Geology_mineral_resources_cg.pdf

ISSN 0579 - 4706

Govt. of India Controller of Publication

^maVr` ^yd¡km{ZH$ gd}jU GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

N>ÎmrgJ‹T H$m ^y{dkmZ Ed§ I{ZO g§gmYZ> {d{dY àH$meZ g§»`m 30 ^mJ XXI, V¥Vr` n[aemo{YV g§ñH$aU

GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF CHHATTISGARH Miscellaneous Publication No. 30 Part XXI, Third Revised Edition

^maV gaH$ma Ho$ AmXoe go àH$m{eV Published by order of the Government of India

2013

Stromatolitic limestone near Amaseoni, Raipur district, Chhattisgarh Photo by: Shri B.K. Mishra, Senior Geologist, GSI, SU: CG, Raipur

Banded Haematite Jasper(BHJ), Bhalapuri area, Kabirdham district, Chhattisgarh Photo by: Shri D.K.Thawait, Senior Geologist, GSI, SU: CG, Raipur

Scheelite under ultraviolet lamp in Calc Silicate rock, Village-Adhaura, Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh Photo by: Shri S.R. Mohanty, Geologist, GSI, SU: CG, Raipur

ISSN 0579 - 4706

Govt. of India Controller of Publication

PGSI - 370 450-2013 (DSK-II)

85

^maVr` ^yd¡km{ZH$ gd}jU GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

N>ÎmrgJ‹T H$m ^y{dkmZ Ed§ I{ZO g§gmYZ> {d{dY àH$meZ g§»`m 30 ^mJ XXI, V¥Vr` n[aemo{YV g§ñH$aU

GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF CHHATTISGARH Miscellaneous Publication No. 30 Part XXI, Third Revised Edition

C

INDIA, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2013)

*First Published 1977 *Second Edition 2006 (Revised) * Reprint 2007 * Third Edition 2013 (Revised)

Manuscript compiled by B. K. Mishra Superintending Geologist, SU : Chhattisgarh, Raipur and Officers of M-II B, Kolkata

Manuscript processed for printing by Swagata Chaudhuri Director, Nirmal Dhar Superintending Geologist and Manjusha Mahajan Senior Geologist

Under the supervision of V. P. Sabale Deputy Director General, RMH-III S. K. Sharma Director, PSS, SU : Maharashtra and P. Srivastva DIC, RMH-III

Under the overall guidance of Eshwara Deputy Director General Geological Survey of India Central Region

Published by Director General Geological Survey of India 27, Jawaharlal Nehru Road Kolkata- 700016.

2013

Price : Inland : ` 168/-

Foreign : $ 6.73 / £ 4.10

Printed at : Aishwarya Graphics, Ratan Apartment No.3, Ganeshpeth, Nagpur

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ñWmZ : H$mobH$mVm {XZm§H$ : 05.03.2013

(E. gwÝXam_yVu) _hm{ZXoeH$

(iii)

Foreword The State of Chhattisgarh constitutes one of the most important geological milieu of the Indian Shield, exposing rock sequence from Archaean to Recent over an area of 1,35,084 sq km. Combination of cratons, mobile belts and supracrustal belts occupying a large part of the state has provided conducive environment for hosting a large variety of mineral deposits. The Archaean and the Proterozoic rocks are the storehouse for minerals experiencing almost all the metallogenic epochs in geological history. The Proterozoic rocks cover the central part of the state and most of the minerals like iron ore, limestone, dolomite and recently discovered diamond-bearing kimberlite are associated with these rocks. The north and northeastern parts are occupied by Gondwana sediments with good deposits of power grade coal. The Deccan Traps spread over north and northwestern parts are responsible for the huge bauxite deposits in the state. The state is endowed with world class iron ore deposit having 18.67% of total Indian iron ore, coal resources with 17.32% of the total deposits of Indian coal, 4.5% of national reserve of bauxite, 5.15% of limestone, 11.25% of dolomite, and 28.6% of diamond of total Indian reserve. It is the sole tin producing state of the country with 38% of Indian Tin ore. Precious and semiprecious corundum, alexandrite and kornerupine, multicoloured dimension stones are also available in the state. Immense and invaluable data on geological investigations, generated by GSI in the last 162 years have culminated in bringing out the first edition of Miscellaneous Publication, No. 30, on Geology and Mineral Resources of Madhya Pradesh (undivided) in 1977 and the second revised edition of Chhattisgarh in 2006. Since then, significant additional data on the geology and mineral exploration have been generated based on the modern conceptual models warranting revision in the tectono-stratigraphy of various mobile belts and sedimentary basins present in the state. A vast analytical data of geochemical samples have also been generated through National Geochemical Mapping programmes. Moreover, new mineral deposits and prognosticated target areas for mineral exploration have also been identified such as diamond bearing kimberlitic pipe rocks in Raipur district; copper, tin and iron ore in Kanker and Bastar districts; gold and bauxite in Jashpur, Kanker, Bastar and Raipur districts and new coal reserves in Surguja and Raigarh districts. The discovery of diamondiferous kimberlites had opened up new vista for future exploration works for diamond in the adjoining states of Odisha and Jharkhand. The third revised edition of Miscellaneous Publication, No. 30, Part XXI, entitled as "Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh" has been fulfilled into present volume which has also a Geological and Mineral Map (1:2 M Scale) of the State. The upto date information on the geology and mineral resources in this volume will help in planning future programmes in the state and will facilitate accelerated industrial growth. The concept of equilibrium between geological search, prospecting, exploration and utilization of mineral resources is our urge for the accomplishment of sustainable coexistence between the mining, environment and human resources in the state. It is hoped that this Publication will be immensely useful to various stake holders especially the scientist engaged in the earth science studies.

Place - Kolkata Date - 05.03.2013

A. Sundaramoorthy Director General

(iv)

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh CONTENTS

Page No.

àmŠH$WZ - FOREWORD I

iii - iv

INTRODUCTION

1

General Information Physiography

1 1

II

GEOLOGY

3

II-1

ARCHAEAN

4

II-1.1 II-1.2A II-1.2B II-1.3 II-1.3A II-1.3B II-1.3C

Bengpal (Sukma) Group Bastar Gneisses Baya Gneissic Complex Granulite Belts Bhopalpatnam Granulite Belt Kondagaon Granulite Belt Konta Granulite Belt

4 5 6 6 6 6 7

II-2

ARCHAEAN- PALAEOPROTEROZOIC

7

II-2.1 II-2.2 II-2.3 II-2.4 II-2.5

Eastern Ghat Supergroup Bailadila Group Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex Gneissic Complex of Bilaspur- Raigarh- Surguja (BRS) Belt Unclassified Metamorphics of Bilaspur-Raigarh - Ambikapur Region

7 7 8 8 9

II-3

PALAEOPROTEROZOIC

9

II-3.1 II-3.2 II-3.3 II-3.3A II-3.3B II-3.3C

Sonakhan Belt Nandgaon Group Dongargarh and Equivalent Granites Dongargarh Granite Madanbera Granite Kanker-Mainpur Granitoid

9 11 12 12 13 13

II-4

PALAEO - MESOPROTEROZOIC

13

II-4.1 II-4.2

Chilpi Group Khairagarh Group

13 13 (v)

II-4.3 II-4.4 II-4.5

Abujhmar Group Tulsi Dongar Group Mafic Dyke Swarms

14 14 14

II-5

MESO - NEOPROTEROZOIC

15

II-5.1 II-5.1A II-5.1B II-5.1C II-5.2 II-5.3 II-5.3A II-5.4

Chhattisgarh Supergroup Singhora Group Chandarpur Group Raipur Group Pairi (Khariar) Group Indravati Group Intrusives Sabri Group

15 15 17 17 18 20 21 22

II-6

NEOPROTEROZOIC

22

II-6.1

Pakhal Supergroup

22

II-7

UPPER CARBONIFEROUS - LOWER CRETACEOUS

22

II-7.1 II-7.1A II-7.1B II-7.1C II-7.1D II-7.1E II-7.1F II-7.1G

Gondwana Supergroup Late Carboniferous to Early Permian Early Permian Late Permian Early Triassic Late Middle Triassic Jurassic Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous

22 23 23 23 24 24 25 25

II-8

CRETACEOUS

25

II-8.1

Lameta Group

25

II-9

CRETACEOUS - PALAEOGENE

25

II-9.1

Deccan Trap and Associated Rocks

25

II-10

CAINOZOIC: PLEISTOCENE - RECENT

25

II-10.1 II-10.2

Laterite Alluvial Deposits

25 25

III

GEOCHEMICAL MAPPING

26

IV

MINERAL RESOURCES

27

Alexandrite Amazonite

27 27 (vi)

Andalusite Arsenopyrite Asbestos Barites Bauxite Beryl Building stones Chromite China clay/ Kaolin Coal Copper Corundum Diamond Dolomite Feldspar Fire clay Fluorite Flux Grade Magnesian Rocks and PGE Galena (Lead-Zinc ore) Garnet Gold Graphite Iron ore Jade Kyanite Limestone Manganese Magnesite Mica Molybdenum Nickel Ochre Phosphorite Potash Quartz Radioactive minerals Ruby Scheelite Sillimanite Soapstone Talc - Steatite Thermal Springs Tin Slime beneficiation and pelletisation studies

27 27 29 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 39 39 39 40 41 41 41 42 42 42 43 45 45 46 46 46 48 48 48 48 48 48 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 51

IV

REFERENCES

53

V

LOCALITY INDEX

58 (vii)

LIST OF PLATES AND TABLES PLATE - 1

: Geological and Mineral Map of Chhattisgarh

Table No. 1

: Generalised lithostratigraphy of Chhattisgarh

4

Table No. 2

: Litho association in the Bhopalpatnam Granulite Belt

6

Table No. 3

: Lithostratigraphy of Bailadila Group

8

Table No. 4

: Lithostratigraphy of Sonakhan Belt

10

Table No. 5

: Lithostratigraphy of Nandgaon Group

11

Table No. 6

: Lithostratigraphy of Ainhur Group, Kotri Belt

12

Table No. 7 : Litho association in the Khairagarh Group

14

Table No. 8 : Lithostratigraphy of Chhattisgarh Basin

16

Table No. 9 : Stratigraphic Succession of the Pairi Group

19

Table No. 10 : Stratigraphic Classification of Indravati Basin

20

Table No. 11 : Correlation of Gondwana Strata in Son-Mahanadi Basin

23

Table No. 12 : Reserves/Resources of Minerals as on 1.4.2005 : Chhattisgarh

28

Table No. 13 : Mineral Production in Chhattisgarh, 2008-09 to 2009-10 (Excluding Atomic Minerals)

29

Table No. 14 : Inventory of Geological Resource of Chhattisgarh Coal

33

Table No. 15 : Grade-wise resource of noncoking coal in Gondwana Coalfields of Chhattisgarh

35

Table No. 16 : Areas of dolomite deposits in Chhattisgarh Basin of Bilaspur district

40

Table No. 17 : Mineral based industries of Chhattisgarh

52

(viii)

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh I. INTRODUCTION General Information Chhattisgarh, deriving its name from the thirty six forts of pre-independence feudal states, has been carved out of the erstwhile Madhya Pradesh in the year 2000. Before Indian independence, present-day Chhattisgarh state was divided between the Central Provinces and Berar, a province of British India and a number of princely states in the north, south and east, which were part of the Eastern States Agency. The British province encompassed the central portion of the state and was made up of three districtsRaipur, Bilaspur and Durg, which made up the Chhattisgarh Division of the Central Provinces. Durg district was created in 1906 out of the eastern portion of Raipur district. The northern portion of the state, comprising presentday Koriya, Surajpur, Surguja, Jashpur and Raigarh districts, was divided among the six princely states of Chang Bhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surajpur, Raigarh, Surguja and Udaipur. To the east, the states of Nandgaon, Khairagarh, and Kawardha comprised parts of presentday Rajnandgaon and Kawardha districts. In the south, the state of Kanker comprised the northern portion of present-day Kanker district, and the state of Bastar included present-day Bastar and Dantewada districts and the southern part of Kanker district. After Indian Independence, the princely states were merged with the Central Provinces and Berar to form the new state of Madhya Pradesh. Present-day Chhattisgarh comprised seven districts of Madhya Pradesh. The former states of Kanker and Bastar formed the new Bastar district, the states of Surguja, Korea, and Chang Bhakar formed the new Surguja district and the states of Nandgaon, Khairagarh and Kawardha formed the new Rajnandgaon district. In 1998, the seven districts that make up the presentday Chhattisgarh were reorganized to form 16 districts. Dantewada and Kanker districts were split from Bastar; Dhamtari district was split from Raipur; Janjgir-Champa and Korba districts were split from Bilaspur; Jashpur district was split from Raigarh; Kawardha district was formed from parts of Bilaspur and Rajnandgaon; Koriya and Surajpur districts were split from Surguja and Mahasamund district was split from Raipur.

Presently there are 27 districts in Chhattisgarh viz. Balrampur, Balod, Bastar, Baloda Bazar, Bemetara, Bilaspur, Bijapur, Dantewara, Dhamtari, Durg, Gariyaband, Janjgir-Champa, Jashpur, Kabirdham, Kanker, Korba, Koriya, Kondagaon, Mahasamund, Mungeli, Narayanpur, Raigarh, Raipur, Rajnandgaon, Surguja, Surajpur and Sukma. Chhattisgarh with Raipur as its capital covers an area of 135,084 sq. km bounded by latitudes 17°46' and 24° 50' North and longitudes 80° 35' and 84°51' East. It is surrounded by the states of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. The other important towns are Bilaspur, Durg, Bhilai, Rajnandgaon, Raigarh, Dhamtari, Ambikapur, Korba and Jagdalpur. Chhattisgarh abounds in natural resources including minerals, which have contributed to establish a number of industries in the state. Raipur, Bhilai and Korba are important industrial towns. A good network of roads connects the major towns as well as the interior villages in the state. Howrah Mumbai (southeastern railway) and Bilaspur - Katni railway lines pass through the state joining the towns Raipur, Bilaspur, Durg and Bhilai with important towns in adjacent states of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. Bilaspur is one of the important railway junctions. Anuppur-Bishrampur Chirimiri railway line gives access to the Surguja district and is useful for transport of coal from this area. Durg - Dalli - Rajhara railway line goes upto the northern border of tribal dominated district of Kanker. Kirindul-Jagdalpur-Vizianagram (Andhra Pradesh) railway line is the only rail link to Bastar district in southern part of Chhattisgarh. Raipur is the only airport in the state having daily flights from Delhi. Physiography Chhattisgarh exhibits highly rugged and undulating topography in the northern and southern parts. The Chhattisgarh plain or basin occupying the central part of the state is relatively flat. This is extensively cultivated and is known as the 'rice bowl'. The Chhattisgarh plain is surrounded by highly rugged country comprising linear hills and granite tors along its margins. Maikala hill range on its western margin separates it from the main Satpura hill ranges. Khariar plateau is on the southeastern margin of the Chhattisgarh plain. This rises to elevations of more than 900 m above the m.s.l. Keshkal - Amabera plateau, 1

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

on the southern margin of the Chhattisgarh plain, forms the northern part of the Dandakaranya plateau in Bastar district. North-South trending Bailadila hill range forms the most prominent feature in Bastar district and has the highest elevation i.e.1296 m above the m.s.l. in the state. The southern marginal parts of the state demonstrate the characteristics of peneplained country with low ridges rising up to the elevations of 100 m above m.s.l. RaigarhSurguja plateau occupies the northern part of the state in Korba, Koriya, Surguja, Jashpur and Raigarh districts. This region is highly dissected and is having a number of prominent hills and tablelands (locally known as pats) rising to elevations more than 1,000 m above the m.s.l. The most prominent amongst them are Mainpat, Pandrapat and Jamirapat. These are known for their pleasant climate during the summer. Raigarh-Surguja plateau forms a prominent watershed region with a

2

number of rivers originating from this and flowing towards north and south. Mahanadi River, one of the country's important rivers, forms the major drainage in the central part of the state. It originates in the Sihawa hills in the south at the border of Raipur and Kanker districts. Shivnath, Pairi, Arpa, Lilagarh, Jonk, Hasdo, Ib and Mand rivers are its important tributaries. The drainage in southern part of the state belongs to the Indravati river basin. Indravati River flows from east to west and then takes an abrupt turn towards south near the border of Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra, and joins the Godavari River. Kotri, Narangi, Bhavardig and Markandi are its important tributaries. Sabri River flowing southerly near the border of Odisha and Chhattisgarh, forms part of the Godavari drainage.

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

II. GEOLOGY Introduction The State of Chhattisgarh constitutes one of the important geological terrains of the Indian shield exposing rock sequences from Archaean to Recent. A crustal scale Central Indian Shear zone (CIS) trending EW and passing through the central part, subdivides the state into two distinct geological provinces viz., the southern Bastar Province and the northern Satpura Province. The Bastar Craton preserves one of the oldest crustal blocks in the Indian peninsular shield. It is confined between the Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt (EGMB) on the east and the Godavari graben on the west. The oldest rocks of the Bastar Craton are the Archaean gneissic Complex (Bengpal and Sukma groups) which is overlain by the rocks of Bailadila Group followed by the bimodal volcanics of Kotri Supergroup and Sonakhan Group including Dongargarh and Bundeli granitoids and by sediments and volcanics of Abujhmar Group (LowerMiddle Proterozoic). This is followed by the platformal sediments of Chhattisgarh group of basins including Indravati and Sabri basins. The western boundary of the Bastar Craton is covered by the rocks of Sausar and Sakoli groups. On the north of Bastar Craton, beyond the Mahanadi graben, lies the Raigarh fold belt and EGMB on the north and the east respectively. This tectonic scenario is very much important in regional prognostication for diamond and kimberlites in the Bastar Craton. The Bastar Province constitutes the cratonic nuclei comprising Archaean Gneissic Complex with tectonic slivers of older Sukma supracrustals and flanked by Kondagaon and Bhopalpatnam granulite belts in the northeast and southwest respectively. In the central part of the gneissic complex, Bailadila Group representing NeoArchaean to Palaeoproterozoic greenstone belt, occupies linear north-south trending ridges in Bastar, Kanker and Durg districts. Palaeoproterozoic volcanic rocks of Nandgaon Group extend in north-south over a length of around 250 km and width of 50 - 60 km in the western part of the state bordering Maharashtra between Chilpi ghats in the north to the fringes of Abujhmar in the south. The volcano-sedimentary sequence in the eastern part in Raipur and Mahasamund districts is included in the Palaeoproterozoic Sonakhan Group. The Nandgaon volcanic belt is intruded by batholithic Dongargarh Granite. The Dongargarh Granite and its equivalent granites in Madanbera and Kanker-Mainpur areas occupy major portion of south - central part of the state. Mafic

dyke swarms conspicuously occupy Bhanupratapur Keshkal, Narayanpur - Kondagaon, Bijapur - Sukma and Geedam - Tongpal areas. Volcano - sedimentary sequences of the Khairagarh and Abujhmar groups and sediments of Chilpi Group belonging to Palaeo – Mesoproterozoic unconformably overlie the older sequences and granite in the Maikala range and Abujhmar plateau region. Pakhal Supergroup belonging to Mesoproterozoic occupies the Godavari valley region in the southwestern part of the state bordering Andhra Pradesh. Meso-neoproterozoic platformal cover sequence of the Chhattisgarh Supergroup occupies the Chhattisgarh plains. The cover sediments of Indravati, Sabri and Pairi groups, which are equivalents of Chhattisgarh Group, occupy Jagdalpur plateau, Sabri basin and Khariar highlands respectively. Laterite with pockets of bauxite forms capping at a number of places over these rocks in Keshkal -Amabera area. The Satpura province is confined to the north of the CIS and is devoid of the volcano-sedimentary sequences as observed in the Bastar Province. The oldest rocks belonging to Archaean to Paleoproterozoic include granitic gneisses and enclaves of meta-sedimentary/ meta-igneous rocks confined to the southern part of the province in the Raigarh-Bilaspur belt. Gneisses and granitoids exposed to the east of Mahanadi basin are included within Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex of the Archaean (?) - Palaeoproterozoic. Inliers of gneisses and granitoids also occur within the coal-bearing Gondwana basins. Precambrian cover sequences, as present in Bastar Province are absent in this province, but the Gondwana sequence is well developed. Gondwana sequence belonging to Upper Carboniferous - Lower Cretaceous age is confined in the two basins NW-SE trending Mahanadi Basin and ENE-WSW trending South Rewa Basin. The two basins merge in Surguja area north of Baikunthpur. Lameta Group is exposed in the Amarkantak plateau region, southeastern and eastern parts of Surguja District (Ambikapur). Remnants of Deccan Trap occur in the plateaus in the western and northeastern parts of Bilaspur District and in southeastern and eastern parts of Surguja District. Basic dykes of Deccan Trap affinity intrude the Gondwanas. Laterite with bauxite pockets occurs in Jamirapat and Mainpat in Surguja District, Pandrapat plateau in Jashpur District and Phutka Pahar of Korba District. Quaternary alluvium is confined to major river valleys. The generalized lithostratigraphic sequence is given in Table - 1. 3

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI Table - 1. Generalised lithostratigraphy of Chhattisgarh Cainozoic

Mesozoic

Palaeozoic-Mesozoic

Recent- Holocene

Alluvium

Mid-Pliocene

Laterite, Bauxite

Upper CretaceousPalaeogene

Deccan Trap

Upper Cretaceous

Lameta Group

Lower Cretaceous Upper Carboniferous

Gondwana Supergroup

Neoproterozoic

Pakhal Supergroup

Meso- NeoProterozoic

Kimberlite Chhattisgarh Supergroup, Indravati Group, Sabri Group, Pairi (Khariar) Group

Palaeo Mesoproterozoic

Khairagarh Group, Abujhmar Group, Tulsi Dongar Group, Chilpi Group

Palaeoproterozoic

Dongargarh Granite, Nandgaon Group, Sonakhan Group

Proterozoic

Unclassified metamorphites and granites of Bilaspur Raigarh-Surguja (BRS) Belt, Gneisses of BRS Belt Archaean-Palaeoproterozic

Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex Bailadila Group, Eastern Ghat Supergroup Konta Granulite, Kondagaon Granulite and Charnockite,

Archaean

Bhopalpatnam Granulite Unclassified Bastar Gneisses, Baya Gneisses etc. Bengpal (Sukma) Group,

II- 1 ARCHAEAN

II-1. 1 Bengpal (Sukma) Group

Pioneering work in Bastar Province includes those of Bose 1898-99, 1899-1900, Ball (1877), King (1881), Walker (1900), Crookshank (1938,1963), Ghosh, (1941). Bose, (CF Griesbach 1899, 1900) described the Bastar Supracrustals under the "Transition Series" and correlated them with the Dharwar System. Crookshank (1963) presented a geological succession based on his work and that of Ghosh (1932-38) for the Precambrians of southern part of Bastar Province and divided them into Sukma, Bengpal and Iron Ore Series. Ghosh (1941) reported the presence of metasedimentary and meta igneous lithologies occurring as granulitic enclaves within migmatitic and granitic gneisses. The granulite facies rocks could clearly be delineated to form separate belts in southern Bastar including the Bhopalpatnam, Kondagaon and Konta Granulite Belt.

In Bastar-Kanker-Rajnandgaon sector, metasedimentary and meta igneous rocks occurring as enclaves within granite gneiss and showing almandineamphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism have been included in the Bengpal (Sukma) Group. These Precambrian rocks in the southern part of Bastar were sub-divided into Sukma, Bengpal and Iron Ore Series by Crookshank (1963). The Sukma and Bengpal Series as designated by Crookshank were differentiated based on occurrence of diopsidic and calc-silicate rocks in the Sukma and that of basic lava and tuff in Bengpals. The metamorphic grade in the Bengpal Series was shown to be lower than that in Sukma Series. Ghosh (1932-38), however, differed from Crookshank's proposition by recognizing a composite Bengpal Group (including lithologies of both Sukma and Bengpal Series). The

4

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

differences between the two groups were attributed due to facies variation and different depth of burial. The later workers included the metamorphites of Bastar district into Bengpal Group including lithologies of Sukma and Bengpal Series of Crookshank (1963), Chatterjee (1970), Ramakrishnan (1990) and Mishra et al. (1988). Ramakrishnan (1990), however, reverted back to the distinction between Sukma and Bengpal on the basis of reported unconformity between the two. Ramchandra et al. (2001) generally endorsed the stratigraphic scheme of Ramakrishnan (1990) and regarded the Bengpal sequence of Chandner-Tulsidongar Belt as a mobile belt. Bengpal Group comprises calc-gneiss, pyroxene quartzite (with specks of graphite at places), cordierite schist and gneisses, metapelite (schist of various compositions including andalusite schist), quartzite, banded-magnetite quartzite (with or without grunerite), metabasites, amphibolite and hornblende schist. These supracrustals occur on mappable scale in Bastar, Dantewara and Kanker districts of Chhattisgarh and are well exposed in the following areas: a. Sukma-Kerlapal-Chintalnar; Nainiras-Gariapal; Aranpur and Ganglur west of Bailadila hills in Dantewara district. b. Barsur, Bastar district. c. Kapsi-Pakhanjur and Bahmni, Kanker district d. Mainpur-Nagri, Raipur district. Apart from the above, enclaves of supracrustals occur within gneisses as lenses and bands in the southern part of Bastar in Konta Belt. Due to polyphase deformation and metamorphism, and effects of younger tectonic events the lithostratigraphic succession of the supracrustals is not clear. The following features are observed in Bastar and Dantewara districts. 1. The rocks show E-W trend with vertical to steep dips and grade into granulite facies metamorphic assemblages. Further south, they are truncated by the NE-SW trend of the younger Konta Mobile Belt. 2. In the western part, these supracrustals grade into Bhopalpatnam Granulite facies mobile belt and show superposed NW-SE structural trends. 3. In the north, these supracrustals show megascale refolding along N-S trending axial planes due to the younger Bailadila orogeny. 4. In the east, these supracrustals trend N-S to NNW-SSE and are cut by the younger NW- SE to

WNW-ESE trend of the Bengpal-ChandenarTulsidongar Mobile Belt (BCTMB). Quartzite occurs as bands extending for several kms along the strike in the southern parts of Dantewara district. These are inter-banded with other metasediments and show gradational contact with BIF and calc-silicates. Diopside quartzites/calc-gneiss commonly contains minor amounts of graphite. Sillimanite and green micas are commonly noticed within quartzite. Sillimanite occurs as clusters at places. BMQ (essentially magnetite quartzite) occurs as bands extending for several kms and shows impersistent quartz-magnetite banding on mm to cm scale. It shows following mineral assemblage: Quartz-magnetite-garnetpyrrhotite; Quartz-magnetite-diopside-hornblendechlorite-garnet and Quartz-magnetite cummingtonite/ grunerite-hornblende. Calc-silicate bands are dominant in the southern part of Dantewara district and grade into para-amphibolite and calc-gneisses. These occur closely interbanded with BMQ and quartzite and show characteristic ribbed weathering. Calc-gneisses show bands of quartzofeldspathic composition alternating with calc-silicate minerals. Amphibolite and meta ultramafites occur as small lenses/bands within the migmatitic gneiss and as larger mappable bands in Sukma area. They show a mineral assemblage of quartz-plagioclase-k-feldsparhornblende-garnet-opaque-apatite. Metaultramafics are highly retrograded and show an assemblage of serpentinite-talc-actinolite-tremolite-chlorite-calciteopaque. II- 1. 2A Bastar Gneisses High-grade gneiss-supracrustal assemblage belonging to the Archaean forms the oldest rock sequence in Bastar Province. This is the most predominant lithounit in the Dantewara-Bastar-Kanker-Rajnandgaon sector in southern part of Chhattisgarh. Similar lithoassemblage is noticed on the southern fringes of the Sonakhan Belt in Raipur and Mahasamund districts, where it is referred as Baya Gneisses (Das, et al. 1990). Gneiss migmatite mainly include banded gneiss, stromatic gneisses and leucocratic gneisses, which contain meta sedimentary, meta igneous and tonalitetrondhjemite gneiss (TTG) restites. The gneiss is commonly grey in colour, medium to fine grained and crudely banded with parallel oriented streaks of biotite and rare amphiboles. Bands are rich in quartz, feldspar and biotite. The abundance of biotite in the vicinity of meta sedimentary enclaves in the gneiss suggests that it is not an original constituent of the granitic gneiss but 5

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

represents assimilated material from the surrounding rocks (Crookshank, 1963). BMQ, hornblende-schist, pyroxene-gneiss and quartzite occurring as thin unmappable bands scattered over wide area in Malkangiri Valley, west of Sukma, within biotite gneiss indicate that these gneisses are of hybrid nature and are product of remobilization of the basement gneisses. These gneisses have been referred as Bijapur Gneisses (Mishra et al., 1988) and Bengpal Gneisses (Bhandara District Resource Map). TTG occurs as restites within the Bastar Gneissic Complex. In most places, tonalitetrondhjemites have been involved in later anatexis yielding melts of granite-granodiorite composition. The TTG suite from Sukma Group in southern part of Bastar district has given the oldest date of 3.6 Ga. (Sarkar, et al. 1994).

II- I.3A Bhopalpatnam Granulite Belt The Bhopalpatnam Granulite Belt along the southwestern edge of the Bastar Craton and the northeastern shoulder of the Godavari graben(Ghosh, 1941), is about 300 km long and 20-40 km wide and trends NW-SE. Meta sedimentary and meta igneous rocks occur as enclaves within migmatitic and granitic gneisses. The carbonate rocks played a major role in the granulite facies metamorphism and gradation is noted between the calcareous facies BIF and calc-silicate rocks. The lithological association in the Bhopalpatnam Belt shows similarities with that of the Sukma Group. Gneisssupracrustals have been metamorphosed to granulite facies conditions within this belt accompanied by juvenile magmatic input. The litho-association in the Bhopalpatnam Granulite Belt is given in Table - 2 (Mishra, et al. 1988).

II-1.2B Baya Gneissic Complex II-1.3B Kondagaon Granulite Belt The gneisses occurring at the southern margin of Sonakhan Belt in Raipur and Mahasamund have been included in the Baya Gneissic Complex (Das, et al. 1990). These rocks occupy only a small area to be shown on the present scale of the map. Younger intrusive granite belonging to the Dongargarh suite isolates the Baya Gneissic complex of Sonakhan Belt from the gneissic complex of Bastar. Meta sedimentary, meta igneous sequence belonging to the Archaean occurs as enclaves within the Baya Gneissic Complex and has been included in the Tonidongar Group (equated with Bengpal Group). This consists of quartz-mica schist, sillimanite (fibrolite) quartzite, banded magnetite quartzite, amphibolite and meta ultramafites. The gneissic complex includes tonalitic gneiss, granodiorite gneiss, granite and migmatite. II-1. 3 Granulite Belts The granulite belts present within the Bastar Province are classified into (1) Bhopalpatnam and Older Kondagaon Belts (2) Younger Konta Belt based on their lithological association, deformational history and age correlation.

The Kondagaon Granulite Belt is about 70 km long N-S trending belt occupying the area east of Kondagaon in Bastar district. Sukma Gneiss-Supracrustals occur as enclaves affected by granulite facies metamorphism within this belt. The litho-association in this belt is similar to that of Bhopalpatnam Belt. Charnockite, charnockitic enderbitic gneiss, leptynite, leptites, two-pyroxene granulite and leptynitic rocks dominate the western part of the belt. Pink granite occurs in northern part. Grey and pink potash granites, diorites, garnet-bearing grey greasy granites and rare anorthositic bands also occur. Acid charnockite occurs in the eastern part with meta-sedimentary enclaves including BIF, quartzite, mica schists, cordieritesillimanite quartzite, and garnet bearing Mg-Al meta pelites. Calc-gneisses occur as patches and lenses in the leptynites in the central and southeastern part, exhibiting transitional contact with leptynites and migmatites. The western and northern contacts of the Kondagaon Belt are marked by shear zones with intrusion of coarse porphyritic granite that continues to carry enclaves of granulite facies rocks even tens of kilometers away from

Table - 2. Litho-association in the Bhopalpatnam Granulite Belt Younger granites Two-pyroxene granulite. Olivine-spinel-opx bearing ultramafics, Charnockite, Charnockitic gneiss, Enderbites etc, Quartzite, Calc-silicate, Al- and Mg-Al metapelite, BIF Gneiss-migmatites including banded gneiss, stromatic gneiss and leucocratic gneiss containing metaigneous and metasedimentary restites. 6

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

the contact. The eastern margin of the belt is bordered by younger granite associated with pillowed meta basalt (Amravati Basalt) (Mishra, et al. 1988). This granitoid separates the Kondagaon Belt from Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt. II-1.3C Konta Granulite Belt The NW-SE trending Bhopalpatnam Belt is truncated at its southeastern extremity by dominantly NE-SW to E-W trending structures, particularly in the southern part of Dantewara district. The earlier structures have been affected by later deformation and rotated into NE-SW trend. Sukma Gneisses Supracrustals show tectonic contact (marked by shear zones) with granulite facies rocks of this belt (including opx- bearing BIF, metapelites, two-pyroxene granulite rocks, charnockites, enderbites etc.). In the Banda-Maita and Konta areas in southern part of this belt the foliation in the granulite facies rocks trends NE-SW to ENE-WSW. The granulite facies rocks are spatially associated with ultramafic complexes and alkaline suite of rocks. The set up in the granulite belts, especially in the Konta area is identical with that noted in the Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt (EGMB) exposed to the southeast.

II-2 ARCHAEAN- PALAEOPROTEROZOIC II -2.1 Eastern Ghat Supergroup The granulite belt exposed in Deobhog of Raipur district forms extension of Eastern Ghat Supergroup and comprises charnockitic gneiss, pyroxene - gneiss, khondalite, granitoid, gabbro, metavolcanics and metapelites.

BIF is exposed in the following four belts. i.

Bailadila Belt (mainly Dantewara district)

ii. Rowghat- Mademnar Chhotadongar Belt extending for more than 100 km in detached belts along N-S with varying width from 3-8 km (Bastar, Kanker districts). iii. H a h a l a d d i - D a l l i - R a j h a r a e x t e n d i n g discontinuously for more than 120 km with width up to 5 km along north- south (Kanker, Balod districts). iv. Northeastern tip of curvilinear WNW-ESE to ENE-WSW trending Surjagarh Belt is exposed in western part of Kanker district. Bailadila Group mainly comprises quartzite, polymictic conglomerate, ferruginous shale / phyllite and tuff, banded haematite quartzite, chlorite schist and pillowed meta basalt (greenstone). Similar sequence is noted in isolated sectors in western part of Bastar district. The lithostratigraphic succession in different sectors is given in Table - 3. In Bailadila area the rocks show N-S to NNE-SSW strike with dips varying from 30° to 70° eitherway and effects of two phases of deformation resulting in culmination and depression. The first phase resulted in to N-S to NNE-SSW trending upright anticlines and synclines and the second phase of folding resulted into folds with ENE-WSW axial traces. In Rowghat area, the regional scale 'M' shaped outcrop pattern is due to F1 fold plunging 20° to 25° towards SW. The major folds are represented by Salebhat anticline in the central part with corresponding Anjree and Huratarai synclines towards east and west respectively.

II-2.2 Bailadila Group Banded Iron Formation (BIF) occurs as narrow (a few km wide and more than 100 km long), generally N-S trending belts in the Bastar-Kanker-Durg districts. This is well exposed in Bailadila area in Dantewara district and was the earliest to be studied for its large deposits of iron ores. BIF belts have also been noted around Rowghat, Surajgarh, Gatta-Koti and Hahaladdi- Dalli-Rajhara. All these belts show unconformable or tectonic contact with the older Sukma Gneiss-Supracrustals. These are characterised by polyphase deformation and green schist-lower amphibolite facies of metamorphism. The younger sediments belonging to Abujhmar Group occur as cover over BIF belts. The post-Bailadila granites can be correlated with the Dongargarh Granite of Late Archaean-Palaeoproterozoic age.

Bailadila Group shows greenschist facies of metamorphism. At their contact with intrusive granites minerals like orthopyroxene and riebeckite are noted in Malenger Valley. The grade of metamorphism decreases in the northern parts and in Dalli- Rajhara area. Shales associated with BIF show little effects of metamorphism. The BIF- basic volcanic association of Algoma type suggests their Late Archaean/Palaeoproterozoic derivation. The post Bailadila granites can be correlated with the Dongargarh Granite (2500-2600 Ma). These are leucocratic, coarse to fine grained and consist of quartz, microcline, perthite, sodic plagioclase and myrmekite with minor biotite. 7

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI Table - 3. Lithostratigraphy of Bailadila Group (Bose, 1899-1900) Bailadila range

South Bastar

North Bastar (Kanker- Durg district)

Bacheli Greenstone

Chlorite schist

Meta-ultrmalite

Quartz arenite

Phyllite/ talc-tremolite schist

Banded Iron Formation

Jhirka Iron Formation

Conglomerate

Ferruginous shale Meta-gabbro

Meta-volcanics Altered ultramafics

Meta-ultramafite

Quartzite

Quartz arenite

Quartz sericite schist

Ferruginous shale

Balumeta Iron Formation

BHQ

Banded hematite quartzite

Sericite quartzite grit

Meta-conglomerate

Conglomerate

Ferruginous shale, phyllite Scist (meta tuff) Cherty dolomite Iron formation

II-2.3 Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex comprises granitic rocks, extending in east-west direction from the northern part of Chhattisgarh in Bilaspur, Korba, Surguja, Raigarh, Jashpurnagar districts to Jharkhand and West Bengal. It forms floor of the coalfields, and regarded as the rock barrier separating the northern and southern sea during the Vindhyan times. The granitic gneiss is well foliated and contains enclaves of schistose rocks. Every gradation from wide band of schist hinging off from the main outcrop into the granite, through injection gneiss to typical migmatites is observed. Granitoids are medium grained and non- porphyritic to porphyritic in nature with large crystals of potash bearing sillimanite. Enclaves of meta-ultramafites and hornblende schist are abundant. These gneisses were originally named as the 'Fundamental Gneiss' as equivalent of Peninsular Gneiss o f A r c h a e a n a g e . H o w e v e r, t h e a v a i l a b l e geochronological data from these rocks do not corroborate their Archaean age. In Balarampur sector of toposheet No. 64M/10 (23030'00'' to 23040'00'' : 83000'00'' to 83045'00'') has revealed that the basement gneiss is characterized by tonalite-granodiorite gneiss with supracrustal sequence of quartzite ( Kumar, V. V., et al. 2010-12). These are emplaced by two phases of granite. Three phases of folding were observed and shear bands are observed parallel to S0, S1 and S2 graphite-mica schist and calcsilicate rocks. Scheelite mineralisation was observed in NE-SW trending zone with calc-silicate rocks as the host rock. 8

II-2.4 Gneissic Complex of Bilaspur-RaigarhSurguja (BRS) Belt Gneiss-supracrustal association occurs bordering the Chilpi and Chhattisgarh groups in the Bilaspur-Raigarh area and along the fringes of Gondwanas in Bilaspur, Raigarh and Surguja districts of Chhattisgarh. The belt comprises high-grade gneiss, supracrustals and a sequence of low- to medium-grade meta sedimentary rocks with or without metabasics. Ultramafic (often serpentinized) and basic and anorthositic intrusives occur within the tonalite-granodiorite suite of rocks. Along the northern fringes of the Chhattisgarh Basin, more than 100 km long nearly E-W trending mylonite zone has been traced forming part of CIS. A mylonite zone extending for more than 100 km along WNW-ESE has also been noticed south of Lakshmanpur in the southern part of the Surguja district. Apart from the above, several mylonite zones are noted within the BRS belt including Tan shear (Jain et al., 1995) forming eastern extension of Gavilgarh lineament. Presence of two-pyroxene granulite within the gneiss from different parts of the belt, as small enclaves, has been reported by Narayanamurthy and Radhakrishna (1961); Dutta and Dutta (1990); Jain et al. (1995). Cordierite- bearing gneisses have also been reported from Baneya, Thekatanagar and Kerju area in Raigarh and Surguja districts by Chandra and Das, (1984), Sahu et al. (2003). Younger granitoids with or without mafic enclaves/xenoliths occur in Bilaspur- Korba-Raigarh area. Alkaline (syenitic) and lamprophyre dykes occur in

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

eastern part of the BRS belt in Surguja and Jashpurnagar districts. II-2.5 Unclassified Metamorphics of BilaspurRaigarh-Ambikapur Region Gneiss-supracrustal belt occurs bordering the Chilpi Group and Chhattisgarh Supergroup in the BilaspurRaigarh area at the fringes of Gondwana basin in Bilaspur, Raigarh and Surguja districts of Chhattisgarh. Rao (1981) equated the supracrustals with the Sausar metasediments of the Manganese Belt of Balaghat district in southeastern Madhya Pradesh. Thorat et al. (1990) have correlated the metasedimentary sequence in Bilaspur with the Sausar Group which includes slate, phyllite and mica schist with or without garnet, staurolite, anthophyllite, marble, chert and banded magnetite quartzite occurring as enclaves within migmatitic and porphyroblastic gneiss. Garnet and sillimanite bearing schists also occur as enclaves within gneisses in Bilaspur. Sahu et al. (2003) have discussed the geology of western part of Bilaspur-Raigarh Belt (BRB). Lithological assemblage demonstrates a low grade terrain (green schist facies) in the south and a medium grade terrain (amphibolite facies) in the north separated by a wide mylonite zone. The medium grade assemblage has been equated with the Sausar Group. However, Bhattacharyya and Bhattacharyya (2003) considered BRB as an ensemble of Precambrian supracrustal granite, gneiss and granulite with tectonic contacts and classified these rocks as northern supracrustal, central supracrustal and southern supracrustal. Inliers of granite and supracrustals within the Gondwana Basin Numerous inliers of granitic rocks are present within the Gondwana Basin of Mahanadi Valley in Bilaspur, Korba, Surguja and Koriya districts. Fermor (as quoted in Pascoe 1973) considered these crystalline rocks as extension of the crystalline core of the Satpura range. In majority of the places, the Gondwana rocks have faulted contact with these granitic rocks and the faults normally extend in ENE-WSW direction parallel to the regional trend. In the Korba Coalfield, inliers of gneiss, schist, amphibolite and quartzite are recorded along the northern and southern boundaries of the coalfield near Sangurha, Dhaurabhata and Bharbamura. In the Bisrampur Coalfield, granite and gneiss occur along the western and northern boundaries of the coalfield and also along eastern and southwestern boundaries. The metamorphites comprising slate, quartzite and amphibolite crop out mostly along the eastern periphery of the coalfield near Chotka Dhariha in

Surguja district. A prominent fault zone marks the northern boundary of Bisrampur Coalfield and extends westward in Sohagpur Coalfield and eastward in Koriya district within the gneissic country. The width of the fault zone is about 200m, marked by intense shearing and brecciation. In Sohagpur Coalfield, this fault is referred as Chilpi-Bamni fault. Emplacement of dolerite dykes and sill are recorded along it. The throw of the fault, though not precisely determined, is likely to be over 400 m. (Raja Rao, 1983). In Lakhanpur Coalfield, the gneiss and mica schist are well exposed in the eastern and southeastern margins. Quartzites form a prominent elongated ridge of low relief along the northern boundary between Pondih and Amgaon. In Tatapani-Ramkola Coalfield, the inliers comprising granite, gneiss, migmatite, amphibolite, mica schist and quartzite are exposed in north and south. Granite and gneisses are exposed near Tatapani and south of Sendur. Outcrops of mica-schists are recorded around Khairar and Mitgain in the northeast and near Gomharhia in the north. Amphibolites are exposed in the southwest of Khurri. In Jhilimili Coalfield, the Precambrian rocks consist of gneiss, granite and schist which are intruded by quartz veins. The gneisses occur over a wide area of the Precambrian terrain lying to the east of the coalfield. Granites occur over a large area to the north of Tarka and Pasla villages. In Sonahat Coalfield, the Precambrian rocks show up from beneath the Talchir rocks in the area south of the Churcha block. In Sohagpur Coalfield, the Precambrian basement rocks are not exposed in the vicinity of the coalfield. Inliers of these rocks are noted within the Talchir Formation south of the Son River and also in the Hasdo River section east of Manendragarh. The predominant rock type is pink porphyritic gneiss. Aplite and pegmatite bodies traverse the gneisses. II-3 PALAEOPROTEROZOIC II-3.1 Sonakhan Belt The Sonakhan Belt covers an area of about 1200 sq.km extending in NNW-SSE direction for about 40 km from Sonakhan in the north to Remra (21°17'N: 82°46'E) in the south having maximum width of 40 km in the central part. The belt exposes volcano-sedimentary sequence belonging to Sonakhan Group, basic and acid igneous suite belonging to Bilari Group and younger 9

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

intrusive granitoids and basic dykes. The Sonakhan Group shows unconformable /tectonic contact with older gneiss-supracrustals Baya Gneissic Complex in the western and southern parts and is in turn unconformably overlain by the Chhattisgarh Supergroup in the north and eastern parts. In the southwestern and southern part of Sonakhan Belt, intrusive granite occurs at the contact of Sonakhan Group and Baya Gneissic Complex. King (1899) first described the Sonakhan Belt in southeastern parts of Raipur District. He correlated the rocks of this belt with those of the Chilpi Group and Sakoli Series. Pascoe (1973) correlated the Sonakhan Group with the Dharwars based on lithological similarity and presence of gold mineralization. However, on the basis of litho-associations and tectonic setting, the Sonakhan Group has been correlated with the Palaeoproterozoic Nandgaon Group.

Sonakhan Group includes the basal sequence comprising two formations viz. Baghmara and Arjuni. Baghmara Formation mainly consists of metaultramafites, schists and massive metabasalt (occasionally pillowed), meta-gabbro, pyroclastics of intermediate to basic composition, ignimbrite, rhyolite, acid tuff, pebbly tremolite-actinolite schist, and carbonaceous argillite and ferruginous sulphide - bearing chert. Meta-ultramafites are confined to the western and the eastern part of the belt and comprise magnetite bearing talc schist, talc-tremolite schist, tremoliteactinolite schist and meta-pyroxenite. A thin lensoid polymictic conglomerate to pebbly schist body occurs within the meta-ultramafite near Bamnidih. It is about 6 km in length and with a thickness of 50 m to 200 m. Amygdular structures are common in the meta basalt. Presence of pillows indicates that the basalts are mostly of subaqueous origin. Pyroclastic rocks of intermediate to basic composition occur as patches and pockets.

Stratigraphy The lithostratigraphic succession of the Sonakhan Belt (Das et.al., 1990) is given in the Table-4, which was also followed by Ashiya and Manoj Kumar (1992).

The volcanic suite of Baghmara Formation is overlain by a thick sedimentary pile, which is interspersed with minor volcanic bands. The sillimaniteconglomerate arenite-argillite suite represents the

Table - 4. Lithostratigraphy of the Sonakhan Belt (Das et al. 1990) Chhattisgarh Supergroup

Conglomerate, Grit, Arenite

------------------------------------------------------------------- Unconformity ---- -------------------------------------------------------------Quartz Vein Dolerite, Gabbro

Basic Dykes

----------------------------------------------------------------- Intrusive Contact ----------------------------------------------------------------Granitoids

Pegmatite, Aplite, Granophyre, Biotite and porphyritic granite

----------------------------------------------------------------- Intrusive Contact ----------------------------------------------------------------Gabbro-Ultramafite Intrusive ----------------------------------------------------------------- Intrusive Contact ----------------------------------------------------------------Bilari Group

Lakhdabri Acid Igneous Suite Arangi Basic Igneous Suite

------------------------------------------------------------------ Disconformity ---- -------------------------------------------------------------Arjuni Formation

Metamorphosed polymictic Conglomerate, Graywacke, Argillite, B.H.J, Arenite with thin bands of basic volcanics.

Sonakhan Group Baghmara Formation

Metaultramafite, pebbly tremoliteactinolite schist, amphibolite, metabasalt, pillowed metabasalt, pyroclastics, acid volcanics and tuffs, BIF, Chert, etc.

------------------------------------------------------------------ Unconformity ---- -------------------------------------------------------------Baya Gneissic Complex

10

Gneisses

Tonalitic and granodioritic gneisses, migmatites and granites with restites of BMQ, metaultramafite, mica schist, fibrolite quartzite, etc.

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

sedimentary pile. This lithological unit is exposed mainly in the western part of the schist belt and has been designated as Arjuni Formation. This formation has major polymictic conglomerate at the base known as the Jonk Conglomerate. The conglomerate demonstrates bimodality with matrix having meta arkosic and chlorite/biotite rich greywacke composition. The pebbles, cobbles and boulders are of heterogeneous composition, variable in shape and show high degree of roundness and sphericity and are mainly of granite, gneiss, and acid volcanic rocks, porphyries, amphibolites, metabasalt, quartzite, vein quartz, BIF, jasper, phyllite and schist. Jonk Conglomerate shows gradation towards east with the overlying meta-argillitearenite, graywacke sequence interbedded with banded ferruginous quartzite.

SiO2 and Nb/Y vs Zr/TiO2 plots, metabasalt ranges in composition from andesite to rhyodacite-dacite. Ultramafite and gabbro form younger intrusives. Medium to coarse-grained granite with porphyritic variants occurs as intrusive within the Sonakhan Belt occupying large area having batholithic nature and also as stocks and bosses fringing the Sonakhan Belt. Two phases of deformation have been recorded in Sonakhan Belt. The early folds (F1) are isoclinal and show steep dipping NNW-SSE trending axial surface. The folds in most cases plunge at moderate to high angles towards north, north-west and south. The F2 folding has produced broad open flexures with NE-SW axial planes, and has resulted into culminations and depressions due to interference of fold patterns. Most of the large-scale folds developed in the region are synformal.

The volcano-sedimentary sequences of the Sonakhan Group have been affected by low-grade green schist facies metamorphism.

II-3.2 Nandgaon Group

The Bilari Group overlying the Sonakhan Group occupies the eastern part of the belt. It is essentially composed of undeformed metamorphosed basic and acid extrusives and intrusives. It comprises Arangi Formation (basic igneous suite) and Lakhdabri Formation (acid igneous suite). Majority of samples of acid volcanics falls in rhyolite field (Mishra, et al. 2012).

Rajnandgaon-Dongargarh area in the western part of Chhattisgarh exposes a sequence of volcanics and lowgrade metasedimentary rocks of Late Palaeoproterozoic age, which are included in the Nandgaon Group of the Dongargarh Supergroup, which comprises the Nandgaon, Khairagarh and Chilpi groups (Sarkar, 1957). Dongargarh Granite is intrusive in the Nandgaon Group.

Trace element variations reveal that acid volcanics have rhyodacite-dacite composition. Both volcanic arc type and volcanic arc+syn-collision type of tectonic setups are indicated. Major oxide variation diagrams for basic and metabasalt indicate sub alkaline nature, majority falling in andesite and some in trachyandesite and dacite field. Trace element variation diagrams classify them as low potassium tholeiites. In Zr/TiO2 vs

Nandgaon Group comprises the Bijli Rhyolite and the Pitepani Basic Volcanics. Bijli Rhyolite consists mainly of rhyolite with interbanded rhyolitic conglomerate, welded rhyolitic tuffs, rhyolitic agglomerate, ignimbrite and sandstone. Pitepani Volcanics mainly includes massive to porphyritic basalt with rare pillowed structure. The lithostratigraphic succession of the Nandgaon Group is given in Table - 5.

Table - 5. Lithostratigraphy of Nandgaon Group (Sarkar, et al.1994) Dongargarh granite (2270 ± 90 to 2465 ± 22 Ma)

Microgranite & aplite; coarse & porphyritic granite; Porphyritic microgranite & granophyre

Pitepani Volcanics (<1690 Ma)

Hypabyssal gabbro & dioritic units, porphyry Non-porphyritic, porphyritic & amygdaloidal tholeiite Basic tuff & agglomerates Shales & siltstones

Nandgaon Orogeny (Unconformity)

Nandgaon Group

Bijli Rhyolites

Porphyritic & non-porphyritic rhyolites, rhyolite porphyry (flow layers) Rhyolitic conglomerate, sandstones, siltstones, shales & tuffs (300m)

Rhyolite with flow layers (2180 – 2503 Ma) Amgaon Group

Amgaon orogeny, metamorphism & granitisation (> c. 2500 Ma). Quartz sericite schist; feldspathic garnet epidote, hornblende- biotite – quartzite; quartz-feldspar-biotite gneiss, augen gneiss, hornblende schist & amphibolite 11

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

Similar sequence of rocks occurs in northwestern part of erstwhile Bastar District (presently Kanker district) forming the southern extension of RajnandgaonDongargarh Volcanic Belt. This north-south trending belt defines the Kotri rift zone within the Bastar Craton with high-grade gneiss- sillimanite association forming the rift borders. The bimodal volcanic sequence in Kotri Belt has been included in the Ainhur Group (Nandgaon Group) comprising Pachangi, Kurse Korhi and Mendra formations, which are unconformably overlain by Patkasa Formation. Gabbro- ultramafic intrusive occur in the west central part of the Kotri Belt showing northsouth trend. This comprises pods of altered dunitepyroxenite associated with differentiated gabbro. The stratigraphic succession is presented in the Table-6. The lowermost Pachangi Formation is exposed along the western margin of Kotri Belt as a steeply dipping litho association of alternating epiclastic and pyroclastic sediments with layers of acid volcanic and volcanoclastic rocks. It is best exposed around Pachangi village, about 4 km east of Kapsi in the Kanker district. Epiclastic rocks include conglomerate, sandstone, shale and lahar-type volcanic breccia. Pyroclastic rocks include tuff, tuffaceous sandstone, and minor ignimbrite and agglomerate. The Kurse Kohri Formation is exposed east of the Pachangi Formation. It comprises predominantly of rhyolite-dacite, ignimbrite and different types of acidic volcano-clastic rocks with minor basalt and sedimentary rocks. The Mendra Formation is exposed in the eastern part of the belt. It comprises massive and vesicular basalt and interbanded basaltic volcano-clastic rocks. Basaltic pyroclastic rocks include lithic breccia, lapilli breccia, agglomerates, tuffs and ash. Rocks of Ainhur Group trend in N-S direction and show steep easterly dips in the western part of the belt

with gradual shallowing in the eastern part. This variation in the attitudes of rocks within the belt is partially due to the original deposition over an asymmetrically subsiding basin later steepened by compression during the closure of the basin. Ainhur Group is weakly metamorphosed. The litho-assemblages, their facies analyses and structural features suggest that these were evolved in an intra-cratonic volcano-sedimentary basin within a tensional regime. The basin closed before oceanic crust could develop, which is typical of an aborted rift. Patkasa Formation is represented by greywacke, epiclastic conglomerate and shale. These rocks show gentle (<2°) rolling dips unconformably overlying the Ainhur Group. The conglomerate of the Patkasa Formation is both clast supported and matrix- supported. II-3.3 Dongargarh and equivalent granites II-3.3A Dongargarh Granite Dongargarh Granite occurs as a batholith covering an area of about 8000 sq. km in Rajnandgaon-Kanker-Bastar and Dhamtari districts forming the central part of Bastar Province. The batholith comprises three distinct plutons, the Dhanora-Manpur (largest) pluton in the southern part, the Chichola pluton in the central and Amgaon-Terha pluton in the northern part. These plutons are oval in shape, elongate along N-S to NNE-SSW and generally taper to south. These intrude Amgaon GneissSupracrustals, and volcano-sedimentaries of the Nandgaon and Ainhur groups. Enclaves of migmatitic gneiss, metasediment, rhyolite, basalt, pyroclast and conglomerate of the above groups occur within Dongargarh Batholith. Dongargarh Granitoids show magmatic fabrics including porphyritic, rapakivi and granitic textures, occasional magmatic flow-orientation of plagioclase

Table - 6. Lithostratigraphy of Ainhur Group, Kotri Belt (Ghosh and Pillai, 1992) Patkasa Formation

Siltstone, sandstone and conglomerate

Unconformity Mendra Formation

Basalt and basaltic pyroclastic rocks

Kursekorhi Formation

Porphyritic rhyolite, rhyodacite, pyroclasts and ignimberites, acid tuff, sandstone, shale and vesicular basalt

Pachangi Formation

Sandstone, shale, conglomerate, rhyolite, pyroclastics (lahar type volcanic breccia)

Ainhur Group

Unconformity/tectonic contact Bailadila Group

BIF, ferruginous phyllite, metagreywacke and ortho-quartzite. Unconformity/tectonic contact

Bengpal Group

12

Meta-sedimentary enclaves comprising BIF, amphibolites, calc – gneiss pelitic schist etc. gneisses and supracrustals

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

phenocrysts, lenticles of weakly aligned anhedral quartz, glomerocrysts of plagioclase and megacrysts of potashfeldspar. II-3.3B Madanbera Granite Madanbera Granite is mainly coarse porphyritic granite. It is exposed in the northern part of the Kotri Belt and is intrusive into the basal part of the Ainhur Group. This granite is grey to pinkish grey in colour and characterised by large crystals of pink feldspar measuring up to 10cm. At places rapakivi texture has been noted in these rocks. A few smaller bodies of granite porphyry are also noted within the linear belt on the western fringe of Kotri Belt.

Chilpi Group of rocks is characterized by interbanded slate (meta-tuff) and meta-ferruginous arenite overlain by coarse grained feldspathic arenite at Pandah-Ghotiya and Dongargarh-Khilari sector (21005'00'' to 21015'00'' and 80045'00'' to 80055'00''). II-4.2 Khairagarh Group Khairagarh Group is exposed in the central part of the Dongargarh Belt along two N-S to NNE-SSW trending belts, i) south of the Amgaon pluton of the Dongargarh batholith, extending along strike for about 60 km with a maximum width of 15 km, and ii) in the Khairagarh area north of Dongargarh with an intervening screen of Nandgaon Group, extending along strike for more than 50 km with a maximum width of 30 km.

II-3.3C Kanker-Mainpur Granitoid The Kanker-Mainpur granitoids represent a major deep-seated Precambrian batholith exposed in parts of Bastar and Raipur districts and cover an area more than 10,000 sq. km. They have been variously described as Bundeli, Chura, Kanker or Keshkal granitoids. The batholith is elongate and trends approximately N-S. It is separated from the western Dongargarh batholith by N-S trending belt of the Bengpal (Sukma) GneissSupracrustal. The Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt towards its east borders the batholith, the Kondagaon Granulites to the south and Sonakhan Schist belt in the north. II-4 PALAEO-MESOPROTEROZOIC II-4.1 Chilpi Group Tripathi et al. 1981 named the sedimentary package of the "Chilpi Ghat Series" of King (1885) as Chilpi Group. The group essentially comprises psammo-pelites, which unconformably overlie the Nandgaon volcanics and Malanjhkhand granite to the south of CIS in the northern part of Bastar Province. This group has been correlated with the Khairagarh Group (Rao 1981), based on the observation that south of Saletekri, the Chilpi quartzite grades into Bortalao sandstone of Khairagarh Group. The rocks are well exposed around Malanjhkhand Pluton and northwestern margin of the Chhattisgarh Basin. Small outliers of these rocks are also observed around Godri, southeast of Kasangi, Nekum and Gabdapahar to the north of Chhattisgarh basin, in Bilaspur district. The group comprises mainly chlorite phyllites and chlorite-sericite phyllites with banded jaspilite. In the basal part, local development of crystalline limestone with phyllite and chert partings, associated with thin manganiferous bands, is also observed. At the base, quartzite, grit, conglomerate and pebble beds are seen carrying clast of volcanic rocks.

The Khairagah Group is characterised by alternate basic volcanics (sills) and sandstone underlain by metatuff. The Chandrapur sandstone is observed to be underlain by meta-tuff which is locally mined as clay deposit with well developed fissile plane (Jungral S., et al. 2012). The litho-association of the Khairagarh Group given in Table-7 is based on the classification by Sarkar (1957), Rao (1981) and the latest revision by Sarkar (1994). The Bortalao Formation forms the lowermost lithosequence of the Khairagarh Group, which unconformably overlies the volcanic rocks of Nandgaon Group and the Dongargarh Granite, as east-west trending belts of varying width on the flanks of normal and inverted canoe- shaped folds and saddle folds. It is best represented in the area south of the Bortalao Railway Station in Rajnandgaon district. Impersistent beds of conglomerate often occur at the base of this formation consisting of well-rounded pebbles, cobbles and boulders of variously coloured Bijli rhyolites, Dongargarh granite, arkose, vein quartz, quartzite, chert, trachyte, basalt and andesite in a fine grained matrix. In the northern part, laminated shales and siltstones occur at the base of Bortalao sandstone comprising arkose with subangular fragments indicating its immature nature. The (Upper) conglomerate bands consist of well-rounded pebbles (8-20 cm in diameters) of vein quartz with sub-ordinate red and grey chert and jasper in a coarse to medium grained white quartzose matrix. Green sandy tuffs grading to tuffaceous sandstones invariably overlie the upper conglomerate bands and other members of the Bortalao Sandstone. The Sitagota Volcanics overlies this and comprises dull green basalt with minor tuffs and agglomerates. Karutola Formation disconformably overlies the Sitagota Volcanics and consists of fine to coarse-grained, wellbedded pure and ferruginous quartzites. It is followed by 13

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI Table - 7. Litho-association in the Khairagarh Group

Khairagarh Group

Chhattisgarh Supergroup Unconformity Kotima Volcanics Ghogra Formation (sandstone) Mangikhuta Volcanics Karutola Formation (sandstone) Sitagota Volcanics Intertrappean shale Bortalao Formation (sandstone) Basal shale Unconformity

Dongargarh Granite Nandgaon Group Bengpal Group /Amgaon group /Sukma Supracrustals

the Mangikhuta Volcanics consisting of non-porphyritic, amygdaloidal pyroxene tholeiites with minor intertrappean, laminated shales and siltstones. Ghogra Sandstone is mainly quartz-arenite in composition, and is considered as intraformational between Mangikhuta and Kotima formations by Yedekar and Jain (1995). Khairagarh Group in the area to the north of Dongargarh is folded into a doubly plunging open syncline, with axis trending NNE-SSW. Several major faults have been recorded mostly affecting the lithounits of the Khairagarh Group, which include N-S trending Darekasa fault (Sarkar, 1957). Dhara-Kamarwara and Tappa faults also extend in N-S direction for tens of km at the eastern margin of the Khairagarh Group. From the structural analysis, it is inferred that the Chhattisgarh Supergroup is preserved in a synformal basin and older Chilpi and Khairagarh group are exposed in complimentary anticlinorium and preserved in synformal keels. The first phase of folding is having NESW axial trend and axial planar cleavages serve as avenues for emplacement of basic volcanics which along with metasedimentaries are folded by F2 having NNWSSE axial plane. Rhyolite/microgranite is emplaced syn F2 and culminated with emplacement of Dongargarh Granitoid. Thus rhyolite/dacite/microgranite/granophyre are sills in consanguineous with Dongargarh granitoid. The oldest rock was identified as Amgaon gneiss of granodiorite composition.The basic rocks grades to gabbro and pyroxenite. Sulphide mineralisation with suspected gold is observed within acid magmatic rocks (Jungral S., et al. 2012).

sq. km in the western part of Bastar district, exposing dominantly sedimentary and volcanic rocks, unconformably overlying Bengpal, Bailadila and Nandgaon groups. The basal Gundul Formation of Abujhmar Group comprises a thick sequence of polymictic conglomerate, sandstone, arkose and shale (slaty phyllite and quartzite in Bodhghat area), which is overlain by basaltic flows with gabbroic rocks included in the Maspur Trap. Basalt flows occur at different levels indicating an erosional unconformity. Gabbro-norite and anorthositic gabbro of larger dimensions are intrusives into the sediments. Dolerite-gabbro occurs as dykes and sills. Major synclinal structure is identifiable in the central part of Abujhmar Basin plunging towards southwest. II- 4.4 Tulsi Dongar Group Tulsi Dongar Basin is located in the eastern part of Dantewara district and extends upto Orissa State bordered by Indravati basin in the north and Sabri basin in the south. Tulsi Dongar Group comprises a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks intruded by basic sills (gabbroic) and dolerite dykes and is correlatable with the Abujhmar Group. This Group consists of lower quartzitesandstone sequence with or without detrital andalusite described as Kukrimetta Formation. Rocks of the Tulsi Dongar basin are folded in an east-west trending doubly plunging syncline. Lineaments trending WNW-ESE have also dissected the Abujhmar plateau and uplifted northern margin.

II-4.3 Abujhmar Group

II-4.5 Mafic Dyke Swarms

The dissected plateau region, known as "Abujhmar", occupies the western part of Bastar district. The intracratonic Abujhmar Basin occupies an area of 3000

Proterozoic Mafic Dyke Swarms (MDS) are the characteristics of the southern part of the Bastar Province. Ramachandra et.al, (1995) have recognized at least four

14

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

major swarms (or swarm sets) in the Bastar terrain, including, a. The Bhanu Pratappur-Keskal swarm b. The Narainpur-Kondagaon swarm c. The Gidam-Tongpal swarm and d. The Bijapur-Sukma swarm. These MDS vary in width from 15-22 km, there being very few or no dykes in intervening area between the major swarms. The swarms predominantly trend along NW-SE and may extend along strike for up to 150 km. The number of dykes within each swarm varies greatly and the swarms are mainly linear to slightly curvilinear; ring, locolith or sheet forms are absent. Individual dykes in a swarm are commonly linear, subvertical to vertical, a few metres to 300 metres wide, extend along strike from a few tens of metres to 70 km and some are exposed in vertical sections up to 200 metres. The dykes are diabasic, single, mostly undifferentiated and are gabbroic and rarely pyroxenitic in composition. Among the swarms mentioned above, the Narainpur-Kondagaon swarm includes a minor proportion of two- pyroxene granulite dykes apart from unmetamorphosed diabases. The Gidam-Tongpal swarm mainly includes diabases and it has been shown that in Katakalyan area, the swarm includes syn-, late- and posttectonic dyke types (Ramachandra, 1990). The lower emplacement age of these dykes may be taken as 2550 Ma, the age of granitoids, into which the dykes have been emplaced.

tectonic, probably thrusted (?) due to which the sediments show deformation and some degree of metamorphism. II-5.1 Chhattisgarh Supergroup The intracratonic Chhattisgarh Basin is crescent shaped and covers about 33,000 sq. km area in Raipur, Durg, Rajnandgaon, Bilaspur and Raigarh districts of Chhattisgarh and adjoining parts of Orissa. The basin has a maximum length of about 300 km along ENE-WSW direction. The maximum thickness of sediments is estimated to be more than 2 km and is epicontinental or stable shelf type. The litho-stratigraphic succession is given in Table - 8. Chhattisgarh Basin having roughly E-W basinal trend rests unconformably over the basement complex comprising different elements of the Archaean Lower Proterozoic supracrustals and granitoids of Bastar Province in the south and the Bilaspur-Raigarh-Sarguja (BRS) metamorphics of the Satpura Belt in the north. The basin is bounded to the west by the N-S trending volcanics of Dongargarh Supergroup with faulted contact and to the northeast and southeast by Gondwana rocks (Mahanadi lineament) and the Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt (EGMB) respectively. NNW-SSE trending Sonakhan high further divides the main basin into two sub- basins, the Hirri sub-basin in the west and the Baradwar sub-basin in the east, which has an E-W axis, presumably. In the main basin the basal sandy lithounit of Chandarpur Group define the basin margin with dip towards the center of the basin. The younger lithofacies have developed around the respective depocenters with semi- circular to elliptical outcrop pattern.

II- 5 MESO - NEOPROTEROZOIC Meso - Neoproterozoic cover sediments in the Bastar Craton in Chhattisgarh and marginal parts of Orissa State are exposed in a number of isolated basins, viz., the Chhattisgarh, Indravati, Sabri, Pairi (Khariar) and Ampani. The constituent sediments in these basins, comprising conglomerate-arkose-arenite-siltstoneshale-limestone and dolomite show similar lithoassociation. However, sequences differ in thickness from basin to basin as well as in relative proportions of different rock types. According to some workers, these basins of various shapes and sizes are remnants of a single master basin (Pascoe, 1973; Ball, 1877; Walker, 1900; Crookshank, 1963; Dutt, 1964; Schnitzer, 1967 and1970; Murti, 1996). Some other workers propose that these basins evolved in several isolated occurrences with welldefined structural boundaries and are unique in character, content and duration. The contacts of these basins with the mobile belts are

The lithounits of Chhattisgarh Supergroup are best developed in Hirri sub-basin, particularly in central and southern part of the depocentres exhibiting wide-scale facies variation in the northern part and an asymmetric distribution. The lateral facies variation in Hirri sub-basin in west to Baradwar sub-basin in east is quite distinct. The oldest litho-unit of the Chhattisgarh Supergroup i.e. the Singhora Group is best developed in a proto-basin lying to the south of Baradwar sub-basin. In the adjoining Barapahar area (Orissa), similar litho-units considered to be pre-Chandarpur sequence deposited in an isolated Barapahar proto-basin (Pascoe, 1973). The early embryonic basins, Singhora and Barapahar are situated along the southern margin of eastern Chhattisgarh basin having NE-SW trending basin axis. II-5.1A Singhora Group The Singhora Group, exposed in the southeastern part of the basin, represents the oldest sequence in the 15

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI Table - 8. Lithostratigraphy of Chhattisgarh Basin (after Das, et al., 2001) Intrusives

Dolerite dykes

Maniari Formation (70m)

Purple shale with dolomite, dolomitic limestone and gypsum

Hirri Formation (70m+)

Grey dolomite, argillaceous dolomite

Raipur Group

Tarenga Formation (180m?)

Chandi Formation (67m)

C H HATTI S GAR H SUPERGROUP

Gunderdehi Formation

Bilha Member

Purple dolomitic argillite

Dagauri Member

Green clay, chert and shale intercalation (tuffaceous?)

Kusmi Member

Pink to purple calcareous shale

Nipania Member

Purple and bedded limestone Purple argillaceous stromatolitic dolomite

Pendri/DeodongerMember

Purple and grey stromatolitic limestone and dolomite with flaggy limestone-shale intercalation / ferruginous glauconitic arenite and shale

Newari Member

Pink and buff stromatolitic limestone and dolomite

Andha/Dotopar Member

Predominantly pink, purple and grey shale with limestone intercalations / arenite / buff to green shale member in the middle

Bagbura Member

Purple limestone (phosphatic)

Kasdol Member

Dark grey bedded limestone / argillaceous limestone with minor shale intercalations

Ranidhar Member

Cherty limestone and dolomite (phosphatic at places)

Sirpur Member

Chert and clay intercalation

Chandrapur Group

Charmuria Formation (490m)

Kansapathar Formation (20-200m)

White to pinkish glauconitic quartz arenite

Chaporadih Formation (20-200m)

Purple, green, grey and black shale with fine quartz arenite intercalation

Lohardih Formation (20m)

Ferruginous purple arkose and gritty wacke arenite with shale partings and conglomerate at the base --- Unconformity --Stromatolitic limestone and dolomite at the upper part Variegated shale with minor bedded limestone, chert, siltstone intercalations

Singhora Group

Chhuipali Formation (300m?)

Bhalukona Formation (20m)

Quartz arenite /siltstone and minor shale: Variegated shale with minor siltstone and limestone Porcellanite, tuff / tuffite

Saraipali Formation (60m) Rehatikhol Formation (20m+)

Feldspathic arenite, arkose and conglomerate at the base --- Unconformity ---

Basement

16

Archaean and Lower Proterozoic rocks

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

Chhattisgarh Basin. It has been subdivided into four formations. The basal Rehatikhol Formation marks the initiation of sedimentation in the Singhora proto-basin and comprises conglomerate and gritty sandstone showing unconformable contact with the crystalline basement. This is exposed all along the eastern margin of the basin and also locally at the western margin (near Palsapani village). It is represented by the repetitive sequence of conglomerate and arkose with minor intercalations of siltstone and shale. The Saraipali Formation comprising finely laminated shale, siltstone and chert with limestone bands/pockets conformably overlies Rehatikhol Formation. Shale is exposed continuously in all three sides of the basin and forms the predominant litho-unit. The overlying Bhalukona Formation is arenaceous and is well-developed in Bhalukona in western part of the basin. In SaraipaliArjunda area in central part, it is exposed as a linear ridge. It comprises quartz arenite with minor sub-arkose and arkosic intercalations. The dominant litho-unit is variegated shale, showing laminated and highly friable nature. Bedded limestone generally occurs as discrete pockets and as impersistent bands in the lower part of this litho-unit. II-5.1B Chandarpur Group Chandarpur Group rests unconformably over the crystalline basement at the fringes of the Chhattisgarh Basin and the older sediments of the Singhora Group in the Singhora proto-basin, as observed in Sishupal Pahar section. It is characterized by more or less arenaceous lithology with regional variation. In the main Chhattisgarh Basin along the southern margin, the unconformity is marked at places by palaeosol (Murti, 1996). Along the southern periphery of the basin, the Chandarpur Group is considerably thick (about400m). In the central part of the basin (in Durg area), it is hardly 20m thick. The sequence is well-developed along the northern periphery and is relatively thin with thickness up to 200m. The Chandarpur Group is divisible into three distinct formations i.e. Lohardih, Chaporadih and Kansapathar in ascending stratigraphic order. Lohardih Formation comprises basal conglomerate and arkosic sandstone with conglomerate bands. This formation has been interpreted as initial alluvial fan associated with braided fluvial sediment and followed by marine transgression producing wave-tide dominated shallow marine shoal bar, which shows signature of reworking of fluvial sediments. The overlying Chaporadih Formation comprising shale with fine quartz arenite represents transgression with deposition of sediments in a relatively deeper outer shelf to sub-tidal to inter-tidal zone and also possibly lagoonal set-up. Storm deposits have also been reported at different levels from Lohardih and

Chaporadih sediments. The Kansapathar Formation mainly comprises glauconitic quartz-arenite. The distribution of Kansapathar arenite in the basin in stable shelf environment in a storm affected tidal and beach environment indicating the regression of sea. II-5.1C Raipur Group The overlying Raipur Group comprises three cycles of argillite-carbonate sequence, each cycle starting with a carbonate followed by argillite at places with lenticular arenaceous rocks denoting regressive phase of the sea. These cycles are distinctly developed in the Hirri subbasin particularly in the southern and central part. The cycles are represented by (1) Charmuria limestoneGunderdehi shale; (2) Chandi limestone-Tarenga shale and (3) Hirri dolomite-Maniari shale. The basal unit of Charmuria Formation is represented by clay and chert which is well developed in the south central parts of the basin. It is followed upward by flaggy and cherty limestone, which is feebly phosphatic, developed all along the southern part of the basin. The overlying member is a dark grey, flaggy, pyritiferous limestone. The youngest Bagbura member comprises purple argillaceous limestone, which is locally phosphatic. Charmuria Formation grades into overlying Gunderdehi Formation comprising shale and sandstone. The formation denotes a renewed submergence of the basin with enhanced supply of silty and shaly clastics in a warm oxidizing condition in sub-tidal zone. The overlying Chandi Formation comprises a major stromatolitic limestone sequence developed around southern side of depocenter of Hirri sub-basin with arcuate outcrop pattern. Through out the northern part, the carbonate facies disappears or is present only as intercalated discrete pockets or lenses in calcareous argillite. Chandi Formation has been sub-divided into four members based on dominant carbonate facies. They, however, gradually fuse into a single carbonate sequence towards west. The prolific growth of algae in photic zone of subtidal to intertidal flats of a very slowly sinking basin produced the thick carbonate succession. Tarenga Formation conformably overlies the Chandi Formation, which is sub-divided into Kusmi Member (argillite), Dagauri Member (clay-chert) and Bilha Member (dolomitic argillite) from bottom to top. The overlying Pandaria Formation represents the calc-argillite facies developed all along the northern part of the Hirri subbasin. This litho-unit overlies the Chandarpur arenite along the northern margin and is characterised by predominance of pink to purple calcareous shale with lenses and pockets of bedded flaggy limestone, stromatolitic limestone and dolomite and bedded limestone associated with the chert bands. These lenses and pockets vary widely in dimension from a few metres to several hundred metres in length. Pandaria Formation 17

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

represents lateral facies variation of Charmuria (bedded) limestone, Gunderdehi shale, Chandi (stromatolitic) limestone and Tarenga argillite, which are distinctly developed as mappable units in the southern part, but occurs as a member along the northern part of the subbasin. The Hirri Formation is well developed around the central part of Hirri sub-basin and forms an oval outcrop pattern. Although it attains a considerable thickness in south, it is very thin along the northern fringes and is interpreted from outcrop exposures and/or local excavations. The formation conformably overlies the Tarenga Formation in the south and Pandaria Formation in the north. The dominant rock type is dark grey, bedded dolomite, associated with light grey laminated argillaceous dolomite, and black and white chert. At places intra-formational dolomite (conglomeratic) and black shale contain gypsum as layers, parallel to bedding and as disseminated grains/crystals. Stromatolitic dolomite is exposed in Hirri and Kodwa mines. The stromatolites are columnar having a wide inter-columnar space. The youngest Maniari Formation is named after the Maniari River along which the rock is best exposed and an oval-shaped outcrop in the central part of the subbasin. It represents the closing phase of deposition in Chhattisgarh Basin and consists of lower gypsiferous grey siltstone, shale followed by reddish brown calcareous/non-calcareous shale with limestone and dolomite. A close study of stromatolites in Raipur limestone indicates two different assemblages, which can be assigned to two biozones. Gymnosolen, Inzeria, Baicalia, Tungussida and Linella represent the lower biozone in the lower part by Baicalia, Anabaria, Tungussida, Conophyton, Jacutophyton, Kussiella and Colonnela represent the upper one. The upper bio-zone indicates an age range from late Riphaean to Vendian whereas the lower assemblage indicates a middle Riphean age. Cement grade limestone and SMS and fettling grade dolomite are reported from Charmuria and Hirri formations of Raipur Group. They are being extensively exploited/mined for cement industry and for Bhilai Steel Plant. Low-grade phosphorite association with stromatolite is also reported from here. Gypsum occurrences are reported in Maniari Formation. Intrusives Basic intrusives in the form of dykes and sill are reported mainly from the eastern and southeastern part of the Chhattisgarh Basin. Das et al., (1988) reported a number of dolerite dykes into the Chhattisgarh sediment from the Baradwar sub-basin. In Hirri sub-basin, the dykes are rare. Chhattisgarh Basin shows evidence of structural disturbance along its faulted western, northern and eastern margins. 18

II- 5 .2 Pairi (Khariar) Group The small elliptical Upper Proterozoic basin, popularly known as the ' Khariar highlands' is situated between the Chhattisgarh Basin and Indravati Basin in Central India, about 150 km. south east of Raipur. It lies along the western margin of Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt (EGMB) occupying an area of 1500 sq km in parts of Orissa and Chhattisgarh. The N-S trending plateau, 150 km long and 50 km wide, shows table land topography with number of mesa and butte with maximum elevation of 996 m above m.s.l. The steep western scarp face ranging in height from 40 to 200m, hosts a number of water falls and cascades. The sediments of Khariar Basin are correlatable with Chandarpur Group of Chhattisgarh Supergroup. Das et al. (1988) reported a number of clastic dykes in the crystallines to suggest the linkage between Khariar and the Chhattisgarh Basins. Mishra et al. (1988) designated the sequence of Khariar Basin as 'Pairi Group' (Table-9). The name 'Pairi' has been derived from the river of the same name, which originates in the Khariar Plateau. 'Ampani Outlier' (Balakrishna and Babu, 1987) lies to the south of Khariar Basin. The Pairi Group unconformably overlies the basement crystallines and the supracrustals. The subhorizontally disposed sandstones are seen unconformably overlying the granites at Devdhara falls. The lower sequence of Pairi Group is well exposed along the western and southwestern part of the basin and upper sequence is exposed throughout the plateau region. Devdhara Sandstone Devdhara Sandstone, named after Devdhara falls (20°11' : 82°20') in the southwestern part of the basin, comprises of conglomerate, pebbly sandstone and arenites with thickness varying from 10 to 60 m. The belt is having arcuate shape with formation trending N-S, in the central part, NE-SW in the northern part, and NW- SE, in the southern part. Basal conglomerate is composed of pebbles of angular quartz, granite, feldspar and occasionally jasper. The matrix generally varies from coarse gritty material to ferruginous arenite to wacke. Thin bands (2 to 10cm) of pyritiferous black shale and black pyritiferous arenites occur as intercalations within the hard compact sandstone near the Sikasar dam. Kulharighat Formation The Devdhara Formation grades upward into Kulharighat Formation comprising shale, chert and carbonates, is best exposed at Kulharighat area (20°15': 82°21') occupying foothills of Khariar plateau below the

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh Table - 9. Stratigraphic succession of the Pairi Group (after Mishra et. al, 1988) Recent to Sub-recent

Soil, Laterite, Bauxite

Ling Dongri Sandstone (60 –120m)

Ferruginous sandstone orthoquartzite

Tarjhar Formation (250 m)

Bamandev Sandstone siltstone / intercalated shale –siltstone, sandstone, shale /ferruginous orthoquartzite Amjher Shale (30 – 35 m) Job Sandstone: orthoquartzite arkose, pebbly sandstone, grit / sandstone / shale intercalated shale – siltstone

Galighat Sandstone

Bhaludigi Shale (60 m)

PAIRI GROUP

Dharpani Shale– siltstone (20 –80m) Matulpahar Sandstone (30 – 80 m) Neor Formation (40 – 160 m)

Intercalated shale siltstone and sandstone Bhursi stromatolitic Limestone (2 – 10 m)

Kulaharighat Formaiton (80- 120m)

Gawarmund Shale (60- 80 m) Indrawan Chert – limestone dolomite and black shale (10 – 30m)

Devdhara Sandstone (10 – 80m)

Conglomerate, arkose and sandstone with intercalations and pyriteferous black shale

Unconformity Lower Proterozoic to Archaean: Granitoid, supracrustals and gneisses

scrap section. Kulharighat Formation has conformable relationship with the underlying Devdhara Formation and overlying Neor Formation. The lowermost Indrawan Member is calcareous shale with thin bands of impure dolomitic limestone as intercalation, best exposed along Bhursi nala near Kulharighat. The dolomitic limestone horizon is 10 m in thickness, dark grey in colour and stromatolitic. The middle Gawarmund Member, ranging in thickness from 60 to 80 metres, is buff and greenish grey coloured shale, best exposed near Gawarmund village, along with lenticles of fine-grained arenite. At places dark ferruginous shale upto 5m thick is observed with a capping of calcareous shale. Bhursi stromatolitic Member, exposed only in the southern part of the area along Bhursi nala section at Orissa-MP border, is composed of chert, lenses of dolomitic limestone and calcareous black shale. Neor Formation The overlying Neor Formation, named after Neor

nala, is exposed all along the base of the scarp section of the Khariar plateau having thickness varying from 40 to 160m. Thickness of the formation gradually decreases from north to south. This formation is represented by grey to bluish black coloured sandstone intercalated with siltstone and shale. These intercalations of grey shale with lenticles of carbonaceous shale are also observed at a few places. Galighat Sandstone This sandstone, named after 'Galighat Pass', was earlier named as plateau quartzite/sandstone (Balakrishnan and Babu, 1973; Sarangi and Das, 1979). Galighat pass forms a type locality where the exposed thickness of the unit is 300m. Here, it is thickly bedded, mostly creamish grey to white to brown ferruginous gritty and pebbly sandstone. 10 to 50m thick siltstone-shale intercalations are also present at a few places. This sandstone is cross-bedded, graded quartz arenite to gritty sandstone with 95% quartz and about 5% feldspar with 19

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

overgrowths of quartz grains. A 10m thick brecciated quartzite with NW-SE trend marks the beginning of the formation.

(EGMB) in the Orissa part. Beds in the central and northern part of the basin are almost horizontal. Depositional environment and sedimentation

In the southern part, around Devdongar-Tarjhar, this formation is divisible into four members: (i) Matulpahar sandstone (ii) Dharpani shale (iii) Bhaludigi shale and (iv) Job sandstone. Tarjhar Formation It is essentially an alternate sequence of wackearenite-shale with thickness varying from 100 to 250m. Tarjhar Formation is best exposed in the central and southern part of the Khariar plateau. The formation starts with shale-siltstone and grades upwards into wacke arenite. In the southern part, this formation is divisible into two members: (i) Amjhar shale (ii) Bamandev sandstone. Ling Dongri Sandstone This comprises mainly of ferruginous sandstone and quartzite and forms the top most part of the Pairi Group. It is best exposed in the central part of the basin in the Ling Dongri (20° 23'10": 82°20'25") hill. It varies in thickness from 60m to 120m, conformably overlying the Tarjhar Formation with capping of bauxite and laterite. Structures Pairi Group, at places, shows open to symmetric folds with NW-SE to NNW-SSE axial traces, parallel to their strike and plunging 5° to 25°. The folds with NWSE trending axial trace are open and upright showing mild culminations and depressions. Doubly plunging folds are seen north of Baramdev Dongri and Tarjhar. A large number of faults are genetically related to the stress pattern. The important sets are N-S, NW-SE, N30°ES30°W and E-W. The most prominent sets are NW-SE and N-S. A post Khariar N-S to NNE- SSW trending boundary fault marks the eastern contact of Khariar sediments with the basement Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt

The lithology, sedimentary structures and presence of stromatolite in general assign a shallow marine environment viz., beach, inner shelf and outer shelf, for deposition of the Pairi Group with occasional sub-aerial exposure. The black shale alternates with dolomites or calcareous shale and contains nodules of syngenetic pyrites, indicating euxinic condition in a closed subbasin. The palaeocurrent directions in general found to be towards SSE with local variation to northerly at the western margin in the basal formation. II-5.3 Indravati Group The 'Indravati Basin', covering an area of 9000 sq. km of Bastar Province, exposes Late Proterozoic cover sediments in Jagdalpur plateau region. It is characterised by sandstone, shale, limestone and stromatolitic dolomite. The basin is mainly confined in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh and Koraput district of Orissa. The sedimentary sequence rests non-conformably on the Archaean Granitic Complex. This group has been divided into Tiratgarh, Cherakur, Kanger and Jagdalpur formations (Table-10) in the ascending order. The Tiratgarh Formation comprises basal conglomerate, sub-arkose, and ortho-quartzite. The Cherakur Formation is represented by shales, whereas the Kanger Formation consists of grey laminated limestone, which gradually passes into shale above. The Jagdalpur Formation consists of basal purple shale, greenish grey and purple cryptocrystalline limestone and dolomite (both stromatolitic and non-stromatolitic) and purple shale with thin intercalations of purple limestone and upper shale with quartzite intercalations. Structure and correlation Indravati Group is nearly flat showing sub-horizontal

INDRAVATI GROUP

Table - 10. Stratigraphic classification of Indravati Basin (after Ramakrishnan, 1987) Jagdalpur Formation (200 m)

Purple shale with purple and grey stromatolitic dolomite (Machkot Dolomite Member) Purple limestone and shale

Kanger Limestone (150 – 200 m)

Grey limestone

Cherakur Formation

Purple shale with arkosic sandstone, chert pebble, conglomerate, grit

Tirathgarh Formation

Quartz arenite (Chitrakot Sandstone Member) Subarkose and conglomerate (Mendri Member) Unconfirmity Granite and Supracrustals

20

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

dips at places. The beds show overall centripetal dips. Towards eastern margin of the basin, the rocks show structural disturbance with tight folds showing axial plane trending 30°-70°. Basin is dissected by numerous normal faults. The southern margin is characterised by en-echelon faults. The major Sirisgura fault has dissected and laterally shifted the western margin of the basin. It is a steep hinge fault with side oriented northward thrown down, which increases to about 150m in the west from the hinge zone near Sirisgura. The basalt formations of the Indravati Group have been correlated with the Chandrapur Group and upper two formations with the Raipur Group of the main Chhattisgarh Basin. II-5.3 A Intrusives Kimberlitic and ultramafic to ultrapotassic intrusives occur within the Indravati Basin, mainly in the southwestern part. The Raipur- Bastar Kimberlitic Fields (RBKF) The Raipur- Bastar Kimberlitic Field (RBKF) is one of the three diamond-bearing kimberlitic provinces in Peninsular India, the other two being Panna in Madhya Pradesh and Wajrakarur in Andhra Pradesh. RBKF is located in the southeastern part of Raipur district and in the central part of Bastar district in Chhattisgarh. In Raipur field, located 135km southeast of Raipur town, five kimberlitic diatremes have been located viz. Payalikhand I and II, Bahardih, Jangra and Kodomali, the first three being diamond- bearing. The RBKF is a NW-SE trending linear kimberlite field, parallel to the main trend of fracture lineaments present in the area. The kimberlites are now exposed in a gneissic terrain. They occur as diatremes with diameters varying from 50m to 300m. The known kimberlites are spread over a stretch of 12 km, within the Bundeli Granitoid of 2200 million years of age. Generally circular kimberlite diatremes vary in diameter from 50 m. (Jangra, Payalikhand I) to 100 m. (Payalikhand I) to 300 m (Bahardih, Kodomali). Most of the kimberlites are weathered near surface to "green earth", a smectite rich clay, because of prevailing semi humid tropical conditions. All the occurrences expose diatreme facie, kimberlite-breccia and tuff-breccia except at Kodomali, which has been interpreted to be of hypabyssal facies. The rocks contain abundant xenoliths, which include country rocks, sunken pyroclastics, and autoliths of precursor kimberlite and peridotite mantle nodules. Features like pelletal lapilli and nucleated autoliths have also been recognised. The Bahradih Kimberlite having a surface area of

about 3.2 hectors is located on the western side of the Raipur Kimberlite pipe cluster. On the basis of initial reporting by villagers, the Directorate of Geology and Mines M.P. (erstwhile) completed a diamond core drilling programme in the mid-1990's comprising five holes for a total of 708meters (one vertical hole and four inclined holes), which indicated that the Bahardih Kimberlite persists to a minimum depth of 180 meters. However, the drilling did not establish whether the pipe was single or multi- phased. Geological Survey of India took up regional search of kimberlite/lamproite in Raigarh, Surguja, Jashpurnagar, Bastar, Kanker and Champa- Janjgir districts. During stream sediment sampling in the Indravati Basin kimberlitic chromites were picked up in I, II, III order streams and further search led to the discovery of new kimberlites in the area (Sarkar et al. 2001). Small and Vaidya (2002) based on structural analysis identified several northwest trending strike slip faults. They also reported two more kimberlite diatremes based on follow up of positive mineral assemblages in streams; Kosambura Kimberlite (20º11' : 82º12'), 800 m east of village Kosambura and Temple Kimberlite (20º12': 82º11') located 1300 m to the west of Bahradih pipe. In Bastar, kimberlite field is entirely confined within the sedimentaries of Indravati Basin, being located at the directional continuation of the dyke swarms present in the adjoining gneissic complex. Two crater-facies kimberlite systems are reported in the area. (1) The multiple Tokapal kimberlite system, covering about 550 hectare surface area is one of the largest and oldest crater-facies kimberlite systems known in the world. (2) The Bejharipadar system, similar to Tokapal in chemical and petrographic character and is situated about 4 km to the northwest, composed of two closely associated pipes of 2 hectare each. The kimberlite lavas and tuffs are composed of pseudomorphs of olivine macrocrysts and juvenile lapilli set in a fine-grained talc-serpentine-carbonate matrix with locally abundant spinel and sphene. Garnets or diamonds have so far not been reported. The Tokapal Kimberlite pipe is a circular body of 2 km in diameter and possibly represents multiple intrusions. It is interesting to note that in a part bordering the diatreme, kimberlite flow has been found overlain and underlain by the sedimentaries. The Duganpal pipe represents crater facies, the pipe rock being surrounded by tuffaceous ring constituting pyroclastic breccia and tuffs. The pyroclastic breccia contains angular to rounded clasts of red and purple shale, limestone and siltstone, ranging from a few mm to 0.5 m in length and xenocrysts of olivine, phlogopite and spinel. B.K. Mishra and B. Dutta (2003) processed 4 bulk samples from Tokapal and Donganpal kimberlitic rocks, which indicated the presence of chromite and chrome21

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

spinels as only key minerals. The spinel recovered from Tokapal samples are macrocrysts and fragmented macrocrysts, formed due to serpentinization of olivine. There are typically Ti poor (0.02 – 0.24%) magnesian aluminous chromite (MAC) and contain Cr2O3 from 29.19 to 60.75% with MgO value from 13.64% to 17.88% and some of the grains fall on kimberlitic field on Cr/(Cr+Al) vs Mg/(Mg+Fe) plot.

and varying nature of sediments in the basin clearly indicate the shallow and sinking nature of the basin and changing environments of deposition with litho-facies ranging from fine argillaceous and calcareous in nature at the base to coarse gritty sandstone in the upper part of the sequence. II- 7

II-5.4 Sabri Group The sequence of rocks similar to Indravati Group exposed in an isolated NE-SW trending triangular basin near Sukma along the western bank of Sabri River covers an area of about 700 sq. km. The stratigraphy of the basin though, has not been worked out in detail, but broadly correlatable with Indravati sequence. Rock types corresponding to Tiratgarh, Kanger and Jagdalpur formations are well developed, but only thin shale unit represents Cherakur Formation. The Sabri Group of rocks constitute the lower Tinadongri Formation and upper Puriras Formation. The tentative stratigraphic sequence is as follows: Sabri Group

Shale and phyllite Limestone Purple shale Conglomerate and quartzite

II-6 NEOPROTEROZOIC II- 6.1 Pakhal Supergroup Sedimentary cover sequences of Neoproterozoic age bordering the Bhopalpatnam Granulite Belt occurring along the northeastern margin of Godavari Valley in southeastern part of Chhattisgarh have been classified as Mulug and Sullavai groups. These are disposed along the NW-SE trending linear belt and form high plateau over the Bhopalpatnam plains. The Mulug Group comprises Tippapuram Formation consisting of shale and quartzite with intercalations of dolomitic (stromatolitic locally) limestone at the base. The Albaka Formation is represented by sub-horizontally bedded sandstone, conglomerate and siltstone. The Albaka sandstone occupies the plateau region covering an area of 450 sq. km. Albaka sandstone is unconformably overlain by Nambi conglomerate/ breccia of the Sullavai Group. The Nambi conglomerate grades into sandstone, which has been designated as Doli sandstone, which is horizontally disposed and occupies a larger area in the northern parts. Considerable thickness 22

UPPER CARBONIFEROUS - LOWER CRETACEOUS

II-7.1 Gondwana Supergroup The Gondwana rocks of Chhattisgarh mainly occupy the Son-Mahanadi valley Basin covering parts of Shahdol, Sidhi, Surguja, Bilaspur and Raigarh districts. The Son-Mahanadi basin is a composite major basin with three sub-basinal areas, namely the Upper Mahanadi Valley, the Hasdo-Arand Valley and the Rewa Basin comprising most of the coalfields of Chhattisgarh (Table - 11). In the Rewa Basin, the Gondwana sequence from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Cretaceous is preserved, whereas in the rest of Son-Mahanadi Basin, the record ends in the Triassic. Although the litho-facies of the formations are primarily siliciclastic, they vary greatly in proportion. As a consequence, except the Talchir and the Barakar which show similar litho-association all over the regions, the post Barakar formations in the region or even within the basin are often typified by characteristic lithology, although they are more or less taxially equivalent. Thus, the middle member of the Pali Formation in the South Rewa Basin is the taxial equivalent of the Raniganj Formation. The Gondwana strata are disposed within semielliptical to elongate trough like intracratonic basins with one longitudinal side faulted. The strata mostly dip sub-horizontally or are moderately dipping (3°-10°) towards basin center. In cross section they have an asymmetric geometry. Although free from large scale folding, the Gondwana strata are mostly disturbed by normal gravity faults. The major longitudinal fault the boundary fault usually runs along the entire length of the affected basin and often continues within the basement. In a few cases, the boundary fault for one part of the basin continues within the basin as intra-basinal faults. These faults are generally steep dipping. About 20% of intrabasinal faults continue within the basement. In the north central part of the Singrauli Coalfield, an appreciable strike slip component has been noted along the northern boundary fault. Most of the faults are aligned in E-W, ENE-WSW, N-W, NNW-SSE and WNW-ESE directions and their throw ranges between a few metres to 600-700 m.

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh Table - 11. Correlation of Gondwana Strata in Son - Mahanadi Basin. Age

Upper Mahanadi Valley (Mand –Raigarh Korba Coalfield)

Hasdo- Arand Valley (Hasdo, Sendurgarh Bisrampur, Lakhanpur, Chirimiri Coalfield)

Rewa Basin(Tattapani, Ramkola, Jhilimili, Sonhat, Sohagpur, Johilla and Korar Coalfield)

Late Mastrichtian

Basic intrusives

Deccan Trap and Basic intrusives

Deccan Trap and Basic intrusives

Mastrichtian

---

---

Lameta Formation

Early Cretaceous

---

---

Bansa Chandia bed (100m)

Jurassic.( Undifff.)

Bandogarh Fm (200m)

Late Middle Triassic

Kamthi Fm. ?

Kamthi Fm. ?

Parsora/ Tikki Supra Panchet Fm (200-400m)

Early Triassic

Kamthi Fm. ( +285m)

Kamthi Fm (+200m)

Panchet Fm (400m)/Pali Fm (+800m)

Late Permian

Raniganj Fm. (+180m) Barren Measures (265m )

Raniganj Fm.+150m) Barren Measures (100-300m )

Raniganj Fm. (300m) Barren Measures (300m)

Early Permian

Barakar Fm. (424-850m)

Barakar Fm. (300-500m)

Barakar Fm (300-+600m)

Early Permian to Late Carboniferous

Talchir Fm. (100-150m)

Talchir Fm. (150-445m)

Talchir Fm. (60-450m)

Unconformity Basement

II-7.1 A Late Carboniferous to Early Permian Talchir Formation The Talchir Formation comprises diamictite, fine to medium grained sandstones, grey and olive green needle shales, varves and rhythmites. Plant fossils, occurring in upper part of the Talchir Formation show an assemblage of Glossopteris indica, Neoggeratheopsis hislopi and Samaropsis sp. Besides, 3 m thick marine intercalations (Umaria marine bed) have been located at Manendragarh and Anuppur which have yielded Linoproductids, Eurydesma and other lamellibranchs and bryozoans. In addition, older strata of the formation are characterized by Parasaccites complex of spores followed by Sulcatisporites complex of spores. These formations occur along the margins of Ramkola and Bishrampur coalfields in Surguja district and comprise boulder beds, sandstone and shale. These are also noticed in Jhilmili and Sohagpur areas. Exposures of Talchir Formation constituting polymictic bouldery conglomerate, green silty shale, pinkish feldspathic sandstone and greyish sandstone are observed as erosional outliers along Tumbakhar nala in the south of Semarsot (Mishra et al. 1993) II-7.1B Early Permian Barakar Formation The Barakar Formation comformably overlying the

Talchir is the main coal measure. It is dominantly made up of coarse to medium grained feldspathic sandstone, grey shale, carbonaceous shales and coal seams. In the Son-Mahanadi Valley basin, the lower part of the formation is coarse grained feldspathic and arenaceous with a few impersistent coal seams of superior quality followed by more argillaceous sequence of grey and carbonaceous shales, medium to coarse grained sandstones, most of the regional coal seams. In some coalfields, the top part is again arenaceous. Its thickness ranges from 200 m in Jhilmili Coalfield to 850 m in Mand-Raigarh Coalfield. The megaflora is characterized by the abundance of Glossopteris, barakaria, Sphenophyllum sp., Gangamopteris sp., and Vertebraria indica. The known microfloral assemblage comprises more than fifty in general. Lower part of the Barakar is characterized by abundance of trilete spores while striated disaccate pollens characterize the upper part. II-7.1C Late Permian Barren Measures The Barakar Formation is conformably overlain by the thick sequence of the Barren Measures strata. Generally devoid of coal seams, it has varied lithology, which is distinct from the Damodar Valley type area and is generally represented by thick grey micaceous shale, 23

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

occasionally carbonaceous with ferruginous bands and medium to coarse-grained sandstones. In the eastern coal basin of Mand-Raigarh, the phosphatic marlstones are present in the southern part. They occur as discontinuous bands within the grey shale units. Megaflora is scanty in this formation. The dominance of striate disaccate pollen Gondwani; pollenites continues and Densipollenites seems to be characteristic form of this formation. Raniganj Formation In Son-Mahanadi Valley Basin, the Raniganj strata overlying the Barren Measures with a gradational contact, is composed mainly of fine to medium grained feldspathic wacke with profuse calcareous cement, grey shale often carbonaceous and thin impersistent coal bands. Although impersistent coal bands with local thin seams abound in the Raniganj strata, they have attained economic thicknesses only in Singrauli Coalfield. Plant fossils are abundant in this formation with the best development of Glossopteris sp. Raniganj palynological assemblages show predominance of striated bisaccate pollen with subtle appearance of Vitreisporites and Satsangisaccites (Venkatachala, et al. 1993; Tiwari, 1994). II-7.1 D Early Triassic

Glossopteris sp. and Vertebraria sp. occur in lower member in eastern side. Pali Formation The Raniganj Formation is overlain/overlapped by the Pali Formation in the northern end of the Sohagpur Coalfield. The lower Pali strata in the Sohagpur Coalfield are best exposed. Pali Formation is characterised by cross bedded, immature, medium to coarse grained, feldspathic sandstone with occasional presence of coarse grained to granular arenites, lenses and bands of pebbly conglomerates containing rounded quartzite clasts in a clayey matrix and thin but persistent, variegated, brick red coloured massive shales and siltstones. A thick (10-20 m) pale greenish yellow, variegated massive mudstone with lenses and bands of fine-grained sandstones marks the contact with the Raniganj Formation. This mudstone zone (palaeosol?) is best developed in the northwestern part of the coalfield (best exposed on the right bank of Murna nala, about three km upstream of its confluence with Son River). The basal claystone bed is generally overlain by very coarse grained to granular subarkose with pebble armour. It is underlain by the Raniganj strata with an irregular contact. An outlier of Pali Formation is overlapping the Talchir strata in the east of Manendragarh. The maximum intersected thickness of Pali Formation is 825m near Jaisingnagar at northwestern part of Sohagpur Coalfield.

Kamthi Formation In the upper Mahanadi Valley and in the Hasdo Arand Valley, the hill forming Kamthi strata overlie the Raniganj beds and comprise of ferruginous coarse grained quartz arenites interspersed with occasional thin red and light grey clay bands, specially in the basal and in the top parts. From Mand-Raigarh Coalfield, fresh to brackish water Estheriids viz. Palaeo-limnadiopsis sp. and Palaeolimandia sp. have been collected from red beds in the basal part indicating a Triassic age. Dicroidium floral remains have also been collected from the same bed. Elatocladus sp. has been reported from northern part of Mand-Raigarh indicating a Late Triassic age. Panchet Formation In the eastern coalfields of the Rewa Basin namely Tatapani-Ramkola, Singrauli, Jhilmili and Sonhat coalfields, the Raniganj is overlain by the Panchet with a gradational or an overlap contact. These areas show considerable development of the Panchet strata which can be sub-divided into two members. While the lower member comprises greenish grey shale and immature feldspathic sandstone, the upper member is dominated by quartz-arenite with occasional bands of feldspathic sandstone and variegated to red siltstone and mudstone. 24

II-7.1 E Late-Middle Triassic Supra Panchet Formation In the eastern Rewa Basin, the Supra-Panchet over lies the Panchet with an angular unconformity and comprises coarse arenites with thin lenses and bands of pebbles and subordinates red, white and lavender clays and siltstone bands. Parsora Formation In western Rewa Basin, the upper member of the Pali Formation is overlain by the Parsora (Stage) Formation introduced by Cotter (1917). At type section near Parsora village, it is represented by pink, red and lilac coloured mudstone with minor brownish red silty shale interbedded with clay clasts. Elsewhere it is sandstone dominated litho-assemblage represented by profusely cross-bedded medium to coarse-grained quartz-arenite to quartz-wacke with lenses and laterally impersistent thin bands of lavender and violet mudstones. Widespread development of ferruginated sandstone bands is quite common. Sinha et al. (1993) reported Daneopsis hughesi, Dicroidium odontopteroids, Aslenium whitbyense, Taeniopteris sp. Pterophyllum sp. etc. indicating a late Triassic age.

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

Tiki Formation In west central part of the Rewa Basin, a lithoassociation of variegated clays, mudstones, shales with thin bands of lime pellet conglomerate and coarsegrained arenites, occasionally calcareous had been termed as the Tiki Stage. Its contact with the underlying Pali strata is sharp to gradational and occasionally faulted. Tiki flora is characterized by the occurrences of D i c ro i d i u m s p . , X y l o p t e r i s s p . a n d w o o d Mesembrioxylon. Fauna include fish-Ceratodus, amphibian - Metaposaurus malariensis, brachyopidae Panchygoia incarvata, reptile-Paradapedon huxlyi. This assemblage is similar to those from the Maleri Formation and indicates a Carnian to Early Norian age (Chatterjee and Roy Choudhari, 1974).

In the southwestern corner of the Rewa Basin, the Deccan Trap flows overlie the Gondwana strata. Besides trap flows, the Gondwana strata witnesses profuse intrusion in the forms of dykes and sills of basic rocks of same age. The infra-trappean Lameta beds overlie the Gondwana strata, unconformably being exposed as thin strips. It is usually characterised by massive limestone bed, calcareous conglomerate, cherty sandstone and clay. II- 8 CRETACEOUS II-8.1 Lameta Group

II- 7.1F Jurassic

Lameta Group belonging to the Cretaceous occurs as thin disconnected patches underlying the Deccan Trap. The Lameta Group is mainly exposed in Bilaspur, Surguja and Jashpurnagar districts. The Lameta Beds are also known as infra-trappean.

Bandogarh Formation

II- 9 CRETACEOUS - PALAEOGENE

In northwestern part of the Rewa Basin, the Bandogarh Formation overlies the Parsora and the Tiki formations. Being +200m thick, it comprises of white, coarse to fine grained quartz-wacke, ferruginated arenites with pockets and bands of white, cream and lilac coloured mudstone. The bed shave yielded Pagiophyllum sp. Gleichenites sp. and Williamsonia sp. indicating Jurassic age.

II- 9.1 Deccan Trap and associated rocks

II-7.1G : Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous Jabalpur Formation The Jabalpur Formation overlies the underlying strata with a pronounced unconformity in Satpura region. It contains massive sandstones, jasper - bearing matrix supported conglomerates, soft white clays, subordinate beds of calcareous nodules, red clays, carbonaceous shale, cherts and thin coal bands. Plant fossils abound the Jabalpur beds and consists mainly of Ptilophyllum sp. with Cladophlebis indicus, Sphenopteris hughesi, Nilssonia sp. Williamsonia sp. etc.

The basaltic lava flows of Cretaceous-Eocene age with subordinate intertrappean sediments have been grouped into Deccan Trap. The trap comprises horizontal to sub-horizontal lava flows and forms a flat-topped terraced plateau. The constituent flows in the Deccan Trap are mainly 'aa' types. The presence of intertrappean sedimentary rocks and red clay, weathered flow top in the form of red bole, weathered bottom of the flow to form green earth, palaeo - weathering of upper part of the flow, variation in the nature of joints and petrographic characteriststics help in demarcating the individual flows. The flow rocks are basaltic fine to medium grained, and aphyric to highly porphyritic. The maga-phenocrysts are generally labradorite. Doleritic sills and dykes related to Deccan Trap activity are seen in most of the coalfields.

Bansa - Chandiya Bed II- 10 CAINOZOIC: PLEISTOCENE- RECENT Bansa-Chandiya Bed exposed in the western end of the Rewa Basin is separated from Jabalpur strata by intervening Precambrian rocks and also shows an unconformable relationship with underlying strata. It consists of silty sandstone, light gray to white clay and occasional clayey silt bands. They have also yielded a rich floral assemblage and include Sphenopteris rajmahalensis, Cladophlebis cf. Kathiwarensis, Gleichenites rawahensis, Weichselia reticulata, Onychiopsis sp. etc., indicating an Early Cretaceous (Wealden) age.

II- 10.1 Laterite Primary high-level laterite with bauxites has developed on Deccan Basalt in Bilaspur-Raigarh-Surguja Belt. Iron ore deposits have also developed in Bailadila. II- 10.2 Alluvial Deposits Quaternary alluvium is generally confined to major river valleys like Mahanadi, Gopad and Hasdo. 25

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

III. GEOCHEMICAL MAPPING The National Geochemical Mapping (NGCM), one of the most important and esteemed survey and mapping activities being executed by GSI was started in FS 200102 with launching a number of pilot surveys in different states all over the country to assess and monitor the changes of chemical elements at the earth's surface and identify new prospective areas for new mineral exploration. The prime objective of this mapping is to create a baseline geochemical database and to produce a complete set of geochemical baseline maps of the entire landmass of the country so that the regional mineral assessment is done in systematic manner and multivariant environmental issues are addressed effectively. The systematic geochemical mapping is being carried out on 1: 50,000 scale with sampling and analysis of stream sediments, soil, humus and surface and subsurface water etc. The standard practice being followed for sampling is collection of stream sediment samples from a cell size of 1 km by 1 km of first order streams, which are later being processed and composited on 2 km by 2 km cell for analytical purposes. Samples from the other media such as soils from different horizons like regolith, A, B and C horizons, humus surface and subsurface water, etc. are being collected on a 5' x 5' cell size on the base map of 1: 50,000 scale. All out efforts have been put to collect the stream sediment sample of –120 mesh without any contaminations. A standard procedure is being followed to number the samples in a grid pattern systematically. Geochemical mapping was initiated by SU: Chhattisgarh during 2002-03 field season. So far (till March 2012) an area of 6528 sq. km has been mapped covering 10 toposheets. Analytical values of 32 samples collected from the area of toposheet no. 64K/8, occupied by granitoids, basic dykes, quartz and aplite veins

26

overlain by the sandstone of Chandrapur Group of Chhattisgarh Supergroup, indicate above 3 ppb values for gold ( Au), while granitoids with basic intrusive show anomalies of Cr (130.8ppm/238ppm), Co (20.97 ppm/28ppm), Ni (40.8 ppm/73 ppm), Sr (228.5 ppm/479 ppm), Rb (204.6 ppm/456 ppm), Th (62.68 ppm/120 ppm), Y (91.62 ppm/140 ppm) and Nb (47.13 ppm/63 ppm). In toposheet 64K/10, out of 113 samples 97% samples show 1-10 ppb of Au with maximum of 16 ppb; 66% samples indicate 100-180 ppm of Cr (max. 459 ppm); 84% samples show1-30 ppm of Co (max. 72 ppm); 81% samples show 1-80 ppm of Ni (max. 149 ppm) and 94% samples show 1-40 ppm of Pb (max. 42 ppm); 85% samples indicate 10-40 ppm Cu (max. 65 ppm) and 87% samples show 21-60 ppm Zn (max. 95 ppm). Re-look into the area for detailed work is contemplated. In T. S. No. 64K/15, higher incidences of U (1.09-16.93 ppm), Th (3301 ppm), Y (threshold value 86.75 ppm) and Zr (threshold value 21.42 ppm) are observed in the SW corner of the toposheet. Besides, the higher values of Cu (1-125 ppm), Pb (7-292 ppm), Ni (14-384 ppm) and Cr (threshold value of 458 ppm) are also observed in an anomalous zone developed over meta-ultramafics. The Chhattisgarh Supergroup of rocks in parts of T.S. No. 64K/14 show anomalous concentration of Li with threshold value of 31.75 ppm and Cs with threshold value of 20.42 ppm in central part, Ge with threshold value of 1.99 ppm in shales in western part, U with threshold value of 4.35 ppm in southern part and Ag with threshold value of 240.72 ppb in the south-western part of the toposheet. The same group of rocks in parts of TS 64K/06 does show anomalous concentration of Zr (threshold value 804.15 ppm), Pb (threshold value 40.1 ppm), Cr (threshold value 152.99 ppm) and Co (threshold value 32.23 ppm).

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

IV. MINERAL RESOURCES Chhattisgarh, a 21st century state, possesses all major minerals including diamond. Mega industries of steel, aluminium and cement have been developed depending on the potential occurrence of minerals. Its large power surplus is attracting power-intensive industries and the state is poised to become the power hub of the nation due to its vast coal deposits. Chhattisgarh is the sole producer of tin concentrate. The state is the leading producer of coal accounting for 21% and second largest producer of dolomite with contribution of 23% of the total production of these minerals. Important mineral occurrences of the state are bauxite in Bastar, Bilaspur, Dantewara, Jashpur, Kanker, Kabirdham, Korba, Raigarh and Surguja districts; china clay in Durg and Rajnandgaon districts; coal in Koria, Korba, Raigarh and Surguja districts; dolomite in Bastar, Bilaspur, Durg-Janjgir Champa, Raigarh and Raipur districts, iron ore (haematite) in Bastar, Dantewada, Kanker, Rajnandgaon and Durg districts. Bailadila-Rowghat hill ranges in the state are considered to be one of the biggest iron ore field in India. Limestone occurs in Bastar, Bilaspur, Durg-Janjgir Champa, Kabirdham, Raigarh, Raipur and Rajnandgaon districts. Quartzite occurs in Durg, Raipur, Rajnandgaon and Raigarh districts, and talc/steatite/soapstone in Durg and Kanker districts. Other minerals found in the state are corundum in Dantewada district, diamond and other gemstone in Raipur, Mahasamund and Dhamtari districts, fire clay in Bilaspur, Raigarh and Rajnandgaon districts, fluorite in Rajnandgaon district; garnet and marble in Bastar district, emerald and gold in Raigarh and Raipur districts, granite in Bastar, Kanker and Raipur districts, quartz/silica sand in Durg, Jashpur, Raigarh, Raipur and Rajnandgaon districts. During 2008-09, aerogeophysical multisensor data were acquired by surveying over an area of 6,428 sq.km involving 12,857line km in Kanker area in Bastar Craton, Chhattisgarh, and Central India using Twin Otter Airborne Survey System (TOASS) by GSI. Category-wise recoverable reserves/resources of minerals in Chhattisgarh are shown in the Table - 12. The value of mineral production in Chhattisgarh was at Rs.12,225 crore in 2009-10, decreased by about 8% as compared to that in the previous year. The state is ranked fourth in the country and accounted for 7% of total value of mineral production. The important minerals produced in the state in 2009-10 were coal, bauxite, iron ore, tin (conc), dolomite and limestone which together accounted

for about 98% of the entire value of mineral production in the state. During 2009-10, the production of coal was increased by about 8%, limestone by 4% and bauxite by 1%. There was a decline in production in dolomite and iron ore by 8% and 12% respectively during the year 2009-10. The production value of minor minerals was estimated at Rs. 261 crores in the year. The number of reporting mines in Chhattisgarh was 152 in 2009-10 as against 162 in the previous year. The index of mineral production in Chhattisgarh (base 1993-94=100) was 251.55 in 2009-10 as against 240.38 in the previous year. Mineral Production in Chhattisgarh during 2008-09 and 2009-10 is given in Table - 13. ALEXANDRITE (CHRYSOBERYL) Gariyaband district Alexandrite variety of chrysoberyl is reported from pegmatite vein in Deobhog area, northeast of Latapara (19°55':82°40'). Alexandrite has also been located in the area around Kotrapara (19°52':82°49'). The State Mining Corporation is now exploiting the deposit. AMAZONITE Gariyaband district Sea-green amazonite a variety of feldspar, occurs in pegmatites traversing the granite in west of Indagaon (20°05':82°03') Raipur district. The maximum length of crystals measures up to 15 cm. ANDALUSITE Sukma district Small quantities of andalusite occur in the micaschists of Bengpal Group, near Kumharras (18°51':81°21'), Chandenar (18°49':81°24') and Bhegi (18°02':81°19'). ARSENOPYRITE Bastar district Arsenopyrite is reported in the form of lenticular 27

28

Figures rounded off.

tonne

tonne

Ore

73.05

188136

22

3402

'000 tonnes

'000 tonnes

424

Metal

Tin

steatite

Talc/soapstone

Quartzite

silica sand

'000 tonnes

-

'000 tonnes

Quartz-

Marble

669205

'000 tonnes

'000 tonnes

570227

-

(Hematite)

'000 cu m

-

-

-

-

-

52108

-

310

914

30706

STD 111

Proved

Limestone

Iron ore

(Dim. stone)

Granite

(primary)

Metal

tonne

tonne

Ore (primary)

Gold

tonne

tonne

Fluorite

Garnet

'000 tonnes

'000 tonnes

Dolomite

Fireclay

tonne

carat

Corundum

Diamond

'000 tonnes

'000 tonnes

Bauxite

Unit

China clay

Mineral

-

-

-

4142

-

-

197381

190285

-

-

-

-

-

50

64526

-

-

179

46981

STD121

26.40

48669

8

4121

304

-

200015

-

-

-

-

-

-

12

27972

-

288

1585

11279

STD122

Probable

Reserves

99.45

236805

30

11665

727

-

1066602

760512

-

-

-

-

-

62

144606

-

597

2678

88966

(A)

Total

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

101548

-

-

-

-

65889

-

242

-

-

-

-

STD211

Feasibility

369.92

2516392

-

-

-

-

1544395

-

-

-

-

-

153132

-

190795

-

-

600

36759

STD221

-

-

-

-

457

-

600882

656

-

-

-

-

9288

-

6499

-

-

110

3823

STD222

Pre-feasibility

662.49

168326

-

-

-

-

2136876

81555

-

-

-

-

185485

10580

19840

-

-

-

1262

STD331

Measured

213.60

595914

70

-

-

-

619250

526906

-

1.8

600000

-

5573

-

33670

-

-

-

2572

STD332

Indicated

Remaining resources

Table - 12. Reserves/Resources of Minerals as on 1.4.2005 : Chhattisgarh (Indian Mineral Year Book 2010)

13103.43

29109378

8

14688

282

83000

3069683

779609

50057

0.9

300000

28800

126088

10336

449108

1304000

288

11378

14933

STD333

Inferred

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

480000

-

-

-

-

-

-

1950

-

-

-

-

STD334

Total

288

12088

59349

(B)

108

26353

1466

83000

9037689

2730787

50057

2.7

900000

28800

545455

20978

846711

14349.44

14448.89

32390010 32626815

78

14688

739

83000

7971087

1970275

50057

2.7

900000

28800

545455

20916

702105

1304000

885

14766

148315

(A+B)

Total resources

1304000

Reconnaissance

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh Table - 13. Mineral Production in Chhattisgarh, 2008-09 to 2009-10 (Excluding Atomic Minerals) (Value in ` '000)

Indian Mineral Year Book 2011 (Advance Release) 2008-09 Mineral

No. of mines All Minerals Coal Bauxite Iron ore Tin conc. Clay (others) Dolomite Kaolin Limestone Quartz Quartzite Steatite Minor Minerals@

2009-10

Unit

'000t t '000t kg t t t '000t t t t

162 61 14 12 5 1 23 43 1 1 1 -

Quantity

101922 1674427 29997 59778 400 1317858 15789 1846 50 476 -

Value

132698116 67873600 557371 59064269 21267 100 361156 2208173 258 8 48 2611866

No. of mines 152 60 15 10 5 24 33 1 1 3 -

Quantity

Value

109953 1687069 26211 59016 1286514 15160 384 50 128 -

100529786 50308300 607911 44227248 22895 335580 2231873 54 8 32 2795885

Note : The number of mines excludes minor minerals. @ Figures for earlier years have been repeated as estimates, wherever necessary, because of non-receipt of data.

patches in felsite near the junction with granite batholith, south of Manitoba (22°49':80°39').

BAUXITE

There are numerous minor occurrences of asbestos in the state.

DGM Chhattisgarh has established about 0.4 million tonnes of bauxite resources in Surguja district. Bauxite is one of the major mineral resources of the state. Important deposits of bauxite are located in plateau in Bilaspur, Raigarh, Bastar, Durg, Rajnandgoan and Surguja districts. Bauxite also occurs as irregular tabular and lensoidial bodies of various sizes associated with laterite cappings over the Archaeans. A total of 148.315 million tonnes (I.M.Y. Book 2010) of bauxite has been estimated in Chhattisgarh.

Sukma district

District wise occurrences are stated below:

A thin vein of tremolite asbestos, associated with actinolite schist, has been recorded in the Saliapara area (20°15':81°16'). Occurrences of tremolite asbestos are reported on the northern slopes of Kommaraju Ghutta near Kondasanvali (18°30':81°13') and NE of Gollapalli (18°56':81°04'). The occurrences are patchy and associated with talc tremolite schist.

Kanker-Kondagaon-Narayanpur-Dantewara districts

Durg district Occurrence of arsenopyrite is reported from village Locahi in the Bhutna valley. ASBESTOS

Small deposits of high grade bauxite occur in the plateau between Keshkal (20°05':81°35') and Amabera (20°04':81°20'). There are a few local concentrations of bauxite in the laterite capping over Kotri Supergroup metabasalts in the neighbourhood of Rowghat (19°52': 81°13').

BARITES It is used as mineral filler. The total reserve in the state is 1,90,000 tonnes of all grade (I.M.Y. Book 2002) Baloda Bazar district Barites occur in the septarian nodules in the concretionary zones overlying the Gunderdehi shale near Dotapur (21°39':82°15').

Around 0.21 million tonnes of bauxite has been estimated from a number of deposits at Bandhanpara (20°06':81°25'), Kudarwahi (20°07':81°26'), Kuye (20°05':81°27') Cherbera (20°04':81°26') Budhiarmari (20°09':81°19'), Pat Dongri (20°08':81°20'), Halekurum Dongri (20°03':81°22'), Marmakonari (20°10' : 81°22'), Taralimeta Peak(18°32':80°14') north and northeast of Jarandul (20°10':81°16') and 2.5 km west of Bailadila rest house (18°44':81°15'). 29

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

Bilaspur district There are about 20 occurrences of bauxite in the state. The important localities are Phutka Pahar (22°34': 82°46'), Pawan Akhra Pahar (22°28':82°54'), Karela Pahar (22°32' : 82°52'), Ranaikhet Pahar (22°30':82°57') and Gaurduari Pahar (22°30':82°57').The total resources of bauxite is estimated in the order of 3.44 million tonnes in Phutka Pahar and Paunakhera Pahar area (DID, GSI). Durg district The total bauxite reserves in the district are 0.487 million tonnes. Raigarh district The plateau laterite in Khuria (23°06':83°41') and Marol highlands (22°48':83°46') contains segregations of bauxite in several localities. The total resources are of the order of 0.52 million tonnes in 9 blocks of Khuria highlands. The total resource of the district is 4.753 million tonnes (IBM Year Book 2002). The bauxite is of pisolitic, massive and brecciated types.

During 2008-09, DGM, Chhattisgarh carried out prospecting for bauxite in Patharai (Northeast area) of Mainpat plateau in Surguja district. Four lakh tonnes of metallurgical grade bauxite resource with average 47% Al2O3 was estimated. BERYL Bilaspur district Beryl has been found from 1.5 km NE of Barbhata (22°39':82°33') in pegmatite intruding muscovite granite. Raigarh district Bluish green crystals of beryl, 0.64 cm to 7.5 cm across, are reported 2.5 km northeast of Keikachar (22°48':84°10') in pegmatite. Green beryl crystals occur in biotite schist 5 to 7 km east of Baneya (22°43':83°31'), Belghurti (22°45':84°02'), north of Ganabahar (22°46':84°00') and Kunkur (22°44':83°57'). Beryl is also noted in pegmatite intrusives into the mica schists of Jamchua area. Gariyaband district

Rajnandgaon district There are 22 known occurrences of bauxite in the district. It occurs in Bodai (22°26':81°11'), Daldali (22°24':81°11'), Kesamarda (22°27':81°12'), Bangora (22°27':81°08') and Dhanwahi (22°21':81°08'). Bauxite forms discontinuous, thin and flat lenticular bodies within laterite over the Deccan Trap. The estimated resource is 8.68 million tonnes with 46.28% to 49.12%Al2O3 in different deposits viz, Daldali (22°24':81°11'), Ghamda (22°23':81°12'), Bodai (22°26':81°11'), Rabda ( 22°25'15":81°12'), Kesamarda (22°27': 81°12') and Bangora (22°27':81°08'). Surguja district Extensive laterite cappings on the top of Deccan Trap in Mainpat-Jamirapat and Joka-Luchupat plateau show development of good bauxite. Sixteen occurrences of bauxite from different localities in Jamirapat (23°21': 83°52') and Joka-Luchupat plateau are reported.

Beryl is reported to occur in pegmatites intruding Khondalites, northeast of Latapara (19°55':82°40') and Kotrapara (19°52':82°49'). Surajpur district Beryl is found in Rampur mica mine near Pratappur town (23°29': 83°12'). BUILDING STONES Granite and Decorative Stones The granitic rocks are exposed in Surguja, Bastar and Raipur districts. Massive, fine to medium grained granite with attractive colours and uniform texture, found in the state, is amenable to good polish. The marbles of Surguja may be tested for the extraction of blocks and their amenability to good polish. Total resources in the state are 50057000 cubic metres (I.M.Y. Book 2010). Marble

Jamirapat area: Prospecting by GSI in 13 blocks in Jamirapat belt established sizeable bauxite deposits. The belt is 40 sq. km. in extent. The bauxite is derived from Deccan Trap basalts. The total reserve is 36.62 million tonnes (DID, GSI) with an average 52% Al2O3.

Quartzite

Mainpat area: DGM, Madhya Pradesh has established a reserve of 33 million tonnes of bauxite (DID, GSI).

Quartzites in Chhattisgarh are associated with Precambrian rocks and are restricted to Bastar, Durg and

30

In Surguja district, marble belongs to Mahakoshal Group. The suitability of marbles, for extraction of blocks and their amenability to polishing, needs to be tested.

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

Raipur districts. They have good potential as building stone. Durg and Rajnandgaon districts Deposits of quartzite, in Paniajob (21°13':80°42'), Bortalao (21°13':80°37') areas, have estimated resources of about19.50 and 2.00 million tonnes respectively. The deposit at Danitola (22°41':81°08') is at present exploited by Steel Authority of India. The SiO2 content varies from 95.2 to 97.42%, Al2O3 2.5 to 4.43%, Fe2O3 1.00 to 2.65%, CaO up to 0.40%, alkalies in traces and L.O.I. CHROMITE Bastar district Chromite has been reported in talc-tremolite schist near Kondasanvali (18°30':81°13') CHINA CLAY/KAOLIN Three types of clays found in the state are china clay, fire clay and red clay. The total resources of china clay in Chhattisgarh are 14.76 million tonnes (I.M.Y. Book, 2010). This is one of the essential raw materials in the ceramic industry for the production of insulators, sparkplugs, ceramic switches, white-ware, sanitary-ware, glazed tiles, storewares, pipes and jars. The supply of china clay mainly comes from Bastar, Rajnandgaon, Bilaspur, Durg, Raigarh, Raipur and Surguja districts.

Durg district White clay occurs at Danitola (22°41':81°08'), Dhaba (21°05':80°01') and Panikibat (20°41':80°14'). The other occurrences of white clay are at Harratola (20°54':82°43') and Kariagondi (22°45':81°00') and variegated clay in Chichori (21°05':80°35'), Hatapahar (20°40':80°53'), Bhandaritola (20°41':80°58'), Markatola (20°34':81°23') and Chapri (22°06':81°10'). Kaolin derived from the decomposition of felsite and porphyry is reported from 1.5 km west of Markasar (20°59':80°32'). The material is white, soft and soapy in feel. Reserves are 0.197 million tonnes (IBM 2002 data). Raigarh district Red clay, suitable for tile industry, is found near Rawatpura (24°02':76°44') and Bateri (24°02':76°45'). A 30m thick zone of white clay occurs over an extensive area at 4 km ESE of Purunga (22°17':83°12'). Other small deposits of white clay occur in Arajhar (21°56':83°18'), Kishanpur (21°54':83°23') and Prasada (21°57':83°19'). Terra Cotta clay deposits are noted between Biora (21° 54':76°55') and Raigarh (21°54':83°24'). Dhamtari district Clay has been reported from Singarpur (21°50':82°00'). Buff and yellow clay occurs in Pankibhat (20°49':81°27') and Kosagondi (20°50':81°37') near Dhamtari (20°35':81°25') railway station. The clay lies below 5 m of laterite cover. The estimated resource of 0.3 million tonnes of non-refractory clay can be used as filler in paint and paper industries.

Bastar district

Rajnandgaon district

Fairly large deposits of white, buff coloured variegated clay, suitable for low grade pottery, occur in Raikot (19°10':81°50') and Manganpur (19°05':82°09'), Medpal (19°06':82°08') and Rokel (18°34':81°44'). The probable resource of clay in Raikot and Maganpur area is 2.59 million tonnes. A resource of 0.40 million tonnes of white clay has been estimated from Kotamsor (18°53':81°55') area.

A five meter thick band of white clay occurs at 0.8 km NE of Musalijob (21°03':80°49'). Other occurrences are located at Charbhatta (21°06':80°35'), Mohanpur (21°07':80°34'), Karelagarh (21°27':80°48') and Dabka (21°24':80°58'). The Dabka occurrence is fairly large and the reserve is 12 million tonnes (IBM 2002 data). A total of 1.2 mt of clay resource has been estimated in Rajnandgaon district.

Besides, white and buff coloured clay occurs in Jojal (18°58':82°05'), Sindigarh (18°32':81°45') and Kukra Dongri (19°10':82°01').

Surguja and Balrampur districts

Bilaspur and Korba districts Small pockets of white clay, formed by alteration of feldspars in granites and gneisses occur near Ganipakha (22°02':82°34'), Gopalpur (22°36':82°39'), Bisanpur (22°30':82°35'), Ramkechhar (22°36':82°18'), Jogisar (22°38':80°00') and Thandapura (22°45':81°45').

A fifteen meter thick horizon of clay occurs below the Deccan Trap at 0.4 km north of Konundha (23°20':83°03'). The middle portion of 10 m thickness is white clay. A twenty meter thick band of white clay occurs at about 2.5 km north of Khandon (23°19':83°57'). White and stained clay beds of 3 m thick occur at Khajri (23°20':84°02') over a length of 2.5 km; in southern slope of Jamirapat (23°21':83°52') plateau- 13 m thick and at 2.5 km NW of Chutai (23°22':83°52') 23m thick bed over a length of 60m. 31

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

COAL In Chhattisgarh a total estimated resource of coking and noncoking coal upto 50846.15 million tonnes has been estimated by all agencies (as on 01.04.2012). The inventory is based on data available from GSI, CMPDI, MECL, Singereni Colliery company limited, private and public entrepreneurs. The inventory of coal resources in different coal fields along with grade-wise resume are given in Table - 14 and Table - 15. Korba Coalfield (Korba district) It covers an area of about 520 sq. km within the Korba district. The Korba coalfield forms the western member of the linear Gondwana belt extending from Ib River in Orissa in the southeast to Korba in the northwest. In the south-eastern and north-eastern part of the coalfield that is contiguous with Mand-Raigarh, the Gondwana sediments of Korba sub-basin were classified into Talchir (250m+) and Barakar (750m+) formations to be succeeded by Kamthi (200m+) Formation. However, in the light of reclassification of Gondwanas in MandRaigarh and Ib sub-basins, the sediments in the southeastern part of Korba sub-basin were reclassified. Accordingly, a vast area in this part that was believed to be covered by the Barakar Formation was later identified to be covered by the rocks of Raniganj Formation (180m+).

Quarriable potentiality of the seam for its occurrence at shallow depth (8.80 m) further enhances its importance. It is 16.82 m to 18.74 m thick and occurs in the western part of the area only in between two NNE-SSW faults. In all, there occur eight seams in Lalmatia-Suklakhar, BankiSurakachar areas. Many of the seams are absent either in the Dipka-Tiwarta in the southwest or Korba colliery in the southeast. However, the important upper Barakar seam known as Kusmunda seam and some additional seams between Kusmunda seam and seam VIII are found to occur in the southern part of Dipka-Tiwarta area. Kusmunda Seam is the thickest seam of the coalfield belonging to the Upper member of Barakar Formation and has been found to occur in the southern part of DipkaTiwarta area. The seam has an aggregate thickness of 64.20 m and is clearly defined into a 40.82 m section and a bottom 21.75 m section separated by a parting of 1.65 m. In Bhelai east, coal seams belonging to both Lower and Upper member of Barakar Formation including the thick Kusmunda seams have been encountered. Kusmunda (lower) Seam is the thickest one and is 35.53 m (in two sections with a parting of 1.93 m) to 75.54 m thick, though over the major part it is 60 m to 65 m thick. Kusmunda (Upper) Seam is most important coal seam of the area. Over the major part of the area it ranges around 60 m to 75 m. in thickness. As per the National Inventory of Coal, 2012, the total coal resources of the Korba Coalfield, has been estimated to be 11755.66 mt. Hasdo-Arand Coalfield (Korba and Surguja districts)

The Barakar Formation hosts a number of major or minor coal seams that account for entire resources of this coalfield. However, a few thin coal seams occur in the Raniganj Formation. In the Barakar Formation coal seams are restricted to its Lower and Upper members, separated by a barren zone. The Lower member is characterised by the presence of thin but superior quality coal seams, while the Upper member contains a number of thick coal horizons of inferior quality. Development of coal seams in the Korba coalfield differs from area to area. Though, at times, correlation of coal seams in adjacent areas is possible, it is difficult to extend it regionally. This has resulted in adaptation of different nomenclatures of the coal seams in different areas. Pali West and Pali East areas are, in fact, continuous and these together form the extreme westernmost part of the Korba basin. In this area occurrence of seven coal seams of variable thickness ranging from less than a metre to 18.74 m has been established through subsurface studies. Of these, six are regional in nature. Seam III is economically important and is 1.68 m to 4.05 m thick. It not only splits from east to west along strike but also splits into three sections towards outcrop. Seam VII is the most important and the thickest seam of the area. 32

Hasdo-Arand Coalfield lies in the districts of Korba and Surguja and extends over an area of around 1200 sq.km. The coalfield occupies a transitional area between drainage of the Mahanadi and the Son. The database acquired from surface and subsurface exploration indicates Talchir (maximum 445m) at the base which is successively overlain by Barakar (maximum 484m), Barren Measures (100m), Raniganj (150m) and Kamthi (100m) formations. Barakar is the main coal bearing formation of the coalfield. Its middle member bears most of the important coal seams with a few local coal seams occurring in the lower member. Later re-appraisal has reported a few coal seams in the Raniganj Formation also. From west to east important areas are Chotia, Morga, Puta-Parogia and Tara where exploration has established presence of six regional coal seams in the middle member of the Barakar Formation. However, a few local seams also occur in the lower member of the formation. In Chotia area, the Seam no. IV (Dhajag seam) is important. It occurs within younger Barakar sediments and attains 3.7 m to 7.95 m thickness. In Morga area coal seam sequence differs to

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh Table - 14. Inventory of Geological Resource of Chhattisgarh Coal (as on 01.04.2012)

1.

2.

Coalfield/ Type of coal

Depth

Proved

Indicated

Inferred (Exploration)

Inferred (Mapping)

Total

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

SOHAGPUR NON-COKING

SONHAT SEMI-COKING

0-300 TOTAL FOR SOHAGPUR

94.30 94.30

10.08 10.08

0.00 0.00

104.38 104.38

0-300 300-600

70.77 0.00 70.77

16.45 82.80 99.25

0.00 0.00 0.00

87.22 82.80 170.02

NON-COKING Total

101.00 27.72 0.00 128.72

936.39 859.37 568.85 2364.61

0.00 1.89 0.00 1.89

1037.39 888.98 568.85 2495.22

TOTAL FOR SONHAT

199.49

2463.86

1.89

2665.24

TOTAL FOR JHILIMILI

228.20 228.20

38.90 38.90

0.00 0.00

267.10 267.10

TOTAL FOR CHIRIMIRI

320.33 320.33

10.83 10.83

31.00 31.00

362.16 362.16

0-300 TOTAL FOR BISRAMPUR

986.06 986.06

628.64 628.64

0.00 0.00

1614.70 1614.70

0.00 0.00

164.82 164.82

0.00 0.00

164.82 164.82

0-300 TOTAL FOR LAKHANPUR

454.88 455.88

3.35 3.35

0.00 0.00

459.23 459.23

0-300 TOTAL FOR PANCHBAHINI

0.00 0.00

11.00 11.00

0.00 0.00

11.00 11.00

0-300 300-600 TOTAL FOR HASDO-ARAND

1369.84 0.00 1399.84

3589.66 39.98 3629.64

390.66 7.33 397.99

5350.16 47.31 5397.47

152.89

126.32

0.00

279.21

4274.32 204.97 0.00 4479.29

11769.33 5651.86 610.40 18031.59

1974.87 634.09 0.00 2608.96

18018.52 6490.92 610.40 25119.84

50.43 0.00 0.00 50.43

1092.58 997.47 302.67 2392.72

24.85 177.34 0.00 202.19

1167.86 1174.67 302.67 2645.34

13987.85

33448.25

3410.05

50846.15

SEMI-COKING Total NON-COKING

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

JHILIMILI NON-COKING

CHIRIMIRI NON-COKING

BISRAMPUR NON-COKING

0.300 300-600 600-1200

0-300

0-300

EAST OF BISRAMPUR NON-COKING 0-300 TOTAL FOR EAST OF BISRAMPUR LAKHANPUR NON-COKING

PANCHBAHINI NON-COKING

HASDO-ARAND NON-COKING

10. SENDURGARH NON-COKING 11. MAND-RAIGARH NON-COKING

12. TATAPANI-RAMKOLA NON-COKING

0-300

0-300 300-600 600-1200 TOTAL FOR MAND-RAIGARH

0.300 300.600 600-1200 TOTAL FOR TATAPANI-RAMKOLA TOTAL FOR CHATTISGARH

p

(Resource in million tonne)

The inventory is based on data available from Geological Survey of India, Central Mine Planning and Design Institute, Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited and Private/Public Entrepreneurs.

p

A few Entrepreneurs sent resources not in proper format and the resources could not be taken up.

p

This inventory dealt with net geological resources assessed, so far, and did not take into account the mined out reserve.

33

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

some extent from east to west of Paturia. In west of Paturia Seam no. IV (Dhajag seam), the most important and persistent seam of the coalfield occurs 11.5 m to 22.56 m above the Seam no. III. It attains maximum thickness in this part of the coalfield and is 10.1 m to 15.9 m thick. However, in comparison to rest of the coalfield the seam contains more dirt bands. In east of Puturia Seam No. IV is attenuated to 6.95 m to 12.33 m with more clean coal sections and this thickness uniformly persists over the rest of the eastern part of the coalfield upto Kente. On the contrary, the Seam no. V occurring with a gradual attenuation of parting of 39.26 m to 44.49 m above Seam no. IV shows a gradual increase in thickness ranging from 0.58 m to 4.35 m. But it remains highly banded. In Puta-Parogia area Seam no. IV is the thickest one and the thickness varies from 4.19 m to 10.34 m. In Tara area Seam No. IV maintains a thickness of 6.64 m to 10.29 m while Seam No. V becomes thicker with thickness ranging from 5.07 m to 8.74 m. As per the National Inventory of Coal, 2012, the total coal resources of the Hasdo-Arand Coalfield, has been estimated to be 5397.47 mt. Sendurgarh Coalfield (Korba District) Sendurgarh Coalfield extends over an area of about 40 sq.km and lies in Korba district. Rocks of Talchir and Barakar formations occur over the metamorphic basement. Barakar Formation (about 300m thick) contains six regional coal seams with three local seams towards the basal part. The thickness of the regional seams (Seam I to Seam VI) ranges from 0.44m to 14.24m, while the local seams are thin (0.1m to 1.10m thick). Although Seam IV is best developed, it is relatively thin (0.5m to 1.25mthick). On the other hand, Seam VI is thickest (11.24m thick) with a very restricted aerial extent. The coal seams are high moisture and non-coking type and belong to B and D grade. Seam Nos. III & I are qualitatively better (B & C grade) and are most promising. Total reserve of coal upto 0-300m, estimated from this coalfield, is about 279.21 million tonnes. (As on 01-04-2012, Data source GSI). Mand-RaigarhCoalfield (Korba and Raigarh districts) It is located within the Korba and Raigarh districts, The Coalfield comprises two coal bearing areas, one in the north and the other in the south, separated by Kamthi formation. The NW-SE elongated northern coal bearing tract extends over a large area from Mand valley in west upto the eastern boundary of the Raigarh basin in its northern limb. It covers northern part of earlier designated Mand River Coalfield and entire North Raigarh Coalfield. The southern coal bearing area is comparatively small. It is located in the southern limb of 34

the basin adjacent to the southern boundary fault and it comprises southern part of earlier designated Mand River Coalfield. The Mand-Raigarh basin forms the south-central part of the Mahanadi valley master basin. Here the Gondwanas occur over an extensive spread from HasdoArand basin in the northwest through Raigarh district to Ib-basin in Orissa. In fact, this basin is continuous with the Ib-basin further to the south-east and Korba basin to the west with large part of intervening terrain occupied by the Kamthi Formation. Thus the Mand-Raigarh basin is a part of the Ib River-Mand-Korba master basin lying within the Mahanadi graben. The geology of the Mand-Raigarh basin has since undergone a major change when regional exploration and large scale revision mapping was carried out over a large part of the basin from 1978 onwards. Contrary to the earlier notion that the Kamthi Formation (~ 285m) directly overlies the Barakar sediments (425 – 770m+), the entire Gondwana sediments were reclassified in conformity with the Damodar valley basin. Barren Measures ~385) and Raniganj Formation (150-180+) successively overlying the Barakar and Talcher formations were recognized. The Barakar and the Raniganj formations of the basin are coal bearing. Of these, the Barakar Formation is more potential containing a number of seams of mostly power grade coal and a few superior grade coal seams. In the Raniganj Formation coal exposures are reported from a few isolated places both in the northern and southern limbs of the basin, which are inferior in quality and insignificant. A total of 12 nos. of regional coal seams and several local seams have so far been reported from this coalfield. Some of the important areas have been discussed. Seam Nos. III (1.20 to 8.75m), IV (0.5 to 4.35m ) and V (1.9 to 10.6m ) in Dharamjaygarh area and Seam Nos. II ( 0.9 to 2.6m ), IV ( 1.1 to 5m ), VI ( 7.33 to 11.6m ) and IX bottom ( 1.55 to 2.5m ) in Kurumkela are important. In Chimtapani area Seam no. II (2.33 to 3.62m) is of superior grade (Grade A & B). Seam III and IV are developed as combined seam in the area, excepting in the central part where they preserve individual identity. The combined seam varies in thickness from 8.92 m to 14.25 m. The other regional seams vary in thickness from 0.7 to 4m. In Titaipali area seam II (1.31 to 5.83m) and III (0.9 to 5.95m) are important in respect of quality. Seam II is mostly Grade – A, while seam III B to D. The Superior Grade coal is also reported from the lower most two seams of Pelma area, where seam I is mainly of Grade A and the seam II varies from A to C. In Gare area seam I (0.94 to 8.15m), II (0.05 to 8.05m) and VI (0.58 to 7.6m) are significant in respect of their thickness. From Chhal

1.36

0-600

233.01

0-600

0-300

4.22

10.00

300-600

LAKHANPUR

223.01

0-300

KORBA

0-300

64.86

0.00

300-600

JHILIMILI

1.36

66.14

0.00

97.83

Gr. A

0-300

HASDO-ARAND

0-300

CHIRIMIRI

0-300

BISRAMPUR

EAST OF

0-300

BISRAMPUR

Depth range (m)

44.21

110.08

0.00

110.08

49.70

18.40

0.00

18.40

116.11

0.00

257.49

Gr. B

125.23

148.80

0.00

148.80

27.40

91.54

0.00

91.54

116.09

0.00

158.79

Gr. C

135.25

258.63

6.03

252.60

15.02

298.05

0.00

298.05

11.00

0.00

215.22

Gr. D

Proved

146.97

4900.62

547.92

4352.70

71.22

960.49

0.00

960.49

10.99

0.00

256.73

Gr. EFG

455.88

5651.14

563.95

5087.19

228.20

1369.84

0.00

1369.84

320.33

0.00

986.06

Total

0.00

45.65

7.50

38.15

14.02

67.61

6.19

61.42

0.76

14.95

15.37

Gr. A

0.00

32.95

0.00

32.95

10.11

160.75

13.69

147.06

5.04

5.59

141.69

Gr. B

0.03

154.67

39.81

114.86

7.78

642.38

5.22

637.16

5.03

28.17

138.34

Gr. C

Gr. D

0.79

499.06

372.77

126.29

0.66

1610.63

12.57

1598.06

0.00

77.54

127.23

Indicated

Table - 15. Grade-wise resource of noncoking coal in Gondwana Coalfields of Chhattisgarh (As on 01.04.2012)

2.53

5204.17

1872.12

3332.05

6.33

1148.27

2.31

1145.96

0.00

38.57

206.01

Gr. EFG

3.35

5936.50

2292.20

3644.30

38.90

3629.64

39.98

3589.66

10.83

164.82

628.64

Total

0.00

168.02

68.11

99.91

0.00

397.99

7.33

390.66

31.00

0.00

0.00

Inferred Exploration

459.23

11755.66

2924.26

8831.40

267.10

5397.47

47.31

5350.16

362.16

164.82

1614.70

Grand Total

(in million tonne)

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

35

36

0.00

67.13

600-1200

0-1200

1.25

0.00

15.56

300-600

600-1200

0-1200

1.08

777.94

0.00

0.00

1.15

300-600

600-1200

0-1200

TOTAL FOR 575.24 CHHATTISGARH

0.00

0.00

1.15

1.08

55.20

0.00

19.37

35.83

35.40

27.79

0.00

62.48

0.00

23.95

38.53

0-300

TATAPANI-RAMKOLA

14.31

23.20

0.78

0-300

SONHAT

0-300

SOHAGPUR

0-300

SENDURGARH

0-300

0.00

40.39

300-600

PANCHBAHINI

26.74

0-300

MAND-RAIGARH

972.68

2.54

0.00

0.00

2.54

25.45

0.00

5.45

20.00

29.02

48.24

0.00

199.58

0.00

24.40

175.18

1405.73

3.92

0.00

0.00

3.92

14.45

0.00

1.65

12.80

4.92

32.53

0.00

416.74

0.00

35.10

381.64

10185.49

41.74

0.00

0.00

41.74

18.06

0.00

0.00

18.06

1.76

43.55

0.00

3733.36

0.00

81.13

3652.23

13917.08

50.43

0.00

0.00

50.43

128.72

0.00

27.72

101.00

94.30

152.89

0.00

4479.29

0.00

204.97

4274.32

447.99

90.32

17.73

44.04

28.55

11.81

0.10

11.71

0.00

0.43

11.57

0.00

175.50

0.00

96.79

78.71

851.37

132.31

12.42

46.30

73.59

184.59

46.09

129.29

9.21

1.28

51.22

0.01

125.83

0.00

92.92

32.91

2695.76

475.95

30.74

208.37

236.84

358.79

105.85

201.72

51.22

6.99

30.77

6.60

840.26

82.03

489.42

268.81

7484.57

586.84

49.79

253.43

283.62

841.40

176.77

373.10

291.53

0.96

19.27

1.73

3718.46

162.49

1762.84

1793.13

21869.31

1107.30

191.99

445.33

469.98

968.02

240.04

143.55

584.43

0.42

13.49

2.66

13171.54

365.88

3209.89

9595.77

33349.00

2392.72

302.67

997.47

1092.58

2364.61

568.85

859.37

936.39

10.08

126.32

11.00

18031.59

610.40

5651.86

11769.33

3410.05

202.19

0.00

177.34

24.85

1.89

0.00

1.89

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

2608.96

0.00

634.09

1974.87

50676.13

2645.34

302.67

1174.81

1167.86

2495.22

568.85

888.98

1037.39

104.38

279.21

11.00

25119.84

610.40

6490.92

18018.52

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

area, located in the southern limb of the Mand-Raigarh basin, nine regional coal seams have been reported. Out of these, seam III is the most promising, which constitutes of three to four clean coal section, with individual section varying in thickness from 1.08 to 5.23m. In the west central part of this, seam V has been intersected at a very shallow depth (between 12 -16 m depth). However, the seam is highly interbanded. As per the National Inventory of Coal, 2012, the total coal resources of the Mand-Raigarh Coalfield, has been estimated to be 25119.84 mt. Sohagpur Coalfield (Bilaspur and Koriya districts) The Sohagpur Coalfield forms a part of South Rewa Basin and extends for about 3000 sq. km areas, mainly, in Shahdol and Anupur districts, M.P. and partly within Bilaspur and Koriya districts, Chhattisgarh. In about 300m thick Barakar Formation, the occurrence of five regional coal seams (I to V), with wide variation in thickness, pattern of splitting, seam structure and quality, has been established. These seams vary in thickness from 0.22m to11.60m. The coal seams show abrupt increase in rank on the down thrown side of east-west trending Bamhani-Chilpa fault, which has dissected the coalfield. On the upthrown side, the seams are high in moisture and volatile content and also are non-coking in nature. They are being exploited in Rajnagar, Kotma and Bijuri in the east and Dhanpuri, Amlai and Burhar in the west. On the down thrown side of the fault, the seams are low in moisture and high volatile medium coking type with UVM ranging between 35 and 40 and CI from 14 to18. Petrographically, the lower II, III seams and I are inertinite rich (46-67%) and upper seams (IV and V seam) are high in reactives (46 to 85%). Estimated total resource for the coalfield up to 0-300 m depth is 104.38 million tonnes. (As on 01-04-2012, Data source GSI) Chirimiri Coalfield (Koriya district) Chirimiri Coalfield extends over an area of about 125 sq. km in the Koriya district. The main rock types; exposed in the coalfield, belong to the Talchir and Barakar formations, which unconformably overlie the Precambrian rocks. Basic rocks in the form of dykes and sills intrude Barakar Formation, which attains a maximum thickness of about 435m in this coalfield.

of this coalfield. The coal seams have high moisture content, low ash and are non-coking type. Total estimated reserve of noncoking coal from this coalfield, upto 0300m is about 362.16 million tonnes. Bisrampur Coalfield (Surguja district) Bisrampur Coalfield is situated in Surguja district. This coalfield shows development of the Lower Gondwana sediments represented by the Talchir, Barakar and Supra - Barakar Formations, which together have been intruded by dolerite intrusives. The coal bearing Barakar Formation, occupying a major part of the coalfield overlies the Talchir strata and shows wide variation in thickness ranging from 45m to 304m.Thickness of Barakar coal seams that are generally ten in number, range from 0.25m to 18.20m. Seam no. IX (Dhajagir Seam) is the thickest seam (10m to 18.20m). Seam No. VIII (Masan Seam) and Seam No. V (Upper Parpahari Seam) are the other important seams. The coal seams of Bisrampur Coalfield are medium in rank, and at places show weakly coking nature. The coals are generally of superior grade (A to C). However, coals of inferior grade are also present. A total reserve of noncoking coal upto 0-300m about 1614.70 million tonnes of coal has, so far, been estimated from this coalfield. (As on 01-04-2012, Data source GSI) East Bishrampur Coal field: A reserve of 164.82million tones noncoking coal upto 0-300m depth has been estimated. (As on 01-04-2012, Data source GSI) Lakhanpur Coalfield (Surguja district) Lakhanpur Coalfield lies in Surguja district and extends over an area of 350 sq.km, out of which135 sq.km is coal bearing. Talchir and Barakar formations occur over the Precambrian basement. The Barakar Formation conformably overlies the Talchir Formation and is about 360m thick. Four coal seams have been reported from this coalfield. These coal seams range in thickness from 0.33m to7.55m. The bottom most seam i.e., Seam I is regionally persistent and has workable thickness (varying from 1m to 7.55m), particularly in the northern part of the coalfield. Other seams are generally thin and impersistent. The coals are high moisture, low rank non-coking type. A total resource of about 459.23 million tonnes of coal has, so far, been estimated upto 0-300m depth from this coalfield. (As on 01-04-2012, Data source GSI) Tatapani-Ramkola Coalfield (Surguja district)

Barakar Formation contains five regionally correlatable coal seams varying in thickness from 0.30m to 12.40m. These seams are well developed in the north and in the south central parts. Out of these seams, Seam No. III is the thickest with a maximum thickness of 12.40m and is extensively developed in the northern part

Tatapani-Ramkola Coalfield represents a broad structural syncline with east-west axial trace. It is actually a composite coalfield comprising the northern strip of coal-bearing rocks referred to as the Tatapani Coalfield and the southern one called the Ramkola Coalfield. The 37

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

potential coal-bearing Barakar Formation is exposed along the northern, eastern and southern periphery of the sub-basin which is largely occupied in the central and western part by the younger stratigraphic units viz. Supra-Panchet, Panchet, Raniganj and Barren Measures. Integrated surface and subsurface study carried out over last few decades has established the development of thirteen regional coal seams viz. I to XIII in ascending order of sequence of Barakar Formation and seams show wide variation in their development pattern. Out of these, Seam III, IV and V deserve special mention due to their thickness, regional persistency and quality both in Tatapani and Ramkola areas. The coal seams have consistent thickness in the eastern (Tatapani area) and in the south-central part (Ramkola area). In Bhormi-Mitgain block of Tatapani area coal seams merit special attention due to their persistency, development pattern and superior quality. In this area, the thickness of Seam III ranges from 1.09 m to 5.07 m showing little thickening in the southern segment (Bhormi area). In the northern segment (Mitgain area), Seam III splits into 1.83m thick top section and 2.54m thick bottom section, whereas in the southern segment ( Bhormi area it occurs as single seam with improved coal quality upto Grade A). This quality persists over a strike length of about 1.5 km at a shallow level indicating quarriable potentiality of this superior coal. Seam V has a persistent development in south, where it varies in thickness between 1.56m and 5.50m indicating southward thickening. But in the northernmost part of this segment, this seam in all probability merges with Seam V with an aggregate thickness of 7.70m. In the north, seam V ranges in thickness from 1.28m to 3.95m, while its thickness increases upto 10.95m in the southern segment where it occurs in two split sections. The top section is 2.10m to 5.54m thick and the bottom split is 0.75m to 4.00m thick. Seam V, while has restricted development in the northern segment, it becomes most important one in the south because of its persistent thick development, superior quality and shallow depth of occurrence. In Ramkola area Seam III is one of the most important seams having variable thickness from 2.96m to 9.80m (Amartipur area), where top section degenerates to carbonaceous shale and grey shale. It is well developed in the south (Duba area) having thickness variation from 3.53m to 13.50m. The overall quality of the seam generally varies between Grade 'D' and 'E', but the notable character of the seam is that over the entire area, the lower section of average 2.5m to 3m thickness is uniformly of Grade 'C' quality. Seam (IV + V) is composite in nature over major part of the area and it is the thickest (10.49m to 20.71m), persistent and the most important seam. Seam IV and V at places maintain 38

separate identity, but in the area to the north (Amartipur area) and in the south (Duba area), they practically merge with thin intervening partings. As per the National Inventory of Coal, 2012, the total coal resources of the Tatapani-Ramkola Coalfield, has been estimated to be 50846.15 mt. Panchbahini Coalfield (Surguja district) A non coking variety of coal of 11.00 million tonnes has been estimated upto 0-300 m depth (As on 01-042012, Data source GSI) Jhilimili Coalfield (Koriya district) The Jhilmili Coalfield is located within Koriya district. An ENE-WSW trending major fault towards north divides the coalfield into two major segments. Talchir and Barakar formations represent the southern up thrown block. Talchir, Barakar (300 m) and the SupraBarakar formations represent northern down thrown block. Basic bodies intrude the latter. Regional studies have established the presence of five regional correlatable coal seams (I to V) around Bharkarpara, Kutkona and Majhan. Of these, Seam No. I (0.3 m to 3.55 m) is well developed in Kutkona area and thins out towards east. Seam No. II occurs in two split sections and its combined thickness varies from 0.2 to 3.51m. Seam No. III, mostly clean coal, is 0.33 to 2.45m thick. Seam No. IV attains persistent thickness of about 3.4m for about 5km strike length in Majhan area, whereas it is less than 1.2m thick in most of the area. The topmost seam, Seam V (3.96 to 5.4 m thick) is usually intercalated with dirt bands. It occurs in two split sections towards east around Bharkarpara where the thickness of top split section varies from 1.47 to 4.57 m and the thickness of bottom one from 1.17 to 2.07m. Quality - wise, the coals are with high moisture (2.5% to 36%) and with medium to low ash content. Lower seams are having caking index of about 5-14. The lower most seam is weakly coking with C.I 12-19 and top most seam is non-coking with C.I less than 5. So far, a total of 267.10 million tonnes reserve has been assessed upto 0-300m depth, of which about 166 million tonnes belong to class I to III. (As on 01-04-2012, Data source GSI) Sonhat Coalfield (Koriya district) The coal measures located just east of the Sohagpur Coalfield, which forms part of the south-central portion of the Rewa Basin, is known as the Sonhat Coalfield. It covers a total area of about 845sq. km in Koriya district. The Barakar and the Supra Barakar formations successively overlie the Talchir Formation, overlying the

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

Precambrians. Thick dolerite sill, related to Deccan Trap, is a conspicuous feature of this basin. In the Churcha area, five persistent Barakar coal seams (No. I to V), ranging in thickness from 0.4m to 6.1m, have been recorded. The thickest Seam No. V has 1.7% to 3.9% moisture and 14.4% to 22.8% ash content. In the Ghugra-Labji area, lying to the dip side of Churcha area, the coal seams occurring in the lower part of the Barakar Formation show a tendency to attenuate in thickness. Three correlatable coal seams, ranging in thickness from0.6m to 6.75m, have been recorded from this area. Ash content of these seams ranges from 21.7% to 27.7%. In Amritdhara block, development of five impersistent seams (Seam I to Seam V) ranging in thickness from 0.5m to 1.10m has been recorded. Coals from all the seams are of high volatile content and weakly to semi-coking type with 7-12 C.I. Approximate resource for semi-coking and non-coking coal in the coalfield is 170.02 million tonnes up to 0-300 and 300-600m depth and 2495.22 million tones up to 0-300m, 300m-600m and 600m-1200m, respectively (As on 01-04-2012, Data source: GSI). In order to explore and produce natural gas from coal bearing areas, the government has formulated coal bed methane (CBM) policy for exploration and production of CBM. Under CBM-I to III, a total of 3 blocks have been awarded in Chhattisgarh. COPPER Bastar district Copper mineralizations have been reported from a number of localities in Bastar district. Maximum value of copper, in a core sample from Mundatikra (19°28':81°19') area, indicated 0.30% Cu. Minor copper mineralisation has been encountered at Netanar (18°52':82°03'), Modenar (18°48':81°43'), Tongsal Dongri (19°38':81°15') and Kesarpal (18°46':82°03'). CORUNDUM Bastar district Corundum occurs in quartzo-feldspathic gneiss and biotite gneiss associated with pegmatites near Bhopalpatnam (18°51':81°23') and Kochhnoor (18°51':81°25'). Corundum is found in the form of hexagonal barrel-shaped crystals varying in size from a few mm to 3 cm and shows various shades of ruby red, aquamarine blue, honey brown, yellow and flesh colours. The total estimate of ruby-red variety is about 980 kg. Small scale/cottage industry, for cutting and polishing, at

Jagdalpur is dependant on supplies from Bhopalpatnam. Corundum also occurs in placers derived from the above rock types. About 700 tonnes of industrial corundum is expected from the alluvial cover spread over 3.62 sq. km area. A few more occurrences are also reported from Kochhnoor (18°51':81°25'), Chikpalle (18°16':81°33'), C h i n t a l n a r ( 1 8 ° 2 1 ' : 8 1 ° 11 ' ) a n d B u rg u d d e m (18°19':81°28'). Raipur district Corundum, in association with garnet and alexandrite, occurs in pegmatites in Deobhog (19°52':82°41') area of Raipur district. DIAMOND In Chhattishgarh region, search for kimberlite clan rocks had been conducted in twelve priority blocks on the basis of favourable geotectonic setups and diamond incidences. The investigated blocks include i) PairiKhariar basin, ii) Indravati basin, iii) Sabri basin, iv) Singhora basin, v) Bardwar basin , vi & vii) two blocks in Raigarh Mobile belt, viii) Kondagaon sector , ix) KankerKeshkal sector, x) Dhamtari sector xi) Bilaspur sector south of CIS and xii) in Dhamtari-Kanker districts. Raipur district A total of five kimberlitic pipes including two diamondiferous were discovered in BahradihPayalikhand area and more than forty kimberlitic anomaly zones were detected by stream sediment sampling and Mainpur kimberlite Field (MKF) was established in Pairi-Khariar basin of Chhattisgarh region. The Mainpur kimberlite field (MKF) has become one of the three established diamond bearing kimberlite fields in the Peninsular India, the other two being Panna in northern Madhya Pradesh and Wajrakarur in Andhra Pradesh. The Mainpur field is 135 km southeast of Raipur city. The five diatremes, identified in this field by GSI during 1992-94, are Payalikhand I & II, Jangra, Bahradih and Kodomali. Payalikhand and Bahradih pipes are proven to be diamond bearing. There are some reports of diamonds being recovered from Kodomali pipe as well. N.V.Chalpati Rao et al. carried out petrology, bulk rock geochemistry, indicator mineral composition and zircon U-Pb geochronology of the diamondiferous Mainpur orangeites. The end- Cretaceous diamondiferous Mainpur orangeite field comprises six pipes (Bahradih, Kodomali, Payalikhand, Jangra, Kosambura and Bjaghati located at the NE margin of Bastar Craton). 39

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

The kimberlite bodies occur as intrusives in the granitoid rocks locally known as Bundeli Granite and carry fragments of basal Khariar Group. A total resource of diamond potential has been estimated to be1304000 carats (I. M. Y. Book, 2010).

Total resources of 846.711 million tonnes of dolomite have been estimated in Chhattisgarh (I. M. Y. Book, 2010)

Bastar district

Bastar district

Exploration by GSI in the years 1994-95 to 1996-97 could establish a new field of kimberlite clan rocks (KCR) in Indravati basin and the Tokapal field. Tokapal field kimberlite clan rocks were reported near Tokapal, Duganpal, Parakot-Parpa and Bhejripadar villages. The detailed exploration for crater facies KCR was carried out during FS 2000-2002 through detailed mapping, systematic grid drilling and ground geophysical methods. The study revealed the presence of more than two carrots like root features in the area and a link between the Tokapal and Duganpal rocks below the top soil. The pyroclastic kimberlite clan rock of crater facies exhibits distinctive clast-matrix texture and consists dominantly of macrocrystal and groundmass serpentine (after two generation olivine), carbonates together with macrocrystal chrome spinels, magnesio chromite, groundmass spinels (members of ulvospinel-magnetite series) and G5 garnets (Magnesian almandine). The pyroclastic KCR with tuff cover of Tokapal field are very rare and can be recognized as Tokapal type (Mishra et al. 2002, Mishra et al. 2008). The Tokapal-Duganpal kimberlitic clan rocks are volcaniclastic type and its diamond potential remains to be tested.

Deposits of dolomite are found in the Machkot-Tiria area, which are confined to the Indravati Group. The total probable resource is 80.778 million tonnes (IBM-2002 data), occurring in a number of deposits in Sakhajodi (18°48':82°11'), Jhiram (18°48':81°51'), Tikipodero (18°57':82°13'), Gupteswar (18°49':82°10') and Pulcha (18°49':82°07'). In Pulcha the dolomite contains flux grade reserve of 3.30 million tonnes.

The other investigated blocks include (i) Sabri basin, (ii) Singhora basin, (iii) Bardwar basin and (iv) Two blocks in Raigarh Mobile belt along Tapti lineament zone. The investigation in Sabri basin of Bastar district has not revealed presence of any kimberlite indicator so far. Raigarh district The investigation in Raigarh belt along Tapti lineament zone was conducted from 1994-95 to 1998-99. The initial prospecting has indicated the tri-junction area of Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Bihar as the potential target area for the primary source of diamond as reported by the local people from Ib, Maini, Mand and Sankh streams of Chhattisgarh and Orissa. No kimberlitic rock has yet been reported except the recovery of kimberlitic chromite in Mand river catchment. The investigation during 1999-2000 in SarangarhChandrapur sector of Raigarh district, in parts of Bardwar sub-basinal area of Chhattisgarh Supergroup revealed the presence of kimberlitic garnet (G9 pyrope garnet of lherzolitic derivative). These garnets are important as far as the source rock for diamond is concerned (Mishra et al. 2000, 2007). 40

DOLOMITE

Bilaspur district In Bilaspur district, dolomite deposits occurring in different areas of Chhattisgarh Basin is given in Table-16. Table - 16. Areas of dolomite deposits in Chhattisgarh Basin of Bilaspur district. Sl.No. 1

Deposit

Grade

Hardi-Parsoda-Ramtola-Khaira cluster

2. Manikchauri (210 48, :820 14,) Potaidih (210 49, : 820 16,) Pachperi (210 50, :820 16,) Kokri (210 46, : 820 14,) Junwani Cluster

All grades

All grades

Deragarh (220 00, : 820 52,) Belhadih (21 58,: 82 50,)

SMS

4

Akaltara (22 02 :82 25 )

Mixed Grade

5

Chhatona (220 02, : 820 02,)

Mixed grade

6

Lachhanpur (210 34, : 820 17,)

Mixed grade

7

Baimapara (220 09, : 820 17,)

Mixed grade

8

Salfa (210 55, : 820 12,)

3

9

0

,

Mixed grade 0

,

Madku-Kirna (21 50 : 81 57 )

Mixed grade

Sizeable deposits of dolomite also occur at Dumarpara (22°00':82°50'), Ralia (22°04':81°18'), Chitapandaria (21°57':82°51'), Hirri (21°58':82°03'), Keonchi (22°38':81°47') Akalsona (21°55':82°51') and Bhutidand (21°53':82°52'). Baloda Bazar district Dolomite is found in association with limestone of Chhattisgarh Supergroup near Bhatapara (21°44': 81°57'), Patpara (21°24':81°58'), Gondadih

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

(21°42':81°56') and Dharbadih (21°44':81°56'). Resources are 1.5 million tonnes (IBM- 2002 data). Rajnandgaon district Dolomite, in minor quantity, occurs as member of the Chhattisgarh Supergroup near Mirmiria (22°07':81°18'), Lakhanpur (22°07':81°15'), Tarwgaon (22°10':81°15') and Khairagarh (21°26':81°59'). FELDSPAR Feldspar occurs in commercial quantity in pegmatites mainly in Bilaspur and Raigarh districts. Bastar district In Jhiram area, there are numerous pegmatite veins containing huge amount of feldspar. Bilaspur district Feldspar occurs in pegmatites in Tikar khurd (22°38':82°12'), Chektipanu (22°44':81°47'), Pidha (22°37':81°51'), Sadwani (22°43':81°56'), Jogisar (22°38':80°00'), Umarkholi (22°36':82°04'), Kotmi Khurd (22°37':82°07') and Keonchi (22°38':81°47'). Jashpur district Microcline has been reported to occur in good quantity in pegmatites around Bagicha (22°58':83°38') and Bonpur (22°50':83°48'). FIRECLAY Fireclay is the most common raw material for refractory industry. Deposits of fire clay are found mainly associated with the Gondwana rocks in Rajnandgaon and Bilaspur districts. Minor occurrences are also known from Durg, Raigarh and Raipur districts. In western part of Rajnandgaon district 1.2 mt of clay resource has been estimated. A total 20.978 million tonnes of fire clay resources have been estimated. (I. M. Y. Book, 2010).

A 0.6 km long fire clay band occurs along the Lachmi nala north of Manegaon (22°20':82°37'). Small pockets of fireclay occur 0.8 km SW of Kesla (21°35':82°09'), 0.8 km SE of Mahuadih (21°18':82°36') and Malgaon (22°19':82°32'). Fireclay occurs in association with a coal seam near Madanpur (22°23':82°58') in the Petpora and China nalas, 1.6 km down stream of the confluence of the two nalas, in the Dhuwan nala, north of Chontmar (22°19':82°59'), Jhinga nala, and near Puta (22°19':82°24'). The estimated resources in Bilaspur district are 0.272 million tonnes (IBM-2002 data). Balod district Fireclay occurs near Mariakotola (20°47':81°01') and Lohara (20°48':81°03'). The clay is soft and whitish grey in colour. Raigarh district In Domnara area, fire - clay occurs with coal seams. The estimated resources are of the order of 5.18 million tonnes (IBM-2002 data). This can be used in refractory industry. Baloda Bazar district Minor occurrences of fireclay have been reported from Baloda Bazar (21°39': 82°10'). Rajnandgaon district In Ranga-Kathera-Kohka area, fireclay deposits have been estimated at about 12.5 million tonnes. The analyses indicate SiO2-61.20 to 73.18%, Al2O3-9.30 to 19.60%, Fe2O3-1.20 to 12.50%, TiO2-0.60 to 4.80% and loss on ignition 4.21 to 8.30%. The fireclay reserves in the district are about 10.624 million tonnes (IBM-2002 data). FLUORITE The total estimated resources of fluorite in the state are 0.545455 million tonnes (I.M.Y. Book, 2010). Mahasamund district

Bilaspur district Large deposits of fireclay occurs in Uprora (22°48':82°36') district. The principal occurrences are noted in a tributary of Dhajag nala. The fireclay band is 2 m thick. The clay, cream to milky white in colour, shows poor plasticity, low shrinkage and resistance to heat at 1400C. Other exposures of fireclay are located south of Bisnar nala (22°48':82°34'), in the Katiabahar nala (22°47':82°40'), in the Amanala, 2.5 km NNE of Nakia (22°39':82°55') and near Bimalta (22°39':82°58').

In Achanakpali (21°28':83°06'), Charakuta (21°18':83°12'), Chiwrakuta (21°10':83°13'), Ghatkachar (21°18':83°14'), Makarmuta (21°17':83°14') and Nawadih area fluorite veins and veinlets in sheared feldspathic quartzite occur intermittently over 2500 m length, in a 10 m wide zone. Rajnandgaon district Fluorite occurs, in association with vein quartz, in 41

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

granitic terrain in a 19 km long belt, extending from Kotapani (21°10':80°39') to Lamti Dongri (21°02':80°37'). A reserve of 0.066 million tones with +85% CaF2 is estimated from Chandi Dongri (21°05':80°38'). Fluorite red to yellow in colour is found as lenticles along with galena in quartz veins. It is highly crushed, and intrudes the granitic and basic rocks. Violet coloured fluorite is also seen at places. The average recovery percentage of fluorite at this place is 26% to 30%. FLUX GRADE MAGNESIAN ROCK AND PGE The search for flux grade high magnesia ultrabasic rocks and their potential for PGE in Sonakhan greenstone belt, Mahasamund district, Chhattisgarh were conducted in four different areas like Chandranagar, Lohardadar, Boradih and Amakachar. In the 40 sq. km area covered, detailed works was done on this ultrabasic and ultramafic bodies to find out the portions suitable for flux grade (MgO>30%). The ultramafic schist containing tremolite, actinolite shows very high value of MgO. The ultrabasic rock of Chandranagar area show MgO content upto 31.54% (N.K. Sahu et al. 2009) Jashpur district R. Choubey (1987-88) had carried out regional geochemical survey and collected bed rock and soil samples for PGE around Mayurnacha (22°31':83°45'), Kanpara (22°24':83°51') and Madhuban (22°27':83°45') area. Analytical results of 18 bed rock samples revealed Pt < 2 ppb to 9 ppb, Pd 2 to 6 ppb, Rh <2 to 6 ppb, Ir <2 ppb and analytical results of 9 soil samples revealed Pt <2ppb, Pd <2 to 5 ppb, Rh <2 to 6 ppb, Ir <2ppb. B.K. Mishra et al. (2007) reported that Mayurnacha ultramafic rock contains Pt 15ppb and Pd 55 ppb and Jamjhor ultramafic rock (22°29': 83°45') contains Pt 30 ppb and Pd 65ppb. The area is occupied by Precambrian rocks of quartz- mica schist, quartzite, chlorite schist, magnetite schist and actinolite-chlorite schist of Raigarh-BilaspurSurguja belt. These rocks are intruded by basic and ultrabasic dykes, represented by metagabbro, metapyroxenite, serpentinised ultrabasic rocks and talcose rocks. Younger intrusions are granite, quartztourmaline veins, quartz vein and pegmatites. Raipur and Mahasamund districts N.K. Sahu (2004-06) carried out investigation for search of flux grade high magnesium bearing ultrabasic rocks around Boradih-Chandranagar-Lohardadar area in Sonakhan belt with collection of 21 nos. of samples to ascertain the potential area for Ni and PGE. Ultramafic schist is exposed around Boradih area and the analytical 42

results indicate maximum value of Ni – 0.12% and Cr – 0.26%. Chandranagar ultrabasic rock comprises two bodies namely Chandranagar East and West. The Chandranagar East body is an oval shaped plug like body (550m x 100 to 350m) which is intrusive into the gabbro, whereas the Chandranagar West body is a bottle shaped body (1500m x 200 to 700m) which is intrusive into the acid volcanic and gabbro and the analytical results of samples have maximum value of Ni – 0.21% and Cr – 80ppm. The ultrabasic rock at Lohardadar appears like an oval shaped plug (1000m x 110 to 460m) intruding at the contact of the acid volcanic and gabbro with maximum Ni value 0.23% and Cr value 90 ppm. Analytical results of PGE from Boradih-Chandranagar-Lohardadar area reveals Pt – 5ppb to 80 ppb and Pd – 10 ppb to 100 ppb. The area is occupied by bimodal volcanics of Sonakhan Group, intrusive gabbro, ultrabasic, minor granitoids, aplites and quartz veins. In Chandranagar the ultrabasic rock is layered type and PGE and Ni values may increase at deeper level. GALENA (LEAD-ZINC ORE) Rajnandgaon district Minor surface occurrence of lead-zinc mineralization, in the form of scattered disseminations of galena and sphalerite in quartzite, have been reported from Chandi Dongri (21°05':80°38'), Hat Banjari (20°53':80°35'), Bhanwar (20°57':80°36') and Bagduar (20°56':80°43'). Analytical results of soil samples show values between 100 ppm and 1000 ppm. Balrampur district Copper-lead-zinc mineralisation, in the form of primary sulphides, have been reported by GSI in calcsilicates near Dhulangi (23°59':83°27'), Surguja district. The analytical values indicate 10 ppm to3.04% Cu, 40 ppm to 4.40% Pb and 10 ppm to 0.55% Zn and <1 ppm to 200 ppm Ag. Poor incidences of lead-zinc mineralization, associated with cerussite and chalcopyrite, have been reported from two shear zones in Bhelai (23°14':83°22') area and in Dhorpur area (23°12':83°26') of Surguja and Sidhi districts. The mineralization, noticed over 15 km strike length, occurs along shear and fault zones in dolomitic rocks intruded by granites. GARNET Garnet, suitable for abrasive industry, has been

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

reported from gneisses and schists of Bastar and Bilaspur districts. Semi-precious gem variety occurs in Raipur district. Inferred resources of the order of 28800 tonnes have been estimated in Chhattisgarh (I. M. Y. Book, 2010).

Raigarh district Small pockets of residual gold occur in the Ib river near Pharsabahar, Bantoli (22°35':84°00'), Dharsasand (22°32':83°58'), Turi Alga (22°35':83°55') and Dharamajaigarh (22°28':83°58').

Bastar district

Porphyroblastic almandine occurs in mica schist and hornblende schist, east of Tatedhar (22°34':81°53'), west of Bhoska (22°33':81°55') and south of Rupadand (22°42':81°56')

Primary gold mineralization has been reported from a good number of chert bands, quartzite and quartz vein in Pandripani sector (23°30':83°30'). The central Pandripani block hosts around 80 kg of gold in chert over 125 m strike length and down to 80 m depth with an average grade of 1.4 gm/ton of Au. The placers in and around the area host gold concentration, in the order of 0.2 to 1.00 gm/ton, over extensive areas in gravel beds. At Bangaon (22°32':83°54') crushing and panning of quartz vein material showed 0.99 gm/ton of Au.

Gariyaband district

Kanker district

Semi-precious, red/pink transparent garnets occur in pegmatites around Dhupkot (19°58':82°42'), Gohekela (19°54':82°41') and NE of Latapara (19°55'; 82°40') in Deobhog area (19°53':82°40'). Besides, industrial variety of garnet also occurs in association with corundum.

Primary gold mineralization has been found by GSI in quartz veins in sheared rhyolite and tuff in Gurwandi area (20°10':80°45'). In Sonadehi BIF zone (20°20':80°52') primary gold mineralization occurs in a hydrothermally altered zone over a length of 500 m.

Garnet crystals occur in gneiss 3 km NNW of peak Ä 422 (17°49':81°16'). Bilaspur district

GOLD The state is endowed with some auriferous veins of primary origin, but most of the occurrences fall under residual and placer category. Total resources of gold ore (primary) are 900,000 tonnes with 2.7 tonnes of metal (I. M. Y. Book, 2010). Sukma district Small occurrences of alluvial gold are known in Kakur River near Sonpur (19042':81001'), in the Sabri River at Pushpal (18038':81053'), in the Kolab River at Kolar (19054':81012') and Pratapur (19059':80048'). Besides, gold is also reported from the placers of Kakar and Sabri rivers, and at Supnarghat areas. Bilaspur distrtict Gold has been reported in the brecciated quartz veins along a shear zone extending between Kosabani (22°21':81°40') and Tingipur (22°17':81°51'). Durg district An occurrence of primary gold in quartz vein near Tappa (21°05':80°49') is reported. A sample from the vein yielded about 1 gm/ton of gold.

Prospecting for gold mineralization through scout drilling was conducted during FSP 2000-2004 in Sheetalpur, Bhelwapani, Bejhar, Chachar and Puromichgaon blocks of BIF Belt, Kanker district, Chhattisgarh. The area is located in the eastern margin of Kotri basin where rocks of Kotri Supergroup occur in contact with the rocks of Bailadila Group. Around 31 of old pits were mapped in Bhelwapani block. The prospect was explored by pitting, trenching, channel sampling and followed by limited drilling. The mineralization is associated with sheared, silicified zone occurring near the contact of felsic and mafic rocks. From the available limited borehole data and trench data with 0.2 g/t cut off, the resources of the main N-S trending mineralized zone in Bhelwapani block has been estimated to be 605773.28 tonnes with gold of 462.48 kg with an average grade of 0.76 g/t. The true width of the mineralization is 2.256-6.2 m, for a strike length of 415m. In Bejhar block, the mineralization exposed in trench No. BJT-3 (1.6ppm for 5m) was intersected in two boreholes. The mineralization intersected in bore hole BJ-1 is from 70.20m to 71.00m with average grade of 0.58 g/t for 0.80m with maximum value of 1.2 g/t and another one is from 81.60 to 83.60m with gold value of 1.4 g/t for 2m. The corresponding mineralized zone intersected in bore hole BJ-5 is between 133.10m to 136.25m with gold value ranging from 0.2 to 6.0g/t (average grade 1.2g/t for 3.15m) 43

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

In Puromichgaon block, surface trench samples show gold with average grade of 0.35 g/t for 15m wide zone. But the mineralization could not be traced at depth. During the investigation for gold and base metal mineralization in Sheetalpur and Bhelwapani blocks, a number of old workings in the form of pits and vertical shafts were located on a laterite mound to the northwest of Parvelli village in toposheet number 64D/15, in the year 1996-97. As a follow up, a two year programme was taken up to delineate target areas for gold mineralization in Parvelli area (H. Mishra et al. 2007). A total of 63 no. of old workings were mapped in a small area of 100m X 50m by tape and compass and the major axis of the old working cluster was found to be N35°W-S35°E. In trench PV/T-1, a 14.0 m wide mineralized zone is identified with 0.43 g/t Au. Trench PV/T-3 has seven sporadic zones of low grade mineralization with varying width from 0.5m to 1.5m and grade from 0.1 g/t Au to 0.13 g/t Au. The target area can only assume economic significance if it can be established through drilling that there is increase in grade with depth. Preliminary prospecting for gold mineralization in Tumrisur-Garda-Bhuski area (T.S.No.64D/15&16), west of Hahaladi Donger, Kanker district, Chhattisgarh was conducted during 2005-06. In this area, gold occurs in the criss-cross quartz veins in the bimodal metavolcanics in the Kotri rift zone belt. Apart from the above rocks, the other interesting lithic units found are conglomerates and the ripple marked tuff material. The weathering over burden is quite high in this area. Trenches put across the quartz veins in the detailed mapped area show consistent gold values, but less than 1g/t. The soil samples were also analysed to point out the auriferous laterite below. In Kumarkatta -Gurpher block, four bore holes, with a total of 522.30 meter drilling, have been completed. Logging of boreholes indicated that the area is occupied by a sequence of quartzite, banded chert, ferruginous phyllite, quartz chlorite schist and calc arenite of Bailadila Group of rocks and altered felsic volcanics of Kotri Supergoup. Out of 84 core samples analysed from four boreholes, only two samples from borehole GP-1(A) have indicated positive gold value of 0.13 g/t and 0.22 g/t respectively while rest have gold value less than 100 ppb. At Kumarkatta, pitting and trenching of 56 cu m in three trenches have been completed. Analysis of rock samples has indicated that only one, out of fifty six samples, has gold value of 0.11 g/t. Detailed geological mapping of 0.05 sq. km. in 44

Parveli block has been completed. The area is mostly covered by laterite. A total of 5 boreholes, with a total of 511meter drilling, have been completed. Logging of boreholes indicated that boreholes mainly intersected felsic volcanics and quartz vein with thin mafic bands. Felsic volcanic rock is silicified at places with thickness varying from a few mm to 50cm. Sulphides, mainly pyrite and arsenopyrite are found to occur disseminated in quartz veins. Analysis of core samples from boreholes PV-1, PV-4 and PV-5 analysed for Au & Ag value did not show any encouraging results. Maximum gold value of 0.4 ppm, Ag - 1 ppm and As value from <1ppm to 30 ppm were recorded in borehole PV-2. In borehole PV-3, only one sample has shown Au value of 0.23 ppm. Exploration by drilling for gold mineralization in Sonadehi prospect, Kanker district, Chhattisgarh (E-I stage) was conducted during F. S. 1994-2000 to establish zones of gold mineralization. The Sonadehi gold prospect is located 20 km west of Bhanupratappur in the northwestern part of Kanker district, Chhattisgarh. The prospect is 1275 m in length and around 400m in width. Banded magnetite chert (BMC), banded hematite chert (BHC) and minor basics (belonging to the early Proterozoic BIF of Bailadila Group) are exposed in the central part. Quartzites are seen to the east, whereas gabbro, ultramafics and ferruginous phyllites are exposed to the west. The rocks strike N-S and are overturned with steep dips 70° to 80° towards east. Around 110 ancient pits and 10 inclines are located over the area. Three well defined zones of gold mineralization each of 500m to 600m in length were delineated -(A) trending N30° E-S30° W in the southern part (B) trending N-S in the northern part and (C) trending N30E-S30W, parallel to zone (A) running from SW to the central part. They all follow major zones of shearing, brecciation and silicification. From limited borehole results an attempt has been made to estimate the resource of mineralized zone (A). At 0.10g/t Au cutoff, the resource has been estimated to be 2283927.75 tonnes gold ore with 1608.014 kg of gold with an average grade of 0.699 g/t Au for a strike length of 395 m and to an average vertical depth of 100m. The stage of exploration corresponds to G-3 stage of UNFC system (Gautam Saha et al. 2008). At higher cut off of 0.6 g/t Au or above the resource has been estimated to be 217293.20 tonnes with 1008.36 kg of gold with an average grade of 4.64 g/t Au for a strike length of 217m to an average vertical depth of 100m. Raipur and Mahasamund districts The Directorate of Geology and Mining, Government of Madhya Pradesh has estimated 2, 700 kg

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

of gold ore in a chert band in Sonakhan area. The average grade is around 3 gm/ton of Au.

consumer of natural graphite. Minor quantities are also used for making dry battery cells, paints and pencils.

Investigation for gold by drilling in Baghmara block, Sonakhan area, Raipur and Mahasamund districts, Chhattisgarh in parts of T.S.No.64K/11 was conducted during FSP 2003-2007 (M.C.Patel et al. 2009). The area comprises the rocks of Sonakhan granite- greenstone belt, such as mafic and felsic metavolcanics and rocks of carbonate facies. The objective was to find out the westward extension of the 630m quartz vein explored by DGM, Chhattisgarh. The boreholes show that in the eastern part, there are isolated Au values of 0.2 g/t but the boreholes in the western part show the continuation of the above quartz veins and values up to maximum 1.7g/t Au. The interesting finding was the carbonaceous horizon around 100m depth in all the boreholes put in the western part. The samples taken below the carbonaceous zone give good gold values. This horizon is associated with chert and the mafic and the felsic volcanic rocks.

Sukma district

An auriferous quartz vein was explored for gold by DGM, Chhattisgarh during 1981-90 in this block. The work by GSI was taken up to delineate zones of gold mineralization in deeper levels and to find out the western continuity of the mineralization. Borehole BM-I intersected the vein at 160m level and borehole BM-2 intersected it at 150m level. Borehole BM-1 intersected four additional zones with widths varying from 1.55m to 13.90m and grades from 0.2g/t to 0.36g/t. Similarly, BM-2 intersected five additional zones varying in width from 1.0m to 4.05m and grades varying from 0.17g/t to 0.85 g/t. Out of the five first level boreholes (60m level) towards NNW, BM-3 intersected four additional zones of mineralization with widths varying from 1.0m to 15.90m and grades varying from 0.18 g/t to 3.3 g/t. Three more boreholes towards NNW have intersected two mineralized zones each. Resource estimation has been attempted with the results of four surface trenches and six boreholes. At 0.10g/t Au cutoff, the resource has been estimated to be 1898825.36 tonnes of ore with 1196.117 kg of gold with an average grade of 0.778g/t Au for a strike length of 645.5m and to an average vertical depth of 136m.

Graphite occurs associated with quartzite and diopside gneiss on the west bank of Sabri River. Flaky graphite has been noted near Borakonde (18°31':81°14') and 3km SW of Kamaram (18°25':81°12'). Specks of graphite in quartzite are noticed at Palachelama (18°02':81°07') and Bote Tongu (18°11':81°02') Raigarh district About 5 km NW of Chandgaon, graphite occurs alongwith the veins and clusters of pegmatite traversing muscovite granite. Raipur district Graphite occurs as specks and stringers in khondalites near Kartpadar (19°59':82°39') and Limpara (19°57':82°43'). Surguja district Graphite schist occurs as lenses in association with quartzite and schists at Kennapara (23°37':83°15'), Manikpur (23°40':83°29'), Khobi (23°37':83°24') and Tolkipara (23°37':83°18'). Graphite is flaky and the estimated resources are of 2350 tonnes. IRON ORE Chhattisgarh is the leading producer of iron ore. The annual production of iron ore from the state, in 19992001, was 18.58 million tonnes, out of which 99.6% came from Bastar, Dantewara, Balod and Durg districts. The grade of haematitic iron ore varies, generally, from 55% to 62% Fe. There is practically no sizeable deposit of magnetitic iron ore in the state, though minor occurrences of magnetite quartzite are found as enclaves within granitic gneiss in the Bengpal Group of Bastar district. Total resources of iron ore (Haematite) in the state are of 3291.824 million tonnes (I. M. Y. Book, 2011 adv. release). Bastar and Dantewara districts

Rajnandgaon district In Amner river valley, near Khairagarh and Kotri rivers, placers contain alluvial gold. GRAPHITE The crucible and foundry industry is the major

Large deposits of haematitic iron ore occur in the Bailadila range extending over a length of 35 km, and in the Rowghat range. The total estimated recoverable reserves are 819 million tonnes. A total of 14 deposits have been demarcated in the Bailadila iron ore range (18°36'-18°44':81°11'-81°14'). About 28km NNW of Narainpur (19°43':81°15'), large deposits of iron ore occur in Rowghat range (19°52':81°13') which is 45

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

geologically the northern continuation of the Bailadila range of iron ore. The main deposits are at Rowghat and Ari Dongri (20°03':81°00'), the other smaller deposits are exposed around Penuir Dongri (19°52':81°03'), Mundatikra (19°28':81°19') and Hahaladi (20°13':80°55'). In Rowghat area, six deposits A, B, C, D, E and F, have been demarcated with a total estimated reserve of 661 million tonnes with 60.29% to 64.32% Fe (average from all the six deposits being 59.72% Fe). Another 48 million tonnes of ore with +60% Fe have been estimated from Chhota Dongar (19°29':81°20'). Total resource of 1839 million tonnes iron ore of all grades has been estimated. Preliminary investigation for low grade iron ore was conducted in Aridongri area, Kanker district, Chhattisgarh in parts of T.S. No. 64H/03 during F.S. 2006-08 and 2009-10 (D.K.Thawait et al. 2011). The item was sponsored by Chhattisgarh Mineral Development Corporation. The area constitutes metapelite, micaschist, quartzite, quartz mica schist, amphibolites, BIF, phyllite, metabasics and granite gneiss of Bengpal group of Archaean age and gabbro dyke, dolerite dyke, quartz and aplite veins of Palaeoproterozoic age. Iron ore band, soil with float ore, soil with scree of BIF and lateritic soil of Cenozoic age occur in the area. Analytical results of trench channel and grab samples have shown good values with Fe upto 69.6025% with Al2O3 and SiO2 within permissible limits. A resource of 410.01148 million tonnes of iron ore has been estimated in three blocks. Average grade of Fe for the entire deposit is 62.28%, where as the average grades of SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, P2O5 and S for the entire deposit are 4.48%, 2.78%,0.0043%,0.13% and 0.04% respectively.

DGM has established 0.174 mt of high grade haematite resources in Rowghat area, Dantewada district. NMDC in Bailadila Deposit Nos.11 B and 14 B, BIOM has estimated as on 1.4.2009 a total of 180.89 mt and at deposit No.11 an estimate of 60.40 mt of haematite. Durg and Balod districts An estimated recoverable reserve of 219 million tonnes of iron ore with 68 to 69% Fe occurs in the Durg and Balod districts, which is the captive resource of the Bhilai Steel Plant. The most important deposits are those of Dalli (20°34':81°06') having pockets of haematite developed in banded haematite quartzite extending over 32 km length. At Kalwar (20°26':80°59') and Kaucher (20°29':81°00'), 16 small promising deposits occur, which extend upto Bastar District. The tentative resource is of the order of 244 million tonnes. Some other deposits, having possible resources of 20 and 50 million tonnes occur at Kohan and Mahamaya, respectively. SAIL has estimated the iron ore (Haematite) as follows: Rajhara, Durg district: a total of 30.76 mt iron ore, Dalli (Kondekasa), Durg district, 28.36 mt, Jharandalli, Durg district, 7.73 mt. At Dalli 3.31 mt resources estimated. (I. M. Y. Book, 2009) Rajnandgaon district The total possible estimated resources of iron ore are 4.2 million tonnes. Raigarh district: A minor occurrence of iron ore has been reported near Narsinghgarh (23°43':77°05') JADE

As per United Nations Framework of classification (UNFC), Aridongri Iron ore prospect is associated with stratabound type of deposits of regular habit (Type-I). The investigation has proved the presence of 10.01148 million tones of iron ore resource with the average grade of 62.28% Fe and hence it has been codified as 333 stage of UNFC.

Surguja district Occurrences of jade are found to the west of Damruh (23°55':82°58'). Olive green variety of Jade occurs to the NW of Kisaree (23°52':82°57') KYANITE

During 2008-09, GSI carried out investigation for iron ore in Parwi area, Kanker district, Chhattisgarh in BIF at four locations. Analytical results of grab samples indicated 67.88 to 69.30% Fe. DGM, Chhattisgarh in 2008-09 conducted exploration for iron ore by mapping and sampling in Rowghat area, Kanker district and in north Bailadila area, Dantewara district. In Rawghat area 0.174 mt of high grade haematite resources were estimated with an iron ore content of 64.37%. 46

Bastar district Minor occurrences of kyanite, noticed in schists and gneisses of Bengpal Group and in pelitic schists of MuraKa-Gutta (18°05':81°19') LIMESTONE Chhattisgarh produces 0.55 m tonnes of limestone with 3% of national production. A total resource of

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

9037.689 million tonnes has been estimated (I.M.Y. Book, 2010) in Chhattisgarh. Rich and extensive deposits of limestone are found mainly in Bilaspur, Rajnandgaon, Durg, Raipur and Bastar districts.

The estimated recoverable reserves of limestone in the district are 1634 million tons.

Bastar district

In Nandini area of Durg district, the strike length of limestone deposit was found to be 1500 m. A total resource estimated was 104.86mt (93.13mt of BF grade and 11.73mt of refractory grade, as on 1.4.2009. The main limestone bearing areas are Semaria (21°25':81°26'), Nawapara (21°12':81°16'), Khapri (20°52':81°03'), Achhoti (21°19':81°28') and Nandini-Kumudini (21°23':81°23'). The limestone reserves are confined to the Chhattisgarh Group. The total estimated recoverable limestone reserves in the district are 872 million tons.

The major limestone belts are: (i) Kanker limestone belt extends over a length of 30km from Dhurvaras (18°57':81°50') to Kotamsor (18°53':81°55') and further east. Around 820 million tonnes of cement grade limestone and around 14 million tonnes of flux-grade limestone occur in this belt. ii) Pakela limestone belt of 5 km stretch, located near Jagdalpur (19°05':82°02'), where around 80 million tonnes of cement grade limestone occurs. iii) Manjhi Dongri, a total of 120 million tonnes of cement grade limestone has been estimated. iv) Potnar (19°07':81°53') - Barangi (19°10':81°49') belt of 8 km stretch, located at a distance of about 30 km from Jagdalpur on Jagdalpur-Chitrakut road. A total of 45 million tonnes of cement grade limestone occur in this belt. A small part of the limestone of the major belts is of BF and SMS grades. The rest of the limestone reserves come from other belts- Bebrapal, Golinadi, Netanar (18°35':81°52'), Gudra (18°34':81°49'), Botaras (18°28':81°43'). The estimated recoverable reserves of Bastar district are of the order of 1476.8 million tonnes of all grades. Bilaspur and Janjgir Champa districts A total of about 20.7mt resources and 18.07 mt mineable reserves of lime stone were estimated in Hirri block, Bilaspur district. Extensive deposits of BF grade limestone are present in the district. Best development of limestone, belonging to Chhattisgarh Group, is seen near Akaltara (22°02':82°52'), where 5 to 7m thick limestone band extends for a considerable distance. 678 million tonnes of flux grade limestone are available near Akaltara (22°02':82°25'), Chilhati (21°47':82°19'), Arasmeta (21°57':82°20'), Mohtara (22°00':82°17'), Akshatara (22°02':82°25'), Bargaon (22°02'30":82°26'30"), Rank (22°06':82°17'), Khaira (22°01':82°17'), Latia (22°01':82°24'), Deragarh (21°58':82°50') and Jayramnagar (22°02':82°18'). A total of about 20.7mt resources and 18.07 mt mineable reserves of limestone were estimated in Hirri block, Bilaspur district.

Durg district:

Raigarh district The main limestone bearing areas are Sarangarh (21°35':83°05'), Banipathar (22°00':83°11'), Timariaga, Lalaghukha and Jharapdih (22°00':83°03'). The total estimated recoverable limestone reserve of the Raigarh district is 61.2 million tons. Raipur district The main limestone bearing areas are Jhirpa (21° 35': 81°59'), Rawan (21°34' , 82°00') Pendri area ( 21° 34': 81°58'), Fargada (21°44':81°57'), Nipania (21°50': 82°03'), Karhi Chandi (21°37':82°03'), Sondadih (21°45':82°12'), Gaitra (21°41':82°07'), Amlidih (21° 43':82°02') Arjuni (21°41':82°03') Turma (21°41': 82°01'), Jantar and Bahesar (21°30':81°48') confined to Chhattisgarh Group. The estimated recoverable reserves of limestone in Raipur District are 2373 million tonnes (IBM- 2002 data). After 2002, DGM has established about 11mt of cement grade limestone resources in Raipur district. In Deugaon-Kurra area in Raipur district 2.82 mt of cement grade limestone and 1.26 mt of low grade limestone resources have been estimated. Rajnandgaon district Around 63 million tones (IBM- 2000 data) of cement and lower grade limestone have been estimated from Rajnandgaon district, with 25million tonnes of cement grade limestone in Charvata (21°52':81°15') area and 5 million tonnes of cement and lower grade limestone in Muripar area (21°12':81°08'). Apart from this, deposits of limestone are also reported from Kawardha tehsil near Lohara (21°50':81°07'). After 2000, DGM has established 2.46 mt of low grade limestone resources in Rajnandgaon districts. In Tekapara-Kalkasa area of Rajnandgaon district 8.27mt of 47

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

cement grade limestone and 1.20mt of low grade limestone resources have been estimated.

(18°54':81°32'). The occurrence is not of economic significance.

Surguja district

Bilaspur district

A small deposit of cement grade limestone occurs at Devipur (5 km south of Surajpur).

Lepidolite occurs in muscovite granite near Garhtora (22°31':81°39'). Books of biotite and green mica within schist are noticed SSW of Nawapara (22°38':82°00'). The width of the outcrop is 500m and length is 2.5 km.

MANGANESE Bilaspur district

Raigarh district

Manganese minerals are found scattered on the eastern slope of a hill, 1.5 km northeast of Ratanpur (22°16':82°13'), near Newasa (22°15':82°16') and Kamarakhol (22°19':81°26').

Lepidolite has been reported from pegmatite veins in parts of Dharamjaygarh tehsil of Raigarh district. The area is bounded by latitude (22°30' to 22°37') and longitude (83°30' to 83°45').

MAGNESITE

MOLYBDENUM

Sukma district

Raipur and Dhamtari districts

Near Nendra (17°57':81°23'), veinlets of magnesite are found to be associated with asbestos and talc in an intrusive ultrabasic body.

Molybdenite occurs as specks in pegmatite and pink granite in Sukhipali area and on the southwestern flank of 415 hill (21°08':82°34') respectively. It also occurs in granodiorites at 0.5 km N50°E of Dendupadar (19°56': 82°26') and 1 km S25°W of Usrijor (19°57':82°28')

MICA Bastar district

NICKEL Lepidolite is an important raw material for lithium. It is lithium-bearing mica associated with pegmatites. Commercial lepidolite contains 3 to 4% Li2O. Minor occurrences of lepidolite are found near Mundval (18°39':81°50'), Jungani (19°55':81°49') and Kenkapal (18°36':81°50') in association with pegmatites. At Mundval, lepidolite occurs as boulders and also insitu within pegmatites. One of the deposits of lepidolite occurs about 450 m south of Mundval and extends westwards for about 325 m. A rich occurrence is noted on the face of the hill, 700 m southwest of Mundval. The lepidolite is confined to a 5 m wide zone in the central part of the pegmatite. A sample has analysed Li2O-2.56%, and F-3.67%, and it also contains a fair amount of rubidium and a little caesium. Plates of muscovite, measuring 10 cm to 12 cm across, were found in a coarse grained granitoid rock exposed in the Baordhig River, south of Jungani (19°55':81°49'). The occurrence however is not economic. Flakes of mica, occurring 2.5 km west of Maita, are 3.5 cm to 5 cm in width and are along the contact of mica schist with quartz vein. It is associated with tourmaline and garnet. The quantity is not sufficient and is uneconomical. Mica has been reported to occur in pegmatites between Adwal (18°55':81°40') and Kondagaon 48

Bastar district Nickel associated with chromite has been detected in ultramafic rocks, from south of Marbera (19°47':80°39'), NNE of Kanhargaon (19°50':80°29'), northwest of hill 427, south of 441 hill, Benur (19°45':80°36'), south of Chhote Bethia (19°51':80°38') and east of Benur (19°45': 80°36') Values of nickel and chromium vary from 175 ppm to >1000 ppm. Rajnandgaon district Nickel has been reported from soil samples from Dhana (21°46':80°40') having 0.10 to 0.14% Ni. Nickel and cobalt incidences have also been noted in the area south of Kaurikasa (20°43':80°44'). Two samples analysed show 30 ppm and 90 ppm Ni and 30 ppm Co. OCHRE Bastar district The iron ore deposits of the Bailadila range of Bastar district are associated with thick deposits of yellow and red ochres. Their suitability for industrial use has not yet been ascertained.

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

POTASH

Durg district Red and yellow ochre of good quality, suitable for paint and colour wash, occurs near Dongaria (21°51':80°52'), Gandai (21°39':81°06'), Thakur Tala (21°39':81°02') and Garra (21°55':80°55'). Raigarh district Minor occurrences of ochre are found in Baherna (23°19':83°58'), Kukuria (23°16':83°17'), Noapani Pahar (23°08':83°34') and Gaipura (23°02':83°34'). Surguja district Minor occurrences of ochre are found in Beruli (23°55':82°13'). PHOSPHORITE

Raipur District Gunderdehi Shale of Raipur Group has been reported to contain grains of glauconite near Kesla (21°35':82°09'), Bhainsa (21°24':82°01') and Halwai Khapri (21°39':82°12'). Glauconite is noticed in arkose and quartzite at Tamtora (21°29':83°00'). Rajnandgaon district Orthoquartzite of Chandrapur Formation of Chhattisgarh Supergroup contains glauconite near Jungera (20°45':81°11'), Balagaon (20°57':80°52'), Barapara (20°52':81°01'), Marwapathra (20°51':80°58'), Mundatola (20°48':81°00'), Dhangao (20°49':81°02') and Bendarchua (20°50':80°59'). At Marwapathra and Belgaon, the accessory glauconite and rock fragments make 3% to 5% of the rock.

Phosphorite occurs in Charmuria Limestone of Raipur Group in Chhattisgarh Basin, Raipur, Durg and Rajnandgaon districts. Raipur-Durg-Rajnandgaon districts Rock phosphate occurs within the Charmuria Limestone of Raipur Group in Chhattisgarh Basin. The important locations are Kharkara canal section (20°49':81°04'), Kurum nala section (21°16':82°08'), Acholi (20°53':81°03'), Raipura (20°49':81°06') Semridih (20°50':81°04'), Karanddih (20°48':81°06'), Arajkund (20°53':80°58') and Khapri (20°52':81°03'). These horizons are 2.5m to 8 m thick, and the P2O5 content varies from 0.55% to 9.0% except in Kharkara canal section where the P2O5 percentage varies from 0.55% to 29%. The grade is low and there is no consistency in thickness or grade. Investigation (G4) for assessment of Phosphorite in Kharenadih-Bhargaon-Sambalpur area in Durg district, Chhattisgarh was conducted during FS 2009-10 in parts of T.S.No.64H/1 (Praveer Pankaj, 2011). The area exposes rocks of Charmuria Formation of Raipur Group of Chhattisgarh Supergroup comprising cherty limestone & clay. Large scale mapping of 33 sq km and drilling of 605.30 m was conducted in the area. A total of 601 samples were analysed for P2O5, FeO, Fe2O3, SiO2, Al2O3, CaO. Phosphorite was tested on drill site by using Shapiro's solution. Results of 455 of core samples indicate P2O5 content from 0.1% to 10.98%. Five zones were demarcated in the clay bent. The average content of P2O5 in different boreholes is 5.64%, 6.04%, 4.50%, 6.12% and 7.56%. With a cut off value of 4%, the total resource has been estimated to be is 5.835824 million tones. As per UNFC, the resource can be categorized as 334.

QUARTZ The total resources in the state are 1466000 tonnes (I. M. Y. Book, 2010), the main resource is located to the western part of Rajnandgaon district. RADIOACTIVE MINERALS Bastar district High GM counter values are reported over some pegmatites (2500 to 3000 against background value of 1200 counts/second), near Yenchawada (18°46':81°31') and Raiguda (18°47':80°31'). In Panchangi area (20°08':84°43'), readings up to 1000 counts/second on high scale were consistently found over the rhyolitic rocks. Panning tests carried out in the Sabri River at Pushpal (18°38':81°53') indicated the presence of monazite. Rajnandgaon district Atomic Mineral Division has carried out detailed exploration for radioactive minerals in sheared metabasites and rhyolites near Bhandaritola (20°43': 80°41') and Bodal (20°40':80°46'). Surguja district Carbonatite (?) is suspected in granite porphyry occurring around Kudartola (23°14':83°25') which shows high incidences of radioactive value. 49

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

RUBY

The total resources of soapstone, talc and steatite in the state are of the order of 108000 tonnes (I.M.Y. Book, 2010)

Very small quantities of ruby with sillimanite are reported near Kariapal (18°18':81°32') in Surguja district.

TALC-STEATITE

Surguja district

SCHEELITE Raigarh and Jashpur districts Tungsten (scheelite) mineralisation is noticed between Lawakera (22°23':84°00') in the east and Dumaria (22°26':83°47') over a distance of about 15 km in the form of sporadic disseminations. Richer disseminations are seen only at Junwain (22°24':83°57'), Sajbahar (22°27':83°56'), Sikirma (22°27':83°50') areas. The individual thickness of scheelite- bearing veins varies between a few cm and 1 m. The tungsten value varies from 40 ppm to 6.5%.

Kanker district Occurrences of steatite has been reported by DGM, MP, near Nangul (19°01':81°26') village of Bhanupratappur Tehsil where preliminary investigation has indicated about 0.5 million tonnes of resource. The analyses indicate MgO 27.42%, SiO2 56.12%, Al2O3 3.7%, Fe2O3 7.3%, CaO 0.12% and L.O.I. 5.05%. Raigarh district Pockets and linear bodies of talc and talc-tremolite schist occur southeast of Pathalgaon, near Pangsuwan and at Pitha Ama. The bulk samples have been undertaken for beneficiation tests at RRL, Jammu.

SILLIMANITE

Total resource of talc-steatite in the state is 25000 tonnes (IBM- 2002 data).

This alumino-silicate mineral possesses properties similar to those of natural mullite. This is used as highalumina refractory mineral.

THERMAL SPRINGS Son valley sector

Bastar district Sillimanite is found at Samsatta (18°18':81°30') and Kaulapal (18°18':81°32') associated with schists and quartzites. The estimated resources are 17,000 tonnes. Surguja district A small occurrence of sillimanite has been noted in sericite-quartz schist near Duari (23°35':83°29') and Chemi (23°31':83°17'). SOAPSTONE Durg district Soapstone is reported in west of Kilakora (20°41':81°02'). It is found in pocket varying from 1m to 2.5 m in thickness. It is dark grey and pink in colour. Small pockets of this material are found near Khursi, Tikul and Gondi. The last one is being exploited. Kabirdham district Near Chilpi in the Kawardha Tehsil (22°00':81°41'), soapstone occurs in Bandarmutta hill. The rock analyses SiO2 61.66%, Al2O3 0.88%, Fe2O3 0.59%, CaO 0.14%, MgO 32.87% and Alkalies 0.35%. 50

Geothermal activity manifests itself in the Son valley sector in the form of thermal springs at Tattapani and Jhor in Surguja district. At Tattapani (23°41':83°43'), a number of hot springs occur. At least an area of 4 x 0.5 sq km around Tattapani is thermally anomalous. The geothermal activity at Tattapani is intense with springs discharging hot waters at temperature ranging between 34°C and 98°C. The cumulative discharge of these springs is 3,600 litres/minute. Siliceous sinter is observed around the thermal springs at Tattapani and the drill hole cores from this place show the presence of pyrite, chalcopyrite, stilbite and laumontite. Thermal water discharging from the drill holes is at the temperature of 100°C. Chemical geothermometry points to the possibility of having base temperature of 160±10°C in the Tattapani geothermal field. At Jhor, the thermal spring is at a temperature of 40°43°C. The cumulative discharge of the thermal spring at Jhor is 40 litres/minute. TIN Tin is found in the form of cassiterite mineral in the pegmatites and in alluvial soil being derived from these pegmatites in Bastar district. The total resources of 32.62

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

million tonnes of tin ore and 14448.89 tonnes of metal have been estimated in the State (I.M.Y. Book, 2010).

Three distinct zones of cassiterite-bearing pegmatites occur in Bastar district.

Bastar and Sukma districts

(i) A 15 km long belt of zoned pegmatites from Churwada (18°44':81°53') and Govindpal (18°42':81°54') to Mundval (18°39':81°56').

Primary mineralisation of tin ore occurring as cassiterite (with Niobium and Tantalum), in the form of discrete crystals and fine disseminations is predominantly confined to the pegmatites traversing mafic sills and dykes emplaced in Bengpal metasediments. Cassiterite also occurs as small lenticular veinlets in the quartz core of zoned pegmatites and in association with quartz veins near Jangarpal (18°40':81°54') and Pushpal (18°38':81°53'). Secondary mineralisation has been found in the alluvial, colluvial and elluvial horizons lying close to the pegmatite outcrops in Kudripal (18°41':81°51'), Bendarpal (18°41':81°48'), Govindpal (18°42':81°54') and Bodavada (18°44':81°55'). The zone of colluvium extends over a length of about 25km and its width varies from 750 metres to 1 km. It has been found extending to the northeast of Tongpal (18°44':81°44') upto Kumarupara (18°40':81°53') with a width of about 500 m. Cassiterite mineralisation associated with pegmatite veins have been reported from Rani nala around Jalapara (18°50':81°39'), Kapanar (18°15':81°39') and Dharapara (18°50':80°48'). The tin content of granite and metasediments in the Tandur-Kakalpur area and in Jhiram Valley analysed 47 to 57 ppm of tin, which clearly establishes the staniferous nature of Bastar granitoid rocks. In Katekalyan area, in Bothapara block (18°47':81°38'), four pegmatite zones with an aggregate strike length of 2 km were delineated. The grade varies between 0.06% and 0.14% Sn.

(ii) A 15 km long belt from Mundaguda of Orissa to Pushpal (18°38':81°53') to Kudripal (18°41':81°51'). (iii) A 15 km long belt from Bhimsen River to Bodavada (18°44':81°55') to Bedhanpal to Tongpal (18°44':81°44'). The total resources of colluvial tin ore, as estimated by GSI, are 28.63 million tonnes, which is equivalent to 5628 tonnes of tin metal. Geological Survey of India carried out exploration in Bodovada-Kate-Kalyan area and estimated a tin-metal resource of 12,700 tonnes. SLIME BENEFICIATION AND PELLETISATION STUDIES: Slime beneficiation and pelletisation studies (NMDC): Processing of iron ore at Bailadila results in generation of huge amount of slime which are usually dumped near the mine site. The Bailadila slime samples that assayed iron, silica and alumina content as 61.0%, 7.33%, & 1.8% respectively, after beneficiation were upgraded to 66.0%, 1.9% &1.0% respectively with 70 to 75% recovery. BF grade and DR grade pellets were produced in pot grate furnace from the slime concentrate. The slime concentrates hence were found suitable for pellet making. Encouraged by the above studies, NMDC Ltd is setting up a 2.0 & 1.2 million tonnes capacity beneficiation and pelletisation plant at Bailadila. Slime will be the raw material for the proposed plant.

51

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES OF CHHATTISGARH The important large and medium scale mineral based industries in the organized sector in the state of Chhattisgarh are furnished below (Indian Mineral Year Book, 2009)

Table - 17.

Sl.No

Industry

Plant

Capacity('000tones)

1.

Aluminium

Bharat Aluminium Co. Ltd, Korba

200(Alumina), 350(Aluminium)

2.

Cement

ACC Ltd, Jamul, dist Durg

1580

3.

Cement

Ambuja Cement Ltd, Rawan, dist. Raipur

1146

4.

Cement

CCI LTD, Akaltara, Dist. Janjgir-Champa

400

5.

Cement

CCI, Mandhar, Dist:Raipur

380

6.

Cement

Ultra Tech Cement ltd, Hirmi, Dist. raipur

1600

7.

Cement

Century Cement, Baikunth, Dist, Raipur

2100

8.

Cement

Grasim Cement, Rawan, Dist: Raipur Ltd,

2500

9.

Cement

Lafarge India Pvt.Ltd, Arasmeta, Dist: janjgir, Champa

2240

10.

Cement

Lafarge India Pvt. Ltd, Sonadih, dist: Raipur

400

11.

Ferilizer

DEC Fertilizers, Sirgitti, Dist : Bilaspur

66(SSP)

13.

Ferilizer

Dharamsi Moraji Chemical Co. Ltd, Kumhari, Dist : Durg

183(SSP & H2SO4)

13.

Ferilizer

Jairam Phosphate Ltd, Farahad, Dist: Rajnandgaon

66(SSP),49.5%(H2SO4)

14.

Iron & Steel

Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai

6334(Sinters),4700(Pig iron), 3153 (Salable steel), 30(Refractory bricks), 45(H2SO4), 53.2 (Amm. Sulphate)

15.

Iron & Steel

Jindal Steel & Power, Raigarh

1600 (Hot metal), 1370 (Sponge iron), 36 (Ferro chrome)

16.

Iron & Steel

Jayaswal NECO Industries Ltd, Siltara, Dist : Raipur

750 (Pig iron), 400 (sponge iron), 800 (sinter), 400(Steel)

17.

Iron & Steel

Sarda Energy& Minerals Ltd.

360 (sponge Iron), 240(Finished steel), 60 MVA(Ferro Alloys)

18.

Sponge Iron

A.P.I. Ispat & Power tech Pvt. Ltd, Siltara billets, Raipur

105

19.

Sponge Iron

Arti Sponge & Power Ltd. Siltara, Dist; Raipur

45

20.

Sponge Iron

Godavari Ispat & Power Ltd, Siltara, raipur

495

21.

Ferro Alloys

Alok Ferro Allows Ltd., Urla, Raipur

11

22

Ferro Alloys

Nav-chrome Ltd, Urla, dist; Raipur

50

23.

Ferro Alloys

Indsil Energy & Electro Chemical Ltd, Urla, Dist Raipur

24

24.

Ferro Alloys

Hira Power & Steel Chemical Ltd, Urla, Dist Raipur

17

25.

Refractory

Bharat Refractory Ltd

60

26.

Silicon carbide Crucible

M.P.Carbon (Pvt) Ltd, Raipur

NA

52

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

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Petrological and geochemical studies on the granitoids of Central India. Rec. Geol. Surv.Ind., 123(6), pp. 267-268.

Ramachandra, H.M., Mishra, V. P., Roy, Abhinaba, and Dutta, N.K., (1998).

Geology of intrusive granitoids with particular reference to Dongargarh granite and their impact on tectonic evolution of the Precambrians in Central India: Ind. Minl. 52 (142), pp. 15-33

Ramachandra, H.M., Mishra, V. P. and Deshmukh, S. S., (1995).

Mafic dykes in the Bastar Precambrian: study of the Bhanupratappur-Keskal Mafic dyke swarm. Mem. Geol. Soc. Ind. 33, pp. 183-208.

Ramachandra, H.M.,RoyAbhinaba , Mishra, V.P., and Dutta, N.K., (2001).

A Critical Review of the Tectonothermal Evolution of the Bastar Craton. Geol. Surv. Ind., Special Publication, 55(2), pp. 161-179.

Ramakrishnan, M., (1990).

Crustal development in southern Bastar, Central Indian Craton. Geol Surv. Ind. Spl. Pub. 28.

Ramakrishnan, M., (1987).

Stratigraphy, Sedimentary, Environment and evolution of the Late Proterozoic Indravati Basin, Cenral India, Purana basins of Peninsular India, Mem. Geol. Soc. Ind., 6, pp. 139-160.

Rao, G. V., (1981).

Sausar Group distribution and correlation. Geol Surv. Ind. Spl. Pub. 3, pp. 1-7.

Raja Rao, C.S., (1983).

Coal fields of India. Coal Resources of Madhya Pradesh. Bull. Geol. Surv. India, Ser.A, No. 45,V.I.

Roy, G., Mishra, B.K. and Thawait, D.K. (2010)

Geoenvironmental, geohydrological and geotechnical appraisal of Raipur urban area, Raipur district, Chhattisgarh.

Saha Gautam, Mishra, H., Jena, S.K., Mohanty, A.M., Chhattopadhyay, Sweta (2008)

Final report on exploration by drilling for gold mineralization in Sonadehi prospect, Dist. Kanker, Chhattisgarh (E-I stage) Unpublished report for F.S. 1994-2000

Sahu, N.K. Patel, K. andAshiya, I.D., (2003).

Geology and Geochemistry of Precambrian rocks around Ratanpur, Bilaspur District, Chhattisgarh, Gondwana Geol. Mag. Spl vol. 7, p. 137-151.

Sahu N.K., Ashiya I.D., Patel K. and S.C.Kesari (2009)

Final report on specialized thematic mapping of Khuriya Ratanpur metamorphic belt, Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh. GSI Unpub. report.

Sarkar, S.K., Sashidharan, K., Mohanty, A.K., Mishra, B.K., Patel, M.K., Basudeb Dutta, and Ganvir, D.V., (2001).

Exploration for diamond and KCR in the Bastar Craton, Recent advances in the field of earth sciences and their implications in National development. GSI. Spl. Pub. No., 64.

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Stratigraphy and tectonics of the Dongargarh System, a new system in the Precambrians of Bhandara-Durg-Balaghat area, Bombay and Madhya Pradesh. Journ. Sci. Eng. Res., I.I.T., Kharagpur, India, v. 1, 237-268, v. 2, pp. 145-160.

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Chronostratigraphy and Tectonics of the Dongargarh Supergroup Precambrian rocks in Bhandara-Durg Region, Central India. Ind. Journ. Earth Sci., 21(1), pp. 19-31.

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Geochemistry and genesis of the Dongargarh Supergroup Precambrian rocks in Bhandara-Durg region, Central India. Ind. Journ. Earth Sci, 21(2), pp. 117-126.

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Contribution of fossil flora and estheriids in Supra Barakar stratigraphy in parts of Rewa Basin, Gondwana Geol. Mag. Spl. Vol. pp 501-511.

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Field Exploration for Diamond, Raipur area,Chhattisgarh Int. Con. On Diamond & Gemstones, Abs. Vol, Feb-9-15, 2002, Raipur

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Final report on preliminary investigation for low grade iron ore in Aridongri, Kanker district, Chhattisgarh - Unpublished progress report for F.S. 2006-09.

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Elucidation of stratigraphy and structure of Chilpi Group. Geol. Surv. Ind. Spl. Pub. 3, pp. 17 30

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The Gondwana Supergroup., Gond. geol. Magz., spl. Vol., Birbal Sahani Centenary, Nat., Symp, pp. 88-92.

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Geological studies along Seoni-Rajnandgaon Transect, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., v. 128, pt. 6, pp. 205-208 57

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

LOCALITY INDEX Longitude (E)

Latitude (N)

Name of the place Degrees

58

Minutes

Degrees

Minutes

Achanakpali Achhati Acholi Adwal Akalsona Akaltara Akshatara Alga Amabera Amapani Amaratipur Ambanera Ambikapur Amgaon Amlai Amlidih Amritdhara Angarpal Anjree Anuppur Arajhar Arajkund Arand Arasmata Ari dongri Arjkund Arjunda Arjuni

21° 21° 20° 18° 21° 22° 22° 22° 20° 23° 23° 20° 23° 21° 23° 21° 23° 18° 19° 23° 21° 20° 22° 21° 20° 20° 21° 21°

28' 19' 53' 55' 55' 02' 02' 35' 04' 43' 43' 04' 04' 22' 12' 43' 40' 40' 57' 07' 56' 53' 30' 57' 03' 53' 16' 41'

83° 81° 81° 81° 82° 82° 82° 83° 81° 82° 82° 81° 82° 80° 81° 82° 82° 81° 80° 81° 83° 80° 81° 82° 81° 80° 83° 82°

06' 28' 03' 40' 51' 52' 25' 35' 20' 33' 32' 20' 56' 24' 35' 02' 30' 54' 40' 42' 18' 58' 55' 20' 00' 53' 01' 03'

Bagduar Bagicha Bahradih Baherna Bahesar Bahmni Baikunthpur Bailadala (RH) Baimapara Balagaon Baloda Bazar Bamhani Bamni Bamnidih Banda-Maita (Konta) Bande Bandhanpara Bandogarh Baneya

20° 22° 20° 23° 21° 21° 23° 18° 22° 20° 21° 23° 23° 21° 24° 19° 20° 23° 22°

56' 58' 13' 19' 30' 55' 13' 44' 09' 57' 39' 38' 14' 26' 39' 56' 06' 32' 43'

80° 83° 82° 83° 81° 81° 82° 81° 82° 80° 82° 83° 81° 82° 79° 80° 81° 81° 83°

43' 38' 11' 58' 48' 16' 24' 15' 12' 52' 10' 27' 48' 53' 19' 33 25 02' 31'

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

Latitude (N)

Longitude (E)

Name of the place

Bangaon Bangora Banipathar Bantoli Baradwar Baramdev Dongri Barangi Barapani Barapara Barbhata Barima Barsur Baruli Bateri Baya Bejharipadar Belghurti Belhadih Bendarchua Bendarpal Bengpal Benur Beradih Beruli Berur Bhainsa Bhainsa Kanhar Bhamni (Baumnee) Bhandaritola Bhanupratappur Bhanwar Bharbamura Bhatapara Bhegi Bhelai Bhilai Bhopal patanam Bhopalpatnam Bhormi Bhoska Bhursi Bhursi (Tin) Bhutidand Bijapur Bijuri Bilaspur Bimalta Biora Birhor Pat Bisanpur Bishrampur Bisnar nala

Degrees

Minutes

Degrees

Minutes

22° 22° 22° 22° 21° 22° 19° 20° 20° 22° 22° 19° 23° 24° 21° 19° 22° 21° 20° 18° 18° 19° 20° 23° 19° 21° 23° 23° 20° 20° 20° 22° 21° 18° 23° 21° 18° 18° 22° 22° 19° 19° 21° 18° 23° 22° 22° 21° 23° 22° 23° 22°

32' 27' 00' 35' 57' 08' 10' 52' 52' 39' 45' 08' 55' 02' 19' 02' 45' 58' 50' 41' 48' 45' 13' 55' 45' 24' 06' 38' 43' 18' 57' 25' 44' 02' 14' 09' 51' 52' 38 33' 05' 04' 53' 47' 15' 05' 39' 54' 24' 30' 11' 48'

83° 81° 83° 84° 82° 81° 81° 81° 81° 82° 83° 01° 80° 76° 82° 81° 84° 82° 80° 81° 81° 80° 82° 82° 80° 82° 79° 83° 80° 81° 80° 82° 81° 81° 83° 81° 81° 80° 83° 81° 82° 82° 82° 80° 82° 82° 82° 76° 83° 82° 82° 82°

54’ 08' 11' 00' 48' 10' 49' 02' 01' 33' 18 23' 13' 45' 34' 51' 02' 50' 59' 48' 46' 36' 11' 13' 36' 01' 26' 27' 41' 04' 36' 20' 57' 19' 22' 57' 23' 23' 27' 55' 17' 16' 52' 49' 07’ 09' 58' 55' 55' 35' 58' 34' 59

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

Latitude (N)

Longitude (E)

Name of the place

60

Degrees

Minutes

Degrees

Minutes

Bodai Bodal Bodavada Bodhanpara Bondho Bonpur Borakonde Bortalao Botaras Bote Tongu Bothapara Budhiarmari Burasiji Burguddem Burhar

22° 20° 18° 20° 20° 22° 18° 21° 18° 18° 18° 20° 19° 18° 23°

26' 40' 44' 06' 27' 50' 31' 13' 28' 11' 47' 09' 10' 19' 13'

81° 80° 81° 81° 82° 83° 81° 80° 81° 81° 81° 81° 81° 81° 81°

11' 46' 55' 25' 55' 48' 14' 37' 43' 02' 38' 19' 49' 28' 32'

Chandarpur Chandenar Chandgaon Chandi Dongri Chandiya Chandrapur Chapri Charakuta Charbhata Charhat Pat Charpi Charvata Chektipanu Chemi Cherbera Chhal Chhan Chhatana Chhatarpur Chhota Bethia Chhota Dongar Chichola Chichori Chikpalle Chilhati Chilpighat Chimtapani Chnchoni Chintalnar Chirmiri Chitapandaria Chitrakot Chiwrakuta Chontmar Churcha

21° 18° 19° 21° 23° 22° 22° 21° 21° 23° 22° 21° 22° 23° 20° 22° 24° 22° 23° 19° 19° 21° 21° 18° 21° 22° 22° 21° 18° 23° 21° 19° 21° 22° 23°

42' 49' 41' 05' 40' 03' 06' 18' 06' 26' 06' 52' 44' 31' 04' 37' 00' 02' 43' 51' 29' 17' 05' 16' 47' 10' 18' 05' 21' 11' 57' 12' 10' 19' 20

83° 81° 81° 80° 80° 83° 81° 83° 80° 83° 81° 81° 81° 83° 81° 83° 75° 82° 83° 80° 81° 80° 80° 81° 82° 81° 83° 80° 81° 82° 82° 81° 83° 82° 82°

14' 24' 23' 38' 43' 32' 10' 12' 35' 54' 10' 15' 47' 17' 26' 35' 07' 02' 23' 38' 20' 55' 35' 33' 19' 07' 26' 35' 11' 22' 51' 42' 13' 59' 34'

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

Latitude (N)

Longitude (E)

Name of the place Degrees

Minutes

Degrees

Minutes

Churwada Chutai

18° 23°

44' 22'

81° 83°

53' 52'

Dabka Daldali Dalli Damitola Damruh Danitola Dantewara Dendupadar Deobhog Deragarh Deragarh Devdhara Devdongar Dhaba Dhajag Dhajagir Dhamtari Dhana Dhangaon Dhanora Dhanpuri Dhanwahi Dharamjayagarh Dharapara Dharbadih Dharia Dharsasand Dhaurabhata Dhorpur Dhulangi Dhupkot Dhuria Dhurvaras Doli Dongargarh Dongaria Dora Dotapur Duari Duba Dumaria Dumarpara Dunganpal Durg

21° 22° 20° 22° 23° 22° 18° 19° 19° 22° 21° 20° 20° 21° 22° 22° 20° 21° 20° 20° 23° 22° 22° 18° 21° 23° 22° 22° 23° 23° 19° 23° 18° 24° 21° 21° 24° 21° 23° 23° 22° 22° 19° 21°

24' 24' 34' 41' 55' 41' 48' 56' 53' 00' 58' 11' 18' 05' 47' 43' 35' 46' 49' 01' 11' 21' 28' 50' 44' 19' 32' 22' 12' 59' 58' 42' 57' 05' 11' 51' 15' 39' 35' 40' 26' 00' 01' 08'

80° 81° 81° 81° 82° 81° 81° 82° 82° 82° 82° 82° 82° 80° 82° 82° 81° 80° 81° 81° 81° 81° 83° 80° 81° 83° 83° 82° 83° 83° 82° 83° 81° 80° 80° 80° 85° 82° 83° 83° 83° 82° 81° 81°

58' 11' 06' 08' 58' 08' 24' 26' 40' 52' 50' 20' 21' 01' 38' 31' 25' 40' 02' 28' 37' 08' 58' 48' 56' 16' 58' 20' 26' 27' 42' 19' 50' 55' 46' 52' 03' 15' 29' 17' 47' 50' 51' 16'

Fargada

21°

44'

81°

57'

Gabdapahar

22°

21'

81°

44' 61

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

Latitude (N)

Longitude (E)

Name of the place

62

Degrees

Minutes

Degrees

Minutes

Gaipura Gaitra Galighat pass Ganabahar Gandai Ganglur Ganipakha Ganyau Gare Garhtola Gariapal Garra Gatta Gaurduari Pahar Geedam Ghamda Ghatkachar Ghugra Gidhwa Bhanwar Gobdapahar Godri Gohekela Golighat Golinadi Gollapalli Gomharia Gondadih Gondi Gopalpur Govindpal Gudra Gupteswar Gurwandi

23° 21° 20° 22° 21° 18° 22° 24° 22° 22° 18° 21° 17° 22° 18° 22° 21° 23° 20° 22° 22° 19° 21° 18° 18° 23° 21° 18° 22° 18° 18° 18° 20°

02' 42' 28' 46' 39' 48' 02' 35' 09' 31' 33' 55' 54' 30' 59' 23' 18' 24' 57' 21' 45' 54' 53' 44' 56' 49' 42' 40' 36' 42' 34' 49' 10'

83° 82° 82° 84° 81° 81° 82° 79° 83° 81° 81° 80° 81° 82° 81° 81° 83° 82° 80° 81° 80° 82° 77° 81° 81° 83° 81° 81° 82° 81° 81° 82° 80°

34' 07' 19' 00' 06' 36' 34' 49' 30' 39' 34' 55' 08' 57' 24' 12' 14' 32' 36' 44' 28' 41' 42' 14' 04' 33' 56' 41' 39' 54' 49' 10' 45'

Hahaladdi Halekurum Dongri Halwai Khapri Hardi Harratola Hasdo Hat Banzari Hatapahar Hirri Huratarai

20° 20° 21° 24° 20° 23° 20° 20° 21° 19°

13' 03' 39' 55' 54' 19' 53' 40' 58' 56'

80° 81° 82° 80° 82° 82° 80° 80° 82° 81°

55' 22' 12' 21' 43' 15' 35' 53' 03' 04'

Indagaon

20°

05'

82°

03'

Jabalpur Jagdalpur Jaisingnagar Jalapara Jamirapat

23° 19° 23o 18° 23°

11' 05' 41' 50' 21'

80° 82° 81o 81° 83°

00' 02' 23' 39' 52'

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

Latitude (N)

Longitude (E)

Name of the place Degrees

Minutes

Degrees

Minutes

Jangarpal Jangra Janjgir Jantar Jarandul Jashpur Jatashankar Jayramnagar Jharapdih Jhilmili Jhiram Jhirpa Jhor Jogisar Jojal Jonk Jungani Jungera Junwain

18° 20° 21° 20° 20° 22° 24° 22° 22° 22° 18° 21° 23° 22° 18° 20° 19° 20° 22°

40' 11' 04' 42' 10' 48' 31' 02' 00' 24' 48' 35' 36' 38' 58' 41' 55' 45' 24'

81° 82° 81° 80° 81° 83° 79° 82° 83° 80° 81° 81° 83° 80° 82° 80° 81° 81° 83°

54' 19' 17' 50' 16' 56' 33' 18' 03' 50' 51' 59' 13' 00' 05' 08' 49' 11' 57'

Kaimur Kakalpur Kalinger Kalwar Kamarakhol Kamaram Kamarwara (F) Kanchar Kandrasa Kanhargaon Kanker Kanpara Kapanar Kapsi Karalagarh Karanddih Karela Pahar Karelagarh Karhi Chandi Kariagondi Kariapal Karki Kartpadar Karutola Kasangi Katekalyan Kathera Katiabahar nala Katmi Katrapara Koucher Kaulapal

24° 18° 25° 20° 22° 18° 21° 20° 22° 19° 20° 22° 18° 20° 21° 20° 22° 21° 21° 22° 18° 23° 19° 21° 19° 18° 24° 22° 22° 19° 20° 18°

03' 52' 00' 26' 19' 25' 36' 29' 44' 50' 11' 24' 15' 05' 27' 48' 32' 27' 37' 45' 18' 48' 59' 08' 52' 48' 40' 47' 02' 52' 29' 18'

80° 81° 80° 80° 81° 81° 80° 81° 83° 80° 81° 83° 81° 80° 80° 81° 82° 80° 82° 81° 81° 81° 82° 80° 81° 81° 80° 82° 83° 82° 81° 81°

34' 54' 29' 59' 26' 12' 49' 00' 20' 29' 24' 51' 39' 43' 48' 06' 52' 48' 03' 00' 32' 23' 39' 32' 41' 37' 53' 40' 06' 49' 00' 32' 63

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

Latitude (N)

Longitude (E)

Name of the place

Kaurikasa Kawardha Kawardha Tehsil Keikachar Kenkapal Kennapara Keonchi Kerju Kerlapar Kesamarda Kesarpal Keshkal Kesla Khaira Khairagarh Khairar Khajri Khandon Khapri Khara Khariar Kharkara Khedapali Khobi Khurd Khuri Khuria Khursi Kilakora Kirindul/Kohindul Kisaree Kishanpur Kodapalli Kodwa Kohka Kohria Kokri Kolar Kondagaon Kondasanvali Konta Konundha Korba Korhi Koriya Kosabani Kosagondi Kosambura Kota Kotamsari Kotamsor Kotapani 64

Degrees

Minutes

Degrees

Minutes

20° 22° 22° 22° 18° 23° 22° 22° 18° 22° 18° 20° 21° 22° 21° 23° 23° 23° 20° 22° 20° 20° 22° 23° 22° 23° 23° 23° 20° 19° 23° 21° 20° 21° 20° 21° 21° 19° 18° 18° 17° 23° 22° 19° 23° 22° 20° 20° 22° 18° 18° 21°

43' 01' 00' 48' 36' 37' 38' 38' 18' 27' 46' 05' 35' 01' 26' 46' 20' 19' 52' 01' 17' 49' 06' 37' 38' 42' 06' 23' 41' 53' 52' 54' 12' 37' 23' 58' 46' 54' 54' 30' 48' 20' 15' 47' 41' 21' 50' 11' 18' 53' 53' 10'

80° 81° 81° 84° 81° 83° 81° 83° 81° 81° 82° 81° 82° 82° 80° 83° 84° 83° 81° 82° 82° 81° 83° 83° 82° 83° 83° 82° 81° 80° 82° 83° 82° 81° 80° 81° 82° 81° 81° 81° 81° 83° 82° 81° 80° 81° 81° 82° 82° 81° 81° 80°

44' 14' 41' 10' 50' 15' 47' 40' 33' 12' 03' 35' 09' 17' 59' 38' 02' 57' 03' 17' 46' 04' 08' 24' 12' 40' 41' 02' 02' 19' 57' 23' 14' 23' 52' 40' 14' 12' 32' 13' 23' 03' 36' 30' 11' 40' 37' 12' 02' 55' 55' 39'

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

Latitude (N)

Longitude (E)

Name of the place Degrees

Minutes

Degrees

Minutes

Kotima Kotma Kotmi khurd Kotrapara Kotri Kochhnoor Kudag Kudartola Kudarvahi Kudripal Kurka Dongri Kukuria Kulharighat Kumarupara Kumharras Kunkur Kurekela Kurse Kursekorhi Kurum Kusmunda Kutkona Kuye

23° 23° 22° 19° 25° 18° 23° 23° 20° 18° 19° 23° 20° 18° 18° 22° 22° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 20°

14' 12' 37' 52' 14' 51' 27' 14' 07' 41' 10' 16' 13' 40' 51' 44' 12' 55' 13' 16' 20' 03' 05'

80° 81° 82° 82° 78° 81° 83° 83° 81° 81° 82° 83° 82° 81° 81° 83° 83° 81° 80° 82° 82° 83° 81°

17' 39' 07' 49' 36' 25' 56' 25' 26' 51' 01' 17' 20' 53' 21' 57' 06' 19' 47' 08' 43' 02' 27'

Labji Lachhanpur Lakha Lakhanpur Lakshmanpur Lamti Dongri Latapara Latia Lawakera Lewahi Limpara Ling Dongri Loa Lohara

23° 21° 22° 22° 22° 21° 19° 22° 22° 21° 19° 20° 18° 20°

21’ 34' 58' 07' 08' 02` 55' 01' 23' 48' 57' 23' 38' 48'

82° 82° 83° 81° 83° 80° 82° 82° 84° 81° 82° 82° 81° 81°

28' 12' 24' 15' 03' 37' 40' 24' 00' 59' 43' 20' 11' 03'

Machkut Madanbera Madanpur Mademnar Madhuban Madku-Kirna Mahasamund Mahendragarh Mahuadih Mainpur Maita Majhan Makarmuta

19° 20° 22° 18° 22° 21° 21° 23° 22° 20° 24° 23° 21°

02' 14' 23' 48' 27' 50' 09' 13' 18' 17' 15' 28' 17'

82° 80° 82° 81° 83° 81° 82° 82° 82° 81° 81° 82° 83°

13' 42' 58' 43' 45' 57' 15' 12' 36' 23' 42' 47' 14' 65

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

Latitude (N)

Longitude (E)

Name of the place

66

Degrees

Minutes

Degrees

Minutes

Malanjkhand Malgaon Mand Manegaon Manganpur Mangikheta Mangikhuta Manikchauri Manikpur Manitoba Manjur Dongri Manpur Marbera Mariakotola Markasara Markatola Marmakonari Marol highland Marwapathra Masan Masani Maspur Mayurnacha Medpal Mendra Meta Mirmiria Mitgain Modenar Mohanpur Mohtara Mundatala Mundatikra Mundval Mundval Mura-ka Gutta Muripar Musalijob

22° 22° 21° 22° 19° 21° 21° 21° 23° 22° 19° 25° 19° 20° 20° 20° 20° 22° 20° 23° 22° 23° 22° 19° 17° 20° 22° 23° 18° 21° 22° 20° 19° 18° 18° 18° 21° 21°

02' 19' 45' 20' 05' 20' 09' 48' 40' 49' 01' 05' 47' 47' 59' 34' 10' 48' 51' 22' 21' 17' 31' 06' 57' 15' 07' 45' 48' 07' 00' 48' 28' 39' 39' 05' 12 03'

80° 82° 83° 82° 82° 80° 80° 82° 83° 80° 82° 79° 80° 81° 80° 81° 81° 83° 80° 83° 74° 80° 83° 82° 80° 80° 81° 83° 81° 80° 82° 81° 81° 81° 81° 81° 81° 80°

43' 32' 01' 37' 09' 30' 32' 14' 29' 39' 14' 31' 39' 01' 32' 23' 22' 46' 58' 04' 31' 35' 45' 08' 36' 32' 18' 38' 43' 34' 17' 00' 19' 56' 50' 19' 08' 49'

Nagri Nainiras Nakia Nandgaon Nandini-Kumudini Nangul Narainpur Narayanpur Narsinghgarh Navgaon Nawadih Nawapara Nawapara

20° 18° 22° 19° 21° 19° 19° 23° 23° 26° 21° 21° 22°

21' 29' 39' 55' 23' 01' 43' 12' 43' 07' 29' 12 38'

81° 81° 82° 79° 81° 81° 81° 82° 77° 78° 83° 81° 82°

57' 34' 55' 44' 23' 26' 15' 47' 05' 10' 06' 16' 00'

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

Latitude (N)

Longitude (E)

Name of the place Degrees

Minutes

Degrees

Minutes

Nekum Nendra Netanar Netanar Newasa Nipania Noapani

22° 17° 18° 18° 22° 21° 23°

06' 57' 52' 35' 15' 50' 08'

80° 81° 82° 81° 82° 82° 83°

44' 23' 03' 52' 16' 03' 34'

Pachperi Padrapat Palachelama Palaspani Pali Panchangi Pandrapat Pandripani Pandrumetta Pangsuwan Paniajob Panikibat Pankibhat Parpahari Parrior Dongri Parsoda Parsora Pasla Pat Dongari Pathalgaon Patpara Pawan Akhra Pahar Payalikhand Peak 415 Peak 422 Pelma Pendri Penuir Dongri Petmea Pharsabahur Phutka Pahar Pidha Pitepam Pitepani Pitha Ama Pondih Potaidih Potanar Prasada Pratappur Pratapur Pulcha Purnapani Purunga

21° 23° 18° 21° 24° 20° 23° 23° 18° 22° 21° 20° 20° 23° 19° 22° 20° 23° 20° 22° 21° 22° 20° 21° 17° 23° 21° 19° 22° 22° 22° 22° 21° 20° 22° 22° 21° 19° 21° 23° 19° 18° 23° 22°

49' 05' 02' 29' 07' 08' 05' 30' 18' 32' 13' 41' 49' 22' 52' 21' 05' 16' 08' 33' 24' 28' 10' 08' 49' 06' 34' 52' 35' 31' 34' 37' 09' 10' 25' 54' 49' 07' 57' 29' 59' 49' 27' 17'

82° 83° 81° 77° 78° 84° 83° 83° 81° 83° 80° 80° 81° 82° 81° 82° 78° 82° 81° 83° 81° 82° 82° 82° 81° 82° 81° 81° 83° 83° 82° 81° 81° 80° 83° 82° 82° 81° 83° 83° 80° 82° 83° 83°

16' 41' 07' 56' 36' 43' 41' 30' 20' 33' 42' 14' 27' 58' 03' 11' 55' 40' 20' 27' 58' 54' 20' 34' 16' 32' 58' 03' 42' 06' 46' 51' 35' 35' 40' 16' 16' 53' 19' 12' 48' 07' 57' 12' 67

GSI Misc. Pub. No. 30 Part- XXI

Latitude (N)

Longitude (E)

Name of the place

68

Degrees

Minutes

Degrees

Minutes

Pushpal Puta

18° 22°

38' 19'

81° 82°

53' 24'

Rabda Raigarh Raiguda Raikot Raipur Raipura Rajgamar Rajnagar Rajnandgaon Ralia Ramganj Ramkechhar Ramkola Ramtola Ranikhet Pahar Rangakhar Rank Ratanpur Rawan Rawatpura Rawghat Remra Richhai Hill Rockal Rokel Rowghat Rupadand Sadwani Sajbahar Sakhajodi Salebhat Saletekri Salfa Salipara Samri Samsatta Saraipali Saraipat Saranggarh Semaria Semridih Sendur Senurgarh Serangdag Shahdol Sidhi Sihawa hill Sikasar Sikirma Sindigarh

22° 21° 18° 19° 21° 20° 22° 23° 21° 22° 23° 22° 23° 21° 22° 21° 22° 22° 21° 24° 19° 21° 24° 18° 18° 19° 22° 22° 22° 18° 20° 21° 21° 20° 23° 18° 21° 23° 21° 21° 20° 23° 22° 23° 23° 24° 20° 20° 22° 18°

25' 54' 47' 10' 12' 49' 23' 11' 12' 04' 36' 36' 41' 57' 30' 58' 06' 16' 34' 02' 52' 17' 23' 34' 34' 52' 42' 43' 27' 48' 40' 47' 55' 15' 24' 18' 33' 28' 35' 25' 05' 41' 48' 21 17' 20' 17' 32' 27' 32'

81° 83° 80° 81° 81° 81° 82° 82° 81° 81° 87° 82° 83° 81° 82° 80° 82° 82° 82° 76° 81° 82° 80° 81° 81° 81° 81° 81° 83° 82° 81° 80° 82° 81° 83° 81° 83° 83° 83° 81° 81° 83° 82° 83° 81° 81° 81° 82° 83° 81°

12' 24' 31' 50' 36' 06' 51 09' 03' 18' 08' 18' 39' 56' 57' 52' 17' 13' 00' 44' 13' 46' 23' 44' 44' 13' 56' 56' 56' 11' 44' 48' 00' 16' 56' 30' 03' 56' 05' 26' 04' 35' 22' 54' 22' 55' 51' 19' 50' 45'

Geology and Mineral Resources of Chhattisgarh

Latitude (N)

Longitude (E)

Name of the place Degrees

Minutes

Degrees

Minutes

Singarpur Singhora Singrauli Sirisgura Sishupal Pahar Sitagatta Sonadehi BIF zone Sonadih Sonakhan Sonpur Sukma Supansaghat Surajkund Suriagarh

21° 21° 24° 18° 21° 21° 20° 21° 21° 19° 18° 18° 22° 22°

50' 18' 12' 07' 13' 10' 20' 45' 25' 42' 24' 24' 51' 35'

82° 83° 82° 81° 83° 80° 80° 82° 80° 81° 81° 81° 77° 83°

00' 12' 39' 47' 09' 29' 52' 12' 59' 01' 40' 42' 52' 35'

Tamtora Tandua Tapakora Tappa Taralimetta Peak Tarda Taregaon Tarjhar Tarka Tatedhar Tatijharia Tattapani Tehra Thakur Tala Thandapura Thekatanagar Tikar Khurd Tiki Tikipodero Tikul Tingipur Tiria Tokapal Tolkipara Tongpal Tongsal Dongri Toni Dongar Tulsi Turi Alga Turma Turri

21° 22° 22° 21° 18° 22° 22° 20° 19° 22° 23° 23° 24° 21° 22° 22° 22° 23° 18° 21° 22° 18° 19° 23° 18° 19° 21° 21° 22° 21° 24°

29' 15' 30' 05' 32' 13' 10' 17' 54' 34' 23' 41' 52' 39' 45' 38' 38' 56' 57' 43' 17' 54' 01' 37' 44' 38' 18' 43' 35' 41' 42'

83° 81° 83° 80° 80° 82° 81° 82° 80° 81° 83° 83° 79° 81° 81° 83° 82° 81° 82° 81° 81° 82° 81° 83° 81° 81° 82° 81° 83° 82° 80°

00' 53' 57' 49' 14' 41' 15' 24' 26' 53' 54' 43' 43' 02' 45' 36' 12' 22' 13' 55' 51' 10 53' 18' 44' 15' 35' 44' 55' 01' 52'

Umarkholi Umjhar Uprora Usrijor

22° 24° 22° 19°

36' 01' 48' 57'

82° 82° 82° 82°

04' 36' 36' 28'

Yenechawada

18°

46'

81°

31' 69

The Publication is available for sale from the office of the Director, Geological Survey of India, Publication and Information Division, 27, Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata - 700 016. The Controller of Publication, Government of India, Civil Lines, Delhi - 110 054. and the following offices of the Geological Survey of India Central Region

: GSI Complex, Seminary Hills, Nagpur - 440 006.

Western Region

: Khanij Bhawan, 15 & 16 Jhalana Dungri, Jaipur - 302 004.

Eastern Region

: Bhu-Bijnan Bhawan, DK-6, Sector-II, Salt Lake City, Kolkata - 700 091.

Northern Region

: GSI Complex, Plot No. 2, Sector E, Aliganj, Lucknow - 226 024.

Southern Region

: GSI Complex, P. O. Bandlaguda, Hyderabad - 500 068 and Kerela Unit T.C. 24/338, Model School Road, East Thampanur, Thiruvanathpuram - 695 014.

North Eastern Region : Kumud Villa, Nongrim Hills, Shillong - 793 003.

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Polymictic Jonk Conglomerate of Arjuni Formation in Jonk river section, Sonakhan belt, Raipur district, Chhattisgarh (T.S.No.64K/11) Photograph by: Shri B.K. Mishra, Senior Geologist, GSI, SU: CG, Raipur

Front Cover Photograph Rocks of Kansapather and Chaporadih formations, Chandarpur Group, Chhattisgarh Supergroup exposed in a Mesa in Singhora Proto basin, 16 km southeast of Saraipali, Mahasamund District, Chhattisgarh. Photograph by : Dr. Mathew Joseph, Senior Geologist, GSI, FTC, Raipur

Plate - 1

GEOLOGICAL AND MINERAL MAP OF CHHATTISGARH 10 0 10 20 30 40

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MAHARASHTRA

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Reduced from 1 : 1 million map published in 2005 '

C Government of India copyright, 2005 (Reprint 2013)

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Copper Ore

Manganese