Glossary Of Acland.docx

ACLAND ANATOMY

BY Robert D. Acland, MBBS, FRCS (1941-2016)

Glossary Many anatomic structures are still known by names given when Greek, Arabic and Latin were languages of learning. There are no accepted translations for most anatomic names, so these interesting links with the past remain in service.  A  Abduct LATIN ab, away + ducere, pull.

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Acetabulum LATIN acteum, vinegar + abrum, holder. Small cup for vinegar, hence any small cup. Adduct LATIN ad, towards + ducere, pull. Adrenal LATIN ad, toward + ren, kidney. Ala (alar) LATIN ala, wing. Alveolus (alveolar) LATIN alveolus, small compartment. Ampulla LATIN ampulla, flask. Ansa LATIN ansa, handle. Antecubital LATIN ante, in front; cubitum, elbow. Anular LATIN anus, ring. Appendix LATIN ad, toward; pendere, to hang. Hence appendage. Arcuate LATIN arcus, bow. Areola LATIN areola, small area. Atrium LATIN atrium, court or hall. Auricle LATIN auricula, diminutive of auris, ear. Axilla LATIN axilla, armpit. Acromion GREEK acron, summit + omos, shoulder. Anconeus GREEK ancone, elbow. Aponeurosis

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GREEK apo, from: neuron, tendon. (Early GREEK anatomists used neuron indiscriminately for nerves and tendons.) Arachnoid GREEK arachne, spider; like a spider's web Arytenoid GREEK arytaina, pitcher; the two cartilages, with the gap between them, look like the spout of a pitcher. Atlas GREEK Atlas, mythical figure; Atlas supports the world on his shoulders. Axis GREEK axon, axle or pivot. Azygos GREEK azygos, unyoked (not a pair) named for its asymmetry. B Biceps LATIN bi, double; caput, head. Brevis LATIN brevis, short. Buccinator LATIN buccinator, trumpeter Bursa LATIN bursa, purse. Brachial GREEK brachion, arm. Brachiocephalic GREEK brachion, arm; kephale, head. Basilic ARABIC basilik, inner. C Calcaneus LATIN calcar, spur. Callosum LATIN callus, hard. Calvaria LATIN calva, bald. Canaliculus

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LATIN canaliculus, little canal. Capitate LATIN caput, head; thus rounded or shaped like the head. Cauda equina LATIN cauda equina, horse's tail. Cecum LATIN caecus, blind. Cerebellum LATIN cerebellum, little brain. Cerebrum LATIN cerebrum, brain. Choanae LATIN choana, funnel Chorda LATIN chorda, cord. Circumflex LATIN circum, around; flexere, to bend. Clavicle LATIN clavis, key or fastener. An ancient window fastener was a stick with a double curve. Colliculus LATIN colliculus, little hill. Conjunctiva LATIN conjunctivus, joining together. Cornea LATIN cornea, horny. Costal LATIN costa, rib. Cribriform LATIN cribrum, sieve. Crista galli LATIN crista, crest; galli, barnyard cock Cruciate LATIN crux (crucis), a cross. Crus (pl. crura)

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LATIN crus (cruris), shin or leg; Used to name anything remotely resembling a leg. Cuneiform LATIN cuneus, wedge; forma, shape. Carotid GREEK karotides from karoun, to throttle. Carpal GREEK karpos, wrist. Celiac GREEK koilia, belly. Chordae tendineae GREEK corda, string; tendin, stretched. Clinoid GREEK cline, bed; the c. processes are named for their resemblance to bed posts. Clitoris GREEK kleitoris, clitoris. Coccyx GREEK kokkyx, cuckoo; the bone has a fancied resemblance to a cuckoo's beak. Concha GREEK conche, cockleshell. Condyle GREEK kondylos, knob. Conoid GREEK konos, cone-shaped. Coracoid GREEK korax, crow; eidos, like; i.e. hooked like a crow's beak. Coronary GREEK choronos, crown thus encircling. Cranium GREEK kranion, skull. Cremaster GREEK kremaster, suspender. Cricoid GREEK krikos, ring. Cuboid GREEK

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kubos, cube; eidos, resembling. Cephalic ARABIC alkifal, outer. D Denticulate LATIN denticula, little tooth. Digit LATIN digitus, finger. Diverticulum LATIN diverticulum, by-way. Dorsum sellae LATIN dorsum, back; saddle, saddle, see Sella turcica. Duodenum LATIN duodenum, twelve; so named because it is 12 fingerbreadths in length. Dura LATIN durus, hard. Dartos GREEK dartos, skinned, flayed. Deltoid GREEK delta, the letter D, thus a triangle. Diaphragm GREEK diaphragma, partition. Digastric GREEK dis, double; gaster, belly E Eversion LATIN e-, out; vertere, to turn. Epicondyles GREEK epi, upon; kondulos, knob. Epididymis GREEK epi, upon; didumos, testis. Epigastric GREEK epi, upon; gaster, stomach; originally used to designate the area of the abdomen overlying the stomach. Epiglottis GREEK epi, upon; glottis, mouth of the windpipe.

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Epiploic GREEK epiploon, omentum. Esophagus GREEK oisophagos, gullet. F Falciform LATIN falx, sickle; forma, shape. Falx LATIN falx, sickle. Femoral LATIN femur, thigh. Fimbriae LATIN fimbria, fringe. Foramen LATIN foramen, aperture, hole. Fornix LATIN fornix, arch. Fossa LATIN fossa, trench or ditch, hence any concavity. Frenum LATIN frenum, bridle. Fallopian (Named after Fallopius, Italian anatomist.) G Galea LATIN galea, helmet. Gemellus LATIN gemelli, little twins. Geniculate LATIN genu, knee. Gracilis LATIN gracilis, slender. Ganglion GREEK ganglion, knot. GastroGREEK

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gaster, stomach. Gastrocnemius GREEK gaster, belly; kneme, leg; the bulge of the leg. GenioGREEK geneion, bridle. Glenoid GREEK glene, socket. Gluteal GREEK gloutos, buttock. -glossus GREEK glossa, tongue -glottis GREEK glottis, mouth of the windpipe H Hallux LATIN hallux, great toe. Hamate LATIN hamus, hook. Hamulus LATIN hamulus, little hook Haustrum LATIN haustrum, pouch. Hiatus LATIN hiare, to yawn; hence an opening. Hilum LATIN hilum, point of attachment of a seed. Humerus LATIN humerus, bone of the upper arm from G omos, shoulder. Helix GREEK helix, coil. Hepatic GREEK hepar, liver. Hyoid GREEK u, letter U; eidos, like; i.e. U-shaped Hypogastric GREEK

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hupo, below; gaster, stomach; originally the area of the abdomen below the stomach. Hypothenar GREEK hypo, below; thenar, the palm. I Incus LATIN incus, anvil. Infundibulum LATIN infundibulum, funnel. Inguinal LATIN inguen, groin. Innominate LATIN innominatus, without a name. Interosseous LATIN inter, between; os, bone. Inversion LATIN in, in; vertere, to turn. Ileum GREEK eileos, twisted. Ilium GREEK eilien, to twist, the twisted bone. Iris GREEK iris, rainbow. Ischium GREEK ischion, socket of hip joint. J Jejunum LATIN jejunum, empty, hungry. Jugular LATIN jugularis, pertaining to the neck (from jugum, yoke) L Lacerum LATIN lacerus, torn. Lacuna LATIN lacuna, pit, hollow. Lamina LATIN

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lamina, thin plate. Latissimus dorsi LATIN latissimus, the widest; dorsi, of the back. Levator LATIN levator, lifter. LienoLATIN lien, spleen. Linea alba LATIN linea, white; alba, line. Linea aspera LATIN linea, line; aspera, rough. Lingula LATIN lingula, little tongue. Lumbrical LATIN lumbricus, worm. Lunate bone LATIN luna, moon. Larynx GREEK larynx, upper part of windpipe. M Malleolus LATIN malleolus, small hammer. Malleus LATIN malleus, hammer. Mamillary LATIN mammila, little breast. Manubrium LATIN manubrium, handle or hilt of weapon. Meatus LATIN meatus, passage. Medial LATIN medius, middle. Mediastinum LATIN media, middle; stare, stand, i.e. midline partition. Mental LATIN

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mentum, chin. Minimus LATIN minimus, smallest. Masseter GREEK masseter, chewer. Mastoid GREEK mastos, breast; eidos, like. N Navicular LATIN navicula, little ship, hence boat shaped. Nucha LATIN nucha, nape of neck. O Obturator LATIN obturare, to occlude; obturator foramen was named because it is largely occluded by the obturator membrane. Occipital LATIN occipitum, back part of head. Olfactory LATIN olere, to smell; facere, make. Ostium LATIN os, mouth. Odontoid GREEK odous, tooth; eidos, like. Olecranon GREEK olekranon, point of the elbow. OmoGREEK omos, shoulder. P Palpebral LATIN palpebra, eyelid. Pampiniform LATIN pampinus, tendril + forma, shape. Papillary LATIN papilla, nipple. Parietal LATIN

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paries, wall. Parotid LATIN para,beside; otos, ear. Pectineus LATIN pecten, comb. Pectoralis LATIN pectus, chest. Pelvis LATIN pelvis, basin. Peroneal LATIN perone, fibula. Pia LATIN pia, soft. Pineal LATIN pinea, pine cone. Piriform, piriformis LATIN pirum, pear; forma, shape. Pisiform LATIN pisum, pea. Pituitary LATIN pituita, phlegm. Plantar, plantaris LATIN planta, sole of the foot. Pollicis LATIN pollex, thumb. Pons LATIN pons, bridge. Popliteal LATIN poples, back of the knee. Porta LATIN porta, doorway. Prepuce LATIN praeputium, foreskin. Profundus LATIN profundus, deep.

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Pubis LATIN pubes, adult; the part covered by pubic (i.e. adult) hair. Pudendal LATIN pudere, to be ashamed. Genitals (pudenda) were considered shameful parts. Punctum LATIN punctum, point. Papyracea GREEK papyros, papyrus, hence paper. Peritoneum GREEK peri, around; teinein, stretch. Pharynx GREEK pharynx, throat. Phrenic GREEK phren, diaphragm. Platysma GREEK platysma, spread out flat. Pleura GREEK pleuron, rib. Psoas GREEK psoai, loins. Pterygoid GREEK pteryx, wing; eidos, like. Pylorus GREEK pulouros, gate watcher. Q Quadratus LATIN quadratus, squared. Quadriceps LATIN quadri, four; caput, head. R Ramus LATIN ramus, branch. Rectum LATIN rectus, straight. Renal LATIN

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ren, kidney. Retinaculum LATIN retinaculum, a physical restraint. Risorius LATIN risus, laughter. Radius GREEK radix, rod. Rhomboid GREEK rhombus, four sided figure with equal sides. S Sacrum LATIN sacer, sacred. Sartorius LATIN sartor, tailor. The action of the muscle crosses the legs, in the position once assumed by tailors. Scrotum LATIN scortum, leather purse. Sella turcica LATIN sella, saddle; turcica, Turkish Serratus LATIN serratus, saw-toothed. Soleus LATIN solea, sole of foot; also sole, flat fish. Soleus muscle is named for the latter. Squamous LATIN squama, scale or plate. Stapes LATIN stapes, stirrup. Salpinx GREEK salpigx, trumpet. Scalene GREEK skalenos, irregular, the scalene muscles were first described as a single muscle; they form an irregular triangle. Scaphoid bone GREEK skaphe, scooped out. Sciatic GREEK ischion, hip joint.

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Sclera GREEK skleros, hard. Sesamoid GREEK sesamon, sesame seed; eidos, resembling. Sphenoid GREEK sphen, wedge; eidos, like. The s. bone is wedged among the other bones. Splanchnic GREEK splanchna, bowels. Styloid GREEK stylos, pillar; eidos, like. Symphysis GREEK syn, together; physis, growth. Saphenous ARABIC al safin, hidden. T Taenia LATIN tainia, tape. Talus LATIN talus, ankle. Tectorial LATIN tectum, roof Tentorium LATIN tentorium, tent. Teres LATIN teres, round. Torus LATIN torus, bulge. Trabecula LATIN trabecula, small timber or support. Triceps LATIN tris, three; caput, head. Trigeminal LATIN trigeminus, triplet. Triquetral LATIN triquetrus, three-cornered.

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Tubercle LATIN tuberculum, small swelling. Tympanic LATIN tympanum, tambourine. Tarsus GREEK tarsos, flat basket also oar blade. Thenar GREEK thenar, palm. Thorax GREEK thorax, chest. Thyroid GREEK thyreos, shield. Trachea GREEK tracheia, rough; the t. is so called because of its ridged wall. Tragus GREEK tragos, goat, from small tuft of hair near the ear. Trapezius GREEK trapezion, four-sided figure with two parallel sides. Trochanter GREEK trochanter, a roller. Trochlea GREEK trochilea, pulley. U Ulna LATIN ulna, elbow. Uncinate LATIN uncinatus, furnished with a hook. Uncus LATIN uncus, hook. Uterus LATIN uter, womb. Uvula LATIN uva, grape. V Vagina LATIN

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vagina, sheath. Vagus LATIN vagare, to wander, i.e. the wandering nerve. Vallecula LATIN vallecula, little valley Velum LATIN velum, curtain. Vena cava LATIN vena, vein; cava, hollow. An old mis-translation of an older GREEK term meaning vein of the belly. Vermis LATIN vermis, worm. VesicoLATIN vesica, bladder. Vestibule LATIN vestibulum, antechamber. Vomer LATIN vomer, plowshare. X Xiphoid GREEK xiphos, sword. Z Zygomatic GREEK zygon, yoke

How the Project Began By Robert Acland A helpful suggestion. Many things led up to my decision to make the Video Atlas, but the immediate cause was

a conversation that happened in the fall of 1993. I had just given a clinical correlation lecture to our medical students about the importance of anatomy to me in my career as a surgeon. One student, Suzanne l'Ecuyer, said, "You can't imagine how helpful it would be if you could make videos as beautiful as the slides you just showed us." Overhearing her, one of our senior anatomists said "Bob, you've been talking about doing that for years, it's time you did it." Within two weeks I had committed myself to making a major series of anatomical videos for students.

At that time I was moving from my first career as a reconstructive microsurgeon to my second as a clinical anatomist. For many years before that I had run the University of Louisville Medical School's microsurgery teaching laboratory, where I had learned how to make effective instructional videos. My deepening interest in anatomy had led me to become director of our school's unique Fresh Tissue Dissection Laboratory, and it was in that setting that a chance event had shown me a way of presenting anatomy in three dimensions.

Lights, Camera, Action! In the lab there was an overhead surgical light fixture that had been converted to hold a TV camera. The camera was on the end of a swinging arm that hung from the ceiling. The pivot it hung from was supposed to be vertical, but it was off by a degree, so the whole fixture had an urge to swing around till it reached its low point. Whenever we used it, someone had to hold the camera still. One day in 1984 we were making a shot of a specimen that was placed directly below the pivot. The person holding the camera let go by mistake, and it swung round in an arc while the shot was being recorded. To our amazement, we found we had made a video shot of an object that appeared to be rotating. It looked perfectly three dimensional.

It was clear that video of a rotating object could be used as a powerful teaching tool, but I put the idea on the back burner for nearly ten years. During that time the prospects for a high quality anatomy video project brightened. TV cameras became lighter and better, VCRs in the home became universal, and computer-driven anatomy projects, once considered the way of the future, began to fall short of their early promise. By 1993 I was ready to put the rotating video idea to good use. Suzanne L'Ecuyer not only launched the Video Atlas project with her initial suggestion, she also became my main adviser as the project took shape. Many of the features of the Video Atlas that students now value were shaped by her keen perception.

How the Atlas Was Made

The bodies used for the Video Atlas dissections were those of individuals who in life had bequeathed their bodies to the University of Louisville's Body Bequeathal Program. We appreciate the selfless spirit in which our donors acted, and we respect their desire for anonymity. No individual is depicted in the Atlas in a way that reveals his or her identity. Specimen preservation and dissection. We did not use traditional embalming on the bodies for the Video Atlas, as it discolors and stiffens the tissues producing an unnatural appearance. Instead we used either no embalming, or a mild preservation technique that leaves the color and texture of the tissues almost exactly as they are in the living body.

To keep the specimen in good condition, the dissection and Video recording were done in a laboratory refrigerated to 8°C (46°F). The dissections were done using fine surgical instruments, magnifying eyeglasses, and our best surgical and microsurgical skills. Sometimes two individuals worked on a dissection, sometimes only one. The initial stages of a large dissection might take 6-8 hours. The dissected specimen was placed on a table that had a rotating top, and was held in place by wires that connected it to an unseen support device. The images were made using a broadcast-quality, 3-chip analog video camera mounted on a rotating arm. The images were recorded on SP-beta analog tape. Cool fluorescent studio lighting was used to create the best definition and modeling. The shots were recorded against a background of black velvet. The same material was used to cover the table and support devices so that they are not seen. The dissection was done in planned stages. The order in which shots appear in the edited video is often the reverse of the order in which they were made. We embarked on a dissection with a script in hand that told us not only what we were going to show, but the exact words, actions, and shot sequence we would use. Production and narration. We are often asked what computer program we used to create the rotation effects that give the Video Atlas images their striking three-dimensional quality. We didn't use any computer program. When you see rotation about a vertical axis, it was produced by

rotating the table top by hand while the shot was being recorded. Rotation around a horizontal axis was produced by rotating the camera arm, again by hand. For each shot, we read the words of the prepared script into an audio recorder. The words gave exact timing cues for all the actions that happened in the course of the shot. When we were ready to record the shot, we played back the audio recording while the video recorder was running and the actions were being performed. The words from the audio recorder were re-recorded onto the first of the videotape's two sound tracks, giving an accurately timed "scratch" audio track. Later, the words were re-spoken onto the second sound track to create the finished narrative.

The program was edited at the University of Louisville Medical School's IT Television Service using SP-Beta analog equipment. The Atlas was originally released as a series of VHS tapes, published individually between 1995 and 2003 as Acland's Video Atlas of Human Anatomy. Because of the limitations of the VHS format, these tapes showed a distinct loss of image quality compared to the SP-Beta masters. Evolving formats. By the time the series was completed, the DVD format was overtaking tape as the dominant video medium. The DVD version of the Atlas was released in 2003. It displayed the video images for the first time in their full original quality. This high-quality streaming video website brings the Video Atlas to a new level of access, navigability, and ease of use. Instead of six volumes there are now five: the two that show the Head and Neck, which were Vol. 4 and 5, now form an extended Vol. 4. The previous Vol. 6, the Internal Organs and Reproductive System, is now Vol. 5. Each minute of the finished product took twelve hours to produce: five in creating the script, five in making the shots, and two in post-production.

Robert D. Acland, MBBS, FRCS (1941-2016)

Dr. Robert Acland gained his expertise in instructional video during his first career as a pioneer and teacher of microsurgical techniques. In his second career as a clinical anatomist, Dr. Acland established and directed the renowned Fresh Tissue Dissection Laboratory at University of Louisville School of Medicine, where he taught anatomy to students and surgeons and pursued anatomical research. Working with fresh, unembalmed cadavers, Dr. Acland pioneered new and highly effective techniques of anatomical videography that give the viewer a clear three-dimensional understanding of spatial relationships.