Gender Equity In The Classroom
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Sex Equity in the Classroom Shlomo Swan-Azmon & Andrew Paetkau
Typical Stereotypes
Brain Development Differences Brains of males and females develop differently. There are exceptions. The frontal lobe develops quicker in females. Responsible for governing decision making. Makes females less impulsive than males. The brain area responsible for spatialmechanical functions develops quicker in males. Female brains communicate across hemisphere. Making females better at multitasking. Male brains communicate within the hemisphere. Better suited for a single task. Can cause boys to get irritated when transitioning between tasks.
Sex
Male
Female
Processing
Highly task focused
Better at multi-tasking
More agressive and
Less aggressive and
impulsive
impulsive
Less connectivity between
Absorb more emotive &
memories & feelings.
sensorial info.
Chemistry
Structural
Reflect more briefly on
Brain Activity
emotion, analyze emotions and move on.
Ruminate and revisit emotions and memories
** Generalized differences in typical brains.
Province
0 to 8 years Women
Men
Some high school Women Men
High school diploma Women Men
Some postsecondary Women Men
Postsecondary certificate or Women diploma Men
University degree Women Men
percentage Canada
2.2
2.7
6.6
9.2
19.4
19.7
6.3
6.5
37.2
36.8
28.1
25.1
Newfoundland and Labrador Prince Edward Island
4.2
6.2
10.2
11.0
16.9
17.5
4.6
6.6
44.4
43.6
19.7
15.0
1.7
5.4
8.5
14.8
18.7
21.3
6.5
7.2
41.8
35.4
22.8
16.2
Nova Scotia
1.6
3.6
9.0
12.7
17.8
17.0
6.4
6.4
40.0
39.2
25.2
21.0
New Brunswick
2.9
5.5
7.0
9.9
22.0
22.8
7.3
6.5
38.9
37.7
22.0
17.6
Quebec
3.1
4.2
8.4
10.8
15.8
14.8
5.4
5.5
41.4
41.9
26.0
22.8
Ontario
2.0
2.1
5.7
7.8
19.7
20.6
5.4
6.2
36.3
34.8
30.9
28.5
Manitoba
2.9
2.9
7.6
12.6
23.0
22.6
8.8
9.4
33.4
32.8
24.3
19.8
Saskatchewan
1.3
2.1
5.6
11.4
23.5
27.6
7.4
7.2
39.1
34.1
23.0
17.4
Alberta
1.4
1.8
7.3
9.3
21.7
20.6
7.1
6.2
35.9
38.5
26.8
23.6
British Columbia
1.6
1.6
5.0
7.7
21.7
22.6
9.4
9.0
32.8
32.5
29.5
26.7
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey, 2009.
Strategic Teaching Based On Sex Differences Encouraging competitiveness. Debate & goal oriented activities.
Role Models Single-sex learning (largely debated). A. More opportunity to explore
Active Learning
interests and careers without social pressure.
Learning stations, bingo games, acting.
B. Gender differences are not black and white.
Choosing learning topics. Reading graphic novels.
C. Limited co-operative work with the opposite sex.
Teaching To Promote Sex Equity Avoiding stereotypes Ask both sexes to be group leaders and participate in physical work. Avoid stereotypical phrases and labels. Promote students to engage in activities & careers that don’t correspond to cultural stereotypes. Promoting integration Encouraging cross-sex collaboration. Integrated seating plans. Treating male and females equally. Equal opportunity to participate. Avoiding sex disparity in curricular materials Equal representation of authors, scientists, politicians, etc.
Sex Bias in Special Education and Disorder Diagnosis Males outnumber girls in special education at a rate of 2 to 1. Are males overrepresented? Are females underrepresented? Most referrals for behavioural concerns and disorders are for boys. Females and males exhibit different behaviours. Epidemiological research indicates the current rate of Aspergers should be 4:1 (M:F). Current rate of Aspergers is 10:1 (M:F). Autistic girls are misdiagnosed (Brown, 2016, P.1 & Frances, 2013). Diagnosis criteria for autism spectrum disorder is male based. High functioning autism in girls often goes undiagnosed. Sex-bias? Recent studies show autistic girls are demonstrating traits of typical boys their age, not autistic boys of their age. Females protective effect (F.P.E.).
Questions?
Bibliography Alber, R. (2017). Gender Equity in the Classroom. Retrieved from https://www.edutopia.org/blog/gender-equity-classroom-rebecca-alber Atwood, T. (2006). The patterns of abilities and development of girls with asperges’s syndrome . Bee, J. R. Signs of Autism in Girls [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.verywellhealth.com/signs-of-autism-in-girls-260304 Fattigh-Smith, M. (2010). COMMENTARY: Disproportionate referral rates may falsely impact the ratio of girls and women on the spectrum. Journal on Developmental Disabilities, 16(1), 53. Froese-Germain, B. (2004). Are Schools Really Shortchanging Boys? Reality Check on the new Gender Gap: 1. Orbit, 34(1), 3. Hango, D. (2011). Statistics Men vs Women in Science [Image]. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-006-x/2013001/article/11874-eng.htm Halladay, A. K., Bishop, S., Constantino, J. N., Daniels, A. M., Koenig, K., Palmer, K., . . . Szatmari, P. (2015). Sex and gender differences in autism spectrum disorder: Summarizing evidence gaps and identifying emerging areas of priority. Molecular Autism, 6(1), 36.
doi:10.1186/s13229-015-0019-y
Hicsasmaz, I., & Schlesinger, S. (2016, February 9). Boys and Girls and Everything In Between. Retrieved from https://www.thelittlehawk.com/27735/feature/boys-and-girls-and-everything-in-between/ King, K., and Gurian, M. (2006). Teaching to the Minds of Boys. Retrieved from http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/sept06/vol64/num01/Teaching-to-the-Minds-of-Boys.aspx Lenroot, R. K., & Giedd, J. N. (2010). Sex differences in the adolescent brain. Brain and Cognition, 72(1), 46-55. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.10.008 Lynch, M. (2016). 3 Signs of Gender Discrimination in the Classroom You Need to Know Retrieved from https://www.theedadvocate.org/3-signs-gender-discrimination-classroom-need-know/ McIntyre, E., Hulan, N., & Layne, V. (2011). Reading Instruction for Diverse Classrooms: Research-Based,Culturally Responsive Practice. McMahan, I., and Thompson, S. (2015). Adolescence: Canadian Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc.
Nasser, A. (2016). The Difference Between Girls and Boys in Learning Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311855897_The_Difference_Between_Girls_and_Boys_in_Learning N.A. Male and Female Brain Differences [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/hope-relationships/201402/brain-differences-between-genders Rudy, L. J. (2018) Differences in Diagnosing Autism in Girls and Boys Retrieved from https://www.verywellhealth.com/differences-between-boys-and-girls-with-autism-260307 Wehmeyer, M., & Schwartz, M. (2001). Disproportionate Representation of Males in Special Education Services: Biology, Behavior, or Bias? Education and Treatment of Children, 24(1), 28-45. Sadker, D. (2002, November). An Educator's Primer to the Gender War. Retrieved from https://www.sadker.org/educatorsprimer.html Sommers, C. H. (2000). The war against boys: How misguided feminism is harming our young men. New York: Simon & Schuster. Statistics Canada. (2009). Table 2 Distribution of women and men aged 25 to 54, by province and highest level of educational attainment, 2009 Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/89-503-x/2010001/article/11542/tbl/tbl002-eng.htm Szalavitz, M. (2016). Autism- Its different in Girls Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/autism-it-s-different-in-girls/ Walsh, F. (2012, May 16). The most important photo ever taken? [Image] Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/health-18041884 Wehmeyer, M., & Schwartz, M. (2001). Disproportionate Representation of Males in Special Education Services: Biology, Behavior, or Bias? Education and Treatment of Children, 24(1), 28-45.
Typical Stereotypes
Brain Development Differences Brains of males and females develop differently. There are exceptions. The frontal lobe develops quicker in females. Responsible for governing decision making. Makes females less impulsive than males. The brain area responsible for spatialmechanical functions develops quicker in males. Female brains communicate across hemisphere. Making females better at multitasking. Male brains communicate within the hemisphere. Better suited for a single task. Can cause boys to get irritated when transitioning between tasks.
Sex
Male
Female
Processing
Highly task focused
Better at multi-tasking
More agressive and
Less aggressive and
impulsive
impulsive
Less connectivity between
Absorb more emotive &
memories & feelings.
sensorial info.
Chemistry
Structural
Reflect more briefly on
Brain Activity
emotion, analyze emotions and move on.
Ruminate and revisit emotions and memories
** Generalized differences in typical brains.
Province
0 to 8 years Women
Men
Some high school Women Men
High school diploma Women Men
Some postsecondary Women Men
Postsecondary certificate or Women diploma Men
University degree Women Men
percentage Canada
2.2
2.7
6.6
9.2
19.4
19.7
6.3
6.5
37.2
36.8
28.1
25.1
Newfoundland and Labrador Prince Edward Island
4.2
6.2
10.2
11.0
16.9
17.5
4.6
6.6
44.4
43.6
19.7
15.0
1.7
5.4
8.5
14.8
18.7
21.3
6.5
7.2
41.8
35.4
22.8
16.2
Nova Scotia
1.6
3.6
9.0
12.7
17.8
17.0
6.4
6.4
40.0
39.2
25.2
21.0
New Brunswick
2.9
5.5
7.0
9.9
22.0
22.8
7.3
6.5
38.9
37.7
22.0
17.6
Quebec
3.1
4.2
8.4
10.8
15.8
14.8
5.4
5.5
41.4
41.9
26.0
22.8
Ontario
2.0
2.1
5.7
7.8
19.7
20.6
5.4
6.2
36.3
34.8
30.9
28.5
Manitoba
2.9
2.9
7.6
12.6
23.0
22.6
8.8
9.4
33.4
32.8
24.3
19.8
Saskatchewan
1.3
2.1
5.6
11.4
23.5
27.6
7.4
7.2
39.1
34.1
23.0
17.4
Alberta
1.4
1.8
7.3
9.3
21.7
20.6
7.1
6.2
35.9
38.5
26.8
23.6
British Columbia
1.6
1.6
5.0
7.7
21.7
22.6
9.4
9.0
32.8
32.5
29.5
26.7
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey, 2009.
Strategic Teaching Based On Sex Differences Encouraging competitiveness. Debate & goal oriented activities.
Role Models Single-sex learning (largely debated). A. More opportunity to explore
Active Learning
interests and careers without social pressure.
Learning stations, bingo games, acting.
B. Gender differences are not black and white.
Choosing learning topics. Reading graphic novels.
C. Limited co-operative work with the opposite sex.
Teaching To Promote Sex Equity Avoiding stereotypes Ask both sexes to be group leaders and participate in physical work. Avoid stereotypical phrases and labels. Promote students to engage in activities & careers that don’t correspond to cultural stereotypes. Promoting integration Encouraging cross-sex collaboration. Integrated seating plans. Treating male and females equally. Equal opportunity to participate. Avoiding sex disparity in curricular materials Equal representation of authors, scientists, politicians, etc.
Sex Bias in Special Education and Disorder Diagnosis Males outnumber girls in special education at a rate of 2 to 1. Are males overrepresented? Are females underrepresented? Most referrals for behavioural concerns and disorders are for boys. Females and males exhibit different behaviours. Epidemiological research indicates the current rate of Aspergers should be 4:1 (M:F). Current rate of Aspergers is 10:1 (M:F). Autistic girls are misdiagnosed (Brown, 2016, P.1 & Frances, 2013). Diagnosis criteria for autism spectrum disorder is male based. High functioning autism in girls often goes undiagnosed. Sex-bias? Recent studies show autistic girls are demonstrating traits of typical boys their age, not autistic boys of their age. Females protective effect (F.P.E.).
Questions?
Bibliography Alber, R. (2017). Gender Equity in the Classroom. Retrieved from https://www.edutopia.org/blog/gender-equity-classroom-rebecca-alber Atwood, T. (2006). The patterns of abilities and development of girls with asperges’s syndrome . Bee, J. R. Signs of Autism in Girls [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.verywellhealth.com/signs-of-autism-in-girls-260304 Fattigh-Smith, M. (2010). COMMENTARY: Disproportionate referral rates may falsely impact the ratio of girls and women on the spectrum. Journal on Developmental Disabilities, 16(1), 53. Froese-Germain, B. (2004). Are Schools Really Shortchanging Boys? Reality Check on the new Gender Gap: 1. Orbit, 34(1), 3. Hango, D. (2011). Statistics Men vs Women in Science [Image]. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-006-x/2013001/article/11874-eng.htm Halladay, A. K., Bishop, S., Constantino, J. N., Daniels, A. M., Koenig, K., Palmer, K., . . . Szatmari, P. (2015). Sex and gender differences in autism spectrum disorder: Summarizing evidence gaps and identifying emerging areas of priority. Molecular Autism, 6(1), 36.
doi:10.1186/s13229-015-0019-y
Hicsasmaz, I., & Schlesinger, S. (2016, February 9). Boys and Girls and Everything In Between. Retrieved from https://www.thelittlehawk.com/27735/feature/boys-and-girls-and-everything-in-between/ King, K., and Gurian, M. (2006). Teaching to the Minds of Boys. Retrieved from http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/sept06/vol64/num01/Teaching-to-the-Minds-of-Boys.aspx Lenroot, R. K., & Giedd, J. N. (2010). Sex differences in the adolescent brain. Brain and Cognition, 72(1), 46-55. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.10.008 Lynch, M. (2016). 3 Signs of Gender Discrimination in the Classroom You Need to Know Retrieved from https://www.theedadvocate.org/3-signs-gender-discrimination-classroom-need-know/ McIntyre, E., Hulan, N., & Layne, V. (2011). Reading Instruction for Diverse Classrooms: Research-Based,Culturally Responsive Practice. McMahan, I., and Thompson, S. (2015). Adolescence: Canadian Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc.
Nasser, A. (2016). The Difference Between Girls and Boys in Learning Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311855897_The_Difference_Between_Girls_and_Boys_in_Learning N.A. Male and Female Brain Differences [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/hope-relationships/201402/brain-differences-between-genders Rudy, L. J. (2018) Differences in Diagnosing Autism in Girls and Boys Retrieved from https://www.verywellhealth.com/differences-between-boys-and-girls-with-autism-260307 Wehmeyer, M., & Schwartz, M. (2001). Disproportionate Representation of Males in Special Education Services: Biology, Behavior, or Bias? Education and Treatment of Children, 24(1), 28-45. Sadker, D. (2002, November). An Educator's Primer to the Gender War. Retrieved from https://www.sadker.org/educatorsprimer.html Sommers, C. H. (2000). The war against boys: How misguided feminism is harming our young men. New York: Simon & Schuster. Statistics Canada. (2009). Table 2 Distribution of women and men aged 25 to 54, by province and highest level of educational attainment, 2009 Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/89-503-x/2010001/article/11542/tbl/tbl002-eng.htm Szalavitz, M. (2016). Autism- Its different in Girls Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/autism-it-s-different-in-girls/ Walsh, F. (2012, May 16). The most important photo ever taken? [Image] Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/health-18041884 Wehmeyer, M., & Schwartz, M. (2001). Disproportionate Representation of Males in Special Education Services: Biology, Behavior, or Bias? Education and Treatment of Children, 24(1), 28-45.
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