G-code - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

G-code - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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G-code From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

G-code is a common name for the programming language that controls NC and CNC machine tools. Developed by the Electronic Industries Alliance in the early 1960s, a final revision was approved in February 1980 as RS274D. Due to the lack of further development, the immense variety of machine tool configurations, and little demand for interoperability, few machine tool controllers (CNCs) adhere to this standard. Extensions and variations have been added independently by manufacturers, and operators of a specific controller must be aware of differences of each manufacturers' product. When initially introduced, CAM systems were limited in the configurations of tools supported. Manufacturers attempted to overcome compatibility difficulties by standardizing on a machine tool controller built by Fanuc. Unfortunately, Fanuc does not remain consistent with RS-274 or its own previous standard, and has been slow at adding new features and exploiting the increase in computing power. For example, they changed G70/G71 to G20/G21; they used parentheses for comments which caused difficulty when they introduced mathematical calculations so the use square parentheses for macro calculations; they now have nano technology recently in 32-bit mode but in the Fanuc 15MB control they introduced HPCC (high-precision contour control) which uses a 64-bit RISC (reduced instruction set computer) processor and this now has a 500 block buffer for look-ahead for correct shape contouring and surfacing of small block programs and 5-axis continuous machining. This is also used for NURBS to be able to work closely with industrial designers and the systems that are used to design flowing surfaces. The NURBS has its origins from the ship building industry and is described by using a knot and a weight as for bending steamed wooden planks and beams.

Contents






1 Examples 2 Example 3 Basic ISO CNC Code 4 See also 5 External links

Examples G-code is also the name of any word in a CNC program that begins with the letter G, and generally is a code telling the machine tool what type of action to perform, such as:








rapid move controlled feed move in a straight line or arc series of controlled feed moves that would result in a hole being bored, a workpiece cut (routed) to a specific dimension, or a decorative profile shape added to the edge of a workpiece. change a pallet set tool information such as offset.

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There are other codes; the type codes can be thought of like registers in a computer X absolute position Y absolute position Z absolute position A position (rotary around X) B position (rotary around Y) C position (rotary around Z) U Relative axis parallel to X V Relative axis parallel to Y W Relative axis parallel to Z M code (another "action" register or Machine code(*)) (otherwise referred to as a "Miscellaneous" function") F feed rate S spindle speed N line number R Arc radius or optional word passed to a subprogram/canned cycle P Dwell time or optional word passed to a subprogram/canned cycle T Tool selection I Arc data X axis J Arc data Y axis. K Arc data Z axis, or optional word passed to a subprogram/canned cycle D Cutter diameter/radius offset H Tool length offset (*) M codes control the overall machine, causing it to stop, start, turn on coolant, etc., whereas other codes pertain to the path traversed by cutting tools. Different machine tools may use the same code to perform different functions; even machines that use the same CNC control. Common Fanuc G Codes Description

Code G00

Rapid positioning

G01

Linear interpolation

G02

CW circular interpolation

G03

CCW circular interpolation

G04

Dwell

G05.1 Q1.

Ai Nano contour control

G05 P10000

HPCC

G10/G11

Programmable Data input/Data write cancel

G17

X-Y plane selection

G18

X-Z plane selection

G19

Y-Z plane selection

G20

Programming in inches

G21

Programming in mm

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G28

Return to home position

G30

2nd reference point return

G31

Skip function (used for probes and tool length measurement systems)

G33

Constant pitch threading

G34

Variable pitch threading

G40

Tool radius compensation off

G41

Tool radius compensation left

G42

Tool radius compensation right

G43

Tool offset compensation positive

G44

Tool offset compensation negative

G45

Axis offset single increase

G46

Axis offset single decrease

G47

Axis offset double increase

G48

Axis offset double decrease

G49

Tool offset compensation cancel

G53

Machine co-ordinate system

G54 to G59

Work co-ordinate systems

G54.1 P1 to P48

Extended work co-ordinate systems

G73

High speed drilling canned cycle

G74

Left hand tapping canned cycle

G76

Fine boring canned cycle

G80

Cancel canned cycle

G81

Simple drilling cycle

G82

Drilling cycle with dwell

G83

Peck drilling cycle

G84

Tapping cycle

G84.2

Direct right hand tapping canned cycle

G90

Absolute programming (type B and C systems)

G91

Incremental programming (type B and C systems)

G92

Programming of absolute zero point

G94/G95

Inch per minute/Inch per revolution feed (type A system)

G98/G99

Inch per minute/Inch per revolution feed (type B and C systems)

G96/G97

Constant cutting speed (Constant surface speed)/Constant rotation speed (constant RPM)

A standardized version of G-code known as BCL is used, but only on very few machines.

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G-code files may be generated by CAM software. Those applications typically use translators called post-processors to output code optimized for a particular machine type or family. Post-processors are often user-editable to enable further customization, if necessary. G-code is also output by specialized CAD systems used to design printed circuit boards. Such software must be customized for each type of machine tool that it will be used to program. Some G-code is written by hand for volume production jobs. In this environment, the inherent inefficiency of CAM-generated G-code is unacceptable. Some CNC machines use "conversational" programming, which is a wizard-like programming mode that either hides G-code or completely bypasses the use of G-code. Some popular examples are Southwestern Industries' ProtoTRAK, Mazak's Mazatrol, Hurco's Ultimax and Mori Seiki's CAPS conversational software.

Example This is a generic program that demonstrates the use of G-Code to turn a 1" diameter X 1" long part. Assume that a bar of material is in the machine and that the bar is slightly oversized in length and diameter and that the bar protrudes by more than 1" from the face of the chuck. (Caution: This is generic, it might not work on any real machine! Pay particular attention to point 5 below.)

Line

Code

N01 M216 N02

G00 X20 Z20

Sample Description Turn on load monitor Rapid move away from the part, to ensure the starting position of the tool

N03 G50 S2000 Set Maximum spindle speed N04 M01

Optional stop

N05 T0303 M6

Select tool #3 from the carousel, use tool offset values located in line 3 of the program table, index the turret to select new tool

G96 S854 N06 M42 M03 M08

Variable speed cutting, 854 ft/min, High spindle gear, Start spindle CW rotation, Turn the flood coolant on

N07

G00 X1.1 Z1.1

Rapid feed to a point 0.1" from the end of the bar and 0.05" from the side

N08

G01 Z1.0 F.05

Feed in horizontally until the tool is standing 1" from the datum

N09 X0.0

Feed down until the tool is on center - Face the end of the bar

N10 G00 Z1.1

Rapid feed 0.1" away from the end of the bar

N11 X1.0

Rapid feed up until the tool is standing at the finished OD

N12 G01 Z0.0

Feed in horizontally cutting the bar to 1" diameter all the way to the datum

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Tool Path for program

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G-code - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

N13 M05 M09 N14

G28 G91 X0

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Stop the spindle, Turn off the coolant Home X axis in the machine coordinate system, then home all other axes

N15 M215

Turn the load monitor off

N16 M30

Program stop, pallet change if applicable, rewind to beginning of the program

Several points to note: 1. There is room for some programming style, even in this short program. The grouping of codes in line N06 could have been put on multiple lines. Doing so may have made it easier to follow program execution. 2. Many codes are "Modal" meaning that they stay in effect until they are cancelled or replaced by a contradictory code. For example, once variable speed cutting had been selected (G96), it stayed in effect until the end of the program. In operation, the spindle speed would increase as the tool neared the center of the work in order to maintain a constant cutting speed. Similarly, once rapid feed was selected (G00) all tool movements would be rapid until a feed rate code (G01, G02, G03) was selected. 3. It is common practice to use a load monitor with CNC machinery. The load monitor will stop the machine if the spindle or feed loads exceed a preset value that is set during the set-up operation. The job of the load monitor is to prevent machine damage in the event of tool breakage or a programming mistake. On small or hobby machines, it can warn of a tool that is becoming dull and needs to be replaced or sharpened. 4. It is common practice to bring the tool in rapidly to a "safe" point that is close to the part - in this case 0.1" away - and then start feeding the tool. How close that "safe" distance is, depends on the skill of the programmer and maximum material condition for the raw stock. 5. If the program is wrong, there is a high probability that the machine will crash, or ram the tool into the part under high power. This can be costly, especially in newer machining centers. It is possible to intersperse the program with optional stops (M01 code) which allow the program to be run piecemeal for testing purposes. The optional stops remain in the program but they are skipped during the normal running of the machine. Thankfully, most CAD/CAM software ships with CNC simulators that will display the movement of the tool as the program executes. Many modern CNC machines also allow programmers to execute the program in a simulation mode and observe the operating parameters of the machine at a particular execution point. This enables programmers to discover semantic errors (as opposed to syntax errors) before losing material or tools to an incorrect program. 6. For pedagogical purposes, line numbers have been included in the program above. They are usually not necessary for operation of a machine, so they are seldom used in industry. However, if branching or looping statements are used in the code, then line numbers may well be included as the target of those statements (e.g. GOTO N99).

Basic ISO CNC Code | M03, M04, M05 Spindle CW, Spindle CCW, Spindle Stop | M08, M09 Coolant/lubricant On, Coolant/lubricant Off M02 Program Stop

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M30 Program end, rewind M98 Subprogram call M99 Return to call program M00, M01 Program stop, optional stop | G96, G97 Constant surface speed, Constant Spindle speed G50 Maximum spindle speed G95, G94 Feed mm per revolution, feed mm/min G00, G01 rapid movement, Linear Interpolation (cutting in a straight line) | F Feed S Spindle Speed | direction Coordinates X Y Z A B C U V W

See also



Direct Numerical Control Gerber file

External links






Tutorial for G-code (http://www.linuxcnc.org/handbook/gcode/g-code.html) [http://www.isd.mel.nist.gov/personnel/kramer/pubs/RS274NGC_3.web/RS274NGC_3TOC.html The NIST RS274NGC Dolphin CADCAM (http://www.dolphin.gb.com)

Interpreter]

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