General Packet Radio Service

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General Packet Radio Service From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from GPRS) Jump to: navigation, search General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) is a mobile data service available to users of GSM and IS-136 mobile phones. GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of transferred data, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independently of if the user actually has transferred data or been in an idle state. GPRS can be utilized for services such as WAP access, SMS and MMS, but also for Internet communication services such as email and web access. In the future, it is expected that low cost voice over IP will be made available in cell phones. 2G cellular systems combined with GPRS is often described as "2.5G", that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate speed data transfer, by using unused TDMA channels in for example the GSM system. Originally there was some thought to extend GPRS to cover other standards, but instead those networks are being converted to use the GSM standard, so that is the only kind of network where GPRS is in use. GPRS is integrated into GSM standards releases starting with Release 97 and onwards. First it was standardized by ETSI but now that effort has been handed onto the 3GPP.

are being transferred, the bandwidth is unavailable to other potential users. The multiple access methods used in GSM with GPRS is based on frequency division duplex (FDD) and FDMA. During a session, a user is assigned to one pair of uplink and downlink frequency channels. This is combined with time domain statistical multiplexing, i.e. packet mode communication, which makes it possible for several users to share the same frequency channel. The packets have constant length, corresponding to a GSM time slot. In the downlink, first-come firstserved packet scheduling is used. In the uplink, a scheme that is very similar to reservation ALOHA is used. This means that slotted Aloha (S-ALOHA) is used for reservation inquiries during a contention phase, and then the actual data is transferred using first-come first-served scheduling. GPRS originally supported (in theory) IP, PPP and X.25 connections. The last has been typically used for applications like wireless payment terminals although it has been removed as a requirement from the standard. X.25 can still be supported over PPP, or even over IP, but doing this requires either a router to do encapsulation or intelligence built into the end terminal. In practice, mainly IPv4 is used. PPP is often not supported by the operator, while IPv6 is not yet popular. The GPRS capability classes Class A Can be connected to GPRS service and GSM service (voice, SMS), using both at the same time. Such devices are known to be available today. See List of Class A GPRS Phones.

GPRS basics GPRS is different from the older Circuit Switched Data (or CSD) connection included in GSM standards. In CSD, a data connection establishes a circuit, and reserves the full bandwidth of that circuit during the lifetime of the connection. GPRS is packet-switched which means that multiple users share the same transmission channel, only transmitting when they have data to send. This means that the total available bandwidth can be immediately dedicated to those users who are actually sending at any given moment, providing higher utilisation where users only send or receive data intermittently. Web browsing, receiving emails as they arrive and instant messaging are examples of uses that require intermittent data transfers, which benefit from sharing the available bandwidth. Usually, GPRS data are billed per kilobytes of information transceived while circuit-switched data connections are billed per second. The latter is to reflect the fact that even during times when no data

Class B Can be connected to GPRS service and GSM service (voice, SMS), but using only one or the other at a given time. During GSM service (voice call or SMS), GPRS service is suspended, and then resumed automatically after the GSM service (voice call or SMS) has concluded. Most GPRS mobile devices are Class B. Class C Are connected to either GPRS service or GSM service (voice, SMS). Must be switched manually between one or the other service. A true Class A device may be required to transmit on two different frequencies at the same time, and thus will need two radios. To get around this expensive requirement, a GPRS mobile may implement the dual transfer mode (DTM) feature. A DTM-capable mobile may use simultaneous voice and packet data, with the network coordinating to

ensure that it is not required to transmit on two different frequencies at the same time. Such mobiles are considered to be pseudo Class A. Some networks are expected to support DTM in 2007. function of the number of TDMA time slots assigned, which is the lesser of (a) what the particular cell supports and (b) the maximum capability of the mobile device expressed as a GPRS Multislot Class.

GPRS multislot classes GPRS speed is a direct function of the number of TDMA time slots assigned, which is the lesser of (a) what the particular cell supports and (b) the maximum capability of the mobile device expressed as a GPRS Multislot Class.

Class 32 Maximum download performance (25% faster than above), at least one device already on the market (Nokia N93).

GPRS coding scheme Transfer speed depends also on the channel encoding used. The least robust (but fastest) coding scheme (CS-4) is available near the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) while the most robust coding scheme (CS-1) is used when the Mobile Station (MS) is further away from the BTS. Using the CS-4 it is possible to achieve a user speed of 20.0 kbit/s per time slot. However, using this scheme the cell coverage is 25% of normal. CS-1 can achieve a user speed of only 8.0 kbit/s per time slot, but has 98% of normal coverage. Newer network equipment can adapt the transfer speed automatically depending on the mobile location.

Multislot Class

Downlink Slots

Uplink Slots

Active Slots

1

1

1

2

2

2

1

3

3

2

2

3

4

3

1

4

5

2

2

4

6

3

2

4

7

3

3

4

8

4

1

5

9

3

2

5

CSD

10

4

2

5

HSCSD

28.8

14.4 (2+1)

11

4

3

5

HSCSD

43.2

14.4 (3+1)

12

4

4

5

32

5

3

6

The most common GPRS multislot classes are: Class 2 Minimal GPRS implementation Class 4 Modest GPRS implementation, 50% faster download than Class 2 Class 6 Modest implementation, but with better uploading than Class 4 Class 8 Better implementation, 33% faster download than Classes 4 & 6 Class 10 Better implementation, and with better uploading than Class 8, seen in better cell phones and PC Cards Class 12 Best implementation, with maximum upload performance, typically seen only in high-end PC Cards

Coding scheme

Speed (kbit/s)

CS-1

8.0

CS-2

12.0

CS-3

14.4

CS-4

20.0 Download (kbit/s)

Upload (kbit/s)

9.6

9.6

GPRS 4+1

80.0

20.0 (Class 8 & 10 and CS-4)

GPRS 3+2

60.0

40.0 (Class 10 and CS-4)

Note: Like CSD, HSCSD establishes a circuit and is usually billed per minute. For an application such as downloading, HSCSD may be preferred, since circuit-switched data are usually given priority over packet-switched data on a mobile network, and there are relatively few seconds when no data are being transferred. GPRS is packet based. When TCP/IP is used, each phone can have one or more IP addresses allocated. GPRS will store and forward the IP packets to the phone during cell handover (when you move from one cell to another). A radio noise induced pause can be interpreted by TCP as packet loss, and cause a temporary throttling in transmission speed.

GPRS services and hardware

GPRS upgrades GSM data services providing: • • • • • • •

MMS - Multimedia Messaging Service Push To Talk over Cellular PoC / PTT Push to talk Instant Messaging and Presence Wireless_Village Internet Applications for Smart Devices through WAP Point-to-point (PTP) service: internetworking with the Internet (IP protocols). Short Message Service (SMS): bearer for SMS. Future enhancements: flexible to add new functions, such as more capacity, more users, new accesses, new protocols, new radio networks.

USB GPRS modem USB GPRS modems use a terminal like interface USB 2.0 and upper, data formats V.42bis, and RFC 1144 and external antennae.

GPRS in practice Telephone operators have priced GPRS relatively cheaply (compared to older GSM data transfer, CSD and HSCSD) in many areas, such as Finland. Some mobile phone operators offer flat rate access to the Internet and some other mobile phone operators base their tariffs on data transferred, usually rounded off per 100 kilobyte.

During its heyday, the mid 2000's, typical rates for GPRS service varied wildly, ranging from EUR €1 per megabyte to over €20 per megabyte.

The maximum speed of a GPRS connection (as offered in 2003) is the same as modem connection in an analog wire telephone network, about 4– 5 kB/s (depending on the phone used). Latency is very high; a round-trip ping being typically about 600–700 ms and often reaching one second round trip time. GPRS is typically prioritized lower than speech, and thus the quality of connection varies greatly. In order to set up a GPRS connection for a wireless modem, a user needs to specify Access Point Name (APN), optionally a user name and password, and very rarely an IP address, all provided by the network operator. Devices with latency /RTT improvements (via e.g. the extended UL TBF mode feature) are rather widely available. Also network upgrades the feature(s) are available within certain operators. With these enhancements the active RTT can be reduced, resulting in significant increase in application-level throuhput speeds.

1G

HSCSD WiDEN CDMA2000 1xRTT/IS-2000

EDGE (EGPRS)

NMT AMPS/TACS/ETACS Hicap CDPD Mobitex DataTac

W-CDMA UMTS (3GSM) FOMA TD-CDMA/UMTS-TDD 1xEV-DO/IS-856 TD-SCDMA GAN/UMA HSDPA HSUPA HSOPA

Mobile phone and data 4G ~ Frequency bands

GPRS

3G

0G 2G

PTT MTS IMTS AMTS OLT MTD Autotel/PALM ARP GSM iDEN D-AMPS IS-95/cdmaOne PDC CSD PHS

SMR Cellular PCS

GPRS Core Network From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The GPRS system is used by GSM Mobile phones, the most common mobile phone system in the world (as of 2004), for transmitting IP packets. The GPRS Core Network is the centralised part of the GPRS system and also provides support for UMTS based 3G networks. The GPRS core network is an integrated part of the GSM core network.

GPRS Core Network in General

GPRS Core Network Structure The GPRS Core Network (GPRS stands for General Packet Radio Services) provides mobility management, session management and transport for Internet Protocol packet services in GSM and UMTS networks. The core

network also provides support for other additional functions such as charging and lawful interception. It was also proposed, at one stage, to support packet radio services in the US TDMA system, however, in practice, most of these networks are being converted to GSM so this option is becoming largely irrelevant. Like GSM in general, GPRS is an open standards driven system and the standardisation body is the 3GPP.

GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP) main article GPRS Tunnelling Protocol GPRS Tunnelling Protocol is the defining IP protocol of the GPRS core network. Primarily it is the protocol which allows end users of a GSM or UMTS network to move from place to place whilst continuing to connect to the internet as if from one location at the GGSN. It does this by carrying the subscriber's data from the subscriber's current SGSN to the GGSN which is handling the subscriber's session. Three forms of GTP are used by the GPRS core network. • •



GTP-U for transfer of user data in separated tunnels for each PDP context GTP-C for control reasons including: o setup and deletion of PDP contexts o verification of GSN reachability o updates, e.g. as subscribers move from one SGSN to another. GTP' for transfer of charging data from GSNs to the charging function.

GGSNs and SGSNs (collectively known as GSNs) listen for GTP-C messages on UDP port 2123 and for GTP-U messages on port 2152. This communication happens within a single network or may, in the case of international roaming, happen internationally, probably across a GPRS Roaming Exchange (GRX). The "Charging Gateway Function" (CGF) listens to GTP' messages sent from the GSNs on UDP port 3386. The core network sends charging information to the CGF, typically including PDP context activation times and the quantity of data which the end user has transferred. However, this communication which occurs within one network is less standardised and may, depending on the vendor and configuration options, use proprietary encoding or even an entirely proprietary system.

GPRS Support Nodes (GSN) A GSN is a network node which supports the use of GPRS in the GSM core network. All GSNs should have a Gn interface and support the GPRS tunnelling protocol. There are two key variants of the GSN; the GGSN and the SGSN defined below.

GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support Node The GGSN is the node which carries out the role in GPRS equivalent to the Home Agent in Mobile IP. It is a router which detunnels user data from GPRS Tunnelling Protocol and sends out normal user data IP packets.

SGSN - Serving GPRS Support Node The SGSN is the node which in some sense carries out the same function as the Foreign Agent in Mobile IP. However, an SGSN is actually considerably more complex since it also does the full set of interworking with the connected radio network. This means that the functions carried out by the SGSN vary quite considerably between GSM and UMTS. The GGSN provides the connectivity to the IP network and the SGSN. It is responsible for IP address assignment and is the default router for the connected UE.

Common SGSN Functions • • •

Detunnel GTP packets from the GGSN (downlink) Tunnel IP packets toward the GGSN (uplink) Carry out mobility management as Standby mode mobile moves from Routing Area to Routing Area.



Billing user data

GSM/EDGE Specific SGSN functions • • • • •

Carry up to about 60 kbit/s (150 kbit/s for Edge) traffic per subscriber Connect via frame relay or IP to the PCU using the Gb protocol stack Accept uplink data to form IP packets Encrypt downlink data, decrypt uplink data Carry out mobility management to the level of a cell for connected mode mobiles;

UMTS Specific SGSN functions • • •

Carry up to about 300 kbit/s traffic per subscriber Tunnel/detunnel downlink/uplink packets toward the RNC Carry out mobility management to the level of an RNC for connected mode mobiles.

These differences in functionality have led some manufacturers to create specialist SGSNs for each of UMTS and GSM which do not support the other networks, whilst other manufacturers have succeeded in creating both together, but with a performance cost due to the compromises required.

Access Point Main article Access Point Name An access point is: • • •

An IP network to which a mobile can be connected A set of settings which are used for that connection A particular option in a set of settings in a mobile phone

When a GPRS mobile phone sets up a PDP context, the access point is selected. At this point an Access Point Name (APN) is determined Example: flextronics.mnc012.mcc345.gprs. Example: internet Example: mywap. This access point is then used in a DNS query to a private DNS network. This process (called APN resolution) finally gives the IP address of the GGSN which should serve the access point. At this point a PDP context can be activated..

PDP Context The PDP context is a data structure present on both the SGSN and the GGSN which contains the subscriber's session information when the subscriber has an active session. When a mobile wants to use GPRS, it must first attach and then activate a PDP context. This allocates a PDP context data structure in the SGSN that the subscriber is currently visiting and the GGSN serving the subscribers access point. The data recorded includes. • • •

Subscriber's IP address Subscriber's IMSI Subscriber's o Tunnel ID (TEID) at the GGSN o Tunnel ID (TEID) at the SGSN

The tunnel ID (TEID) is a number allocated by the GSN which identifies the tunnelled data related to a particular PDP context.

Reference Points and Interfaces Within the GPRS core network standards there are a number of interfaces and reference points (logical points of connection which probably share a common physical connection with other reference points). Some of these names can be seen in the network structure diagram on this page.

Interfaces in the GPRS network • • • • • • •

• • • • •

Gb - A Frame Relay interface between the Base Station Subsystem and the SGSN. Gn - IP Based interface between SGSN and other SGSNs and (internal) GGSNs. DNS also shares this interface. Uses the GTP Protocol. Gp - IP Based interface between internal SGSN and external GGSNs. Between the SGSN and the external GGSN, there is the Border Gateway (which is essentially a firewall). Also uses the GTP Protocol. Ga - The interface servers the CDRs (Accounting records) which are written in the GSN and sent to the CG (Charging Gateway). This interface uses an GTP Protocol, with extensions that supports CDRs (Called GTP' or GTP prime). Gr - Interface between the SGSN and the HLR. Messages going through this interface uses the MAP3 Protocol. Gd - Interface between the SGSN and the SMS Gateway. Can use MAP1, MAP2 or MAP3. Gs - Interface between the SGSN and the MSC (VLR). Uses the BSSAP+ Protocol. This interface allows paging and station availability when it performs data transfer. When the station is attached to the GPRS network, the SGSN keeps track of which RA (Routing Area) the station is attached to. An RA is a part of a larger LA (Location Area). When a station is paged this information is used to conserve network resources. When the station performs a PDP Context, the SGSN has the exact BTS the station is using. Gi - The interface between the GGSN and other external networks (Internet/WAP). Uses the IP protocol. Ge - The interface between the SGSN and the SCP (Service Control Point). Uses the CAP Protocol. Gx - The on-line policy interface between the GGSN and the CRF (Charging Rules Function). It is used for provisioning service data flow based charging rules. Uses the Diameter Protocol. Gy - The on-line charging interface between the GGSN and the OCS (Online Charging System). Uses the Diameter Protocol (DCCA application). Gz - The off-line charging interface between the GSN and the CG (Charging Gateway). Uses the CDRs (Accounting records).

Kamus hp Firmware Firmware adalah "Sistem Operasi" utama yg terdapat dalam sebuah HP (dan alat elektronik lain spt CD-ROM, Player DVD, dst..). Tugasnya adalah mengontrol bagaimana cara kerja HP. Semua fungsi, menu, tampilan utama, dari sebuah HP di program (integrated) dlm sebuah Firmware. Firmware dapat di Update/Upgrade ke versi terbaru yg mana biasanya memiliki beberapa perbaikan thd bug dan kadang terdapat beberapa fungsi baru. Namun demikian tidak menutup kemungkinan juga kita melakukan downgrade (turun versi) karena alasan tertentu. program komputer yang ditulis ke dalam ROM (read-only memory) IC (integrated circuit) chip. Dimana dan bagaimana cara Update Firmware? Anda dapat update firmware Anda ke versi terbaru di Siemens Service Center (SMCC - DGE) terdekat. Kalo HP Anda masih garansi, bisa update secara gratis. Atau anda dapat meng Updatenya sendiri, dengan mendownload firmware-nya di site Official Siemens (www.Siemens-Mobile.com) sesuai dgn tipe HP anda masing2. Dengan bermodalkan kabel data dan sebuah komputer Anda dapat melakukannya dgn mudah. (Caranya dpt dibaca di section Tutorial How to...) Tapi perlu diingat, tidak semua firmware baru akan di release sbg self-update oleh Siemens. Bagaimana cara mengetahui versi Firmware di HP Saya? Cukup mudah, tekan *#06# lalu tekan keypad leftkey, utk menampilkan info statusnya. Contoh: Product: M55 P-Date: 2003-09-16 <-- Tanggal Produksi HP SW-Version: 10 <-- versi firmware SW-Date: 2003-08-14 Variant: S 701 Patch/Patching Arti umum: Sepenggal kode program yg biasanya ditambahkan pada software utk memperbaiki sebuah BUG yg ada. Biasanya Patch akan di release sebagai bentuk koreksi dr software yg bersangkutan. * BUG = Kesalahan pemrograman pd sebuah software. Arti khusus di Siemens : Merupakan penggalan kode program yg dibuat utk menambahkan sebuah fungsi baru di dalam HP. Sehingga anda mendapatkan hal2 dan kemudahan2 baru yg sebelumnya tidak terdapat di kondisi awal/Standard. (jadi XP: eXtra Performance edition...) Contoh patch : ;Camera -> WAV recording ;© SiNgle ;M55v10 ;Released 20.12.03

0D2EFA: DA302A55 da37441a Keuntungan: - HP Siemens anda memiliki banyak fungsi baru dan berbeda dr HP yg lain. - Ada kepuasan tersendiri klo berhasil patching dan/atau merubah tampilan HP yg anda miliki dgn hasil usaha anda sendiri. - Bisa buat nyari duit... (katanya seseorang) Keburukan: - Hilangnya Garansi anda (klo ketahuan ama DGE..). - HP anda rusak, trouble, atau bahkan MATI. * Segala resiko ini adalah tanggung jawab anda pribadi! Sebelum terjun ke dunia Patching/Flashing/Unlocking ada baiknya anda menimbang baik buruknya... Sudah siapkah anda dgn resiko terburuknya? Proses Patch (Pacthing) tidak sesulit yg dibayangkan. Asalkan anda memiliki kabel data nonori, pacthing bisa dilaksanakan dgn bantuan software yg tepat. Hanya aja perlu diingat, Selain kesenangan yg di dapat (klo berhasil) terdapat juga sisi buruk dr patching. Yaitu HP anda bisa MATOT (Mati Total). Klo matinya hny disebabkan softwarenya, masih bisa di selamatkan dgn jalan Fullflash FUBU. Tp klo kerusakan terjadi di Bootcore-nya... saya tidak bisa banyak komentar, anda mungkin perlu ganti HP baru! Note: Menurut pengalaman tidak semua patch yg ada bisa selalu "akur" klo dimasukkan "berdampingan" di HP. Dan tidak semua patch akan menghasilkan hal yg sama alias effectnya akan berbeda utk masing2 user. Bisa jadi patch A jalan di HP si anu, tp tidak jalan di HP anda dan sebaliknya. Sehingga anda diharuskan utk pintar2 memilih Patch yg aman bagi HP anda... caranya? Hanya trial dan Error! banyak sharing pendapat dan Pengalaman adalah Guru anda yg paling Baik! LCD : Liquid Crystal Display Display yg menggunakan 2 layer material yg dipolarisasi dgn cairan crystal diantaranya. STN : Super Twisted Nematic Sebuah tipe dari teknologi LCD display. Dimana STN menggunakan lebih sedikit energi dan lebih murah dibanding teknologi TFT, tapi dgn konsekuensi image quality dan waktu response yg lebih rendah. (disebut sebagai Passive Matrix.) CSTN : Color Super Twisted Nematic Sebuah tipe dari teknologi LCD display. CSTN merupakan tipe perbaikan dr STN. dimana CSTN memiliki respon time lebih baik dan ketajaman warna yg lebih baik dibanding STN dan hampir mendekati kualitas TFT. (disebut sebagai new teknologies of Passive Matrix.) TFT : Thin Film Transistor Sebuah tipe dari teknologi LCD display. Dimana TFT jika dibandingkan dgn teknologi LCD lainnya, memiliki keunggulan di image quality & response time-nya (paling) bener2 siip!, tp jenis ini membutuhkan energi lebih boros dan lebih mahal harganya. (disebut sebagai Active Matrix.)

UFB : Ultra Fine & Bright Sebuah tipe dari teknologi LCD display. Dimana UFB membutuhkan lebih sedikit energy, dibandingkan TFT dan dgn kemampuan pencahayaan yg lebih terang dibandingkan STN. Ponsel yg mengguakan LCD jenis ini biasanya lebih tipis (slim) dibandingkan tipe ponsel yg menggunakan LCD jenis lain. Ini karena UFB hny setebal 2.2 mm. TFD- Thin Film Diode, cairan cristal yg dipakai dikontrol oleh Dioda (dgn pengaturan seperti cara kerja switch). TFT-Thin Film Transistor, cairan cristal yg dipakai dikontrol oleh transistors. Perbedaan keduanya dlm hal kualitas hampir sama. Tp seperti yg di katakan mas Corgan, memang utk konsumsi energinya lebih hemat (seperti energi yg dibutuhkan oleh LCD jenis STN). Bluetooth ~~~~~~~~ Bluetooth merupakan teknologi yg dikembangkan oleh Bluetooth Special Interest Group yg memungkinkan koneksi antara 2 s/d 7 perangkat elektronik tanpa menggunakan kabel (wireless - spt IrDA). Selain utk HP, bluetooth juga digunakan secara luas pd alat2 lain spt PDAs, printers, modems, keyboards, headphones and banyak lagi. Pada HP, bluetooth dpt digunakan utk transfer files dari 1 HP ke HP lainnya, utk multiplayer gaming, meletakkan HP di saku celana dan bercakap2 dgn bluetooth headset tanpa takut terbelit oleh kabel. Benar2 free to move! Spesifikasi BlueTooth: Bluetooth beroperasi pd channel (unlicenced) 2,4 GHz radio spectrum agar bisa bekerja baik secara global (worldwide). Radio frekuensi yg digunakan memakai teknik spread spectrum (menyebar), frequency hopping, full-duplex (sampai dgn 1600 hops/sec). Signal hops 79 frekuensi pd interval 1 MHz agar tidak terganggu oleh peralatan lainnya. Bluetooth VS Infrared (IrDA): Tentu saja Bluetooth jauh lebih baik karena: - IrDA memiliki kecepatan maximum hanya 115.200 bps sedangkan Bluetooth max speed adalah 1 Mbps - Utk transfer data via IrDA, Jarak maximum antar HP 20-40 cm (umumnya), sedangkan jarak maximum jika menggunakan bluetooth is 10 M (utk HP, untuk perangkat lain bisa sampe 100 M tanpa halangan). - Kedua HP harus berada dlm kondisi sejajar ketika transfer data, jika menggunakan IrDA. Dan jika menggunakan Bluetooth tidak perlu demikian, cukup meletakkan kedua HP dlm jarak radius 10 M (tergantung produk) utk dapat bertukar data. - Jika mengunakan IrDA hny terbatas pd 2 perangkat utk dpt saling berhubungan, sedangkan Bluetooth bisa sampai 7 perangkat sekaligus terkoneksi pd saat bersamaan. EMS (Enhanced Message Service) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ EMS merupakan sebuah format pesan pd SMS, (dikembangkan pertamakali oleh Ericsson), yg memiliki feature: - mendukung smapai dgn 760 character dlm 1 SMS. - Format Text (Bold, Italic, Underlined - Left, Center, Right text alignment - Small, Medium,

Large font size). - bisa menampilkan simple melodies, images, sounds, animations (hny yg build-in di HP). Dgn bentuk format penulisan tertentu dlm sebuah pesan SMS kepada HP lain yg memiliki kemampuan EMS yg kompatibel, kita dpt menampilkan pesan SMS plus pictures dan sounds (dgn syarat menggunakan kode penulisan yg "disepakati" utk memanggil build-in pictures/sounds/animation di HP tsb) * Sebagai contoh antar Siemens, jika kita mengirimkan SMS berupa tulisan: Happy B'day "%Cake" utk kmu. maka di HP siemens temen kita akan muncul: Happy B'day "" utk kmu. * Dgn catatan, agar pesan EMS bisa tampil dgn benar..HP harus support EMS. dan mempergunakan cara penulisan EMS code yg sesuai dgn tipe HP masing2. * Tapi, jika HP penerima tidak support EMS, maka akan ditampilkan tulisan text SMS apa adanya tanpa format dan element lain spt pictures, sounds, animation tidak akan tampil. Jika pesan EMS yg dikirim lebih dari 160 karakter maka penerima akan menerimanya dlm SMS yg terpisah. Misalkan: Kita kirim SMS 546 karakter, maka penerima yg gak support EMS akan menerimanya dlm 3 SMS 160 karakter dan 1 SMS 66 karakter. IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ IMEI adalah kode unik utk masing2 HP yg biasanya terdiri dari 15-digit angka yg mewakili HP yg bersangkutan. IMEI dibagi atas 4 bagian: TAC FAC SN SP XXXXXX XX XXXXXX X TAC (Type Approval Code): 2 angka pertama TAC merupakan kode dimana HP tersebut di approved/diedarkan. FAC (Final Assembly Code): Angka ini merupakan kode dimana HP di produksi (manufacturer). Dibawah ini beberapa FAC code dari beberapa manufacturers: FAC Manufacturer ~~~~~~~~~~~ 01, 02, 65 : AEG 07, 40 : Motorola 10, 20 : Nakio 30 : Ericsson 00, 37, 40, 41, 44 : Siemens 50 : Bosch 51 : Siemens, Sony, Ericsson 60 : Alcatel 61 : Ericsson 70 : Sagem 80 : Philips 85 : Panasonic SN (Serial Number): kode ini merupakan serial number HP. SP (Spare): kode ini biasanya 0. * Utk mengetahui no IMEI anda, tekan : *#06#

MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ MMS adalah sebuah pesan tertulis (spt SMS), yg mendukung fungsi multimedia. Sebuah pesan MMS dpt berisi: - Jumlah karakter yg tak terbatas. - Color Pictures - Monophonic/Polyphonic melodies - Videos - Sounds (.AMR) Agar pesan MMS dpt ditampilkan dgn benar, maka HP harus sudah support MMS. Tapi jika HP penerima belum support MMS, maka si penerima hny akan menerima SMS yg berisi alamat (URL) internet, dimana dia bisa melihat pesan MMS tsb (biasanya disediakan oleh operator penyedia layanan MMS yg bersangkutan). Cara kerja MMS: Setiap MMS terdiri dari 1 atau lebih slides yg bisa dilihat secara bersambung. Setiap slide (potongan) akan berdurasi beberapa saat dan berisi text, sebuah picture dan sound/melody yg akan dimainkan ketika kita melihatnya (mirip dgn presentasi pd MS Powerpoint). Juga atribut extra dpt disertakan pd MMS spt Subject, Cc, Priority (seperti pd e-mail). Pesan MMS akan di trnasfer via GPRS. Sehingga layanan MMS identik dgn layanan GPRS. bootcore = inti (core) fungsi boot. bootcore ini merupakan bagian yg HANYA aktif kalo tombol ON/OFF ponsel di-klik. Flash : Istilah untuk IC memory, kecepatan tinggi dan kapasitas besar. Digunakan untuk memory buat kamera digital, hardisk mobile, ato perangkat mobile. Flashing : Istilah untuk aktivitas read & write pada memory flash. OTP = One Time Programming Istilah untuk kemampuan memory eeprom yang hanya bisa ditulis/diprogram untuk sekali saja. Dan betul-betul Tampered Proof. Biasa dipakai untuk indentifikasi produk digital. (IMEI HP). OTA = Over The Air Istilah untuk pelayanan aktivasi dan pengiriman/penerimaan data melalui jaringan GSM. Memiliki protokol komunikasi khusus. (HP non-OTA dgn yang OTA tak bisa!) Encoder : Alat (chip IC) untuk mengubah sinyal analog (suara/gambar) menjadi sinyal digital agar bisa diolah processor hp. Decoder : Alat (IC) utk mengubah sinyal digital (Sinyal suara/gambar digital terenkripsi melalui GSM) menjadi sinyal analog yang siap didengarkan/dilihat dilayar hp. Untuk decoder suara, Siemens pake chipset buatan Dialog (Schalke brand), tp tidak semua type. DSP : Digital Signal Processor, suatu jenis IC hybrid, gabungan dari berbagai fungsi IC, untuk

mengolah berbagai jenis data. Siemens biasanya menggunakan chip Infineon (Siemens Semiconductor) atau Super-H RISC Engine dari Hitachi. (sebuatan paling populernya, EGold). Multiplexer : Alat (IC), untuk menswitch fungsi TX/RX saat aktifitas calling atau data receiving. I2C : Inter-Integrated Circuit, suatu protokol komunikasi seri 2 arah, yg hanya membutuhkan 2 wire, tanpa power tegangan. Kedua kabel sudah mengandung; tegangan,ground,data TX, data RX. Sangat canggih, tapi hanya diterapkan di dunia industrial. Hampir semua hp Siemens, diproduksi dan dites dengan cara ini, juga untuk Flash programming. Jadi pabriknya tak perlu pake batere, cukup meng-grab terminal I2C pada PCB hp, program hp sudah bisa diisi. Untuk lebih detail, kalo mau, buka hp dan bongkar, lihat disana ada 2 atau 3 terminal bulat putih. Untuk S35, tak perlu, terminalnya sudah tersedia pas dibawah batere, ato tertutup stiker. Jenis Battere HP (Paling Banyak dipake) 1. NiMH = Nickel Metal Hybrid Batere setingkat diatas Alkaline, Isi ulangnya punya pengaruh kapasitas elektric bila diisi sesering mungkin. Residu kapasitas akan tetap tertinggal setelah arusnya habis (Tegangan Tetap,Arus Nol), sehingga pengisian berawal dari titik teratas sisa kapasitas batere, Jadi biar awet, habisin dulu baru isi. Ini kelemahan material chemical yg dikandungnya. Disamping dipake buat hp, juga banyak dipake pada vacuum cleaner portable dan HandyCam. 2. Li-Ion = Lithium Ion Batere setingkat diatas NiMH, Isi ulangnya tidak terpengaruh dgn residu kapasitas bila sering diisi. Pengisiannya tdk menimbulkan panas. Biar awet, jgn sampai habis betul baru diisi, supaya ionnya masih bisa melakukan reaksi berantai dgn ion lainnya dgn effisien. 3. Li-Po = Lithium Polymer Batere diatas Li-Ion, paling effisien dan tahan lama. Materialnya lunak karna mengandung cairan kimia (lupa sebutannya apa), trus disatukan dgn sejenis polymer. Biasanya arusnya dalam satuan Ampere, bukan mA. Paling banyak dipakai buat notebook dan PDA/Smartphone. 4. Bio-Cell Batere yg dihasilkan dari reaksi medan listrik oleh protein plankton laut. Masih tahap prototype, karna susahnya mengumpulkan protein tsb. Kita tunggu saja kapan di produksi massal. Prinsip Charging: Batere hanya bisa diisi dgn tegangan sinus/pulse, IC controller buat charge di hp akan mengatur modulasi pulsa ini, sementara arus nya tergantung charger kita. Semakin besar arus charger (Arus DC output), semakin cepat waktu pengisian batere. Proses pengisian batere pd umumnya menimbulkan panas, krn pergantian pulse (+) dan (-) akan menimbulkan pergeseran ion dalam batere. Demikian juga bila menelpon dgn waktu lama, batere akan panas krn batere dipaksa menggeser ion yg lebih banyak untuk mengeluarkan arus besar. Batere Siemens mempunyai 3 terminal, 1Power+,2Monitoring Capacity,3Ground. Monitoring kapasitas diperoleh dgn perbandingan tegangan. Kalau tdk salah, circuitnya mirip dgn prinsip Thevenin. Batere Notebook punya circuit internal yg lebih canggih lagi, pernah saya buka baterenya merk NEC, wajar kalo Windows bisa monitoring secara realtime dan presisi.

EEPROM = Electrically Erasable Read Only Memory. Sejenis chip memory yg bisa menyimpan data secara permanen, dan kemudian bisa dihapus/ditulisi secara elektronis. Siemens phone make ini utk penyimpanan data/setting fasilitas, klo gak salah kayak profiles gprs,notes,bookmarks dll. Penggunaan EEPROM paling umum adalah utk BIOS motherboard, BIOS DVD/VCD player, TV, Handycam dll. Biasanya EEPROM berfungsi sbg program dasar bagaimana sebuah device itu bekerja sebagaimana mestinya. EEPROM bekerja dalam 2 mode, serial dan paralel. Mode serial paling populer di Industrial adalah Serial I2C, paling banyak dipake utk perangkat mobile. Sedangkan mode Paralel biasa dipake buat BIOS motherboard dan VCD player dan kapasitas rata2 dalam Mbits. Untuk arti prefix A,C,M,S,SL,SX dsb, mungkin hanya sbg penggolongan dan utk membedakan feature dan pangsa pasarnya. Coba check link ini', http://www.mobile-review.com/articles/2003/classification2-en.shtml Siemens' Firmware Update Tentang firmware update Siemens -- masih banyak yg keliru mendefinisikannya -- gak ada yg non-official atau tidak resmi. Semua sama2 rilis resmi dari Siemens, baik dlm bentuk paket UpdateTool maupun ServiceTool (a.k.a WINSWUP). Bedanya: UpdateTool: 1. ditujukan langsung ke pengguna ponsel Siemens. 2. bisa dijalanin dgn semua tipe kabel data. 3. mudah digunakan. 4. jika proses update tiba2 terhenti, update gak bisa diulangi dari awal (ponsel matot). ServiceTool: 1. ditujukan ke partner Siemens. 2. hanya bisa dijalanin dgn kabel data yg memiliki fungsi "flashing". 3. Lebih susah digunakan (menurut Siemens). Tp saya pikir justru tipe ini yg lebih mudah. 4. jika proses update tiba2 terhenti, update masih bisa diulangi dari awal. AMPS Advance Mobile Phone Service. Merupakan teknologi standar transmisi nirkabel analog yang mulai diluncurkan tahun 1980-an di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada. AMPS beroperasi pada gelombang 800MHz. Lihat juga N-AMPS (Narrowband AMPS) Airtime Waktu yang dihitung oleh penyedia jaringan untuk menentukan biaya yang dikenakan. Penggunaannya termasuk pengiriman dan penerimaan panggilan dan transmisi nirkabel lainnya seperti faks, email atau file data. Beberapa penyedia jaringan mungkin saja membulatkan hitungan dalam menit, meskipun hanya digunakan beberapa detik saja. Aksesoris Berbagai macam pilihan perangkat tambahan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas ponsel nirkabel, termasuk baterai dan charger cepat, di perjalanan atau dekstop, headset kit,

car kit, wadah dan klip ikat pinggang. Analog Metode transmisi atau cara pengiriman suara, video dan data dengan sinyal (seperti listrik atau gelombang suara) yang bersifat variabel dan kurang aman dibanding dengan transmisi digital. Dalam konteks komunikasi nirkabel, analog mengacu pada jaringan transmisi yang dibangun pada era 1980-an dan menggunakan teknologi analog, bukan digital. Lihat juga Digital. Antena Piranti fisik untuk mengirim dan menerima sinyal radio. Ada beragam bentuk dan ukuran antena. Beberapa ponsel nirkabel memiliki antena built-in. ada juga pemilik ponsel yang menggunakan antena mobil untuk mempertinggi daya tangkap dan transmisi. CDMA adalah pengembangan dari teknologi AMPS yang sekarang sudah tidak ada lagi. teknologi CDMA di adopsi dari teknologi militer, yang katanya akan lebih aman atau tidak mudah disadap.terus biaya telponnya akan lebih murah dan cepat. tapi, pada prinsipnya, keduanya cuman beda teknik mengkodekan gelombang suara menjadi gelombang radio. jadi, analoginya seperti radio am dan fm. seperti tv pal dan ntsc. dsb... cuman beda cara mengirimkan sinyal aja. yg penting, hasilnya (hampir) sama. yaitu, sama sama bisa buat nelpon.

AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone Service didirikan berdasarkan American standard technology yang 'hanya' ditujukan untuk komunikasi voice (analog). 'mungkin' pada saat keluar pertama kali digunakan untuk memberikan kenyamanan kepada subsciber PSTN (fixed phone) yang butuh 'mobile' dalam aktivitasnya. CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access Teknologi komunikasi seluler paling akhir (untuk saat ini) yang diadopsi dari

American millitary technology. CDMA memakai Vocoder 13 Kbps yang menghasilkan suara yang hampir mendekati suara aslinya (untuk info : GSM 1800 dalam kondisi EFR akan menghasilkan suara yang mendekati Vocoder CMDA ini). Untuk handover (perpindahan BTS yang meng-cover) CDMA memakai fitur soft-handoff yang secara otomatis memilih sinyal dari BTS yang terkuat / terdekat untuk meng-cover handphone-nya dari drop-call. GSM 1800 juga sudah memakai fitur ini (namun biasanya terbentur pada lemahnya jarak pancar). Manfaat CDMA yang bisa dinilai lebih dibanding sistem yang lain antara lain : kenyamanan dalam hal komunikasi, sedikitnya tingkat drop-call, bagusnya koneksi, fitur2 yang aman (kode, enkripsi dan autentifikasi data voice / data), dll. UMTS? (Universal Mobile Telephone Service) is a Third Generation (3G) Mobile System being developed by ETSI? within the ITU?s IMT-2000 framework. It will provide data speeds of up to 2 Mbps, making portable videophones a reality. WRC 2000 identified the frequency bands 1885-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz for future IMT-2000 systems, with the bands 1980-2010 MHz and 2170-2200 MHz intended for the satellite part of these future systems. 3G hanya sebutan untuk generasi telekomunikasi mobile. 2G = voice(50) + sms(50)

2,5G = voice(40) + sms(40) + data(20, ada mms,gprs dan ums) 3G = voice digabung ama video (lebih mengarah ke streaming data yg butuh bandwith besar). semoga bermanfaat ya..... tambahin dong istila istilah ponsel biar nambah pengetahuan tentang ponsel ya... salam kenal buat mas qunto dan moderator2 lainya yang pada baik baik... semoga kita kita semua termaksud orang orang yang bermanfaat ya...amiiiiin wass Apakah "Symbian" : "Symbian sendiri merupakan sebuah perusahaan patungan antara Nakio, Motorola, Ericsson, Matsushita, dan Psion. Symbian didirikan untuk membuat sistem operasi yang optimum untuk perangkat bergerak yang diberi nama Symbian OS. Semenjak berdiri hingga sekarang, Symbian OS telah memimpin dalam industri perangkat bergerak seperti communicator dan smartphones. Symbian OS dirancang untuk perangkat bergerak yang mengutamakan efisiensi penggunaan sumber daya memori dan baterai. Platform symbian terbuka untuk umum dengan pustaka API yang cukup lengkap, sehingga banyak aplikasi-aplikasi yang sudah dibuat untuk sistem operasi ini. Aplikasi dapat dibuat dengan beberapa bahasa seperti C++, Java, atau bahkan VB. Sistem operasinya sendiri dibuat dengan bahasa C++." SYMBIAN OS Definisi umum: "Merupakan Sistem operasi yg banyak dipergunakan pd smart ponsel yg memungkinkan user utk menambahkan aplikasi-aplikasi (berbasis Symbian) yg diinginkan seperti layaknya pd sebuah Windows pada PC." Definisi teknis: "Symbian OS adalah sistem operasi 32 bit, dengan konsep little endian dan berjalan pada beberapa tipe arsitektur mikroprosessor ARM. Symbian proses bekerja dengan prinsip preemptive multitasking. Dukungan terhadap device-device terintegrasi dalam kernel sebagai kernel extension yang ditulis dalam DLL (dynamic linking library) yang terpisah. Kernel berjalan dalam mode privileged dan memberikan servis ke aplikasi yang berjalan dalam mode unprivileged lewat user library. Symbian OS juga memberikan kumpulan-kumpulan library seperti networking (TCP/IP, PPP, FTP), Communication (Bluetooth, IrDA). Untuk mengakses servis-servis tersebut dengan menggunakan konsep hubungan client-server. Client menggunakan servis API yang diberikan oleh server untuk berkomunikasi dengan server. Semua hubungan komunikasi client-server diatur oleh kernel." Symbian OS memiliki beberapa kelebihan diantaranya sebagai berikut: - Small, kaya feature.

- Platform terbuka untuk aplikasi-aplikasi third-party. - Konektifitas yang baik dengan perangkat lain. - Platform yang berkembang. - High performance, 32 bit OS dengan preemptive multitasking. - Long battery life. - Dukungan dan komitmen dari pembuat ponsel dunia. - Aplikasi yang dapat dirancang sekali dan berjalan pada beberapa device. Lebih jauh tentang SYMBIAN (sejarah, arsitektur, etc..) : Sistem_Operasi_Symbian_v1.1.pdf © 2004 Mauldy Laya

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