracy. Serve at the whim of the President. Much more ideological. Only there for a short time.
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Public Pressure and Bureaucracies Public
pressures bureaucracies usually only indirectly… public does pressure Congress and President directly. President and Congress provide often contradictory or incomplete “orders” to bureaucracies after public pressure.
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President’s Control over the Bureaucracy Not
absolute… ex. branch implements law. Civil Servants have merit employee protection. President doesn’t completely control the agencies purse. Usually exercised through appointment of bureaucratic heads. Also has power to attempt to change the law, executive order
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Congressional Control over the Bureaucracy Not
direct… more removed than the President’s. Oversight: Are agencies doing what they’re supposed to be doing. Appropriations: He who has the gold makes the rules… Law: Executive branch implements and bound by the law… Congress can change.
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Congressional Control over the Bureaucracy Confirm
Agency Heads Inspector Generals
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Reforming the Bureaucracy Reorganizing
bureaucracies Privatizing government services Whistleblower protections
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