Genomics.docx

Lorenzo, Marianne Angelina R. GENOMICS AND ISSUES TO HEALTH CARE Genomics is the study of an organism's whole hereditary information that is present in its genes (DNA) and the use of its genes. It deals with the use of genome information associated with other information to provide answers in biology and medicine. It is a field of medicine that is rapidly growing and developing. The details of a person's genome may provide clues or sometimes direct answers that lead to treatment and improved care. Genomic medicine is an emerging medical discipline that involves using genomic information about an individual as part of their clinical care (e.g. for diagnostic or therapeutic decision-making) and the health outcomes and policy implications of that clinical use." Ethical, legal and social issues raised by genomic research include: 

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Privacy and Confidentiality o Who should have access to genetic information? Who owns and controls it? o How can families resolve conflicts when some members want to be tested for a genetic disorder and others do not? Possible discrimination by employers or health insurers o Should employers be able to require job applicants to take genetic tests as a condition of employment? The need for ethical standards for work with human research subjects or tissues Equitable Access to Genomic Technologies o Resource-poor nations, the uninsured, rural and inner city communities – How might genomic science and treatments be made available to those with fewer resources? o Rare genetic conditions – Who will fund the development of treatments for genetic disorders that affect a relatively small number of people? Impact of Genetic Information o How does a person’s genetic information affect that individual and society’s perception of that individual? o How does genetic and genomic information affect members of minority communities? Consideration of social, cultural and religious perspectives on genetics and health Controversial issues such as cloning, stem cell research and eugenics also need to be carefully studied.

Privacy and Confidentiality Genomic information is very personal — as is any part of an individual's medical record. Each patient decides the level of privacy he or she needs. Patients determine what information they wish to know and what information to share, if any, with other family members. Specific safeguards and informed consent may be customized to fit the processes of each area, but all encompass protection for the individual patient. Information Security Every genome sequence produces vast amounts of data that must be stored electronically — far more information, in fact, than is contained in most medical records. Genetic Discrimination Genomic medicine has the capacity to revolutionize clinical practice. The mapping of the human genome has created new opportunities for genetic tests to predict, prevent and treat disease. There are many examples of clinically useful information available through newly developed genetic tests. In order for patients to have full access to the benefits of genetic testing, payers such as insurance companies and Medicare need systematic ways of evaluating genetic tests for reimbursement. Currently, there are barriers that make it difficult for payers to do so. Without this information, insurers cannot properly assess how to reimburse for genetic tests.

Regulation of Genetic Tests Genetic tests focus on an individual's inheritance of a single gene, while genomic tests (such as genetic panels or exome/whole genome sequencing) look at an individual's wider inheritance of various genetic traits. As the field of genomics advances, genetic and genomic tests are becoming more common in, and out of, the clinic. Yet most genetic tests today are not regulated, meaning that they go to market without any independent analysis to verify the claims of the seller. The landscape is evolving, however, and it is likely that more of the genetic and genomic testing industry will face greater oversight in the future. Two federal agencies have the primary authority to regulate genetic tests: the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Bioethics and Community Involvement Policies and procedures must be developed so patient rights are fully protected and ethical practices are followed. Patients, research participants or members of the public are welcome to ask questions about any aspect of this new approach to medicine. Health professionals need to be informed about the ethical, legal, and social issues in the translation of genomics into health care. Health providers have a responsibility to become knowledgeable about genomics so that they can assist patients, families, and communities to become informed consumers of genomic-based health care. An understanding of the principles of ethics and law, including human dignity and human rights, will help nurses as they encounter complex issues. Knowledge of emerging genomic science that impacts practice as well as information about emerging ethical, legal, and social issues– including but not limited to confidentiality, decision-making capacity, informed consent, genetic testing, and research– are necessary to ensure the provision of appropriate and equitable health care.

References: Genetic and Genomic Healthcare: Ethical Issues of Importance to Nurses. (2008). Retrieved from http://ojin.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/Tabl eofContents/vol132008/No1Jan08/GeneticandGenomicHealthcare.aspx, March 24, 2019. Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues in the Translation of Genomics Into Health Care. (2012). Retrieved from https://sigmapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jnu.12000, March 24, 2019. https://www.genome.gov/issues/ https://www.genome.gov/10001740/ethical-legal-and-social-issues-in-genomic-medicine/ http://mayoresearch.mayo.edu/center-for-individualized-medicine/issues-in-genomic-medicine-andresearch.asp