FreeBSD ãàðûí àâëàãà
FreeBSD áàðèìòæóóëàõ ò°ñ°ë
FreeBSD ãàðûí àâëàãà by FreeBSD áàðèìòæóóëàõ ò°ñ°ë Published 1999 îíû õî¼ðäóãààð ñàð Copyright © 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 FreeBSD
áàðèìòæóóëàõ ò°ñ°ë
Copyright © 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 FreeBSD-ã Ìîíãîëîîð áàðèìòæóóëàõ ò°ñ°ë FreeBSD-ä òàâòàé ìîðèëíî óó! Ýíý ãàðûí àâëàãà íü FreeBSD 6.4-RELEASE áîëîí FreeBSD 7.1-RELEASE õóâèëáàðóóäûí ñóóëãàöààñ ýõëýýä °ä°ð òóòìûí õýðýãëýýã òàéëáàðëàñàí áèëýý. Ýíý ãàðûí àâëàãà íü ò°ãñ äóóñààã³é á°ã°°ä ìàø îëîí õ³íèé õàìòûí á³òýýë þì. Çàðèì õýñýã íü õóó÷èð÷ øèíý÷ëýãäýõ øààðäëàãàòàé áàéæ áîëçîøã³é. Õýðýâ òà ýíý ò°ñ°ëä õóâü íýìðýý îðóóëæ, áèäýíä òóñëàõûã õ³ñâýë FreeBSD áàðèìòæóóëàõ ò°ñëèéí çàõèäëûí æàãñààëò (http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-doc) õàÿã ðóó çàõèà áè÷íý ³³. Ýíý ãàðûí àâëàãûí õàìãèéí ñ³³ëèéí õóâèëáàðûã FreeBSD âýá õóóäàñíààñ (http://www.FreeBSD.org/) òàòàæ àâ÷ áîëíî. (ýíý ãàðûí àâëàãûí °ìí°õ õóâèëáàðóóäûã http://docs.FreeBSD.org/doc/-ñ àâàõ áîëîìæòîé). Ì°í ÿíç á³ðèéí øàõàæ áýëòãýñýí õýëáýðýýð FreeBSD FTP ñåðâåðýýñ (ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/) ýñâýë òîëèí òóñãàë õóóäàñíààñ òàòàæ àâàãäàæ áîëíî. Õýðýâ òà ýíý ãàðûí àâëàãûí õýâëýñýí õóóëáàðûã àâàõûã õ³ñâýë FreeBSD Mall (http://www.freebsdmall.com/) õóóäñàíä çîð÷èíî óó. Òà ì°í ãàðûí àâëàãà äîòîð õàéëò õèéõ (http://www.FreeBSD.org/search/index.html) áîëîìæòîé.
Äîîðõ í°õö°ë, øààðäëàãóóäûã õàíãàñàí í°õö°ëä ýõ êîä (SGML DocBook) áîëîí ’ýìõýòãýãäñýí’ õýëáýð³³äèéã (SGML, HTML, õýðýãëýõ áóþó òàðààõ áîëîìæòîé:
PDF, PostScript, RTF áîëîí ãýõ çýðýã) ÿìàðâàà °°ð÷ë°ëò õèéæ áîëîí °°ð÷ë°ëòã³éãýýð
1. Ýõ êîäûã (SGML DocBook) äýýðõ ýçýìøèã÷èéí ýðõèéí òýìäýãëýë, áîëîí äîîðõ í°õö°ë øààðäëàãóóä áîëîí ç°ð÷èãä°õ òîõèîëäëóóäûí õàìòààð ýíý àéëûí ýõíèé ì°ðèéã õ°íä°ëã³éãýýð ò³ãýýíý. 2. Ýìõýòãýãäñýí õýëáýð³³äèéí (°°ð DTD-³³ä áîëîí õóâèðñàí, PDF, PostScript, RTF áîëîí áóñàä õýëáýðøèëò³³ä ð³³ õ°ðâ³³ëýãäñýí) äàõèí ò³ãýýëò³³ä íü äýýðõ ýçýìøèã÷èéí ýðõèéí òýìäýãëýë, äîîðõ í°õö°ë øààðäëàãóóä áîëîí ò³ãýýëòòýé öóã èðñýí áàðèìò áà/ýñâýë áóñàä ìàòåðèàëóóä äàõü ç°ð÷èõ òîõèîëäëóóäûã ³³ñãýõ ¼ñòîé.
Important: ÝÍÝ ÁÀ ÈÌÒ ÍÜ FREEBSD ÁÀ ÈÌÒÆÓÓËÀÕ ÒÑËÑ «ÁÀÉ ÀÀ ÁÀÉÄËÀÀ ÀÀ» ÝÑÝÍ ÍÕÖËÒÝÉ ÝÝ Ò ÝÝ ÄÝÆ ÁÀÉ ÀÀ Á Ä, ÝÍÝ ÍÜ ÕÓÄÀËÄÀÀÍÛ, ÒÎÄÎ ÕÎÉ ÍÝ ÁÎËÎÍ ÁÓÑÀÄ ÇÎ ÈË ÎÄ ÍÈÉÖÝÕ ÁÀÒÀË ÀÀ ÁÎËÎÕ É. ÇÀÉËØ É Ý ÕÀ ÈÓÖËÀ À ÝÑÂÝË /ÁÓ ÓÓ ÕÝ Ý ËÝÑÍÝÝÑ/ (ÕÀÉÕ ÀÌÆ É ÁÀÉÄÀË ÁÀ ÁÓÑÀÄ) ÇÝ Ý ÝÍÝ ÁÀ ÈÌÒÛ ÕÝ Ý ËÝÑÍÝÝÑ ÄÑÝÍ ÀËÈÂÀÀ ØÓÓÄ, ØÓÓÄ ÁÓÑ, ÒÎÕÈÎËÄËÛÍ, ÇÎ ÈÓÄÛÍ , ÇÀ ÂÀ ×ÈËÑÀÍ, ÝÑÂÝË ÄÀ ÀÂÀ ÁÎËÑÎÍ (ÇÀÕÈÀËÑÀÍ ÁÒÝÝ ÄÝÕÍ, ÉË×ÈË ÝÝ Î ËÓÓËÀÕ, ÕÝ Ý ËÝÝÍÈÉ ÅÈÉÍ ÄË, ÕÝ Ý ËÝÝ, ÀØ ÈÉÍ ÀËÄÀ ÄÀË, ÝÑÂÝË ÁÈÇÍÅÑÈÉÍ ÉË ÀÆÈËËÀ ÀÀ ÒÀÑÀËÄÓÓËÀÕ ÇÝ ÈÉ Î ÓÓËÀÕ Á Ä ÝÝ ÕßÇ ÀÀ ËÀ ÄÀÕ É) ÝÕ ÌÝÒ ßÌÀ × ÒÎÕÈÎËÄÎËÄ, ÕÝÄÈÉ ÈÉÌ ÕÎÕÈ ÎË À × ÁÎËÇÎØ É ÀÍÕÀÀ ÓÓËÑÀÍ ÁÀÉÑÀÍ × ÍÝÝÑ ÄÑÝÍ ÕÎÕÈ ÎËÄ FREEBSD ÁÀ ÈÌÒÆÓÓËÀÕ ÒÑË ÍÜ ÕÓÓËÜ ÑÍÛ ÕÀ ÈÓÖËÀ À ÕËÝÝÕ É.
FreeBSD íü FreeBSD Ñàíãèéí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýã þì.
3Com áîëîí HomeConnect íü 3Com Êîðïîðàöèéí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. 3ware áîëîí Escalade íü 3ware Inc-èéí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì.
ARM íü ARM Limited-èéí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýã þì.
Adaptec íü Adaptec, Inc-èéí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýã þì.
Adobe, Acrobat, Acrobat Reader, áîëîí PostScript íü á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä ýñâýë Adobe Systems Incorporated-èéí
Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñ áà/ýñâýë áóñàä óëñóóä äàõü õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. Apple, AirPort, FireWire, Mac, Macintosh, Mac OS, Quicktime, áîëîí TrueType íü Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñ áà/ýñâýë áóñàä óëñóóäàä á³ðòãýãäñýí Apple Computer, Inc.-èéí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. Corel áîëîí WordPerfect íü Êàíàä, Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñ áà/ýñâýë áóñàä óëñóóä äàõü Corel êîðïîðàöè áà/ýñâýë ò³³íèé ñàëáàðóóäûí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. Sound Blaster íü Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñ áà/ýñâýë áóñàä óëñóóä äàõü Creative Technology Ltd.-èéí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. CVSup íü Æîí Ä. Ïîëñòðàãèéí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýã þì. Heidelberg, Helvetica, Palatino, áîëîí Times Roman íü ÀÍÓ áîëîí áóñàä óëñóóä äàõü Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG-èéí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä, àëü ýñâýë õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. IBM, AIX, EtherJet, Netfinity, OS/2, PowerPC, PS/2, S/390, áîëîí ThinkPad íü Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñ áîëîí áóñàä óëñóóä äàõü International Business Machines êîðïîðàöèéí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. IEEE, POSIX, áîëîí 802 íü Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñ äàõü Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers áóþó Öàõèëãààí áà Ýëåêòðîíû Èíæåíåð³³äèéí Ñóðãóóëèéí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. Intel, Celeron, EtherExpress, i386, i486, Itanium, Pentium, áîëîí Xeon íü Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñ áîëîí áóñàä óëñóóä äàõü Intel êîðïîðàöè ýñâýë ò³³íèé ñàëáàðóóäûí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä ýñâýë á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. Intuit áîëîí Quicken íü Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñ áîëîí áóñàä óëñóóä äàõü Intuit Inc. ýñâýë ò³³íèé àëü íýã ñàëáàðóóäûí á³ðòãýãäñýí òýìäýãí³³ä áà/ýñâýë á³ðòãýãäñýí ³éë÷èëãýýíèé òýìäýãí³³ä þì. Ëèíóêñ íü Ëèíóñ Òîðâàëäñûí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýã þì. LSI Logic, AcceleRAID, eXtremeRAID, MegaRAID áîëîí Mylex íü LSI Logic Corp-èéí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä ýñâýë á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. M-Systems áîëîí DiskOnChip íü M-Systems Flash Disk Pioneers, Ltd-èéí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä ýñâýë á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. Macromedia, Flash, áîëîí Shockwave Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñ áà/ýñâýë áóñàä óëñóóä äàõü Macromedia Inc-èéí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä ýñâýë á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. Microsoft, IntelliMouse, MS-DOS, Outlook, Windows, Windows Media áîëîí Windows NT íü Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñ áà/ýñâýë áóñàä óëñóóä äàõü Microsoft êîðïîðàöèéí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä ýñâýë õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. Netscape áîëîí Netscape Navigator íü Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñ áîëîí áóñàä óëñóóä äàõü Netscape Communications êîðïîðàöèéí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. GateD áîëîí NextHop íü Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñ áîëîí áóñàä óëñóóä äàõü NextHop-èéí á³ðòãýãäñýí ýñâýë á³ðòãýãäýýã³é õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. Motif, OSF/1, áîëîí UNIX íü Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñ áîëîí áóñàä óëñóóä äàõü The Open Group-èéí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä á°ã°°ä IT DialTone áà The Open Group íü Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñ áîëîí áóñàä óëñóóä äàõü The Open Group-èéí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. Oracle íü Oracle êîðïîðàöèéí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. PowerQuest áîëîí PartitionMagic íü Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñ áà/ýñâýë áóñàä óëñóóä äàõü PowerQuest êîðïîðàöèéí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. RealNetworks, RealPlayer, áîëîí RealAudio íü RealNetworks, Inc.-èéí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. Red Hat, RPM, íü Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñ áîëîí áóñàä óëñóóä äàõü Red Hat, Inc-èéí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä ýñâýë á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. SAP, R/3, áîëîí mySAP íü åðìàí áîëîí äýëõèé äàõèíû áóñàä óëñóóä äàõü SAP AG-èéí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä ýñâýë á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì.
Sun, Sun Microsystems, Java, Java Virtual Machine, JavaServer Pages, JDK, JRE, JSP, JVM, Netra, Solaris, StarOffice, Sun Blade, Sun
Enterprise, Sun Fire, SunOS, áîëîí Ultra íü Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñ áîëîí áóñàä óëñóóä äàõü Sun Microsystems, Inc-èéí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä ýñâýë á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. Symantec áîëîí Ghost íü Àìåðèêèéí Íýãäñýí Óëñ áîëîí áóñàä óëñóóä äàõü Symantec êîðïîðàöèéí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. MATLAB íü The MathWorks, Inc-èéí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýã þì. SpeedTouch íü Thomson-èé õóäàëäààíû òýìäýã þì. U.S. Robotics áîëîí Sportster íü U.S. Robotics êîðïîðàöèéí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. VMware íü VMware, Inc-èéí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýã þì. Waterloo Maple áîëîí Maple íü Waterloo Maple Inc-èéí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä ýñâýë á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. Mathematica íü Wolfram Research, Inc-èéí á³ðòãýãäñýí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýã þì. XFree86 íü XFree86 Project, Inc-èéí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýã þì. Ogg Vorbis áîëîí Xiph.Org íü Xiph.Org-èéí õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä þì. éëäâýðëýã÷èä áîëîí õóäàëäààëàã÷äûí °°ðèéíõ°° á³òýýãäýõ³³í³³ääýý àøèãëàäàã òýìäýãí³³äèéí îëîíõè íü õóäàëäààíû òýìäýã ãýæ õýëýãääýã. Òèéì õóäàëäààíû òýìäýãí³³ä ýíý áàðèìòàä ãàð÷ áàéõ ³åä, FreeBSD ò°ñ°ëä õóäàëäààíû òýìäýã ìýäýãäýæ áàéâàë òýìäýãí³³ä äýýð “™” ýñâýë “®” òýìäýãò íýìýãääýã.
Table of Contents ìí°õ ³ã ..................................................................................................................................................................xiv I. Ýõëýë ................................................................................................................................................................... xxii
1 Òàíèëöóóëãà ....................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà.................................................................................................................................1 1.2 FreeBSD-ä òàâòàé ìîðèëíî óó!.........................................................................................................1 1.3 FreeBSD Ò°ñëèéí òóõàé ....................................................................................................................4 2 FreeBSD ñóóëãàõ íü .......................................................................................................................................10 2.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...............................................................................................................................10 2.2 Ñèñòåìä òàâèãäàõ ò°õ°°ð°ìæèéí øààðäëàãà ............................................................................10 2.3 Ñóóëãàöûí °ìí° ...............................................................................................................................12 2.4 Ñóóëãàöûã ýõë³³ëýõ ........................................................................................................................18 2.5 Sysinstall-í òàíèëöóóëãà ..................................................................................................................25 2.6 Äèñêíèé çàéã çîõèöóóëàõ...............................................................................................................29 2.7 Þó ñóóëãàõàà ñîíãîõ .......................................................................................................................42 2.8 Ñóóëãàöûí ò°õ°°ð°ìæ°° ñîíãîõ...................................................................................................45 2.9 Ñóóëãàöûã áàòàëæ ã³éöýýõ ............................................................................................................47 2.10 Ñóóëãàöûí äàðààõ òîõèðãîî ........................................................................................................48 2.11 Õ³íäðýë òóëãàðâàë ........................................................................................................................78 2.12 Ñóóëãàöûí íýìýëò ãàðûí àâëàãà ................................................................................................81 2.13 °ðò°° çîðèóëæ òóñãàé ñóóëãàöûí ò°õ°°ð°ìæ áýëäýõ íü ....................................................83 3 Þíèêñèéí ³íäýñ ...........................................................................................................................................89 3.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...............................................................................................................................89 3.2 Âèðòóàë êîíñîë áîëîí òåðìèíàë ..................................................................................................89 3.3 Ç°âø°°ðë³³ä .....................................................................................................................................92 3.4 Ñàíãèéí á³òýö ...................................................................................................................................97 3.5 Äèñê çîõèîí áàéãóóëàëò ...............................................................................................................100 3.6 Ôàéë ñèñòåìèéã õîëáîõ áîëîí ñàëãàõ ........................................................................................106 3.7 Ïðîöåññ áóþó ïðîãðàìûí ÿâö......................................................................................................109 3.8 Äàëä ÷°òã°ð áóþó äýìîíóóä, äîõèîíóóä, ì°í ïðîöåññóóäûã çîãñîîõ íü ............................111 3.9 Shell áóþó á³ðõ³³ë .........................................................................................................................113 3.10 Òåêñò çàñâàðëàã÷èä .....................................................................................................................115 3.11 Ò°õ°°ð°ìæ áà ò°õ°°ð°ìæèéí öýã³³ä ......................................................................................116 3.12 Õî¼ðòûí õýëáýð³³ä......................................................................................................................116 3.13 Íýìýëò ìýäýýëýë îëæ àâàõ íü ...................................................................................................118 4 Ïðîãðàì ñóóëãàõ: Áàãöóóä áîëîí ïîðòóóä ............................................................................................121 4.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà.............................................................................................................................121 4.2 Ïðîãðàì ñóóëãàöûí åð°íõèé îéëãîëò ........................................................................................121 4.3 Ïðîãðàìàà îëîõ íü .........................................................................................................................123 4.4 Áàãöàëñàí ñèñòåìèéã õýðýãëýõ íü ...............................................................................................124 4.5 Ïîðòûí öóãëóóëãûã õýðýãëýõ íü.................................................................................................127 4.6 Ïîðò ñóóëãàñíû äàðààõ ³éëäë³³ä ..............................................................................................137 4.7 Ýâäðýëòýé ïîðòûã çàñàõ íü ..........................................................................................................138 5 X Öîíõîò ñèñòåì .........................................................................................................................................139 5.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà.............................................................................................................................139 5.2 X-ã òàíüæ ìýäýõ .............................................................................................................................139
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5.3 X11-ã ñóóëãàõ íü .............................................................................................................................142 5.4 X11-í òîõèðóóëãà ...........................................................................................................................143 5.5 X11 äýýð ³ñãèéí ìàÿã õýðýãëýõ íü ..............................................................................................147 5.6 X Display Manager áóþó õàðóóëàëò çîõèöóóëàã÷ ......................................................................151 5.7 Äýëãýöèéí îð÷èí ............................................................................................................................154
II.
Íèéòëýã àñóóäëóóä .......................................................................................................................................159 6 Øèðýýíèé ïðîãðàìóóä ..............................................................................................................................160 6.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà.............................................................................................................................160 6.2 Õ°ò÷³³ä ............................................................................................................................................160 6.3 Á³òýýìæ ...........................................................................................................................................163 6.4 Áè÷èã áàðèìò ³ç³³ëýã÷èä ............................................................................................................166 6.5 Ñàíõ³³ ..............................................................................................................................................168 6.6 ijãíýëò ............................................................................................................................................170 7 Ìóëüòèìåäèà ...............................................................................................................................................171 7.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà.............................................................................................................................171 7.2 Äóóíû êàðòûã òîõèðóóëàõ...........................................................................................................172 7.3 MP3 àóäèî ........................................................................................................................................175 7.4 Âèäåî òîãëóóëàõ .............................................................................................................................178 7.5 Ò êàðòóóäûã òîõèðóóëàõ ...........................................................................................................186 7.6 ijðñ ñêàí õèéã÷èä .........................................................................................................................188 8 FreeBSD ö°ìèéã òîõèðóóëàõ íü................................................................................................................193 8.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà.............................................................................................................................193 8.2 ßàãààä °°ð÷ë°í òîõèðóóëñàí ö°ì á³òýýõ õýðýãòýé âý? ..........................................................193 8.3 Ñèñòåìèéí òîíîã ò°õ°°ð°ìæ õàéæ îëîõ íü ..............................................................................194 8.4 Ö°ìèéí äðàéâåðóóä, äýä ñèñòåì³³ä, áîëîí ìîäóëèóä ............................................................195 8.5 °ð÷ë°í òîõèðóóëñàí ö°ìèéã á³òýýõ áà ñóóëãàõ íü ...............................................................195 8.6 Òîõèðãîîíû àéë ..........................................................................................................................198 8.7 Õýðýâ ÿìàð íýã þì áóðóóòâàë .....................................................................................................211 9 Õýâëýëò .........................................................................................................................................................213 9.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà.............................................................................................................................213 9.2 Òàíèëöóóëãà ...................................................................................................................................213 9.3 íäñýí òîõèðóóëãà ........................................................................................................................214 9.4 Õýâëýã÷èéí èë³³ íàðèéí òîõèðãîî .............................................................................................228 9.5 Õýâëýã÷äèéã àøèãëàõ íü ..............................................................................................................258 9.6 Õýâëýã÷èéí ñòàíäàðò ò³ð õàäãàëàã÷èäòàé èæèë õàäãàëàã÷èä ............................................266 9.7 Àëäààã îëæ çàñâàðëàõ ..................................................................................................................266 10 Ëèíóêñèéí Õî¼ðòûí Íèéëýìæ ..............................................................................................................271 10.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................271 10.2 Ñóóëãàëò ........................................................................................................................................271 10.3 Mathematica® ñóóëãàõ íü .............................................................................................................275 10.4 Maple™ ñóóëãàõ íü .......................................................................................................................277 10.5 MATLAB® ñóóëãàõ íü .................................................................................................................279 10.6 Oracle® ñóóëãàõ íü .......................................................................................................................282 10.7 SAP® R/3® ñóóëãàõ íü .................................................................................................................285 10.8 Íýìýëò ñýäâ³³ä.............................................................................................................................307
vi
III.
Ñèñòåìèéí Óäèðäëàãà ...............................................................................................................................309 11 Òîõèðãîî áà Òààðóóëàëò .........................................................................................................................310 11.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................310 11.2 Ýõíèé Òîõèðãîî ...........................................................................................................................310 11.3 îë Òîõèðãîî ................................................................................................................................312 11.4 Ïðîãðàìûí Òîõèðãîî ..................................................................................................................312 11.5 éë÷èëãýýí³³äèéã ýõë³³ëýõ íü ................................................................................................313 11.6 cron õýðýãñëèéã òîõèðóóëàõ íü ................................................................................................315 11.7 FreeBSD äýýð rc àøèãëàõ íü........................................................................................................317 11.8 ѳëæýýíèé èíòåð ýéñ êàðòóóä ñóóëãàõ íü ............................................................................319 11.9 Âèðòóàë Õîñòóóä .........................................................................................................................325 11.10 Òîõèðãîîíû Ôàéëóóä ................................................................................................................326 11.11 sysctl àøèãëàí òààðóóëàõ íü.....................................................................................................330 11.12 Äèñêí³³äèéã òààðóóëàõ íü ......................................................................................................331 11.13 Ö°ìèéí õÿçãààðóóä òîõèðóóëàõ íü ........................................................................................335 11.14 Swap çàé íýìýõ íü .......................................................................................................................339 11.15 Òýæýýë áîëîí Ýõ ³³ñâýðèéí Óäèðäëàãà................................................................................340 11.16 FreeBSD-èéí ACPI-ã àøèãëàõ íü áà äèáàã õèéõ íü ..............................................................341 12 FreeBSD-èéí À÷ààëàõ ïðîöåññ ...............................................................................................................349 12.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................349 12.2 À÷ààëàëòûí àñóóäàë ...................................................................................................................349 12.3 À÷ààëàã÷ Ìåíåæåð áîëîí À÷ààëàëòûí øàòóóä ....................................................................350 12.4 À÷ààëàõ ³å äýõ ö°ìèéí õàðèëöàí ³éëäýë ...............................................................................356 12.5 Ò°õ°°ð°ìæèéí Ñàíóóëãóóä.......................................................................................................357 12.6 Init: Ïðîöåññ õÿíàëòûí ýõë³³ëýëò ............................................................................................358 12.7 Óíòðààõ äàðààëàë ........................................................................................................................359 13 Õýðýãëýã÷èä áà ³íäñýí á³ðòãýë çîõèöóóëàëò .....................................................................................360 13.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................360 13.2 Òàíèëöóóëãà .................................................................................................................................360 13.3 Ñóïåð õýðýãëýã÷èéí á³ðòãýë......................................................................................................362 13.4 Ñèñòåì á³ðòãýë .............................................................................................................................362 13.5 Ýíãèéí õýðýãëýã÷èéí á³ðòãýë ...................................................................................................362 13.6 Á³ðòãýëä °°ð÷ë°ëò õèéõ.............................................................................................................363 13.7 Õýðýãëýã÷äýä õÿçãààðëàëò õèéõ ...............................................................................................367 13.8 Á³ëýã...............................................................................................................................................369 14 Àþóëã³é áàéäàë ........................................................................................................................................372 14.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................372 14.2 Òàíèëöóóëãà .................................................................................................................................372 14.3 FreeBSD-í àþóëã³é áàéäëûã õàíãàõ íü ....................................................................................374 14.4 DES, MD5, áîëîí Crypt.................................................................................................................383 14.5 Íýã óäààãèéí íóóö ³ã³³ä ............................................................................................................384 14.6 TCP ³éöýòãýëèéã õÿëáàðøóóëàã÷èä ......................................................................................387 14.7 KerberosIV .....................................................................................................................................390 14.8 Kerberos5 .......................................................................................................................................397 14.9 OpenSSL..........................................................................................................................................406 14.10 IPsec äýýã³³ð VPN õèéõ .............................................................................................................409 14.11 OpenSSH .......................................................................................................................................415 14.12 Ôàéëûí ñèñòåìèéí õàíäàëò õÿíàõ æàãñààëòóóä.................................................................421
vii
14.13 óðàâäàã÷ òàëûí àþóëã³é áàéäëûí àñóóäëóóäûã ìîíèòîð õèéõ íü ...............................423 14.14 FreeBSD-èéí àþóëã³é áàéäëûí ç°âë°ã°°í³³ä ......................................................................424 14.15 Ïðîöåññèéí á³ðòãýë õ°òë°õ .....................................................................................................426 15 Jails áóþó Øîðîíãóóä ..............................................................................................................................428 15.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................428 15.2 Øîðîíãóóäòàé õîëáîîòîé îéëãîëòóóä ....................................................................................428 15.3 Òàíèëöóóëãà .................................................................................................................................429 15.4 Øîðîíã ³³ñãýæ õÿíàõ íü ............................................................................................................430 15.5 Íàðèéí òààðóóëàëò áîëîí óäèðäëàãà ......................................................................................432 15.6 Øîðîíãèéí õýðýãëýý ...................................................................................................................433 16 Mandatory Access Control áóþó Àëáàäìàë Õàíäàëòûí õÿíàëò ..........................................................440 16.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................440 16.2 Ýíý á³ëýã äýõ ò³ëõ³³ð óõàãäàõóóíóóä ....................................................................................441 16.3 MAC-èéí òàéëáàð .........................................................................................................................442 16.4 MAC õàÿã/øîøãîíóóäûã îéëãîõ íü ..........................................................................................444 16.5 Àþóëã³é áàéäëûí òîõèðãîîã ò°ë°âë°õ íü ..............................................................................449 16.6 Ìîäóëèéí òîõèðãîî .....................................................................................................................449 16.7 MAC seeotheruids ìîäóëü .............................................................................................................450 16.8 MAC bsdextended ìîäóëü .............................................................................................................450 16.9 MAC ifoff ìîäóëü ..........................................................................................................................451 16.10 MAC portacl ìîäóëü ....................................................................................................................452 16.11 MAC õóâààëòûí ìîäóëü............................................................................................................453 16.12 MAC îëîí ò³âøèíò àþóëã³é áàéäëûí ìîäóëü .....................................................................454 16.13 MAC Biba ìîäóëü........................................................................................................................456 16.14 MAC LOMAC ìîäóëü .................................................................................................................458 16.15 MAC Øîðîí äàõü Nagios...........................................................................................................459 16.16 Õýðýãëýã÷èéã ò³ãæèõ ................................................................................................................462 16.17 MAC Òîãòîëöîîíû àëäààã îëæ çàñâàðëàõ ............................................................................463 17 Àþóëã³é áàéäëûí ³éë ÿâöàä àóäèò õèéõ íü .......................................................................................466 17.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................466 17.2 Ýíý á³ëãèéí ò³ëõ³³ð óõàãäàõóóíóóä.......................................................................................467 17.3 Àóäèò õèéõ äýìæëýã ñóóëãàõ íü ...............................................................................................467 17.4 Àóäèòèéí òîõèðãîî ......................................................................................................................468 17.5 Àóäèò äýä ñèñòåìèéã óäèðäàõ íü ..............................................................................................471 18 Õàäãàëàëò ..................................................................................................................................................475 18.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................475 18.2 Ò°õ°°ð°ìæèéí íýðñ ....................................................................................................................475 18.3 Äèñê íýìýõ ....................................................................................................................................476 18.4 RAID................................................................................................................................................478 18.5 USB õàäãàëàëòûí ò°õ°°ð°ìæ³³ä .............................................................................................483 18.6 Îïòèê ç°°â°ðë°ã÷èéã (CD-³³ä) ³³ñãýæ àøèãëàõ íü .............................................................485 18.7 Îïòèê ç°°â°ðë°ã÷èéã (DVD-³³ä) ³³ñãýæ àøèãëàõ íü ..........................................................491 18.8 Óÿí äèñêí³³äèéã ³³ñãýæ àøèãëàõ íü ......................................................................................497 18.9 ã°ãäëèéí ñîðîíçîí õàëüñíóóä ³³ñãýæ àøèãëàõ íü .............................................................498 18.10 Óÿí äèñê óðóó í°°öë°õ .............................................................................................................501 18.11 Í°°öë°õ ñòðàòåãóóä ...................................................................................................................502 18.12 Í°°öë°ëòèéí ³íäñ³³ä ...............................................................................................................503 18.13 ѳëæýý, ñàíàõ îé áîëîí àéë äýýð òóëãóóðëàñàí àéëûí ñèñòåì³³ä ............................510
viii
18.14 Ôàéëûí ñèñòåìèéí õîðìûí õóâèëáàðóóä .............................................................................513 18.15 Ôàéëûí ñèñòåìèéí íîîãäëóóä.................................................................................................514 18.16 Äèñêíèé õóâààëòóóäûã øè ðëýõ íü ......................................................................................518 18.17 Swap çàéã øè ðëýõ ....................................................................................................................524 19 GEOM: Ìîäóëü÷ëàãäñàí Äèñê Õóâèðãàõ Òîãòîëöîî ........................................................................527 19.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................527 19.2 GEOM-èéí Òàíèëöóóëãà.............................................................................................................527 19.3 RAID0 - Ñóäàë ³³ñãýõ ..................................................................................................................527 19.4 RAID1 - Òîëèí òóñãàë ³³ñãýõ .....................................................................................................529 19.5 GEOM Õààëãà ѳëæýýíèé Ò°õ°°ð°ìæ³³ä .............................................................................532 19.6 Äèñêíèé ò°õ°°ð°ìæ³³äèéã õàÿãëàõ íü ...................................................................................533 19.7 GEOM-èéí òóñëàìæòàé UFS òýìäýãëýë ..................................................................................535 20 Ôàéëûí ñèñòåìèéí äýìæëýã ..................................................................................................................537 20.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................537 20.2 Z Ôàéëûí Ñèñòåì .........................................................................................................................537 21 Vinum Ýçëýõ³³í Ìåíåæåð .......................................................................................................................545 21.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................545 21.2 Äèñêí³³ä õýòýðõèé æèæèã ........................................................................................................545 21.3 Õàíäàëòûí òàãëàðàëòóóä ...........................................................................................................545 21.4 ã°ãäëèéí á³ðýí á³òýí áàéäàë .................................................................................................548 21.5 Vinum îáüåêòóóä ...........................................................................................................................549 21.6 Çàðèì æèøýýí³³ä ........................................................................................................................551 21.7 Îáüåêòèéí íýðëýëò ......................................................................................................................557 21.8 Vinum òîõèðóóëàõ íü ...................................................................................................................559 21.9 Root àéëûí ñèñòåìèéí õóâüä Vinum-èéã àøèãëàõ íü .........................................................561 22 Âèðòóàë÷ëàë..............................................................................................................................................567 22.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................567 22.2 FreeBSD-ã çî÷èí OS ìàÿãààð àøèãëàõ .....................................................................................567 22.3 FreeBSD-ã õîñò áóþó ýõ OS ìàÿãààð àøèãëàõ .........................................................................612 23 Ëîêàë÷ëàë - I18N/L10N-èéí õýðýãëýý áîëîí òîõèðóóëãà ..................................................................613 23.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................613 23.2 íäñ³³ä ..........................................................................................................................................613 23.3 Ëîêàë÷ëàëûã àøèãëàõ íü ...........................................................................................................614 23.4 I18N ïðîãðàìóóäûã ýìõýòãýõ .....................................................................................................620 23.5 FreeBSD-ã °°ð õýëí³³ä óðóó ëîêàë÷ëàõ...................................................................................620 24 FreeBSD-ã øèíý÷èëæ ñàéæðóóëàõ íü ...................................................................................................624 24.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................624 24.2 FreeBSD-èéí øèíý÷ëýëò..............................................................................................................624 24.3 Portsnap: Ïîðòûí öóãëóóëãûã øèíý÷ëýõ õýðýãñýë .................................................................631 24.4 Áàðèìòûí öóãëóóëãûã øèíý÷ëýõ íü ........................................................................................632 24.5 Õ°ãæ³³ëýëòèéí ñàëáàðûã äàãàõ íü ..........................................................................................635 24.6 °ðèéí ýõèéã õàìãèéí ñ³³ëèéí õýëáýðò àâàà÷èõ íü ............................................................639 24.7 “Åðò°íö”èéã äàõèí á³òýýõ íü ....................................................................................................640 24.8 Îëîí ìàøèíû õóâüä äàãàõ íü ....................................................................................................656 25 DTrace ..........................................................................................................................................................658 25.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................658 25.2 Øèéäëèéí ÿëãààíóóä .................................................................................................................658 25.3 DTrace äýìæëýãèéã èäýâõæ³³ëýõ .............................................................................................659
ix
25.4 DTrace-ã àøèãëàõ ..........................................................................................................................660 25.5 D õýë ...............................................................................................................................................662
IV.
ѳëæýýíèé Õîëáîëò....................................................................................................................................663 26 Öóâàà õîëáîîíóóä.....................................................................................................................................664 26.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................664 26.2 Òàíèëöóóëãà .................................................................................................................................664 26.3 Òåðìèíàëóóä .................................................................................................................................669 26.4 Dial-in áóþó ãàäíààñ çàëãàõ ³éë÷èëãýý ....................................................................................674 26.5 Dial-out áóþó ãàäàãø çàëãàõ ³éë÷èëãýý ...................................................................................682 26.6 Öóâàà êîíñîëûã òîõèðóóëàõ íü.................................................................................................686 27 PPP áîëîí SLIP...........................................................................................................................................695 27.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................695 27.2 Õýðýãëýã÷èéí PPP àøèãëàõ ........................................................................................................695 27.3 Ö°ìèéí PPP-ã àøèãëàõ................................................................................................................708 27.4 PPP õîëáîëòóóäûí àëäààã îëæ çàñâàðëàõ...............................................................................715 27.5 Ethernet äýýã³³ð PPP àøèãëàõ íü (PPPoE).................................................................................719 27.6 ATM äýýã³³ð PPP (PPPoA) àøèãëàõ ..........................................................................................721 27.7 SLIP àøèãëàõ.................................................................................................................................724 28 Öàõèì Øóóäàí..........................................................................................................................................733 28.1 Åð°íõèé Àãóóëãà..........................................................................................................................733 28.2 Öàõèì Çàõèäëûã Õýðýãëýõ íü ...................................................................................................733 28.3 sendmail-ã Òîõèðóóëàõ íü ...........................................................................................................736 28.4 °ðèéí Çàõèäàë Äàìæóóëàõ Àãåíòèéã Ñîëèõ íü .................................................................738 28.5 ýìòýë ñààòëûã àðèëãàõ íü ........................................................................................................740 28.6 Äýýä ò³âøíèé ñýäâ³³ä ................................................................................................................743 28.7 UUCP-òýé SMTP............................................................................................................................746 28.8 Ç°âõ°í èëãýýõýýð òîõèðóóëàõ íü...............................................................................................747 28.9 àäàãø çàëãàõ õîëáîëòîîð çàõèäëûã àøèãëàõ íü .................................................................748 28.10 SMTP íýâòðýëò òàíèëò ..............................................................................................................750 28.11 Õýðýãëýã÷èéí çàõèäàë äàìæóóëàã÷èä ..................................................................................751 28.12 fetchmail-ã àøèãëàõ íü ...............................................................................................................758 28.13 procmail-ã àøèãëàõ íü ................................................................................................................759 29 ѳëæýýíèé îð÷íû Ñåðâåð³³ä ................................................................................................................761 29.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................761 29.2 inetd “Ñóïåð-Ñåðâåð”...................................................................................................................761 29.3 ѳëæýýíèé Ôàéëûí Ñèñòåì (NFS) ...........................................................................................766 29.4 ѳëæýýíèé Ìýäýýëëèéí Ñèñòåì (NIS/YP)...............................................................................772 29.5 Àâòîìàò ѳëæýýíèé Òîõèðãîî (DHCP) ...................................................................................788 29.6 Äîìýéí Íýðèéí Ñèñòåì (DNS)...................................................................................................793 29.7 Apache HTTP Ñåðâåð ....................................................................................................................802 29.8 Ôàéë Äàìæóóëàõ Ïðîòîêîë (FTP)............................................................................................808 29.9 Microsoft Windows õàðèëöàã÷äàä çîðèóëñàí Ôàéë áîëîí Õýâëýõ éë÷èëãýý (Samba) ....809 29.10 NTP-ð Öàã Òààðóóëàõ íü ..........................................................................................................812 29.11 syslogd àøèãëàí àëñûí õîñò ðóó á³ðòãýõ íü .......................................................................815 30 àëò õàíà ....................................................................................................................................................820 30.1 Òàíèëöóóëãà .................................................................................................................................820 30.2 àëò õàíûí òóõàé îéëãîëòóóä ...................................................................................................820
x
30.3 àëò õàíûí áàãöóóä .....................................................................................................................821 30.4 OpenBSD Ïàêåò ø³³ã÷ (PF) áà ALTQ........................................................................................821 30.5 IPFILTER (IPF) àëò õàíà ............................................................................................................824 30.6 IPFW................................................................................................................................................844 31 ѳëæýýíèé íýìýëò îéëãîëòóóä..............................................................................................................863 31.1 Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà...........................................................................................................................863 31.2 àðöóóä áîëîí ×èãë³³ëýëò³³ä .................................................................................................863 31.3 Óòàñã³é ñ³ëæýý ............................................................................................................................870 31.4 Bluetooth..........................................................................................................................................890 31.5 ³³ð ................................................................................................................................................898 31.6 Õîëáîîñ íýãòãýëò áà îñëûã òîéðîí ãàðàõ (Link Aggregation and Failover) ...........................905 31.7 Äèñêã³é àæèëëàãàà .....................................................................................................................908 31.8 ISDN ................................................................................................................................................915 31.9 Network Address Translation áóþó ѳëæýýíèé Õàÿãèéí Õ°ðâ³³ëýëò ...................................919 31.10 Parallel Line IP (PLIP) áóþó Çýðýãöýý Øóãàìûí IP................................................................922 31.11 IPv6................................................................................................................................................924 31.12 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) áóþó Àñèíõðîí Äàìæóóëàõ îðèì ...........................929 31.13 Common Access Redundancy Protocol (CARP) áóþó Îëîí õàíäàëòûí íèéòëýã ïðîòîêîë 931
V.
Õàâñðàëòóóä .....................................................................................................................................................934
A. FreeBSD-ã îëæ àâàõ íü .............................................................................................................................935 A.1 CDROM áîëîí DVD Íèéòëýã÷èä ................................................................................................935 A.2 FTP ñàéòóóä ....................................................................................................................................937 A.3 BitTorrent..........................................................................................................................................947 A.4 Íýðã³é CVS ....................................................................................................................................948 A.5 CTM-ã àøèãëàõ íü .........................................................................................................................950 A.6 CVSup-ã àøèãëàõ íü ......................................................................................................................954 A.7 CVS Tags áóþó õàÿãóóä ................................................................................................................978 A.8 AFS ñàéòóóä ....................................................................................................................................984 A.9 rsync ñàéòóóä ..................................................................................................................................984 B. Íîì ç³é .......................................................................................................................................................987 B.1 FreeBSD-èéí òàëààð òóñãàéëàí áè÷ñýí íîì & ñýò㳳볳ä.....................................................987 B.2 Õýðýãëýã÷äèéí ãàðûí àâëàãóóä..................................................................................................988 B.3 Àäìèíèñòðàòîðóóä çîðèóëñàí çààâðóóä ..................................................................................989 B.4 Ïðîãðàì çîõèîã÷äîä çîðèóëñàí çààâðóóä ................................................................................989 B.5 éëäëèéí ñèñòåìèéí äîòîîä á³ðýëäýõ³³í³³äèéí òàëààð ....................................................990 B.6 Àþóëã³é áàéäëûí òóõàé íîìíóóä .............................................................................................990 B.7 Òîíîã ò°õ°°ð°ìæèéí òóõàé íîìíóóä ........................................................................................991 B.8 UNIX-èéí ò³³õ ...............................................................................................................................991 B.9 Ñîíèí, ñýò㳳볳ä .........................................................................................................................992 C. Èíòåðíýò äýõ ýõ ³³ñâýð³³ä .....................................................................................................................993 C.1 Çàõèäëûí æàãñààëòóóä ................................................................................................................993 C.2 Usenet Newsgroups áóþó ìýäýýíèé á³ëã³³ä .............................................................................1013 C.3 Word Wide Web ñåðâåð³³ä ...........................................................................................................1014 C.4 Öàõèì çàõèäëûí õàÿãóóä ..........................................................................................................1022 D. PGP ò³ëõ³³ð³³ä ......................................................................................................................................1023 D.1 Àëáàí õààã÷èä .............................................................................................................................1023 D.2 îë áàãèéí ãèø³³ä......................................................................................................................1023
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D.3 Õ°ãæ³³ëýã÷èä ..............................................................................................................................1025
FreeBSD
Íýð òîìú¼î ..........................................................................................................................................1080
Index.........................................................................................................................................................................1105 Colophon..................................................................................................................................................................1117
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List of Tables 2-1. Ò°õ°°ð°ìæèéí á³ðòãýëèéí æèøýý ................................................................................................................12 2-2. Ýõíèé äèñêíèé õóâààëò ....................................................................................................................................36 2-3. Áóñàä äèñêýí äýýðõ äèñêíèé õóâààëò ............................................................................................................37 2-4. FreeBSD 6.X áà 7.X ISO áóóëãàö ä³ðñíèé íýð áîëîí àãóóëãà ......................................................................83 3-1. Äèñê ò°õ°°ð°ìæèéí íýðí³³ä ........................................................................................................................105 18-1. Ôèçèê äèñê íýðëýõ çàíøèë ..........................................................................................................................475 21-1. Vinum Plex çîõèîí áàéãóóëàëòóóä ...............................................................................................................550 26-1. DB-25-ààñ DB-25 Null-Ìîäåì êàáåëü ..........................................................................................................665 26-2. DB-9-°°ñ DB-9 Null-Ìîäåì êàáåëü ..............................................................................................................665 26-3. DB-9-°°ñ DB-25 Null-Ìîäåì êàáåëü ............................................................................................................666 26-4. Äîõèîíû íýðñ..................................................................................................................................................675 31-1. ѳëæýýíä çîðèóëæ çýðýãöýý êàáåëü õèéõ íü............................................................................................923 31-2. Í°°ö IPv6 õàÿãóóä ..........................................................................................................................................926
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ìí°õ ³ã Ýíý íîìûí çîðèóëàëò
FreeBSD-èéí øèíý õýðýãëýã÷ íü ýíý íîìûí ýõíèé õýñýã õýðýãëýã÷èä FreeBSD-èéí ñóóëãàëòûí ïðîöåññ äóíäóóð õ°ò°ëæ UNIX®-èéí óãò áàéäàã îéëãîëòóóä áîëîí ¼ñ çàíøëûã ààæèì òàíèëöóóëäàã áîëîõûã îëæ ìýäýõ áîëíî. Ýíý õýñýã äýýð àæèëëàõ íü øèíýýð îëæ ìýäýõ õ³ñýë ýðìýëçëýýñ àðàé èë³³ õ³ñýë áîëîí òàíèëöóóëñàí øèíý îéëãîëòóóäûã õ³ëýýí àâàõ ÷àäâàðûã øààðääàã.
àðûí àâëàãûí õî¼ð äàõü õàìààã³é òîì õýñýã õ³ðýõ ³åä FreeBSD ñèñòåìèéí àäìèíèñòðàòîðóóäûí ñîíèðõëûã òàòàõ á³õ ñýäâ³³äèéã õàìàðñàí íýâòýðõèé ëàâëàõûã òà îëîõ áîëíî. Ýäãýýð á³ëã³³äèéí çàðèì íü òàíûã óðüä÷èëàí óíøèõûã ç°âë°æ áîëîõ á°ã°°ä ýíý íü á³ëýã á³ðèéí ýõýíä åð°íõèé àãóóëãàä òýìäýãëýãäñýí áàéäàã. Ìýäýýëëèéí íýìýëò ýõ³³äèéí æàãñààëòûã Appendix B õýñãýýñ ³çíý ³³.
óðàâ äàõü õýâëýëýýñ õîéøõ °°ð÷ë°ëò³³ä
àðûí àâëàãûí îäîîãèéí õóâèëáàð íü ñ³³ëèéí 10 æèëèéí õóãàöààíû òóðøèä îëîí çóóí õóâü íýìýð áîëãîí îðóóëàã÷èéí îðóóëñàí õ³÷èí ÷àðìàéëòûí ³ð ä³í þì. Äàðààõ íü 2004 îíä õýâëýãäñýí ãóðàâ äàõü õýâëýëèéí õî¼ð áîòèîñ õîéø îðñîí ìýäýãäýõ³éö °°ð÷ë°ëò³³ä þì: •
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Chapter 25 áóþó DTrace íü õ³÷èðõýã DTrace ³éë àæèëëàãààíû øèíæèëãýý õèéõ õýðýãñëèéí òàëààðõ ìýäýýëëèéí õàìòààð íýìýãäñýí.
Chapter 20 áóþó Ôàéëûí ñèñòåìèéí äýìæëýã íü Sun™-èé ZFS çýðýã FreeBSD äýýðõ ýõ áèø àéëûí ñèñòåì³³äèéí òàëààðõ ìýäýýëëèéí õàìòààð íýìýãäñýí. Chapter 17 Àþóëã³é áàéäëûí ³éë ÿâöàä àóäèò õèéõ á³ëýã FreeBSD äýõ àóäèò õèéõ øèíý áîëîìæ áîëîí ò³³íèé õýðýãëýýã òàéëáàðñàí ìýäýýëëèéí õàìòààð íýìýãäñýí. Chapter 22 áóþó Âèðòóàë÷ëàë íü âèðòóàë÷ëàëûí ïðîãðàì õàíãàìæ äýýð FreeBSD-èéã ñóóëãàõ ìýäýýëëèéí õàìòààð íýìýãäñýí.
Õî¼ð äàõü õýâëýëýýñ (2004) õîéøõ °°ð÷ë°ëò³³ä
Ýíý ãóðàâ äàõü õýâëýëò íü FreeBSD áàðèìòæóóëàõ ò°ñëèéí ãèø³³äèéí õî¼ð æèë èë³³òýé õóãàöààíä õèéæ ã³éöýòãýñýí àæëûí îðãèë þì. Õýâëýñýí õóâèëáàðûí õýìæýý èõýññýí ó÷èð õî¼ð òóñäàà áîòü áîëãîõ øààðäëàãàòàé áîëñîí. Ýíý øèíý õýâëýëòýä îðñîí ãîë °°ð÷ë°ëò³³äèéã äîîð äóðäàâ: •
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Chapter 11 Òîõèðãîî áà òààðóóëàëò íü ACPI òýæýýë áîëîí ýõ ³³ñâýðèéí óäèðäëàãà, cron ñèñòåìèéí õýðýãñýë áîëîí ö°ìèéí èë³³ îëîí òààðóóëàõ òîõèðóóëãóóäûí òóõàé øèíý ìýäýýëëýýð °ðã°æñ°í.
Chapter 14 Àþóëã³é áàéäàë íü âèðòóàë õóâèéí ñ³ëæýýí³³ä (VPN-³³ä), àéëûí ñèñòåìèéí õàíäàëò õÿíàëòûí æàãñààëò (ACL-³³ä) áîëîí àþóëã³é áàéäëûí ç°âë°ã°°í³³äèéí òóõàé øèíý ìýäýýëëýýð °ðã°æñ°í.
Chapter 16 Mandatory Access Control áóþó Àëáàäìàë Õàíäàëòûí õÿíàëò íü ýíý õýâëýë äýõ øèíý á³ëýã þì. Ýíý íü MAC ãýæ þó áîëîõ, FreeBSD ñèñòåìèéã àþóëã³é áîëãîõîä ýíý àðãûã õýðõýí àøèãëàõ òàëààð òàéëáàðëàäàã.
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Chapter 18 Õàäãàëàëò íü USB õàäãàëàëòûí ò°õ°°ð°ìæ³³ä, àéëûí ñèñòåìèéí õîðìûí õóâèëáàðóóä, àéëûí ñèñòåìèéí õóâü/íîîãäëóóä, àéë áîëîí ñ³ëæýýí äýýð òóëãóóðëàñàí àéëûí ñèñòåì³³ä áîëîí øè ðëýãäñýí äèñêíèé õóâààëòóóäûí òóõàé øèíý ìýäýýëëýýð °ðã°æñ°í.
Chapter 21 Vinum íü ýíý õýâëýë äýõ øèíý á³ëýã þì. Ýíý íü Vinum-èéã õýðõýí àøèãëàõ, ò°õ°°ð°ìæèéí
õóâüä õàìààðàëã³é ëîãèê äèñêí³³äèéí áîëîìæèéã õàíãàäàã ëîãèê ýçëýõ³³í ìåíåæåð áîëîí ïðîãðàì õàíãàìæèéí RAID-0, RAID-1 áîëîí RAID-5-ã òàéëáàðëàäàã. Àëäààã îëæ çàñâàðëàõ õýñýã Chapter 27 PPP áà SLIP-ä íýìýãäñýí. Chapter 28 Öàõèì øóóäàí íü °°ð òýýâýðëýõ àãåíòóóäûã àøèãëàõ, SMTP íýâòðýëò òàíèëò, UUCP, fetchmail, procmail, áîëîí áóñàä äýâøèëòýò ñýäâ³³äèéí òóõàé øèíý ìýäýýëëýýð °ðã°æñ°í. Chapter 29 ѳëæýýíèé ñåðâåð³³ä íü ýíý õýâëýëä á³ãä øèíýýð îðñîí. Ýíý á³ëýã íü Apache HTTP Server, ftpd-ã òîõèðóóëàõ áîëîí Microsoft® Windows® êëèåíò³³äèéí õóâüä Samba ñåðâåðèéã òîõèðóóëàõ òóõàé ìýäýýëëèéã àãóóëäàã. Chapter 31 ѳëæýýíèé íýìýëò îéëãîëòóóä äàõü çàðèì õýñã³³ä íü òàíèëöóóëãûã ñàéæðóóëàõûí òóëä èéøýýãýý ç°°ãäñ°í. Chapter 31 ѳëæýýíèé íýìýëò îéëãîëòóóä íü FreeBSD äýýð Bluetooth® ò°õ°°ð°ìæ³³äèéã àøèãëàõ, óòàñã³é ñ³ëæýýí³³ä áîëîí Àñèíõðîí Äàìæóóëàõ îðèì (ATM) ñ³ëæýýã òîõèðóóëàõ òóõàé øèíý ìýäýýëëýýð °ðã°æñ°í. Íîìîíä àøèãëàãäñàí òåõíèêèéí óõàãäàõóóíóóäûí òîäîðõîéëîëòóóäàä çîðèóëàãäñàí ò°â áàéðøëûã áèé áîëãîí íýð òîìú¼î õýñýã íýìýãäñýí. Íîìîíä áàéãàà õ³ñíýãò³³ä áîëîí çóðãóóäàä õýä õýäýí ãîî ç³éí ñàéæðóóëàëòóóä õèéãäñýí.
Ýõíèé õýâëýëýýñ (2001) õîéøõ °°ð÷ë°ëò³³ä
Õî¼ð äàõü õýâëýëò íü FreeBSD áàðèìòæóóëàõ ò°ñëèéí ãèø³³äèéí õî¼ð æèë èë³³òýé õóãàöààíä õèéæ ã³éöýòãýñýí àæëûí îðãèë þì. Ýíý õýâëýëòýä îðñîí ãîë °°ð÷ë°ëò³³äèéã äîîð äóðäàâ: • • •
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Á³ðýí õýìæýýíèé ³ãñèéí æàãñààëò íýìýãäñýí. Á³õ ASCII çóðàãíóóä ãðà èê äèàãðàìóóäààð ñîëèãäñîí. Á³ëýã ÿìàð ìýäýýëýë àãóóëñàí áîëîõ, óíøèã÷ þó ìýäýõèéã õàðóóëñàí òîâ÷ ìýäýýëëèéã °ã°õèéí òóëä á³ëýã áîëãîíä ñòàíäàðò åð°íõèé àãóóëãà íýìýãäñýí. Àãóóëãà ëîãèêèéí õóâüä ãóðâàí õýñýãò äàõèí çîõèîí áàéãóóëàãäñàí: “Ýõëýë”, “Ñèñòåìèéí óäèðäëàãà”, áîëîí “Õàâñðàëòóóä”. Chapter 2 (“FreeBSD-ã ñóóëãàõ íü”) øèíý õýðýãëýã÷äýä òåêñòèéã õÿëáàð àâàõ áîëîìæèéã á³ðä³³ëýõ îëîí äýëãýöèéí àãøíóóäòàéãààð á³ðýí õýìæýýãýýð äàõèí áè÷èãäñýí. Chapter 3 (“UNIX-èéí ³íäýñ”) ïðîöåññóóä, äýìîíóóä áîëîí äîõèîíóóäûí òóõàé íýìýëò ìýäýýëëèéã àãóóëæ °ðã°æñ°í. Chapter 4 (“Ïðîãðàì ñóóëãàõ”) õî¼ðòûí áàãöûí óäèðäëàãûí òóõàé íýìýëò ìýäýýëëèéã àãóóëæ °ðã°æñ°í. Chapter 5 (“X Öîíõîò ñèñòåì”) íü îð÷èí ³åèéí øèðýýíèé òåõíîëîãèóä áîëîõ KDE áîëîí GNOME-ã XFree86™ 4.X äýýð àøèãëàõ òàë äýýð îíöëîí àíõààð÷ á³ðýí õýìæýýãýýð äàõèí áè÷èãäñýí. Chapter 12 (“FreeBSD-èéí à÷ààëàõ ïðîöåññ”) íü °ðã°æñ°í.
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Chapter 18 (“Õàäãàëàëò”) °ìí° íü òóñäàà áàéñàí “Äèñêí³³ä” áîëîí “Í°°öë°ëò³³ä” ãýñýí õî¼ð á³ëãýýñ áè÷èãäñýí. Ñýäâ³³äèéã íýã á³ëýã áîëãîí òàíèëöóóëàõ íü õÿëáàð áîëîõûã áèä ìýäýðñýí. RAID-èéí òóõàé õýñýã (òîíîã ò°õ°°ð°ìæ áîëîí ïðîãðàì õàíãàìæ) áàñ íýìýãäñýí. Chapter 26 (“Öóâàà õîëáîëòóóä”) FreeBSD 4.X/5.X-èéí õóâüä á³ðýí õýìæýýãýýð äàõèí çîõèîí áàéãóóëàãäàæ øèíý÷ëýãäñýí. Chapter 27 (“PPP áà SLIP”) íýëýýí õýìæýýãýýð øèíý÷ëýãäñýí.
Îëîí õýñýã Chapter 31-ä (“ѳëæýýíèé òóõàé íýìýëò îéëãîëòóóä”) íýìýãäñýí. Chapter 28 (“Öàõèì øóóäàí”) sendmail-ã òîõèðóóëàõ òóõàé èë³³ ìýäýýëëèéã àãóóëæ °ðã°æñ°í. Chapter 10 (“Linux®-èéí õî¼ðòûí íèéëýìæ”) Oracle® áîëîí SAP® R/3®-ã ñóóëãàõ òóõàé ìýäýýëëèéã àãóóëæ °ðã°æñ°í. Äàðààõ øèíý ñýäâ³³äèéã ýíý õî¼ð äàõü õýâëýëä õýëýëöñýí: • Òîõèðãîî áà òààðóóëàëò (Chapter 11). • Ìóëüòèìåäèà (Chapter 7)
Ýíý íîìûí çîõèîí áàéãóóëàëò
Ýíý íîì íü òàâàí ëîãèêèéí õóâüä òóñäàà õýñã³³äýä õóâààãäàíà. Ýõíèé õýñýã Ýõëýë íü FreeBSD-èéí ñóóëãàëò áîëîí ³íäñýí õýðýãëýýã òàéëáàðëàõ áîëíî. Ýäãýýð á³ëã³³äèéã äàðààëëààð íü ìàãàäã³é ìýääýã ñýäâ³³äèéã òàéëáàðëàõ á³ëã³³äèéã îðõèí óíøèíà ãýäýãò óíøèã÷ àâõàé íàðò èòãýäýã. Õî¼ð äàõü õýñýã Íèéòëýã àñóóäëóóä íü FreeBSD-èéí çàðèì íýã áàéíãà àøèãëàãääàã áîëîìæóóäûã òàéëáàðëàäàã. Ýíý õýñýã áîëîí äàðàà÷èéí õýñã³³äèéã äàðààëàë õàìààðàõã³éãýýð óíøèæ áîëíî. Á³ëýã á³ð íü á³ëýã þó òàéëáàðëàäàã áîëîí óíøèã÷ þóã àëü õýäèéí ìýäñýí áàéõ ¼ñòîéã òàéëáàðëàñàí õóðààíãóé àãóóëãààñ ýõýëäýã. Ýíý íü óíøèã÷èä °°ðèéí ñîíèðõñîí á³ëãýý îëîõîä òóñëàõ çîðèëãîòîé þì. óðàâ äàõü õýñýã Ñèñòåìèéí óäèðäëàãà íü óäèðäëàãûí ñýäâ³³äèéã õ°íää°ã. Ä°ð°â äýõ õýñýã ѳëæýýíèé õîëáîëò íü ñ³ëæýý áîëîí ñåðâåðèéí ñýäâ³³äèéã õàìàðäàã. Òàâ äàõü õýñýã íü ëàâëàãàà ìýäýýëëèéí òóõàé õàâñðàëòóóäûã àãóóëäàã. Chapter 1 Òàíèëöóóëãà
FreeBSD-ã øèíý õýðýãëýã÷èä òàíèëöóóëíà. Ýíý íü FreeBSD ò°ñëèéí ò³³õ, ò³³íèé çîðèëãóóä áîëîí õ°ãæ³³ëýëòèéí çàãâàðûã òàéëáàðëàäàã.
Chapter 2 Ñóóëãàëò
Õýðýãëýã÷èéã ñóóëãàëòûí ïðîöåññ äóíäóóð õ°ò°ëí°. Öóâàà êîíñîëîîð ñóóëãàõ çýðýã èë³³ íàðèéí ñóóëãàëòûí ñýäâ³³äèéã áàñ òàéëáàðëàíà. Chapter 3, UNIX-èéí ³íäýñ FreeBSD ³éëäëèéí ñèñòåìèéí ³íäñýí òóøààëóóä áîëîí àæèëëàãààã òàéëáàðëàäàã. Õýðýâ òà Linux ýñâýë UNIX-èéí °°ð ò°ðëèéã ìýääýã áîë òà ýíý á³ëãèéã àëãàñàæ áîëîõ þì. Chapter 4 Ïðîãðàì ñóóëãàõ íü FreeBSD-èéí øèíý ñàíàà÷ëàãà “ïîðòûí öóãëóóëãà” áîëîí ñòàíäàðò õî¼ðòûí áàãöóóäûí òóñëàìæòàé ãóðàâäàã÷ ïðîãðàì õàíãàìæóóäûí ñóóëãàëòûã òàéëáàðëàäàã.
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X Öîíõîò ñèñòåìèéã åð°íõèéä íü áîëîí FreeBSD-ã ÿëàíãóÿà X11 äýýð àøèãëàõ òàëààð òàéëáàðëàõ áîëíî. KDE áîëîí GNOME çýðýã øèðýýíèé ò³ãýýìýë îð÷íóóäûã áàñ òàéëáàðëàäàã.
Chapter 6 Øèðýýíèé ïðîãðàìóóä
Âýá õ°ò÷³³ä áîëîí á³òýýìæèéí öóãëóóëãóóä çýðýã çàðèì íýãýí øèðýýíèé ïðîãðàìóóäûã äóðäàõ á°ã°°ä òýäãýýðèéã FreeBSD äýýð õýðõýí ñóóëãàõ òàëààð òàéëáàðëàõ áîëíî. Chapter 7 Ìóëüòèìåäèà Äóó áîëîí ä³ðñ òîãëóóëàëòûí äýìæëýãèéã °°ðèéí ñèñòåì äýýð õýðõýí òîõèðóóëàõû㠳糳ëíý. Áàñ çàðèì æèøýý àóäèî áîëîí âèäåî ïðîãðàìóóäûã òàéëáàðëàäàã. Chapter 8 FreeBSD ö°ìèéã òîõèðóóëàõ íü Òàíä ÿàãààä øèíý ö°ì õýðýãòýé áîëæ áîëîõûã òàéëáàðëàæ ö°ìèéã òîõèðóóëàõ, á³òýýõ áîëîí ñóóëãàõ òóõàé äýëãýðýíã³é çààâðóóäûã °ãí°. Chapter 9 Õýâëýëò Ñóðòàë÷èëãàà õóóäàñíóóä, õýâëýã÷èéí á³ðòãýë áîëîí ýõíèé òîõèðãîî çýðýã ìýäýýëëèéã îðóóëààä õýâëýã÷äèéã FreeBSD äýýð óäèðäàõ òàëààð òàéëáàðëàäàã. Chapter 10, Linux-èéí õî¼ðòûí íèéëýìæ FreeBSD-èéí Linux-òýé íèéöòýé áîëîìæóóäûã òàéëáàðëàäàã. Áàñ Oracle, SAP R/3, áîëîí Mathematica® çýðýã Linux-èéí îëîí ò³ãýýìýë ïðîãðàìóóäûã ñóóëãàõ äýëãýðýíã³é çààâðóóäûã °ãä°ã. Chapter 11 Òîõèðãîî áà òààðóóëàëò FreeBSD-ã õàìãèéí îíîâ÷òîé àæèëëàãààíä çîðèóëæ òààðóóëàõàä òóñëàõ ñèñòåìèéí àäìèíèñòðàòîðóóäàä çîðèóëñàí ïàðàìåòð³³äèéã òàéëáàðëàäàã. Áàñ FreeBSD-ä àøèãëàãäàõ ò°ð°ë á³ðèéí òîõèðãîîíû àéëóóäûã òàéëáàðëàæ òýäãýýðèéã õààíààñ îëîõûã õýëæ °ãä°ã. Chapter 12 Ýõë³³ëýõ ïðîöåññ FreeBSD-èéí ýõë³³ëýõ ïðîöåññèéã òàéëáàðëàæ òîõèðãîîíû ñîíãîëòóóäûí òóñëàìæòàé ýíý ïðîöåññèéã õýðõýí õÿíàõ òàëààð äóðääàã. Chapter 13 Õýðýãëýã÷èä áà ³íäñýí á³ðòãýë çîõèöóóëàëò Õýðýãëýã÷èéí á³ðòãýë³³äèéã ³³ñãýõ áîëîí óäèðäàõûã òàéëáàðëàäàã. Áàñ õýðýãëýã÷èä äýýð ýõ ³³ñâýðèéí õÿçãààðëàëòóóäûã òîõèðóóëàõ áîëîí áóñàä á³ðòãýë óäèðäàõ àæëóóäûí òàëààð òàéëáàðëàäàã. Chapter 14 Àþóëã³é áàéäàë Kerberos, IPsec, áîëîí OpenSSH çýðãèéã îðîëöóóëààä òàíû FreeBSD ñèñòåìèéã àþóëã³é áîëãîõîä òóñëàõ îëîí õýðýãñë³³äèéã òàéëáàðëàäàã. Chapter 15 Jails áóþó Øîðîíãóóä Øîðîíãèéí òîãòîëöîî áîëîí FreeBSD-èéí óëàìæëàëò chroot äýìæëýã äýýð íýìýãäñýí øîðîíãèéí ñàéæðóóëàëòóóäûã òàéëáàðëàäàã.
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ìí°õ ³ã Chapter 16 Mandatory Access Control áóþó Àëáàäìàë Õàíäàëòûí õÿíàëò
Mandatory Access Control (MAC) áóþó Àëáàäìàë Õàíäàëòûí õÿíàëò ãýæ þó áîëîõûã òàéëáàðëàäàã á°ã°°ä FreeBSD ñèñòåìèéã àþóëã³é áîëãîõîä ýíý àðãà çàìûã õýðõýí àøèãëàõ òàëààð õýëýëöäýã. Chapter 17 Àþóëã³é áàéäëûí ³éë ÿâöàä àóäèò õèéõ íü FreeBSD-èéí ³éë ÿâöûí àóäèò ãýæ þó áîëîõ, ò³³íèéã õýðõýí ñóóëãàõ, òîõèðóóëàõ áîëîí àóäèò ì°ðí³³ä õýðõýí øàëãàãäàæ ýñâýë ìîíèòîð õèéãääýã òàëààð òàéëáàðëàäàã. Chapter 18 Õàäãàëàëò Õàäãàëàëòûí ç°°â°ðë°ã÷ áîëîí àéëûí ñèñòåì³³äèéã FreeBSD-ýýð õýðõýí óäèðäàõûã òàéëáàðëàäàã. ³íä èçèê äèñêí³³ä, RAID ìàññèâóóä, îïòèê áîëîí ñîðîíçîí õàëüñàí ç°°â°ðë°ã÷, ñàíàõ îé äýýð òóëãóóðëàñàí äèñêí³³ä áîëîí ñ³ëæýýíèé àéëûí ñèñòåì³³ä îðäîã. Chapter 19 GEOM FreeBSD äýýðõ GEOM òîãòîëöîî ãýæ þó áîëîõ, ò°ð°ë á³ðèéí äýìæèãäñýí RAID ò³âøí³³äèéã õýðõýí òîõèðóóëàõ òàëààð òàéëáàðëàäàã. Chapter 20 Ôàéëûí ñèñòåìèéí äýìëýã
Sun-èé Z àéëûí ñèñòåì çýðýã FreeBSD äýýðõ ò°ð°ëõèéí áèø àéëûí ñèñòåì³³äèéí äýìæëýãèéí òàëààð òàéëáàðëàäàã.
Chapter 21 Vinum
Ò°õ°°ð°ìæ°°ñ õàìààðàëã³é ëîãèê äèñêí³³ä áîëîí ïðîãðàì õàíãàìæèéí RAID-0, RAID-1 áîëîí RAID-5 çýðãèéí áîëîìæèéã îëãîäîã ëîãèê ýçëýõ³³í ìåíåæåð Vinum-èéã õýðõýí àøèãëàõ òàëààð òàéëáàðëàäàã. Chapter 22 Âèðòóàë÷ëàë Âèðòóàë÷ëàëûí ñèñòåì³³ä þó ñàíàë áîëãîäîã áîëîí òýäãýýðèéã FreeBSD-òýé õýðõýí àøèãëàæ áîëîõûã òàéëáàðëàäàã. Chapter 23 Ëîêàë÷ëàë Àíãëè õýëíýýñ áóñàä õýëí³³ä äýýð FreeBSD-ã õýðõýí àøèãëàõ òàëààð òàéëáàðëàäàã. Ñèñòåì áîëîí ïðîãðàìûí ò³âøèíãèéí ëîêàë÷ëàëûã äóðääàã. Chapter 24 FreeBSD-ã øèíý÷èëæ ñàéæðóóëàõ íü FreeBSD-STABLE, FreeBSD-CURRENT áîëîí FreeBSD-èéí õóâèëáàðóóäûí ÿëãààíóóäûã òàéëáàðëàäàã. Õ°ãæ³³ëýëòèéí ñèñòåìèéã äàãàõàä ÿìàð õýðýãëýã÷äýä àøèãòàéã òàéëáàðëàæ òýð ïðîöåññèéã äóðääàã. Õýðýãëýã÷èä °°ðñäèéí ñèñòåìèéã àþóëã³é áàéäëûí õàìãèéí ñ³³ëèéí ³åèéí õóâèëáàð ðóó øèíý÷ëýõ àðãóóäûã òàéëáàðëàäàã. Chapter 25 DTrace FreeBSD äýýð Sun-èé DTrace õýðýãñëèéã õýðõýí òîõèðóóëæ õýðýãëýõ òàëààð òàéëáàðëàäàã.
Äèíàìèêààð äàãàæ ì°ðä°õ íü àæèëëàæ áàéõ ÿâöàä ñèñòåìèéí øèíæèëãýý õèéæ ã³éöýòãýí ³éë àæèëëàãààíû àñóóäëóóäûã îëîõîä òóñàëæ ÷àäíà.
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ìí°õ ³ã Chapter 26 Öóâàà õîëáîîíóóä
Òåðìèíàëóóä áîëîí ìîäåìóóäûã °°ðèéí FreeBSD ñèñòåìä ãàäàãø çàëãàõ áîëîí äóóäëàãà õ³ëýýí àâàõ õîëáîëòóóäàä çîðèóëæ õýðõýí õîëáîõ òàëààð òàéëáàðëàäàã. Chapter 27 PPP áà SLIP FreeBSD äýýð PPP, SLIP, ýñâýë Ethernet äýýã³³ðõ PPP-ã õýðõýí àøèãëàæ àëñûí ñèñòåìä õîëáîãäîõûã òàéëáàðëàäàã. Chapter 28 Öàõèì øóóäàí Öàõèì çàõèäëûí ñåðâåðèéí á³ðýëäýõ³³í õýñã³³äèéã òàéëáàðëàæ õàìãèéí ò³ãýýìýë çàõèäëûí ïðîãðàì õàíãàìæ áîëîõ sendmail-ä çîðèóëñàí õÿëáàð òîõèðãîîíû ñýäâ³³äèéí òàëààð °ã³³ëäýã. Chapter 29 ѳëæýýíèé ñåðâåð³³ä Òàíû FreeBSD ìàøèíûã ñ³ëæýýíèé àéëûí ñèñòåì ñåðâåð, äîìýéí íýðíèé ñåðâåð, ñ³ëæýýíèé ìýäýýëëèéí ñèñòåì ñåðâåð ýñâýë öàã òààðóóëàõ ñåðâåð áîëãîí õýðõýí òîõèðóóëàõ òóõàé äýëãýðýíã³é çààâðóóä áîëîí æèøýý òîõèðãîîíû àéëóóäûã äóðääàã. Chapter 30 àëò õàíàíóóä Ïðîãðàì õàíãàìæ äýýð ñóóðèëñàí ãàëò õàíàíóóäûí öààäàõ èëîñî èéã òàéëáàðëàæ FreeBSD-ä çîðèóëñàí ò°ð°ë á³ðèéí ãàëò õàíàíóóäûí òîõèðãîîíû òóõàé äýëãýðýíã³é ìýäýýëëèéã °ã³³ëäýã. Chapter 31 ѳëæýýíèé íýìýëò îéëãîëòóóä °ðèéí LAN äîòîðõ áóñàä êîìïüþòåðóóäòàé Èíòåðíýòèéí õîëáîëòîî õóâààëöàõ, ÷èãë³³ëýëòèéí äýâøèëòýò ñýäâ³³ä, óòàñã³é ñ³ëæýý, Bluetooth, ATM, IPv6 çýðýã ç³éëñèéã îðîëöóóëààä ñ³ëæýýíèé îëîí ñýäâ³³äèéã òàéëáàðëàäàã. Appendix A FreeBSD-ã îëæ àâàõ íü FreeBSD ç°°â°ðë°ã÷èéã CDROM ýñâýë DVD äýýð îëæ àâàõàä çîðèóëàãäñàí ò°ð°ë á³ðèéí ýõ³³ä áîëîí FreeBSD-ã òàòàí àâ÷ ñóóëãàõ áîëîìæèéã òàíä îëãîõ Èíòåðíýò äýõ îëîí ñàéòóóäûã äóðääàã. Appendix B Íîì ç³é Ýíý íîì íü ìàø îëîí ò°ð°ë á³ðèéí ñýäâ³³äèéã õ°íää°ã á°ã°°ä òàíûã ìàãàäã³é èë³³ äýëãýðýíã³é ìýäýýëýë àâàõ õ³ñýëä õ°òë°æ áîëîõ þì. Íîì ç³é íü ýíý íîìîíä àøèãëàñàí îëîí ãàéõàëòàé íîìíóóäûã äóðäñàí áàéäàã. Appendix C Èíòåðíýò äýõ ýõ ³³ñâýð³³ä FreeBSD-èéí õýðýãëýã÷äýä çîðèóëñàí, àñóóëòóóä èëãýýæ FreeBSD-èéí òàëààð òåõíèêèéí õýëýëö³³ëã³³ä °ðí³³ëæ áîëîõ îëîí õýëýëö³³ëã³³ä áàéäàã òàëààð òàéëáàðëàäàã. Appendix D PGP ò³ëõ³³ð³³ä FreeBSD-èéí õýä õýäýí õ°ãæ³³ëýã÷äèéí PGP ò³ëõ³³ð³³äèéã æàãñààäàã.
Ýíý íîìîíä àøèãëàãäñàí áè÷èãëýëèéí õýëáýð³³ä
Òåêñòèéã óíøèõàä õÿëáàð, äýñ äàðààëàëòàé áîëãîõûí òóëä ýíý íîìîíä õýä õýäýí áè÷èãëýëèéí õýëáýð³³äèéã àøèãëàñàí.
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Õýâëýëèéí õýëáýð³³ä
ìí°õ ³ã
Italic italic îíò íü àéëûí íýðñ, URL-óóä, îíöîëñîí òåêñò áîëîí òåõíèêèéí óõàãäàõóóíóóäûí ýõíèé õýðýãëýýíä italic ³ñãèéí ìàÿã àøèãëàãäñàí. Monospace
õèéãäñýí ³ñãèéí ìàÿã íü àëäààíû ìýäýãäë³³ä, òóøààëóóä, îð÷íû õóâüñàã÷óóä, ïîðòóóäûí íýðñ, õîñòûí íýðñ, õýðýãëýã÷äèéí íýðñ, á³ëãèéí íýðñ, ò°õ°°ð°ìæèéí íýðñ, õóâüñàã÷óóä áîëîí êîäûí õýñã³³äýä àøèãëàãäñàí.
monospace
Bold bold ³ñãèéí ìàÿã íü ïðîãðàìóóä, òóøààëóóä áîëîí òîâ÷ëóóðóóäàä àøèãëàãäñàí.
Õýðýãëýã÷èéí Îðîëò
Òîâ÷ëóóðóóä íü áóñàä òåêñòýýñ ÿëãàðàõûí òóëä bold õýëáýðýýð õàðóóëàãäñàí. Òîâ÷ëóóðóóäûí õîñëîëóóä íü çýðýã áè÷èãäýõ ¼ñòîé á°ã°°ä òîâ÷ëóóðóóäûí õîîðîíä ‘+’ òàâèãäàí ³ç³³ëýãäñýí, æèøýý íü: Ctrl+Alt+Del
Ýíý íü õýðýãëýã÷ Ctrl, Alt, áîëîí Del òîâ÷ëóóðóóäûã çýðýã äàðàõ ¼ñòîé ãýñýí ³ã þì. Äàðààëàí áè÷èõ ¼ñòîé òîâ÷ëóóðóóäûã òàñëàëààð òóñãààðëàäàã, æèøýý íü: Ctrl+X, Ctrl+S
Ýíý íü õýðýãëýã÷ Ctrl áîëîí X òîâ÷ëóóðóóäûã çýðýã äàðààä äàðàà íü Ctrl áîëîí S òîâ÷ëóóðóóäûã çýðýã äàðíà ãýñýí ³ã þì.
Æèøýýí³³ä
E:\> ãýæ ýõýëñýí æèøýýí³³ä íü MS-DOS® òóøààëûã èëýðõèéëíý. Òýìäýãëýæ õýëýýã³é ë áîë ýäãýýð òóøààëóóäûã îð÷èí ³åèéí Microsoft Windows îð÷íû “Òóøààë õ³ëýýõ ì°ð” öîíõíîîñ àæèëëóóëæ áîëîõ þì. E:\> tools\fdimage floppies\kern.flp A:
ãýæ ýõýëñýí æèøýýí³³ä íü FreeBSD äýýð ñóïåð õýðýãëýã÷ýýð àæèëëóóëàõ ¼ñòîé òóøààëûã èëýðõèéëíý. Òóøààë áè÷èõèéí òóëä òà root ýðõýýð íýâòðýõ þì óó ýñâýë °°ðèéí åðäèéí ýðõýýð íýâòðýýä ñóïåð õýðýãëýã÷èéí ç°âø°°ðë³³äèéã àâàõûí òóëä su(1)-ã àøèãëàæ áîëîõ þì.
#
# dd if=kern.flp of=/dev/fd0
ãýæ ýõýëñýí æèøýýí³³ä íü åðäèéí õýðýãëýã÷èéí á³ðòãýëýýñ àæèëëóóëàõ ¼ñòîé òóøààëûã èëýðõèéëíý. Òýìäýãëýæ õýëýýã³é ë áîë îð÷íû õóâüñàã÷óóä áîëîí áóñàä á³ðõ³³ëèéí òóøààëóóäûã òîõèðóóëàõàä C á³ðõ³³ëèéí ñèíòàêñ àøèãëàãääàã. %
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ìí°õ ³ã
Òàëàðõàë
Òàíû áàðüæ áàéãàà íîì íü äýëõèé äàÿàðõ îëîí çóóí õ³ì³³ñèéí õ³÷ õ°ä°ëì°ð þì. Áè÷ãèéí àëäààíóóäûí çàñâàðóóä èëãýýñýí ÷ áàé ýñâýë á³õýë á³òýí á³ëã³³äèéã èð³³ëñýí ÷ áàé ãýñýí ýäãýýð á³õ îðóóëñàí õóâü íýìð³³ä íü èõ à÷ õîëáîãäîëòîé áàéñàí þì. Çîõèîã÷äûã á³òýí àæëûí °äðèéí òóðø àæèëëàõûã äýìæèí öàëèíæóóëæ, õýâëýëòèéí ò°ëá°ðèéã ò°ë°õ ãýõ çýðãýýð õýä õýäýí êîìïàíèóä ýíý áàðèìòûí õ°ãæ³³ëýëòèéã äýìæñýí áèëýý. ßëàíãóÿà BSDi-èéí (äàðààõàí íü Wind River Systems (http://www.windriver.com) õóäàëäàí àâñàí) öàëèíæóóëñàí FreeBSD áàðèìòæóóëàõ ò°ñëèéí ãèø³³ä ýíý íîìûã ñàéæðóóëæ á³òýí àæëûí °äðèéí òóðø àæèëëàñàí íü 2000 îíû 3 ñàðä ýõíèé õýâëýãäñýí õóâèëáàð ãàðãàõàä õ³ðãýñýí þì (ISBN 1-57176-241-8). Wind River Systems äàðàà íü õýâëýãäñýí ãàðàëòûí äýä á³òöýä õýä õýäýí ñàéæðóóëàëòóóäûã õèéëãýæ òåêñòýä íýìýëò á³ëã³³äèéã íýì³³ëýõèéí òóëä õýä õýäýí çîõèîã÷èéã öàëèíæóóëñàí áèëýý. 2001 îíû 11 ñàðä õýâëýãäñýí õî¼ð äàõü õýâëýëä ýíý àæèë îðæýý (ISBN 1-57176-303-1). 2003-2004 îíóóäàä FreeBSD Mall, Inc (http://www.freebsdmall.com) ãóðàâ äàõü óäààãèéí õýâëýëèéã áýëòãýõýä çîðèóëàí àðûí àâëàãûã ñàéæðóóëàõûí òóëä õýä õýäýí õóâü íýìýð îðóóëàã÷äûã öàëèíæóóëñàí þì.
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I. Ýõëýë
FreeBSD ãàðûí àâëàãûí ýíý õýñýã íü FreeBSD-òýé øèíýýð òàíèëöàæ áàéãàà àäìèíèñòðàòîð áîëîí õýðýãëýã÷äýä çîðèóëàãäñàí. Ýíä ãàðàõ á³ëã³³ä íü: • • • •
FreeBSD-í òàíèëöóóëãà.
FreeBSD-ã ñóóëãàõ ³éë ÿâö.
UNIX-èéí ³íäñèéí îéëãîëò.
FreeBSD-òýé õàìò èðäýã ãóðàâäàã÷-ýòãýýäèéí ïðîãðàìûã õýðõýí ñóóëãàõ áîëîí
UNIX öîíõîò ñèñòåì X-èéã òàíä òàíèëöóóëæ, èë³³ ³ð á³òýýëòýé àæèëëàõûí òóëä àæëûí øèðýýíèé îð÷íîî õýðõýí òîõèðóóëàõ òàëààð òàéëáàðëàíà. Áèä àðûí àâëàãûíõàà ýíý õýñãèéã àëü áîëîõ ö°°õ°í õóóäàñ äàìæèõààð áîäîëöñîí á°ã°°ä èíãýñíýýð òàíä ýíý ãàðûí àâëàãûã ýõíýýñ íü äóóñòàë õóóäàñíààñ õóóäàñ óðóó ³ñðýëã³éãýýð óíøèæ äóóñãàõàä çîðèóëñàí áèëýý. •
Chapter 1
Òàíèëöóóëãà
Äàõèí á³òöèéã °°ð÷èëæ çîõèîí áàéãóóëñàí, çàðèì õýñãèéã äàõèí áè÷ñýí Æèì Ìîê. Îð÷óóëñàí Öàãààíõ³³ãèéí àíáîëä. 1.1
Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà
FreeBSD-ã ñîíèðõñîí òàíä áàÿðëàëàà! Äàðààõ á³ëýã FreeBSD ò°ñëèéí ò³³õ, çîðèëãî, õ°ãæ³³ëýõ çàãâàð çýðýã áóñàä ò°ð°ë á³ðèéí îéëãîëòóóäûã õàìàðíà.
Ýíý á³ëãèéã óíøñàíû äàðàà, òà äàðààõ ç³éëñèéã ìýäýõ áîëíî: • • • • •
FreeBSD áóñàä êîìïüþòåðèéí ³éëäëèéí ñèñòåì³³äòýé ÿìàð õàìààðàëòàé òàëààð.
FreeBSD ò°ñëèéí ò³³õ.
FreeBSD ò°ñëèéí çîðèëãóóä.
FreeBSD-èéí íýýëòòýé-ýõ õ°ãæ³³ëýõ çàãâàðûí ³íäñ³³ä.
Ì°í ìýäýýæ “FreeBSD” íýð õààíààñ ãàðñàí òàëààð.
1.2 FreeBSD-
ä òàâòàé ìîðèëíî óó!
FreeBSD íü Èíòåë (x86 áîëîí Itanium®), AMD64, Alpha™, Sun UltraSPARC® êîìïüþòåðóóäàä çîðèóëàãäñàí 4.4BSD-Lite äýýð ³íäýñëýñýí ³éëäëèéí ñèñòåì þì. Ì°í °°ð áóñàä àðõèòåêòóð óðóó ïîðò õèéãäýæ áàéãàà áîëíî. Òà ì°í FreeBSD-èéí ò³³õ ýñâýë îäîîãèéí õóâèëáàðûã óíøèõ áîëîìæòîé. Õýðýâ òà ýíý ò°ñ°ëä (êîä, òîíîã ò°õ°°ð°ìæ, ñàí) õóâü íýìýð îðóóëàõûã ñîíèðõîæ áàéãàà áîë FreeBSD-ä õóâü íýìýð îðóóëàõ íü (http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/mn_MN.UTF-8/articles/contributing/index.html) íèéòëýëèéã óíøèíà óó.
1.2.1 FreeBSD
þó õèéæ ÷àäàõ âý?
FreeBSD îëîí òîîíû äóðäàõàä áóðóóäàõã³é áîëîìæóóäòàé. Ýäãýýðèéí çàðèì íü: •
•
•
Êîìïüþòåðèéã èõ à÷ààëàëòàé áàéñàí ÷ ïðîãðàìóóä áîëîí õýðýãëýã÷äèéí õîîðîíä áàðòààã³é, èæèë õóâààëöàõ í°õöëèéã á³ðä³³ëýõ, äèíàìèê äàðààëàë òîõèðóóëàëòòàé, èë³³ °íä°ð äàâóó ýðõ á³õèé áîäëîãîîð ñîëèãäîõ áîëîìæ á³õèé îëîí áîäëîãî÷ëîë . Îëîí-õýðýãëýã÷èéí áîëîìæóóä íü îëîí õ³ì³³ñ FreeBSD ñèñòåìèéã ò°ð°ë á³ðèéí ç³éëä çîðèóëàí çýðýãöýí õýðýãëýõ áîëîìæèéã ç°âø°°ðä°ã. Ýíý íü, æèøýý íü, õýâëýã÷³³ä áîëîí ñîðîíçîí õàëüñíû õ°òë°ã÷³³ä çýðýã ñèñòåìèéí çàõûí ò°õ°°ð°ìæ³³ä íü ñèñòåì ýñâýë ñ³ëæýýí äýõ á³õ õýðýãëýã÷äèéí äóíä ç°â°°ð õóâààëöàõ áà ýõ ³³ñâýð á³ð äýõ õÿçãààðóóä íü ìàø ÷óõàë ñèñòåìèéí ýõ ³³ñâýð³³äèéã èë³³ àøèãëàõààñ õàìãààëæ õýðýãëýã÷äýä áîëîí á³ëýã õýðýãëýã÷äýä òàâèãäàæ áîëíî ãýñýí ³ã þì. SCTP, DHCP, NFS, NIS, PPP, SLIP, IPsec, áîëîí IPv6 çýðýã ³éëäâýðëýëèéí ñòàíäàðòóóäûí äýìæëýãòýé, õ³÷èðõýã TCP/IP ñ³ëæýý . Ýíý íü òàíû FreeBSD ìàøèí áóñàä ³éëäëèéí ñèñòåì³³äòýé õÿëáàð õàðèëöàí àæèëëàæ ÷àäàõààñ ãàäíà ì°í NFS ( àéëä àëñààñ õàíäàõ) öàõèì çàõèäëûí ³éë÷èëãýýí³³ä çýðýã ÷óõàë áîëîìæóóäûã õàíãàäàã ýñâýë Èíòåðíýòýä WWW, FTP, ÷èãë³³ëýõ ýñâýë ãàëò õàíûí
1
Chapter 1 Òàíèëöóóëãà (àþóëã³é áàéäàë) ³éë÷èëãýýí³³äèéí õàìò òà °°ðèéíõ°° áàéãóóëëàãûã áàéðëóóëàõ Enterprise ñåðâåð øèã àæèëëàæ ÷àäíà ãýñýí ³ã þì.
Ñàíàõ îéí õàìãààëàëò íü ïðîãðàìóóä (ýñâýë õýðýãëýã÷èä) °°ð õîîðîíäîî í°ë°°ë°õã³é í°õöëèéã õàíãàäàã. Íýã ïðîãðàì ñ³éðýõýä áóñäàä àëü ÷ çàìààð í°ë°°ë°õã³é. • FreeBSD íü 32-áèò ³éëäëèéí ñèñòåì (Àëü à äýýð 64-áèò , Itanium, AMD64, áîëîí UltraSPARC) á°ã°°ä á³ð àíõíààñàà ýõëýí äèçàéí õèéãäñýí þì. • éëäâýðëýëèéí ñòàíäàðò áîëîõ X Öîíõíû Ñèñòåì (X11R7) íü åðäèéí VGA êàðò áà äýëãýöèéí ³íýíä õýðýãëýã÷èéí ãðà èê èíòåð ýéñèéã (GUI) õàíãàäàã á°ã°°ä á³ðýí ýõèéí õàìò èðäýã. • Ëèíóêñ, SCO, SVR4, BSDI áà NetBSD-ä çîðèóëàí á³òýýãäñýí îëîí ïðîãðàìóóäòàé õî¼ðòûí íèéëýìæ . • Îëîí ìÿíãàí àæèëëàõàä áýëýí ïðîãðàìóóä FreeBSD-èéí ïîðòóóä áîëîí áàãöóóäûí öóãëóóëãàíä áàéäàã. Ýíäýýñ á³ãäèéã îëæ áîëæ áàéõàä ÿàãààä ñ³ëæýýíýýñ õàéõ õýðýãòýé ãýæ? • Îëîí ìÿíãàí íýìýëò áîëîí àìàðõàí ïîðò õèéõ áîëîìæòîé ïðîãðàìóóä Èíòåðíýòýä áàéäàã. FreeBSD íü ýõ êîäûí õóâüä èõýíõ îëíû ìýääýã àðèëæààíû UNIX ñèñòåì³³äòýé íèéöòýé á°ã°°ä èõýíõ ïðîãðàìóóäûã õ°ðâ³³ëýõýä õýðýâ áàéãàà áîë ö°°í °°ð÷ë°ëò³³äèéã øààðääàã. • Øààðäëàãààð õóóäàñëàäàã (demand paged) âèðòóàë ñàíàõ îé áà “íèéë³³ëñýí VM/ò³ð õàäãàëàã÷” äèçàéí íü ñàíàõ îéí õóâüä èõ õýðýãëýäýã ïðîãðàìóóäûí õ³ñëèéã ³ð àøèãòàéãààð õàíãàäàã á°ã°°ä èíãýõäýý áóñàä õýðýãëýã÷äýä õàðèëöàí õàðèó °ã°õ áîëîìæèéã îëãîñîîð áàéäàã. • Îëîí CPU-òàé ìàøèíóóäàä çîðèóëñàí SMP äýìæëýã. • C, C++, áîëîí ÔÎ Ò ÀÍ õ°ãæ³³ëýõ áàãàæóóäûí á³ðýí á³ðýëäýõ³³í. Íàðèéí ñóäàëãàà áîëîí õ°ãæ³³ëýëòýä çîðèóëñàí îëîí íýìýëò õýëí³³ä áàñ ïîðòóóä áîëîí áàãöóóäûí öóãëóóëãàíä áàéäàã. • Á³õ ñèñòåìä çîðèóëñàí ýõ êîä ãýäýã íü òà îð÷íîî õàìãèéí èõýýð õÿíàíà ãýñýí ³ã þì. Òà æèíõýíý íýýëòòýé ñèñòåìòýé ì°ðòë°° ÿàãààä ³éëäâýðëýã÷èéí áóÿíä õààëòòàé øèéäýëä öîîæòîé áàéõ ¼ñòîé ãýæ? • Äýëãýðýíã³é îíëàéí áàðèìòæóóëàëò . • ãýõ ìýò °°ð èë³³ îëíûã äóðäàæ áîëíî! FreeBSD íü Áåðêëè äýõ Êàëè îðíèéí Èõ Ñóðãóóëèéí Êîìïüþòåðèéí Ñèñòåìèéí Ñóäàëãààíû Á³ëãýýñ (CSRG) ãàðãàñàí 4.4BSD-Lite õóâèëáàð äýýð ³íäýñëýñýí á°ã°°ä BSD ñèñòåìèéí õ°ãæ³³ëýëòèéí áóñäààñ ÿëãààòàé óëàìæëàëûã ³ðãýëæë³³ëñýýð áàéíà. CSRG-ýýñ ãàðãàñàí ñàéõàí àæëààñ ãàäíà FreeBSD Ò°ñ°ë íü æèíõýíý àìüäðàë äýýðõ à÷ààëëûí ³åèéí íàéäâàðòàé áîëîí õàìãèéí ñàéí àæèëëàãààã õàíãàõ ñèñòåìèéã íàðèéí òîõèðóóëàõàä îëîí ìÿíãàí öàãèéã çîðèóëæýý. Óëàì îëîí àðèëæààíû àâàðãóóä èéì áîëîìæóóä, àæèëëàãàà áîëîí íàéäâàðòàé áàéäàë á³õèé PC ³éëäëèéí ñèñòåìèéã ãàðãàõ ãýæ òýìöýæ áàéõàä FreeBSD òýäãýýðèéã îäîî ñàíàë áîëãîæ ÷àäíà! FreeBSD-ã ÿìàð õýðýãëýýíä àøèãëàõ íü ç°âõ°í òàíû ò°ñ°°ëëèéí õ³ðýýíä áàéíà. Ïðîãðàì õàíãàìæèéí õ°ãæ³³ëýëòýýñ ýõëýýä ³éëäâýðëýëèéí àâòîìàòæóóëàëò, ò°ëâèéí õÿíàëòààñ àâàõóóëààä àëñûí õèéìýë äàãóóëûí àíòåííóóäûí àçèìóò çàñâàðëàëò; õýðýâ ³³íèéã àðèëæààíû UNIX á³òýýãäýõ³³íýýð õèéæ ÷àäàõ áîë ìýäýýæ òà ³³íèéã FreeBSD-ýýð ÷ áàñ õèéæ ÷àäíà! Ì°í FreeBSD äýëõèé äàÿàð ñóäàëãààíû ò°â³³ä áîëîí èõ ñóðãóóëèóäàä õ°ãæ³³ëñýí èõýíõäýý áàãà ýñâýë ³íýã³é áàéäàã îëîí ìÿíãàí °íä°ð ÷àíàðûí ïðîãðàìóóäààñ ìýäýãäýõ³éö ³ð àøãèéã àâäàã. Àðèëæààíû ïðîãðàìóóä áàñ áàéäàã á°ã°°ä °ä°ð èðýõ òóñàì èõ õýìæýýãýýð íýìýãäýæ áàéíà. FreeBSD-èéí °°ðèéí ýõ êîä åð°íõèéä°° áàéãàà áîëîõîîð òóñãàé ïðîãðàìóóä ýñâýë ò°ñë³³äýä çîðèóëæ ñèñòåìèéã áàðàã ñîíñîîã³é õýìæýýíä °°ð÷ë°õ áîëîìæòîé á°ã°°ä åð°íõèéä°° áóñàä èõýíõ òîì òîì •
2
Chapter 1 Òàíèëöóóëãà
àðèëæààíû ³éëäâýðëýã÷äèéí ³éëäëèéí ñèñòåì³³äýä ³³íèéã õèéõ áîëîìæã³é áàéäàã. Ýíä FreeBSD-ã àøèãëàæ áàéãàà õ³ì³³ñèéí õýðýãëýýíèé çàðèì íýã áàéíà: Èíòåðíýòèéí éë÷èëãýýí³³ä: FreeBSD äýõ õ³÷èðõýã TCP/IP ñ³ëæýý íü ò°ð°ë á³ðèéí Èíòåðíýòèéí ³éë÷èëãýýí³³äýä õàìãèéí òîõèðñîí òàâöàí áîëãîäîã: • FTP ñåðâåð³³ä • Äýëõèé Äàÿàðõ Âýá ñåðâåð³³ä (ñòàíäàðò ýñâýë íóóöëàã [SSL]) • IPv4 áîëîí IPv6 ÷èãë³³ëýëò • àëò õàíàíóóä áîëîí NAT (“IP ìàñêàðàä õèéõ”) ãàðöóóä • Öàõèì Çàõèäëûí ñåðâåð³³ä • USENET Ìýäýýí³³ä ýñâýë Çàðëàëûí Ñàìáàðûí Ñèñòåì³³ä • ãýõ ìýò °°ð èë³³ îëíûã äóðäàæ áîëíî... Òà FreeBSD-òýé áàéõàä õÿìä 386 àíãèëëûí PC-òýé æèæãýýñ õÿëáàðõíààð ýõëýýä òàíû Enterprise °ñ°õèéí õýðýýð RAID õàäãàëàëò á³õèé 4 ïðîöåññîðòîé Xeon õ³ðòýë øèíý÷èëæ áîëíî. • Áîëîâñðîë: Òà êîìïüþòåðèéí øèíæëýõ óõààí ýñâýë ò³³íòýé õîëáîîòîé èíæåíåð÷ëýëèéí ñàëáàðûí îþóíòàí óó? éëäëèéí ñèñòåì, êîìïüþòåðèéí àðõèòåêòóð áîëîí ñ³ëæýýíèé òàëààð ñóðàõàä FreeBSD-èéí äàëä õàíãàæ °ãä°ã áîëîìæ øèã èë³³ ñàéí àðãà áàéõã³é. ×°ë°°òýé áàéäàã õýä õýäýí CAD, ìàòåìàòèêèéí áîëîí ãðà èêèéí äèçàéí õèéõ áàãöóóä íü °°ð áóñàä àæëóóäûã õèéõèéí òóëä êîìïüþòåðèéã àøèãëàäàã õ³ì³³ñò FreeBSD-ã èë³³ èõ àøèãòàé áîëãîäîã! • Ñóäàëãàà: Á³õýë ñèñòåìèéí õóâüä ýõ êîäòîé FreeBSD íü ³éëäëèéí ñèñòåì³³ä áîëîí êîìïüþòåðèéí øèæëýõ óõààíû áóñàä ñàëáàðóóäûí õóâüä ñóäàëãààíû ìàø ñàéí òàâöàí áîëäîã. FreeBSD-èéí ÷°ë°°òýé áàéäàã ÷àíàð íü àëñàä áàéãàà á³ëã³³ä òóñãàé ëèöåíçèéí ãýðýý ýñâýë íýýëòòýé îðóì äýýð õýëýëöýæ áîëîõ õÿçãààðóóäàä ñàíàà çîâîëã³éãýýð øèíý ñàíààíóóä áîëîí õóâààëöñàí õ°ãæ³³ëýëò äýýð õàìòðàí àæèëëàõ áîëîìæèéã á³ðä³³ëäýã. • ѳëæýý: Øèíý ÷èãë³³ëýã÷? Íýðèéí ñåðâåð (DNS)? ճ쳳ñèéã äîòîîä ñ³ëæýýíýýñ ãàäóóð áàéëãàõ ãàëò õàíà õýðýãòýé áàéíà óó? FreeBSD íü àøèãëààã³é, áóëàíä õýâòýæ áàéãàà 386 ýñâýë 486 PC-ã ïàêåò ø³³ëò õèéõ ñàéæðóóëñàí áîëîìæóóäòàé °ðã°òã°ñ°í ÷èãë³³ëýã÷ áîëãîí õÿëáàðõàí õóâèðãàæ ÷àäíà. • X Öîíõíû àæëûí ñòàíö: FreeBSD íü ÷°ë°°òýé áàéäàã X11 ñåðâåðèéã àøèãëàí õÿìä X òåðìèíàëûí øèéäýëä çîðèóëñàí ñàéí ñîíãîëò áîëäîã. X òåðìèíàëààñ ÿëãààòàé íü õýðýâ õ³ñâýë îëîí ïðîãðàìóóäûã FreeBSD àæèëëóóëàõûã ç°âø°°ðä°ã á°ã°°ä èíãýñíýýð ò°â ñåðâåðèéí à÷ààëëûã õ°íã°â÷èëä°ã. FreeBSD íü “äèñêã³é” à÷ààëæ ÷àäñàíààð àæëûí ñòàíöóóäûã õÿìä, àìàðõàí óäèðäàõ áîëîìæòîé áîëãîäîã. • Ïðîãðàì Õàíãàìæèéí Õ°ãæ³³ëýëò: íäñýí FreeBSD ñèñòåì íü íèéòýä àëäàðøñàí GNU C/C++ õ°ðâ³³ëýã÷ áîëîí àëäàà îëîã÷ çýðýã ïðîãðàì÷ëàëûí ³íäñýí õýðýãñë³³äòýé èðäýã. FreeBSD íü CD-ROM, DVD, áîëîí íýðã³é FTP äýýð ýõ áîëîí õî¼ðòûí õýëáýðýýð áàéäàã. FreeBSD-ã îëæ àâàõ òàëààð äýëãýðýíã³é ìýäýýëëèéã Appendix A õàÿãààñ ³çíý ³³. •
ã õýí àøèãëàäàã âý?
1.2.2 FreeBSD-
FreeBSD íü äýëõèéí IT-èéí èõýíõ òîìîîõîí êîìïàíèóäûí ãàðãàäàã ò°õ°°ð°ìæ³³ä áîëîí á³òýýãäýõ³³í³³äýä òàâöàí áîëîí àøèãëàãääàã:
3
Chapter 1 Òàíèëöóóëãà •
Apple (http://www.apple.com/)
•
Cisco (http://www.cisco.com/)
•
Juniper (http://www.juniper.net/)
•
NetApp (http://www.netapp.com/)
FreeBSD íü áàñ èíòåðíýò äýõ çàðèì íýã õàìãèéí òîìîîõîí âýá õóóäñóóäûã àæèëëóóëäàã: •
Yahoo! (http://www.yahoo.com/)
•
Yandex (http://www.yandex.ru/)
•
Apache (http://www.apache.org/)
•
Rambler (http://www.rambler.ru/)
•
Sina (http://www.sina.com/)
•
Pair Networks (http://www.pair.com/)
•
Sony Japan (http://www.sony.co.jp/)
•
Netcraft (http://www.netcraft.com/)
•
Weathernews (http://www.wni.com/)
•
TELEHOUSE America (http://www.telehouse.com/)
ãýõ ìýò °°ð èë³³ îëîí âýá õóóäñóóäûã äóðäàæ áîëíî. 1.3 FreeBSD
Ò°ñëèéí òóõàé
Äàðààõ õýñýã ò°ñëèéí òîâ÷ ò³³õ, ò°ñëèéí çîðèëãóóä,áîëîí ò°ñëèéí õ°ãæ³³ëýëòèéí çàãâàð çýðýã ò°ñëèéí òóõàé çàðèì íýã ìýäýýëëèéã °ãí°.
èéí òîâ÷ ò³³õ
1.3.1 FreeBSD-
Õóâü íýìýð áîëãîí îðóóëñàí Æîðäàí Õàááàðä. FreeBSD ò°ñëèéí ³³ñýë 1993 îíû ýõýí õýñýãò ³³äýëòýé á°ã°°ä çàëðóóëàõ áàãöûí ñ³³ëèéí 3 çîõèöóóëàã÷èä áîëîõ Íýéò Âèëëüÿìñ, îä ðàéìñ áîëîí ìèíèé áèåèéí õàìòðàí ãàðãàñàí “Àëáàí ¼ñíû áóñ 386BSD Çàëðóóëàõ áàãö”ààñ õýñýã÷èëýí õ°ãæñ°í þì. Áèäíèé àíõíû çîðèëãî õýä õýäýí àñóóäëóóäûã øèéäýõèéí òóëä 386BSD-èéí äóíäûí õîðìûí õóâèëáàðûã ãàðãàæ àâàõ ÿâäàë áàéñàí á°ã°°ä çàëðóóëàõ áàãöûí ìåõàíèçì ³³íèéã øèéäýæ ÷àääàãã³é áàéëàà. Òà íàðûí çàðèì íýã íü ò°ñëèéí àæëûí àíõíû íýð òýð ÿâäàëòàé õîëáîîòîé “386BSD 0.5” ýñâýë “386BSD Äóíäûí” ãýæ áàéñíûã ñàíàæ ìàãàäã³é þì. 386BSD íü áàðàã æèë îð÷ìûí ³ë îéøîîëòîîñ áîëæ èõýýõýí çîâæ áàéñàí òýð ³åä õ³ðñýí Áèëë Æîëèöèéí ³éëäëèéí ñèñòåì áàéñàí þì. Çàëðóóëàëòûí áàãö íü °ä°ð °íã°ð°õ á³ð óëàì ýâã³éãýýð òîìîð÷ áàéñàí á°ã°°ä áèä ÿìàð íýã þì õèéõ ¼ñòîéã 100 õóâü ç°âø°°ð÷ Áèëëä òóñëàõààð øèéäýæ ýíýõ³³ äóíäûí “öýâýðëýñýí” õîðìûí õóâèëáàðûã ãàðãàñàí þì. Òýäãýýð ò°ë°âë°ã°°í³³ä íü Áèëë Æîëèöèéã þó õèéãäýæ áîëîõûã òîäîðõîé õàðóóëàõûí îðîíä ÿìàð ÷ ç³éëã³éãýýð ò°ñëèéí °°ðèéí ñàíêöààñ ãýíýò òàòãàëçàõ øèéäâýðò õ³ðãýæ á³ä³³ëýã çîãñîîëòîä õ³ðãýñýí þì.
4
Chapter 1 Òàíèëöóóëãà
Áèëëèéí äýìæëýãã³é ÷ ãýñýí çîðèëãî ìààíü õàðàìñàõààðã³é õýâýýðýý ³ëäýõèéã áèä íýã èõ óäàëã³é øèéäñýí á°ã°°ä Äýéâèä ðèéíìýíèé áîäîæ îëñíîîð “FreeBSD” íýðèéã àâñàí þì. Áèäíèé ýõíèé çîðèëãóóä ñèñòåìèéí îäîîãèéí õýðýãëýã÷èäòýé ç°âë°ëäñ°íèé äàðàà òîäîðõîéëîãäñîí á°ã°°ä ò°ñ°ë ýõýëñýí íü òîäîðõîé áîëñíû äàðàà á³ð ìàãàäã³é àìüäðàë äýýð áèåëëýý îëîõûí òóëä áè Èíòåðíýò óðóó õÿëáàð õàíäàõ áîëîìæã³é îëîí çîëã³é÷³³äýä çîðèóëæ FreeBSD-èéí ò³ãýýëòèéí ñóâãóóäûã ñàéæðóóëàõ çîðèëãîòîéãîîð Âîëíàò Êðèéê CDROM-òîé õîëáîî òîãòîîñîí þì. Âîëíàò Êðèéê CDROM íü FreeBSD-ã CD äýýð ò³ãýýõ ñàíààã äýìæýýä çîãñîîã³é àæèëëàõ ìàøèí áàñ õóðäàí Èíòåðíýòèéí õîëáîëòûã ò°ñ°ëä çîðèóëàí õàíãàñàí þì. Âîëíàò Êðèéê CDROM-èéí òýð ³åä òýð ÷èãýýðýý ³ë ìýäýãäýõ ò°ñ°ëä áàðàã ë óðüä÷èëàí òîîöîõ àðãàã³é °ãñ°í èòãýëã³éãýýð FreeBSD îäîîãèéí õ³ðñýí øèã èéì õîë ò³âøèíä, èéì õóðäàí õ³ðýõã³é áàéñàí áèç ýý. Àíõíû CD-ROM (åð°íõèéä°° ñ³ëæýýíä °ðã°í°°ð) ò³ãýýëò 1993 îíû 12 ñàðä ãàðãàñàí FreeBSD 1.0 áàéëàà. Ýíý íü Áåðêëèãèéí Ê.È.Ñ-èéí 4.3BSD-Lite (“Net/2”) ñîðîíçîí õàëüñ äýýð òóëãóóðëàñàí, áàñ 386BSD áîëîí ×°ë°°ò Ïðîãðàì Õàíãàìæèéí Ñàíãààñ õàíãàñàí îëîí õýñã³³äýýñ òîãòñîí áàéñàí áèëýý.Ýíý áîë ýõíèé óäààä íýëýýí áîëîìæèéí àìæèëò áàéñàí á°ã°°ä äàðàà íü áèä ìàø °íä°ð àìæèëò îëñîí FreeBSD 1.1 õóâèëáàðûã 1994 îíû 5 ñàðä ãàðãàñàí þì. Ýíý ³åä óðò óäààí ³ðãýëæèëñýí Áåðêëèãèéí Net/2 ñîðîíêîí õàëüíû õóóëü ýðõ ç³éí ñòàòóñòàé õîëáîîòîé Íîâýëë áà Áåðêëèãèéí Ê.È.Ñ íàðûí õîîðîíäîõ çàðãà øèéäýãäýæ ãýíýòèéí õàð ³³ëñ áèé áîëñîí þì. Òýð òîõèðîëöîîíû í°õö°ë íü “ñààä áîëñîí” êîä áà Íîâýëëèéí óðüä íü AT&T-ýýñ àâñàí °ì÷ áîëîõ Net/2-èéí èõýíõ õýñýã äýýð õèéñýí Áåðêëèãèéí Ê.È.Ñ-èéí áóóëò áàéëàà. Õàðèóä íü Íîâýëëèéí “àäèñëàë” 4.4BSD-Lite õóâèëáàð áàéñàí á°ã°°ä ýíý íü ãàðñíûõàà äàðàà ñààäã³éãýýð òóíõàãëàãäàæ ò³³í óðóó Net/2-èéí á³õ õýðýãëýã÷èä ìàø õ³÷òýéãýýð øèëæèõèéã äýìæèõ ÿâäàë áàéëàà. ³íä FreeBSD áàñ îðñîí á°ã°°ä ò°ñ°ëä 1994 îíû 7 ñàðààñ õ³ðòýë õóãàöàà °ã÷ °°ðèéí Net/2 äýýð òóëãóóðëàñàí á³òýýãäýõ³³íýý ãàðãàõûã õîðèãëîñîí þì. Òýð ãýðýýíèé õ³ðýýíä ýöñèéí õóãàöààíààñ °ìí° ò°ñ°ëä ñ³³ëèéí íýã õóâèëáàð ãàðãàõûã ç°âø°°ðñ°í á°ã°°ä òýð õóâèëáàð íü FreeBSD 1.1.5.1 áàéëàà. Äàðàà íü FreeBSD áàðàã òýð ÷èãýýðýý øèíý, á³ðýí áèø 4.4BSD-Lite-èéí õýñãýýñ °°ðèéãýý äàõèí á³òýýõ õ³íä áýðõ áîäëîãûã òîãòîîñîí þì. “Lite” õóâèëáàðóóä íü çàðèì òàëààðàà õ°íã°í áàéñàí, ó÷èð íü à÷ààëàãäàæ àæèëëàõ ñèñòåìèéã á³òýýõýä øààðäëàãàòàé êîäûí èõýýõýí õýñãèéã Áåðêëèãèéí CSRG àðèëãàñàí (ò°ð°ë á³ðèéí õóóëü ýðõ ç³éí øààðäëàãààð) á°ã°°ä 4.4-èéí Èíòåëèéí õýñýã áàñ íýëýýí á³ðýí áèø áàéëàà. Ýíý øèëæèëòèéã õèéñýýð ò°ñ°ë 1994 îíû 11 ñàð õ³ðãýñýí á°ã°°ä òýð ³åä ñ³ëæýý áîëîí CD-ROM (12 ñàðûí ñ³³ëýýð) äýýð FreeBSD 2.0-èéã ãàðãàñàí áàéíà. Õýäèéãýýð ãàäóóðàà áàãà çýðýã ò³³õèé áàéñàí áîëîâ÷ ýíý õóâèëáàð íü èõýýõýí àìæèëòòàé áîëñîí á°ã°°ä óäàëã³é èë³³ õ³÷èðõýã, àìàðõàí ñóóëãàäàã FreeBSD 2.0.5 õóâèëáàðûã 1995 îíû 6 ñàðä ãàðãàñàí áèëýý. 1996 îíû 8 ñàðä FreeBSD 2.1.5-ûã áèä ãàðãàñàí á°ã°°ä ýíý íü ISP áîëîí àðèëæààíû õ³ðýýíèéõýíä íýëýýí àëäàðøñàí áà 2.1-STABLE ñàëáàðûí áàñ íýã °°ð õóâèëáàð ñàéøààãäñàí áèëýý. Ýíý íü 1997 îíû 2 ñàðä ãàðñàí FreeBSD 2.1.7.1 á°ã°°ä 2.1-STABLE -èéí çîíõèëîõ õ°ãæ³³ëýëòèéí ò°ãñã°ë áîëñîí þì. Îäîî ³éë àæèëëàãààã õàíãàõ ãîðèìä ç°âõ°í àþóëã³é áàéäëûí °ðã°æ³³ëýëò áîëîí áóñàä íîöòîé àëäààíû çàñâàðëàëòóóä ýíý ñàëáàðûí (RELENG_2_1_0) õóâüä õèéãäýõ áîëíî. FreeBSD 2.2 íü õ°ãæ³³ëýëòèéí ãîë ñàëáàðààñ (“-CURRENT”) 1996 îíû 11 ñàðä RELENG_2_2 ñàëáàð áîëîí ñàëáàðëàí ãàðñàí á°ã°°ä àíõíû á³ðýí õóâèëáàð (2.2.1) 1997 îíû 4 ñàðä ãàðñàí þì. 2.2 ñàëáàðûí äàðààãèéí õóâèëáàðóóä 97 îíû çóí áîëîí íàìàð ãàðöãààñàí á°ã°°ä òýäãýýðèéí ñ³³ëèéíõ (2.2.8) 1998 îíû 11 ñàðä ãàð÷ýý. Àíõíû àëáàí ¼ñíû 3.0 õóâèëáàð 1998 îíû 10 ñàðä ãàðñàí á°ã°°ä 2.2 ñàëáàðûí õóâüä ò°ãñã°ë áîëîõ ýõëýëèéã òàâüñàí þì. 1999 îíû 1 ñàðûí 20-íä ìîä äàõèí ñàëáàðëàñàí á°ã°°ä 4.0-CURRENT áîëîí 3.X-STABLE ñàëáàðóóä ãàðàõàä õ³ðãýæýý. 3.X-STABLE-ýýñ 3.1 1999 îíû 2 ñàðûí 15-íä ãàðñàí, 3.2 1999 îíû 5 ñàðûí 15-íä, 3.3 1999 îíû 9 ñàðûí 16-íä, 3.4 1999 îíû 12 ñàðûí 20-íä, òýãýýä 3.5 2000 îíû 6 ñàðûí 24-íä ãàðñàí á°ã°°ä
5
Chapter 1 Òàíèëöóóëãà
õýäõýí õîíîãèéí äàðààãààð Kerberos-ò ñ³³ëèéí ìèíóòûí àþóëã³é áàéäëûí çàñâàðóóäûã îðóóëñàí áàãàõàí õóâèëáàð øèíý÷ëýë 3.5.1-èéã ãàðàõàä õ³ðãýñýí þì. Ýíý íü 3.X ñàëáàð äàõü ñ³³ëèéí õóâèëáàð þì. 2000 îíû 3 ñàðûí 13-íä íýã ñàëáàð ãàðñàí íü 4.X-STABLE ñàëáàð áèé áîëñîí ÿâäàë þì. ³íýýñ õýä õýäýí õóâèëáàðóóä ãàðñàí: 4.0-RELEASE 2000 îíû 3 ñàðä òàíèëöóóëàãäñàí á°ã°°ä ñ³³ëèéí 4.11-RELEASE 2005 îíû 1 ñàðä ãàðñàí þì. Óäààí õ³ñýí õ³ëýýñýí 5.0-RELEASE 2003 îíû 1 ñàðûí 19-íä çàðëàãäñàí. Îéðîëöîîãîîð 3 æèëèéí àæëûã øèíãýýñýí ýíý õóâèëáàð íü FreeBSD-ã °ðã°æ³³ëñýí îëîí ïðîöåññîð, ïðîãðàìûí óðñãàë äýìæëýãèéí çàìä ãàðãàæ UltraSPARC áà ia64 òàâöàíãóóäàä çîðèóëñàí äýìæëýãèéã òàíèëöóóëñàí áèëýý. Ýíý õóâèëáàðûí äàðààãàà 2003 îíû 6 ñàðä 5.1 õóâèëáàð ãàðñàí. -CURRENT ñàëáàðûí ñ³³ëèéí 5.X õóâèëáàð 2004 îíû 2 ñàðä òàíèëöóóëàãäñàí 5.2.1-RELEASE áàéâ. RELENG_5 ñàëáàð 2004 îíû 8 ñàðä ³³ññýí á°ã°°ä äàðààãààð íü 5-STABLE ñàëáàð õóâèëáàðóóëûí ýõëýëèéã òýìäýãëýñýí 5.3-RELEASE ãàðñàí þì. Õàìãèéí ñ³³ëèéí 5.5-RELEASE 2006 îíû 5 ñàðä ãàðñàí. RELENG_5 ñàëáàðààñ äàõèæ íýìýëò õóâèëáàðóóä ãàðàõã³é. 2005 îíû 7 ñàðä ýíý óäàà RELENG_6-ä çîðèóëæ ìîä äàõèí ñàëáàðëàæýý. 6.X ñàëáàðûí àíõíû õóâèëáàð áîëîõ 6.0-RELEASE 2005 îíû 11 ñàðä ãàð÷ýý. Õàìãèéí ñ³³ëèéí 6.4-RELEASE Nov 2008 ãàðñàí. Ýíý íü RELENG_6 ñàëáàðûí ìàãàäã³é õàìãèéí ñ³³ëèéí õóâèëáàð áàéæ áîëîõ þì. RELENG_7 ñàëáàð 2007 îíû 10 ñàðä ³³ññýí. Ýíý ñàëáàðûí ýõíèé õóâèëáàð 7.0-RELEASE áàéñàí á°ã°°ä 2008 îíû 2 ñàðä ãàð÷ýý. Õàìãèéí ñ³³ëèéí 7.1-RELEASE Jan 2009 ãàðñàí. RELENG_7 ñàëáàðûí íýìýëò õóâèëáàðóóä ãàðàõ áîëíî. Îäîîãîîð óðò õóãàöààíû õ°ãæ³³ëýëòèéí ò°ñë³³ä 8.X-CURRENT (òðàíê) ñàëáàðò ³ðãýëæëýõ á°ã°°ä àæèë óðàãøëàõ á³ð CD-ROM äýýðõ (ìýäýýæ ñ³ëæýýíä áàñ) 8.X-èéí SNAPshot õóâèëáàðóóä Õîðìûí àãøíû ñåðâýð (ftp://current.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/snapshots/)ýýñ ³ðãýëæëýí ãàðñààð áàéõ áîëíî. 1.3.2 FreeBSD
Ò°ñëèéí Çîðèëãóóä
Õóâü íýìýð áîëãîí îðóóëñàí Æîðäàí Õàááàðä. FreeBSD Ò°ñëèéí çîðèëãóóä íü ÿìàð íýã õÿçãààðëàëòã³éãýýð äóðûí çîðèëãîîð àøèãëàæ áîëîõ ïðîãðàì õàíãàìæèéã õàíãàõ ÿâäàë þì. Áèäíèé îëîíõè íü êîäîíä (áîëîí ò°ñ°ëä) ÷óõàë õ°ð°íã° îðóóëàëò õèéöãýýñýí á°ã°°ä îäîî áîëîí èðýýä³éä áàãàõàí ñàíõ³³ãèéí í°õ°í îëãîâðîîñ ìýäýýæ òàòãàëçàõã³é, ãýõäýý áèä ìýäýýæ ³³íèéã øààðäàõààð áýëòãýãäýýã³é þì. Áèäíèé àíõíû á°ã°°ä íýí òýðã³³íèé “äààëãàâàð” áîë èðñýí äóðûí áîëîí á³ãäýä àëü ÷ çîðèëãîîð àøèãëàãäàæ áîëîõ êîäîîð õàíãàõ á°ã°°ä êîä íü àëü áîëîõ °ðã°í õýðýãëýãäýæ, àëü áîëîõ °ðã°í ³ð àøãèéã °ã°õ ÿâäàë þì. Ýíý íü ×°ë°°ò Ïðîãðàì Õàíãàìæèéí õàìãèéí ³íäñýí çîðèëãóóäûí íýã á°ã°°ä áèä ³³íèéã ñàíàà÷ëàãàòàéãààð äýìæèõ ¼ñòîé ãýäýãò áè èòãýæ áàéíà. Áèäíèé ýõ ìîäîíä áàéãàà GNU General Public License (GPL) ýñâýë Library General Public License (LGPL) õ³ðýýíä áàéäàã êîä íü àðàé èë³³ õÿçãààðëàëòòàé á°ã°°ä ÿäàæ ë ýñðýãýýðýý áàéõ áèø õàðèí ÷ õ³÷èëñýí õàíäëàãûí òàëä áàéäàã. GPL ïðîãðàì õàíãàìæèéã àðèëæààíû çîðèëãîîð àøèãëàõàä ãàðàõ íýìýëò ò°â°ãòýé àñóóäëóóäààñ áîëîîä áèä èíãýæ õèéõýä áîëîìæèéí ñîíãîëò áàéãàà í°õö°ëä àðàé ç°°ë°í BSD Çîõèîã÷èéí Ýðõèéí äîîð ïðîãðàì õàíãàìæèéã èð³³ëýõèéã èë³³ä ³çäýã.
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Chapter 1 Òàíèëöóóëãà
1.3.3 FreeBSD
Õ°ãæ³³ëýõ Çàãâàð
Õóâü íýìýð áîëãîí îðóóëñàí Ñàòîøè Àñàìè. FreeBSD-èéí õ°ãæ³³ëýëò íü áèäíèé õóâü íýìýð îðóóëàã÷äûí æàãñààëò
(http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/mn_MN.UTF-8/articles/contributors/article.html)ààñ õàðàõàä äýëõèé äàÿàð õýäýí çóóí õ³ì³³ñèéí îðóóëñàí õóâü íýìýð äýýð á³òýýãäñýí, èõ íýýëòòýé, óÿí õàòàí ïðîöåññ þì. FreeBSD-èéí
õ°ãæ³³ëýëòèéí äýä á³òýö íü ýäãýýð õýäýí çóóí õ°ãæ³³ëýã÷äèéã Èíòåðíýòýýð õàìòðàí àæèëëàõ áîëîìæèéã íýýæ °ãä°ã. Áèä øèíý õ°ãæ³³ëýã÷èä, áîëîí ñàíààíóóäûã òîãòìîë õàéæ áàéäàã á°ã°°ä ò°ñ°ëòýé èë³³ îéðòîõûã ñîíèðõñîí õýí ÷ ãýñýí FreeBSD òåõíèêèéí õýëýëö³³ëã³³äèéí çàõèäëûí æàãñààëò (http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-hackers) õàÿãààð áèäýíä õàíäààðàé. Ì°í áóñàä FreeBSD õýðýãëýã÷äýä ãîë ãîë àæëóóäûí òàëààð ìýäýýëýõ FreeBSD çàðëàëûí çàõèäëûí æàãñààëò (http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-announce) áàñ áàéãàà áîëíî. ×°ë°°òýé áîëîí íÿãò õàìòûí àæèëëàãààí äîîð àæèëëàäãààñ ³ë õàìààðàí FreeBSD ò°ñ°ë áîëîí ò³³íèé õ°ãæ³³ëýëòèéí ïðîöåññèéí òàëààð àøèãòàé ç³éëñèéí òàëààð ìýäýõèéã õ³ñâýë: SVN áà CVS ðåïîçèòîð
FreeBSD-èéí ãîë ýõ ìîä íü FreeBSD-òýé öóã áàãöàëñàí ÷°ë°°òýé áàéäàã ýõ êîäûã õÿíàõ áàãàæ áîëîõ CVS (http://ximbiot.com/cvs/wiki/)-ýýð (Çýðýãöýý Õóâèëáàðóóäûí Ñèñòåì) õýäýí æèëèéí òóðø òýòãýãäýæ áàéñàí. 2008 îíû 6 ñàðä Ò°ñ°ë SVN (http://subversion.tigris.org) (Subversion) ð³³ øèëæèí õýðýãëýõýýð áîëñîí. Ýõ ìîäíû õóðäàöòàé °ñ°ëò áîëîí õàäãàëààñòàé áàéñàí ò³³õèéí õóóäàñíóóäûí õýìæýýíýýñ áîëîîä CVS-èéí òåõíèêèéí õÿçãààðëàëòóóä èëýðõèé áîëæ ýíý øèëæèëòèéã çàéëøã³é õýðýãöýýòýé ãýæ ³çñýí þì. Îäîî ³íäñýí ðåïîçèòîð SVN-ã àøèãëàäàã á°ã°°ä õóó÷èí CVS äýä á³òöýýñ õàìààðäàã CVSup áîëîí csup çýðýã õýðýãëýã÷èéí òàëûí õýðýãñë³³ä õýâèéí àæèëëàñàí õýâýýð áàéãàà áîëíî. Ýíý çîðèëãîîð SVN ðåïîçèòîð äàõü °°ð÷ë°ëò³³ä íü CVS ð³³ ýðãýýä õ°ðâ³³ëýãääýã. Îäîîãîîð ç°âõ°í ò°â ýõ ìîä SVN-ýýð õÿíàãääàã. Áè÷èã áàðèìò, Äýëõèé Äàÿàðõ Âýá áîëîí ïîðòûí ðåïîçèòîðóóä CVS-èéã àøèãëàñàí õýâýýð áàéãàà áîëíî.íäñýí ðåïîçèòîð (http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi) ÀÍÓ-èéí Êàëè îðíèéí Ñàíòà Êëàðà äàõü ìàøèí äýýð áàéðëàäàã á°ã°°ä òýíäýýñ äýëõèé äàÿàð áàéðëàñàí õýä õýäýí òîëèí òóñãàëûí ìàøèíóóä óðóó õóâèëàãääàã. -CURRENT áîëîí -STABLE ìîäóóäûã àãóóëñàí SVN ìîä òàíû °°ðèéí ìàøèí äýýð ÷ ãýñýí àìàðõàí õóâèëàãäàõ áîëîìæòîé. ³íèéã õýðõýí õèéõ òàëààð äýëãýðýíã³é ìýäýýëëèéã °ðèéí ýõ ìîäîî õàìãèéí ñ³³ëèéí ò³âøèíä àâàà÷èõ õýñýã óðóó õàíäàæ ³çýýðýé. Èòãýìæëýí îðóóëàã÷äûí æàãñààëò Èòãýìæëýí îðóóëàã÷èä íü CVS ìîä óðóó áè÷èõ ýðõòýé á°ã°°ä FreeBSD-èéí ýõýä °°ð÷ë°ëò³³ä õèéõ ç°âø°°ð°ëòýé õ³ì³³ñ þì (“èòãýìæëýí îðóóëàã÷” ãýñýí îéëãîëò íü CVS ðåïîçèòîð óðóó øèíý °°ð÷ë°ëò³³äèéã õèéäýã cvs(1)-èéí commit òóøààëààñ ãàðàëòàé). Èòãýìæëýí îðóóëàã÷äàä èëãýýñýí ç³éëýý õÿíóóëàõààð °ã°õ õàìãèéí øèëäýã àðãà íü send-pr(1) òóøààë þì. Õýðýâ ÿìàð íýã ç³éë ñèñòåì äýýð ãàöâàë FreeBSD èòãýìæëýí îðóóëàã÷äûí çàõèäëûí æàãñààëò óðóó òà öàõèì çàõèäàë áàñ èëãýýí õîëáîãäîæ áîëíî. FreeBSD-èéí ãîë áàã FreeBSD-ã êîìïàíè ãýæ áîäîõ þì áîë FreeBSD-èéí ãîë áàã íü çàõèðëóóäûí ç°âë°ëòýé èæèë óòãàòàé þì. îë áàãèéí ³íäñýí ³³ðýã íü ò°ñ°ë á³õýëäýý ñàéí áàéæ, ò³³íèéã ç°â ÷èãëýëýýð ÿâóóëàõûã õÿíàæ áàéõ ÿâäàë þì. °ðèéã°° á³ðýí äàé÷èëñàí, õàðèóöëàãàòàé õ°ãæ³³ëýã÷äèéã èòãýìæëýí îðóóëàã÷äûí á³ëýãò óðèõ íü ãîë áàãèéí ³³ðã³³äèéí íýã á°ã°°ä çàðèì ãèø³³ä øèëæèõýä ãîë áàãèéí øèíý ãèø³³äèéã øèíýýð àâàõ íü áàñ íýã ³³ðýã íü þì. Îäîîãèéí ãîë áàã íü
7
Chapter 1 Òàíèëöóóëãà
íýð äýâøèã÷ èòãýìæëýí îðóóëàã÷äààñ 2008 îíû 7 ñàðä ñîíãîãäñîí. Ñîíãóóëü 2 æèëä íýã óäàà ÿâàãääàã. îë áàãèéí çàðèì ãèø³³ä òóñãàé õàðèóöëàãàòàé á°ã°°ä ñèñòåìèéí èõýýõýí õýñýã ñóðòàë÷èëñàí õýìæýýãýýðýý àæèëëàæ áàéõûã õÿíàæ áèå ñýòãýëýý çîðèóëæ áàéäàã. FreeBSD õ°ãæ³³ëýã÷äèéí æàãñààëò áîëîí òýäíèé àëü õýñýãò õàðèóöëàãàòàéã Õóâü íýìýð îðóóëàã÷äûí æàãñààëò (http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/mn_MN.UTF-8/articles/contributors/article.html)ààñ ³çíý ³³. Note: îë áàãèéí èõýíõ ãèø³³ä FreeBSD-èéí õ°ãæ³³ëýëòýä ñàéí äóðààð îðîëöäîã á°ã°°ä ò°ñë°°ñ ñàíõ³³ãèéí õóâüä àøèã îëäîãã³é áîëîõîîð “commitment” ãýäýã íü “áàòàëãààòàé äýìæëýã” ãýñýí ³ã ãýæ îéëãîæ áîëîõã³é þì. Äýýðõ “çàõèðëóóäûí ç°âë°ë” ãýñýí àíàëîã íü òèéì ÷ ç°â áèø á°ã°°ä ýäãýýð õ³ì³³ñ íü FreeBSD-èéí òóñûí òóëä °°ðñäèéíõ°° èë³³ øèéäëèéí ýñðýã àìüäðàëàà îðõèñîí õ³ì³³ñ ãýâýë ìàãàäã³é èë³³ òîõèðîõ áèç ýý!
àäíûí õóâü íýìýð îðóóëàã÷èä Ýöýñò íü, ãýõäýý ìýäýýæ õàìãèéí ñ³³ëèéíõ áèø, õàìãèéí òîì á³ëýã õ°ãæ³³ëýã÷èä íü ñàíàë ñýòãýãäýë áîëîí àëäààíû çàñâàðóóäûã áèäýíä áàðàã ë òîãòìîë èëãýýäýã õýðýãëýã÷èä þì. FreeBSD-èéí èë³³ ò°âë°ðñ°í áóñ õ°ãæ³³ëýëòòýé õîëáîîòîé áàéõ ³íäñýí àðãà íü òèéì ç³éëñèéí òàëààð õýëýëöäýã FreeBSD òåõíèêèéí õýëýëö³³ëã³³äèéí çàõèäëûí æàãñààëò (http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-hackers)-ä á³ðòã³³ëýõ ÿâäàë þì. FreeBSD-èéí ò°ð°ë á³ðèéí çàõèäëûí æàãñààëòûí òàëààð äýëãýðýíã³éã Appendix C-ýýñ ³çíý ³³. FreeBSD-èéí Õóâü íýìýð îðóóëàã÷äûí Æàãñààëò (http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/mn_MN.UTF-8/articles/contributors/article.html) íü óðò á°ã°°ä °ñ°í íýìýãäýæ áàéãààãèéí íýã, òèéì áîëîõîîð ÿàãààä °í°°ä°ð FreeBSD-ä õóâü íýìýð îðóóëæ ýíý æàãñààëòàä íýãäýæ áîëîõã³é ãýæ? Êîä èð³³ëýõ íü ò°ñ°ëä õóâü íýìýð îðóóëàõ ãàíö àðãà áèø þì; Õèéõ øààðäëàãàòàé áàéãàà ç³éëñ³³äèéí á³ðýí æàãñààëòûí òàëààð FreeBSD Ò°ñëèéí âýá õóóäñûí õàÿã (http://www.FreeBSD.org/index.html)ò õàíäàæ ³çíý ³³. ijãíýæ õýëýõýä áèäíèé õ°ãæ³³ëýëòèéí çàãâàð íü íýã íü í°ã°°ä°° áàãòñàí, ÷°ë°°òýé òîéðãóóä ìàÿãààð çîõèîí áàéãóóëàãäñàí çàãâàð þì. Ò°âë°ðñ°í çàãâàð íü èðýýä³éòýé õóâü íýìýð îðóóëàã÷äûã öààø ò³ëõýëã³éãýýð íýã ò°âèéí êîäûí ñóóðèéã õÿëáàð õÿíàõ áîëîìæèéã îëãîæ FreeBSD-èéí õýðýãëýã÷äýä ýâòýé áàéõààð çîðèóëàãäàí äèçàéí õèéãäñýí þì. Áèäíèé õ³ñýë áîë õýðýãëýã÷èä àìàðõàí ñóóëãàæ àøèãëàæ áîëäîã èõýýõýí õýìæýýíèé óÿëäàà õîëáîîòîé õýðýãëýýíèé ïðîãðàìóóäòàé òîãòâîðòîé ³éëäëèéí ñèñòåìèéã áèé áîëãîõ ÿâäàë þì — ýíýíä õ³ðýõýä ýíý çàãâàð íü ìàø ñàéí òîõèðîí àæèëëàæ áàéíà. Ò°ñëèéí àìæèëòòàé áàéñààð áàéãààä õ³ðãýæ áàéãàà îäîîãèéí õ³ì³³ñèéí àäèë áèå ñýòãýëèéíõýý çàðèì ÷ ãýñýí õýñãèéã çîðèóëàõûã FreeBSD õ°ãæ³³ëýã÷ áîëîí áèäýíòýé íýãäýæ áàéãàà õ³ì³³ñýýñ õ³ñýæ áàéãàà áèäíèé öîðûí ãàíö õ³ñýëò þì! 1.3.4
Îäîîãèéí FreeBSD õóâèëáàðóóä
FreeBSD íü ÷°ë°°òýé áàéäàã, Èíòåë i386™, i486™, Pentium®, Pentium Pro, Celeron®, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4 (ýñâýë íèéöòýé), Xeon™, DEC Alpha áîëîí Sun UltraSPARC-ä çîðèóëàãäñàí á³ðýí ýõ
8
Chapter 1 Òàíèëöóóëãà 4.4BSD-Lite äýýð òóëãóóðëàñàí õóâèëáàð þì. Ýíý íü ³íäñýíäýý NetBSD, OpenBSD, 386BSD, áîëîí ×°ë°°ò Ïðîãðàì Õàíãàìæèéí Ñàíãèéí çàðèì °ðã°æ³³ëýëò õèéãäñýí Áåðêëèãèéí Ê.È.Ñ.-èéí CSRG á³ëãýýñ ãàðãàñàí ïðîãðàì õàíãàìæóóä äýýð ³íäýñëýñýí. 1994 îíû ñ³³ëä ãàðñàí FreeBSD 2.0 õóâèëáàðààñ õîéø FreeBSD-èéí õóðäàí àæèëëàãàà, áîëîìæóóä áîëîí òîãòâîðòîé áàéäàë ìýäýãäýõ³éö ñàéæèðñàí. Õàìãèéí òîì °°ð÷ë°ëò íü íèéëñýí VM/ àéë áó åðèéí êýø á³õèé çàñâàðëàñàí âèðòóàë ñàíàõ îéí ñèñòåì á°ã°°ä ýíý íü àæèëëàãààã õóðäàñãààä çîãñîõã³é FreeBSD-èéí ñàíàõ îéí ì°ðèéã áàãàñãàæ 5 MB òîõèðãîîã èë³³ áîëîìæèéí õàìãèéí áàãà õýìæýýíä õ³ðãýñýí. Áóñàä °ðã°òã°ë³³äèéã äóðäâàë ã³éöýä NIS êëèåíò áà ñåðâåðèéí äýìæëýã, øèëæèëòèéí TCP äýìæëýã, øààðäëàãààð çàëãàõ PPP, öîãö DHCP äýìæëýã, ñàéæðóóëñàí SCSI äýä ñèñòåì, ISDN äýìæëýã, ATM-èéí äýìæëýã, FDDI, Õóðäàí áîëîí èãàáèò Ethernet (1000 Mbit) êàðòóóä, ñ³³ëèéí ³åèéí Àäàïòåê õÿíàã÷óóä áîëîí îëîí ìÿíãàí àëäààíóóäûí çàñâàðóóä çýðýã þì. íäñýí ò³ãýýëò³³äýýñ ãàäíà FreeBSD íü ìÿíãà ìÿíãàí áàéíãà õàéãääàã ïðîãðàìóóäòàé õ°ðâ³³ëñýí ïðîãðàì õàíãàìæèéí öóãëóóëãàòàé áàéäàã. Ýíý àâëàãûã õýâëýæ áàéõ ³åä 19,000 ãàðóé ïîðòóóä áàéñàí! Ïîðòóóäûí æàãñààëòàä http (WWW) ñåðâåð³³äýýñ òîãëîîìóóä, õýëí³³ä, çàñâàðëàã÷èä, çýðýã áàðàã ë á³õ ò°ðëèéí ïðîãðàìóóä áàéäàã. Ïîðòóóäûí Öóãëóóëãà á³õýëäýý îéðîëöîîãîîð 445 MB õýìæýýíèé õàäãàëàëò øààðääàã á°ã°°ä á³õ ïîðòóóä °°ðñäèéí æèíõýíý ýõèéí õóâüä “äåëüòà” áîëæ èëýðõèéëýãääýã. Ýíý íü áèäýíä ïîðòóóäûã øèíý÷ëýõýä õÿëáàð áîëãîæ õóó÷èí 1.0 Ïîðòóóäûí Öóãëóóëãûí øààðääàã áàéñàí äèñêíèé çàéí øààðäëàãûã èõýýõýí áàãàñãàæ °ãä°ã. Ïîðòûã õ°ðâ³³ëýõèéí òóëä òà ñóóëãàõûã õ³ñýæ áàéãàà ïðîãðàìûí ñàí óðóó øèëæèæ make install õýìýýí áè÷èõýä ñèñòåì öààø ³ëäñýíèéã õèéõ áîëíî. Òàíû á³òýýõ ïîðò áîëãîíû æèíõýíý ýõ á³ðýí ò³ãýýëò äèíàìèêààð CD-ROM ýñâýë ëîêàë FTP õàÿãààñ òàòàãäàõ á°ã°°ä òàíä ç°âõ°í õ³ññýí ïîðòîî á³òýýõ õàíãàëòòàé äèñêíèé çàé ë øààðäëàãàòàé. Ïîðò á³ð óðüä÷èëàí õ°ðâ³³ëñýí “áàãö” õýëáýðýýð áàñ áàéõ á°ã°°ä °°ðèéí ïîðòûã ýõýýñ õ°ðâ³³ëýõ õ³ñýëã³é õ³ì³³ñ õÿëáàð òóøààëààð (pkg_add) èéì ïîðòûã ñóóëãàæ áîëäîã. Áàãöóóä áîëîí ïîðòóóäûí òàëààð äýëãýðýíã³é ìýäýýëëèéã Chapter 4 õàÿãààð îëæ áîëíî. Òàíä FreeBSD ñóóëãàæ àøèãëàõ ÿâöàä ìàø èõ òóñ áîëîõóéö õýä õýäýí áàðèìòóóäûã õàìãèéí ñ³³ëèéí ³åèéí äóðûí FreeBSD ìàøèí äýýð /usr/share/doc ñàíãààñ áàñ îëîõ áîëîìæòîé þì. Ëîêàëààð ñóóñàí ãàðûí àâëàãóóäûã òà HTML áîëîìæòîé õ°ò÷³³äèéã àøèãëàí äàðààõ õàÿãààñ ³çýæ áîëíî: FreeBSD àðûí àâëàãà /usr/share/doc/handbook/index.html
FreeBSD-èéí ÁÕÀ (áàéíãà õàðèóëàãääàã àñóóëòóóä FAQ) /usr/share/doc/faq/index.html
Ì°í òà ìàñòåð (áîëîí áóñäààñ èõ øèíý÷ëýãääýã) õóóëáàðóóäûã http://www.FreeBSD.org/ õàÿãààñ ³çýæ áîëíî.
9
Chapter 2 FreeBSD
ñóóëãàõ íü
Äàõèí çàñâàðëàæ, çàðèì õýñãèéã íü øèíýýð áè÷ñýí Æèì Ìîê. Ñóóëãàöûí åð°íõèé äàðààëàë áîëîí çóðãèéã áýëäñýí ýíäè Ïðàòò. Îð÷óóëñàí Øàãäàðûí Íàöàãäîðæ. 2.1
Åð°íõèé àãóóëãà
FreeBSD íü sysinstall ãýäýã íýðòýé õýðýãëýõýä àìàðõàí òåêñò õýëáýðòýé ïðîãðàìòàé èðäýã. Ýíý áîë FreeBSD-í ïðîãðàì ñóóëãàõàä õýðýãëýãääýã àíõäàã÷ ïðîãðàì á°ã°°ä õýðýâ õ³ñâýë ïðîãðàì çîõèîã÷èä íü °°ðñäèéíõ°° ïðîãðàìäàà çîðèóëæ ñóóëãàõ ïðîãðàì áàñ áè÷èæ áîëíî. Ýíý á³ëýãò FreeBSD-ã ñóóëãàõûí òóëä sysinstall ïðîãðàìûã õýðõýí õýðýãëýõ òàëààð òàéëáàðëàõ áîëíî.
Ýíý á³ëãèéã óíøñàíû äàðàà, òà äàðààõ ç³éëñèéã ìýäýõ áîëíî: •
• • •
FreeBSD ñóóëãàäàã äèñêí³³äèéã õýðõýí ³³ñãýõ.
FreeBSD òàíû äèñê óðóó õýðõýí õàíääàã áîëîí õóâààäàã òàëààð.
sysinstall-ã õýðõýí ýõë³³ëýõ.
sysinstall-ààñ òàíä òàâèãäàõ àñóóëòóóä, òýä ÿìàð ó÷èðòàé áîëîõ ì°í õýðõýí õàðèóëàõ òóõàé.
Ýíý á³ëãèéã óíøèõààñàà °ìí° òà äàðààõ ç³éëñèéã ã³éöýòãýõ õýðýãòýé: •
Ñóóëãàõ ãýæ áóé FreeBSD-íõýý õóâèëáàð, ì°í ò³³íèé äýìæèæ ÷àääàã ò°õ°°ð°ìæ³³äèéí æàãñààëòûã õÿíàæ òýð äóíä òàíû ò°õ°°ð°ìæ³³ä áàéãàà ýñýõèéã ìàãàäëàõ. Note: Åð íü, ýíý ñóóëãàõ çààâàð íü i386 (“PC ò°ðëèéí”) àðõèòåêòóðò çîðèóëæ áè÷ñýí. Øààðäëàãàòàé òîõèîëäîëä áóñàä òóñãàé òàâöàíãóóäûí (æèøýýëáýë Alpha) õóâüä çîðèóëàãäñàí çààâðóóäûã îðóóëàõ áîëíî.
Õýäèéãýýð ýíý ãàðûí àâëàãûã àëü áîëîõ øèíý÷èëæ áàéãàà áîëîâ÷ òà ñóóëãàã÷ áîëîí ýíä äóðäñàí õî¼ðûí õîîðîíä áàãà çýðãèéí °°ð÷ë°ëò³³ä áàéãààã àíçààð÷ áîëîõ þì. Òèéì áîëîõîîð ýíý ãàðûí àâëàãûã ³ã÷èëñýí çààâàð áèø åð°íõèé ñóóëãàõ çààâàð áîëãîæ õýðýãëýõèéã òàíä ç°âë°æ áàéíà.
2.2
Ñèñòåìä òàâèãäàõ ò°õ°°ð°ìæèéí øààðäëàãà
2.2.1
Õàìãèéí áàãà òîõèðãîî
FreeBSD-ã ñóóëãàõàä øààðäàãäàõ õàìãèéí áàãà òîõèðãîî íü FreeBSD-í õóâèëáàð áîëîí ò°õ°°ð°ìæèéí ò°ðë°°ñ èõ õàìààðíà.
Õàìãèéí áàãà øààðäàãäàõ òîõèðãîîã FreeBSD-í âýá õóóäàñíû Õóâèëáàðûí ìýäýýëýë (http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/index.html) ãýñýí õóóäñàí äîòîð ñóóëãàöûí ìýäýýëýë õýñýãò õàðæ áîëíî. Ýäãýýð ìýäýýëëèéí åð°íõèé ä³ãíýñýí ìýäýýëëèéã ýíý õýñýãò òà óíøèõ áîëíî. FreeBSD-ã ñóóëãàõ àðãààñàà õàìààðààä òàíä óÿí äèñê þì óó ýñâýë CDROM ò°õ°°ð°ìæ, çàðèì òîõèîëäîëä ñ³ëæýýíèé àäàïòåð õýðýã áîëîõ áîëíî. Ýíý òóõàé Section 2.3.7 õýñýãò äóðüäñàí áóé.
10
Chapter 2 FreeBSD ñóóëãàõ íü 2.2.1.1 FreeBSD/i386 áîëîí FreeBSD/pc98
FreeBSD/i386 áîëîí FreeBSD/pc98 õî¼ð õî¼óëàà 486 þì óó ýñâýë ò³³íýýñ äýýø èë³³ ò°ðëèéí ïðîöåññîð øààðääàã á°ã°°ä õàìãèéí áàãàäàà 24 MB RAM áóþó øóóðõàé ñàíàõ îé õýðýãëýäýã. Òàíä õàìãèéí áàãà õýìæýýãýýð ñóóëãàõûí òóëä ÿäàæ 150 MB äèñêíèé ñóë õýìæýý õýðýãòýé. Note: Õóó÷íû òîõèðãîîíä áîë, èõýíõ òîõèîëäîëä, èõ õýìæýýíèé ñàíàõ îé áà äèñêíèé õýìæýý íü õóðäàí ïðîöåññîðîîñ èë³³ õýðýãòýé áàéäàã.
2.2.1.2 FreeBSD/alpha FreeBSD/alpha-ã ñóóëãàõûí òóëä òàíä äýìæèãäñýí ò°õ°°ð°ìæ³³ä (Section 2.2.2 õýñýãò õàðæ áîëíî) áîëîí FreeBSD-ä çîðèóëñàí äèñê áàéõ õýðýãòýé. Îäîîãîîð äèñêýý °°ð ³éëäëèéí ñèñòåìòýé õàìòàð÷ õýðýãëýæ áîëîõã³é. Ýíý äèñê íü SCSI õÿíàã÷ óðóó õîëáîãäñîí áàéõ ¼ñòîé á°ã°°ä òîõèðóóëàõ ïðîãðàìûí ò°ð°ë íü SRM áàéõ ¼ñòîé þì óó ýñâýë IDE äèñêíýýñ à÷ààëàãäàæ áîëäîã SRM ãýæ òàíèãäàæ áîëäîã IDE äèñê áàéõ õýðýãòýé.
Òàíû ñèñòåìä SRM ïðîãðàìûí êîíñîë áàéõ øààðäëàãàòàé. Çàðèì òîõèîëäîëä AlphaBIOS (ýñâýë ARC) ò°ðë°°ñ SRM ò°ðëèéí õîîðîíä õî¼ð òèéøýýãýý ñýëãýæ ñîëüæ áîëäîã. Áóñàä òîõèîëäîëä òóõàéí ò°õ°°ð°ìæèéã ³éëäâýðëýäýã ãàçðûí âýá õóóäàñíààñ øààðäëàãàòàé òàíèóëàõ ïðîãðàìóóäûã íü òàòàæ àâàõ íü ç³éòýé. Note: Alpha-ä çîðèóëñàí äýìæëýã FreeBSD 7.0-ñ ýõëýýä áàéõã³é áîëñîí. FreeBSD 6.X ýíý àðõèòåêòóðò çîðèóëñàí äýìæëýãèéã àãóóëñàí ñ³³ëèéí õóâèëáàðóóä þì.
ñåðèéí õóâèëáàðóóä íü
2.2.1.3 FreeBSD/amd64 FreeBSD/amd64-ã àæèëëóóëàõ áîëîìæòîé õî¼ð àíãèëëûí ïðîöåññîð áàéäàã. Ýõíèéõ íü AMD Athlon™64, AMD Athlon64-FX, AMD Opteron™ ýñâýë ò³³íýýñ äýýø ò°ðëèéí ïðîöåññîðóóäûã àãóóëñàí AMD64 ïðîöåññîðóóä þì.
FreeBSD/amd64-èéã àøèãëàäàã õî¼ð äàõü àíãèëëûí ïðîöåññîðóóäàä Intel® EM64T àðõèòåêòóðûã àøèãëàäàã ïðîöåññîðóóä îðäîã. Ýäãýýð ïðîöåññîðóóäûí æèøýýíä Intel Core™ 2 Duo, Quad, áîëîí Extreme ïðîöåññîðûí ãýð á³ëèéíõýí áà Intel Xeon 3000, 5000, áîëîí 7000 äàðààëëûí ïðîöåññîðóóäûã äóðäàæ áîëíî.
Õýðýâ òàíû ìàøèí nVidia nForce3 Pro-150 äýýð ³íäýñëýñýí áîë òà BIOS-í òîõèðóóëãà äýýð IO APIC ñîíãîëòûã õîðèõ ¼ñòîé . Õýðýâ òàíä èíãýõ ñîíãîëò áàéõã³é áîë ACPI-ã îðîíä íü õîðèõ õýðýãòýé. Pro-150 ò°ðëèéí áè÷èë ñõåìä àëäàà áàéäàã á°ã°°ä îäîîãîîð òýð àëäàà çàñàãäààã³é áàéãàà áèëýý.
2.2.1.4 FreeBSD/sparc64 FreeBSD/sparc64-ã ñóóëãàõûí òóëä ò³³íèé äýìæäýã ò°õ°°ð°ìæ³³äèéã íü õàíãàñàí áàéõ ¼ñòîé (Section 2.2.2 õýñýãò õàðíà óó).
11
Chapter 2 FreeBSD ñóóëãàõ íü
Òàíä FreeBSD/sparc64-ä çîðèóëñàí äèñê òóñàä íü áàéõ õýðýãòýé. Îäîîãîîð äèñê äýýð °°ð ò°ðëèéí ñèñòåì³³äèéã äàâõàð ñóóëãàõ áîëîìæ ³ã³é. 2.2.2
Äýìæäýã ò°õ°°ð°ìæ³³ä
Äýìæäýã ò°õ°°ð°ìæ³³äèéã FreeBSD-í õóâèëáàð á³ðèéí Hardware Notes áóþó ò°õ°°ð°ìæèéí ìýäýýëýë õýñýãò æàãñààñàí áàéäàã. Ýíý ìýäýýëýë íü ãîëäóó HARDWARE.TXT íýðýýð ñóóëãàöûí CDROM þì óó FTP-í õàìãèéí äýýä ñàí äîòîð ýñâýë sysinstall ïðîãðàìûí documentation áóþó áàðèìò öýñýíä áàéðëàñàí áàéäàã áèëýý. Ýíý íü òóõàéí ò°ðëèéí àðõèòåêòóð á³ðò ÿìàð ÿìàð ò°õ°°ð°ìæ³³ä òàíèãäàæ áîëîõûã FreeBSD-í õóâèëáàð á³ðò çîðèóëæ æàãñààñàí áàéäàã. Ò°ð°ë á³ðèéí õóâèëáàð áîëîí àðõèòåêòóðò çîðèóëñàí æàãñààëòûí áàñ íýã õóóëáàðûã FreeBSD-í âýá õóóäàñíû Release Information áóþó õóâèëáàðûí ìýäýýëýë (http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/index.html) õóóäàñíààñ îëæ áîëíî. 2.3
Ñóóëãàöûí °ìí°
2.3.1
°ðèéíõ°° êîìïüþòåðèéã ñóäàëíà
Òà FreeBSD-ã ñóóëãàõûí °ìí° °°ðèéíõ°° êîìïüþòåðèéí á³ðäýë õýñã³³äèéã ñóäëàõ õýðýãòýé. FreeBSD ñóóëãàõ ÿâöäàà òàíû êîìïüþòåðò áóé á³ðäë³³äèéã (õàòóó äèñê, ñ³ëæýýíèé êàðò, CDROM õ°òë°ã÷ ãýõ ìýò) òýäãýýðèéí çàãâàð áîëîí ³éëäâýðëýã÷èéíõ íü äóãààðòàé íü õàðóóëäàã. Ì°í FreeBSD íü òýäãýýð ò°õ°°ð°ìæ³³äèéã IRQ áîëîí IO ïîðò çýðã³³äèéã àâòîìàòààð ç°â òîõèðóóëàõûã îðîëääîã. Êîìïüþòåðèéí á³ðäëèéã ³éëäâýðëýäýã÷äèéí ò³ìýí ò°ðë°°ñ õàìààð÷ ç°â òîõèðóóëàõ ýíý àâòîìàò ³éëäýë íü çàðèìäàà òèéì àìæèëòòàé áîëæ ÷àääàãã³é òóë ìàãàäã³é òà FreeBSD-í òîäîðõîéëñîí òîõèðóóëãûã °°ð÷ë°õ õýðýã ãàð÷ áîëçîøã³é. Õýðýâ òà Windows ýñâýë Ëèíóêñ ³éëäëèéí ñèñòåì ñóóëãàñàí áàéãàà áîë òóõàéí ò°õ°°ð°ìæ³³ä ÿìàð òîõèðóóëãààð ñóóãäñàí áàéãààã õàðàõ íü ç³éòýé. Õýðâýý °ðã°òã°ë êàðòûí äóãààð áîëîí íýðèéã ç°â òàíüñàí ýñýõýý ìýäýõã³é áîë óã êàðò äýýð áóé ³éëäâýðëýñýí áè÷ãèéã íü õàðàõ õýðýãòýé. Áàéíãûí õýðýãëýäýã IRQ äóãààðóóä íü 3, 5, ì°í 7 á°ã°°ä èõýíõ õýðýãëýãääýã IO ïîðòûí õàÿãóóä íü ãîëäóó 0x330 ãýõ ìýò àðâàí çóðãààò òîîëëûí ñèñòåì äýýð áè÷ñýí äóãààðóóä áàéäàã. FreeBSD-ã ñóóëãàõààñàà °ìí° ýäãýýð äóãààðóóäûã òýìäýãëýæ àâàõûã ç°âë°æ áàéíà. Òà äàðààõ ìàÿãèéí õ³ñíýãò õ°òë°õ õýðýãòýé: Table 2-1.
Ò°õ°°ð°ìæèéí á³ðòãýëèéí æèøýý
Ò°õ°°ð°ìæèéí íýð Ýõíèé õàòóó äèñê CDROM
Õî¼ð äàõü õàòóó äèñê Ýõíèé IDE õÿíàã÷ ѳëæýýíèé êàðò Ìîäåì
IRQ
IO ïîðò(óóä)Òýìäýãëýãýý
ìýäýõã³é ìýäýõã³é ìýäýõã³é
ìýäýõã³é ìýäýõã³é ìýäýõã³é
14
0x1f0
ìýäýõã³é ìýäýõã³é
ìýäýõã³é ìýäýõã³é
40 Á, Seagate ³éëäâýðëýñýí, ýõíèé ìàñòåð IDE
Ýõíèé õî¼ð äàõü IDE 20 Á, IBM ³éëäâýðëýñýí, õî¼ð äàõü ìàñòåð IDE Intel 10/100
3Com® 56K àêñ ìîäåì, COM1 äýýð çîîãäñîí
12
Chapter 2 FreeBSD ñóóëãàõ íü
Ò°õ°°ð°ìæèéí íýð
IRQ
IO ïîðò(óóä)Òýìäýãëýãýý
...
2.3.2
°ðèéíõ°° °ã°ãäëèéã í°°ö°ëæ àâàõ
Õýðýâ òàíû FreeBSD ñóóëãàõ ãýæ áàéãàà êîìïüþòåðò ÷óõàë ìýäýýëýë áàéâàë, óã ìýäýýëëýý í°°ö°ëæ õàäãàëæ àâàõ íü ç³éòýé á°ã°°ä óã í°°ö°ëñ°í ìýäýýëëýý ç°â õàäãàëñíàà øàëãàõ õýðýãòýé. FreeBSD-í ñóóëãàõ ÿâö íü äèñê óðóó áè÷èæ ýõëýõýýñýý °ìí° òàíààñ ëàâëàæ àñóóäàã á°ã°°ä õýðýâ íýã áè÷èãäýýä ýõýëáýë áóöààõ àðãà áàéõã³é.
ã õààíà ñóóëãàõàà øèéäýõ
2.3.3 FreeBSD-
Õýðýâ òà FreeBSD-ä á³õ äèñêýý õýðýãë³³ëíý ãýæ áîäîæ áàéâàë ýíý õýñýãò àíõààðëàà õàíäóóëàëã³é öààø íü óíøèõ õýðýãòýé. Õàðèí, õýðýâ òà FreeBSD-ã °°ð ³éëäëèéí ñèñòåìòýé õàìò õýðýãëýíý ãýæ áîäîæ áàéâàë äèñê äýýð °ã°ãä°ë õýðõýí áàéðëàäàã ì°í õýðõýí àæèëëàäàã òàëààð ³íäñýí ìýäëýãòýé áàéõ õýðýãòýé. 2.3.3.1 FreeBSD/i386 äýýðõ äèñêíèé °ã°ãä°ë áàéðëóóëàëò
Êîìïüþòåðèéí äèñê íü õýä õýäýí õýñýãò õýñýã÷èëæ áîëäîã. Ýäãýýð õóâààãäñàí õýñã³³äèéã íü partitions áóþó õóâààëòóóä ãýæ íýðëýäýã. FreeBSD íü äîòðîî áàñ õóâààëòóóäòàé áîëîõîîð ýíý íýðëýëò íü îéëãîìæã³é áîëæ áîëîõ þì. Òèéì áîëîõîîð ýäãýýð äèñêíèé õýñýã÷ëýë³³äèéã äèñêíèé ç³ñìýë³³ä áóþó åðä°° ë ç³ñìýë³³ä ãýæ FreeBSD ³çäýã. Æèøýý íü PC-èéí äèñêíèé õóâààëòóóä äýýð àæèëëàäàã FreeBSD-èéí fdisk õýðýãñýë õóâààëòóóäûí îðîíä ç³ñìýë³³äèéã õýðýãëýäýã. Àíõíààñàà êîìïüþòåðèéí íýã äèñêèéã ç°âõ°í ä°ð°â õóâààæ áîëîõîîð çîõèîñîí áàéíà. Ýäãýýð õóâààëòóóäûã primary partitions áóþó àíõäàã÷ õóâààëòóóä ãýæ íýðëýäýã. Ýíý õÿçãààðëàëòûã òîéðîí ãàð÷ ä°ðâ°í õóâààëòààñ èë³³ã ç°âø°°ð°õèéí òóëä øèíý õóâààëòûí àðãà ³³ññýí á°ã°°ä ò³³íèéã extended partition áóþó °ðã°òã°ñ°í õóâààëò ãýæ íýðëýæýý. Äèñê ç°âõ°í ãàíöõàí °ðã°òã°ñ°í õóâààëò àãóóëæ áîëíî. ðã°òã°ñ°í õóâààëò äîòîð õè÷íýýí áîë õè÷íýýí logical partitions áóþó ëîãèê õóâààëòóóä àãóóëæ áîëäîã áàéíà. Õóâààëò áîëãîí partition ID áóþó õóâààëòûí ID äóãààð àãóóëæ áàéäàã á°ã°°ä ýíý äóãààð íü òóõàéí õóâààëòûí ò°ðëèéã èëýðõèéëæ áàéäàã. FreeBSD ò°ðëèéí õóâààëòóóä íü 165 ãýñýí ID äóãààðòàé áàéäàã. éëäëèéí ñèñòåì áîëãîí äèñêíèé õóâààëòóóäûã òàíèõ °°ð °°ðèéí àðãà õýðýãëýäýã. Æèøýýëáýë DOS áóþó ò³³íòýé èæèë ò°ðëèéí Windows ñèñòåì³³ä íü äèñêíèé õóâààëòûã òàíèõûí òóëä ³ñýã÷ëýí äóãààðëàñàí äèñê àðãûã õýðýãëýäýã á°ã°°ä C: ³ñãýýð ýõëýæ òýìäýãëýäýã. FreeBSD íü primary partition áóþó äèñêíèé àíõäàã÷ õóâààëò äýýð ñóóãäàõ ¼ñòîé. FreeBSD òàíû ³³ñãýñýí àéëóóäûã, áàñ °°ðèéíõ°° àéëóóäûã ýíý õóâààëò äýýð õàäãàëäàã. Õýðýâ òàíä îëîí äèñê áàéâàë ì°í òà òýäãýýð äýýð ýñâýë òýäíèé çàðèì äýýð FreeBSD ò°ðëèéí õóâààëò ³³ñãýæ áîëíî. FreeBSD ñóóëãàõ ³åäýý äèñêíèé íýã õóâààëòûã áýëýí áàéëãàõ õýðýãòýé. Ýíý õóâààëò íü òàíû óðüä÷èëàí áýëäñýí õîîñîí õóâààëò þì óó ýñâýë îíö øààðäëàãàã³é °ã°ãä°ë õàäãàëñàí õóâààëò áàéñàí ÷ áîëíî. Õýðýâ òà °°ðèéí á³õ äèñê äýõ á³õ õóâààëòûã õýðýãëýæ áàéñàí áîë òýäãýýðèéí íýãèéã íü FreeBSD-ä çîðèóëæ ÿìàð íýãýí ³éëäëèéí ñèñòåìä áàéäàã õýðýãñëèéã àøèãëàí õîîñîí áîëãîõ õýðýãòýé (æèøýý íü, DOS or Windows äýýð áàéäàã fdisk ïðîãðàì).
13
Chapter 2 FreeBSD ñóóëãàõ íü
Õýðýâ òàíä èë³³÷èëæ áîëîõîîð õóâààëò áàéâàë òýð õýñãèéã áàñ õýðýãëýæ áîëíî. ýõäýý òà °ìí° íü áàéæ áàéñàí õóâààëòûí õýìæýýã èõýñãýæ þì óó áàãàñãàæ õýðýãëýæ õýðýãòýé áîëíî. FreeBSD ñóóãäàæ ÷àäàõ õàìãèéí áàãà õýìæýý áîë 100 MB áèëýý. ýõäýý ýíý õýìæýý áîë °°ðèéíõ°° àéëóóäûã õàäãàëàõàä áàðàã õ³ðýëöýõýýðã³é õàìãèéí áàãà õýìæýý þì. Àðàé áîëîìæèéí áàãà õýìæýý áîë ãðà èê îð÷íûã îðóóëàëã³éãýýð 250 MB õýìæýý þì. Õýðýâ ãðà èê îð÷èíã îðóóëáàë 350 MB áîëíî. Õýðýâ òà ãóðàâäàã÷ ïðîãðàì çîõèîã÷äûí ïðîãðàìûã ñóóëãàæ õýðýãëýíý ãýæ áîäîæ áàéâàë ìýäýýæ ò³³íýýñ èë³³ õýìæýý õýðýãòýé. Òà PartitionMagic® ãýäýã ³íýòýé ïðîãðàìûã, ýñâýë GParted çýðýã ³íýã³é ïðîãðàìûã FreeBSD-ä çîðèóëæ äèñêýíäýý çàé ãàðãàõàä õýðýãëýæ áîëîõ þì. Èéì ³éëäýëä çîðèóëàãäñàí CDROM äýýð áóé tools ñàí äîòîð FIPS áà PResizer ãýñýí õî¼ð ³íýã³é ïðîãðàì áàéäàã. Ýäãýýð ïðîãðàìûã õýðýãëýõ áè÷èã áàðèìò íü óã ñàí äîòîð íü áàñ áèé. FIPS, PResizer, ì°í PartitionMagic ãýñýí ïðîãðàìóóä íü MS-DOS -ñ ýõëýýä Windows ME õ³ðòýëõ ³éëäëèéí ñèñòåìä õýðýãëýãääýã FAT16 áîëîí FAT32 õóâààëòóóäûí õýìæýýã èõýñãýæ áàãàñãàõàä õýðýãëýãääýã. PartitionMagic áà GParted íàð NTFS ò°ðëèéí õóâààëò äýýð àæèëëàæ ÷àääàã. GParted íü SystemRescueCD (http://www.sysresccd.org/) çýðýã õýä õýäýí Live CD òàðõàöóóäàä áàéäàã. Microsoft Vista õóâààëòóóäûí õýìæýýã äàõèí °°ð÷ë°õ°ä àñóóäàëòàé áàéãàà òàëààð ìýäýýëýë áèé. Èéì ³éëäýë õèéõèéã îðîëäîõ ³åäýý Vista-èéí ñóóëãàëòûí CDROM-òîé áàéõûã ç°âë°æ áàéíà. Ì°í èéìýðõ³³ äèñêòýé àæèëëàõ àæëóóäûã õèéæ ã³éöýòãýõýýñýý °ìí° í°°öë°ëòèéã õèéõ íü ìàø ÷óõàë þì. Warning: Ýäãýýð õýðýãñëèéã áóðóó àøèãëàâàë äèñêýí äýýð áàéãàà ìýäýýëýë òàíü óñòàõ áîëíî. Òýäãýýðèéã õýðýãëýõýýñýý °ìí° °°ðèéíõ°° °ã°ãäëèéã í°°ö°ëæ õàäãàëæ àâàõ õýðýãòýé.
Example 2-1.
Áàéãàà äèñêíèé õóâààëòûã °°ð÷ë°ëã³éãýýð õýðýãëýõ íü
Æèøýýëáýë, Windows ñèñòåì ñóóëãàñàí 4 Á äèñê òàíä áàéãàà ãýæ áîäú¼. Ì°í òà òýð äèñêèéã 2 Á õýìæýýãýýð C: áà D: ãýæ õî¼ð õóâààñàí áàéãàà. Òàíä C: äýýð 1 Á, D: äýýð 0.5 Á °ã°ãä°ë õàäãàëñàí áàéãàà ãýæ ³çüå. Ýíý áîë ³ñýã÷ëýí òýìäýãëýñýí õî¼ð õóâààëò òàíä áàéíà ãýñýí ³ã. Òà D: äýýð áàéãàà á³õ °ã°ãäëèéã C: ðóó õóóëæ ÷°ë°°ë°°ä ò³³í äýýð FreeBSD ñóóëãàæ áîëíî. Example 2-2.
Áàéãàà õóâààëòûí õýìæýýã ñóíãàæ °°ð÷ë°õ
Òàíä Windows ñóóëãàñàí 4 Á äèñê áàéíà ãýæ ³çüå. Windows ñóóëãàõ ³åäýý òà ç°âõ°í C: ãýæ íýðëýñýí 4 Á õýìæýýòýé ãàíöõàí á³õýë õóâààëò ³³ñãýæýý. Òà îäîîãîîð óã õýìæýýíèé 1.5 Á-èéã àøèãëàñàí ãýæ áîäîöãîî¼. Òýãýýä òà óã äèñêíèé 2 Á õýìæýý äýýð FreeBSD ñóóëãàõûã õ³ññýí ãýæ àâ÷ ³çüå. FreeBSD-ã ñóóëãàõûí òóëä äîîð äóðäñàíààñ àëü íýãèéã õèéõ áîëíî: 1. Windows äýýð áàéñàí °ã°ãäë°° í°°ö°ëæ õàäãàëæ àâààä Windows-ã äàõèí ñóóëãàæ ãýõäýý ò³³íäýý 2 Á õýìæýý ³³ñãýæ õýðýãëýõ.
2. PartitionMagic ìýòèéí ïðîãðàì àøèãëàæ Windows-í äèñêíèé õýìæýýã äýýðõ õýìæýýíä òîõèðóóëæ °°ð÷ë°õ.
14
Chapter 2 FreeBSD ñóóëãàõ íü 2.3.3.2 Alpha äýýðõ äèñêíèé áàéðëóóëàëò
Òàíä Alpha äýýð FreeBSD-ã ñóóëãàõ òóñãàéëàí áýëäñýí äèñê õýðýãòýé. °ð ³éëäëèéí ñèñòåìòýé õàìò äèñêèéã ýíý ³åä õýðýãëýæ áîëîõã³é. Òàíä áàéãàà Alpha ìàøèíû ò°ðë°°ñ õàìààðààä õýðýâ óã äèñêíýýñ à÷ààëæ áîëæ ë áàéâàë ýíý äèñê íü SCSI þì óó ýñâýë IDE äèñê áàéæ áîëíî. Digital / Compaq -í ãàðûí àâëàãàä çààñíû äàãóó SRM îðóóëãûã òîì ³ñãýýð õàðóóëäàã. SRM-ä òîì æèæèã ³ñã³³ä íü ÿëãààòàé. Ìàøèíäàà áóé äèñêíèé íýð áîëîí ò°ðëèéã ìýäýõèéí òóëä SHOW DEVICE òóøààëûã SRM êîíñîëä áè÷äýã: >>>SHOW DEVICE dka0.0.0.4.0 dkc0.0.0.1009.0 dkc100.1.0.1009.0 dva0.0.0.0.1 ewa0.0.0.3.0 pkc0.7.0.1009.0 pqa0.0.0.4.0 pqb0.0.1.4.0
DKA0 DKC0 DKC100 DVA0 EWA0 PKC0 PQA0 PQB0
TOSHIBA CD-ROM XM-57 RZ1BB-BS SEAGATE ST34501W 00-00-F8-75-6D-01 SCSI Bus ID 7 PCI EIDE PCI EIDE
3476 0658 0015
5.27
Äýýðõ æèøýý íü Digital Personal Workstation 433au ìàøèíûõ á°ã°°ä ãóðâàí äèñê õîëáîãäñîí áàéíà. Ýõíèéõ íü CDROM õ°òë°ã÷ DKA0 íýðòýé áàéãàà á°ã°°ä áóñàä õî¼ð äèñê íü DKC0 áà DKC100 ãýñýí íýðòýé áàéíà. DKx ãýæ ýõýëñýí äèñêí³³ä íü SCSI äèñê þì. Æèøýý íü DKA100 ãýäýã íü SCSI äèñê á°ã°°ä SCSI-í ýõíèé øóãàì (A) äýýð áóé ID 1 äèñêèéã èëýðõèéëæ áàéõàä, DKC300 ãýäýã íü ãóðàâäàã÷ øóãàì (C) äýýð áóé SCSI ID 3 äèñêèéã çààæ áàéíà. PKx ãýäýã íü SCSI ãîë ³íäñýí øóãàìûã õýëæ áàéíà. SHOW DEVICE òóøààëä õàðóóëñíààð áîë SCSI CDROM ò°õ°°ð°ìæ íü áóñàä SCSI õàòóó äèñê øèã õàðóóëàãääàã. IDE äèñêí³³ä íü DQx ãýæ èëýðõèéëýãäýæ áàéõàä ãîë øóãàì íü PQx ãýæ íýðëýãääýã. 2.3.4
ѳëæýýíèé íàðèéâ÷èëñàí òîõèðóóëãàà ìýäýõ
Õýðýâ òà FreeBSD-í ñóóëãàöûã èíòåðíýò õîëáîëòòîé õèéíý ãýæ áîäîæ áàéâàë (æèøýý íü, ñóóëãàöûã FTP ýñâýë NFS ñåðâåðýýñ òàòàí ñóóëãàæ áàéâàë), òà ñ³ëæýýíèéõýý òîõèðóóëãûã ìýäýæ áàéõ õýðýãòýé. Èéì ìýäýýëëèéã ñóóëãàõ ³åä òàíààñ ëàâëàæ àñóóãààä, òîõèðóóëæ èíòåðíýòýä õîëáîãääîã. 2.3.4.1 Äîòîîä ñ³ëæýý ýñâýë Êàáåëü/DSL Ìîäåìîîð õîëáîãäîõ
Õýðýâ òà äîòîîä ñ³ëæýýíä õîëáîãäñîí áàéãàà þì óó ýñâýë êàáåë, DSL-ýýð õîëáîãäîõîîð áîë äàðààõ òîõèðóóëàõ ìýäýýëëèéã ìýäñýí áàéõ õýðýãòýé: 1. IP õàÿã
2. Àíõíû gateway áóþó ãàðöûí IP õàÿã 3. Hostname áóþó ñåðâåðèéí íýð 4. DNS ñåðâåð IP õàÿã
5. Subnet Mask áóþó äýä ñ³ëæýýíèé áàã (òóñãààðëàí àíãèëàõ äóãààð)
15
Chapter 2 FreeBSD ñóóëãàõ íü
Õýðýâ òà ýäãýýð ìýäýýëëèéã ìýäýõã³é áàéãàà áîë óã ñ³ëæýý õàðèóöàã÷ þì óó èíòåðíýò óðóó õîëáîãäîõ áàéãóóëëàãà óðóó õàíäàõ õýðýãòýé. ýòýë òýä òàíä, ýäãýýð ìýäýýëýë íü DHCP àøèãëàæ àâòîìàòààð òîõèðóóëàãäàíà ãýæ õýëæ ìàãàäã³é. Õýðýâ òèéì áîë òà ýäãýýð ìýäýýëëèéã çààâàë ìýäñýí áàéõ àëáàã³é á°ã°°ä ýíý õýñãèéã ç³ãýýð ñàíààä àâàõàä èë³³äýõã³é. 2.3.4.2 Ìîäåì õýðýãëýæ õîëáîãäîõ
Õýðýâ òà èíòåðíýòýýð õàíãàã÷ áàéãóóëëàãà óðóó åðäèéí ìîäåì àøèãëàí óòñààð õîëáîãääîã áîë, òà ì°í FreeBSD-ã èíòåðíýòýýð ñóóëãàæ áîëîõ á°ã°°ä æààõàí óäàõ ë áàéõ äàà. Äàðààõ ç³éëñèéã ìýäýæ áàéõ øààðäëàãàòàé: 1. ISP áóþó èíòåðíýòèéí ³éë÷èëãýý ³ç³³ëýã÷èéí õîëáîãäîõ óòàñíû äóãààð 2. Ìîäåìèéí õýðýãëýõ COM: ïîðòûí äóãààð
3. Èíòåðíýòèéí ³éë÷èëãýý ³ç³³ëýã÷èä á³ðòã³³ëñýí õýðýãëýã÷èéí íýð áîëîí íóóö ³ã
í àëäààíû á³ðòãýë
2.3.5 FreeBSD-
FreeBSD ò°ñ°ë íü ãàðãàæ áóé õóâèëáàð áîëãîíîî àëäààã³é áàòòàé áàéëãàõûã ÷àðìàéæ áàéäàã áîëîâ÷ çàðèì òîõèîëäîëä æèæèã àëäààíóóä ãàðàõ òîõèîëäîë ³³ñäýã. Ìàø õîâîð ³åä èéì àëäàà ñóóëãàõ ³åä ãàðäàã. Ýäãýýð àëäààã èëð³³ëæ çàñààä, ýíý òóõàéãàà FreeBSD àëäààíû á³ðòãýë (http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/7.1R/errata.html) õóóäñàí äýýð òýìäýãëýæ áè÷äýã. Òà ñóóëãàæ áàéõ ³åä èéì õ³íäðýëòýé òóëãàðàõã³éí òóëä ýíý õóóäàñ óðóó îðæ øàëãàõ õýðýãòýé.
Õóâèëáàð á³ðä ãàðñàí àëäààíóóäûã á³õ õóâèëáàðòàé íü æàãñààñàí á³ðòãýëèéã FreeBSD-í âýá õóóäàñíû (http://www.FreeBSD.org/index.html) õóâèëáàðûí ìýäýýëýë (http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/index.html) õýñýãò õàðæ áîëíî.
í ñóóëãàö àéëóóäûã áýëäýõ
2.3.6 FreeBSD-
FreeBSD-ã ñóóëãàõ ÿâö íü äàðààõ áàéðøèëä áóé àéëààñ ã³éöýòãýãäýæ áîëíî:
Äîòîîä ò°õ°°ð°ìæ°°ñ • CDROM ýñâýë DVD • Óã êîìïüþòåðò áóé DOS õýñãýýñ • SCSI ýñâýë QIC áè÷ëýãýýñ • Óÿí äèñêíýýñ ѳëæýý • FTP õàÿãíààñ. Õýðýâ øààðäëàãàòàé áîë ãàëò õàíà ýñâýë HTTP ïðîêñèãîîð äàìæèíà • NFS ñåðâåð • Çîðèóëàëòûí ïàðàëëåë þì óó öóâàà õîëáîëò
16
Chapter 2 FreeBSD ñóóëãàõ íü
Õýðýâ òà FreeBSD -í ñóóëãàöûã CD ýñâýë DVD õýëáýðýýð àâñàí áîë òàíä õýðýãòýé á³õ ç³éë áýëýí áîëîõ á°ã°°ä ýíý õýñãèéã àëãàñààä äàðààãèéí õýñýã óðóó øèëæèæ áîëíî. (Section 2.3.7). Õýðýâ òà FreeBSD-í ñóóëãàö àéëóóäûã áýëäýæ àâààã³é áîë Section 2.13 õýñýã óðóó î÷èæ äýýðõ áàéðøëààñ õýðõýí áýëäýæ àâàõ òàëààð òàéëáàðëàñíûã óíøèíà óó. Òýð õýñãèéã óíøèæ äóóñààä áóöàæ ýíäýýñ Section 2.3.7 õýñýã óðóó îðîõ õýðýãòýé. 2.3.7
Ýõëýí à÷ààëàõ ò°õ°°ð°ìæèéã áýëäýõ
FreeBSD ñóóëãàö íü òàíû êîìïüþòåð à÷ààëàõ ³åä ýõýëäýã— ýíý íü °°ð ³éëäëèéí ñèñòåìýýñ ýõë³³ëäýã ïðîãðàì áèø. Òàíû êîìïüþòåð åðäèéí ³åä õàòóó äèñêýí äýýð ñóóãäñàí ³éëäëèéí ñèñòåìýýð ýõëýæ à÷ààëàãääàã. ýõäýý ³³íèéã áàñ “à÷ààëàãäàæ áîëäîã” óÿí äèñêíýýñ ýõë³³ëæ áîëîõîîð òîõèðóóëæ áîëäîã. Îð÷èí ³åèéí èõýíõ êîìïüþòåðóóä CDROM äîòîð áóé CDROM äèñêíýýñ ýõëýí à÷ààëàãäàæ ÷àääàã. Tip: Õýðýâ òà FreeBSD-ã CDROM ýñâýë DVD äýýð (õóäàëäàæ àâñàí þì óó ýñâýë °°ð°° áýëäýæ àâñàí áîë) áýëäýæ àâñàí á°ã°°ä òàíû êîìïüþòåð CDROM ýñâýë DVD-ýýñ ýõëýí à÷ààëàãäàæ áîëäîã (èõýíõ BIOS äýýð “Boot Order áóþó à÷ààëàõ äàðààëàë” ãýñýí ýñâýë ³³íòýé ò°ñ°°òýé ñîíãîëòîîð òîõèðóóëàãääàã) áîë ýíý õýñãèéã óíøèëã³é àëãàñàæ áîëíî. FreeBSD-í CDROM áîëîí DVD äýýð áàéãàà àéëóóä íü íýìýëò ç³éëñ øààðäàëã³é øóóä ñóóãäàõ áîëîìæòîé.
À÷ààëàãäàæ áîëäîã óÿí äèñê áýëäýõèéí òóëä äàðààõ àëõìûã ã³éöýòãýíý: 1.
À÷ààëàãääàã óÿí äèñêíèé Image áóþó ä³ðñ àéëûã áýëäýõ À÷ààëàãääàã äèñêí³³ä íü òàíû ñóóëãàö àéëûã õàäãàëñàí ò°õ°°ð°ìæíèé floppies/ ñàí äîòîð áàéðëàäàã á°ã°°ä ì°í ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/<arch>/
-RELEASE/floppies/. . <arch> - on motherboard pci0: on pcib0 pcib1: at device 1.0 on pci0 pci1: on pcib1 pci1: <Matrox MGA G200 AGP graphics accelerator> at 0.0 irq 11 isab0: at device 7.0 on pci0 isa0: on isab0 atapci0: port 0xe000-0xe00f at device 7.1 on pci0 ata0: at 0x1f0 irq 14 on atapci0 ata1: at 0x170 irq 15 on atapci0 uhci0 port 0xe400-0xe41f irq 10 at device 7.2 on pci 0 usb0: on uhci0 usb0: USB revision 1.0 uhub0: VIA UHCI root hub, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr1 uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered pci0: (vendor=0x1106, dev=0x3040) at 7.3 dc0: port 0xe800-0xe8ff mem 0xdb000000-0xeb0003ff ir q 11 at device 8.0 on pci0 dc0: Ethernet address: 00:04:5a:74:6b:b5 miibus0: <MII bus> on dc0 ukphy0: on miibus0 ukphy0: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, auto ed0: port 0xec00-0xec1f irq 9 at device 10. 0 on pci0 ed0 address 52:54:05:de:73:1b, type NE2000 (16 bit) isa0: too many dependant configs (8) isa0: unexpected small tag 14 orm0: at iomem 0xc0000-0xc7fff on isa0 fdc0: at port 0x3f0-0x3f5,0x3f7 irq 6 drq2 on isa0 fdc0: FIFO enabled, 8 bytes threshold fd0: <1440-KB 3.5” drive> on fdc0 drive 0 atkbdc0: at port 0x60,0x64 on isa0 atkbd0: flags 0x1 irq1 on atkbdc0 kbd0 at atkbd0 psm0: irq 12 on atkbdc0 psm0: model Generic PS/@ mouse, device ID 0 vga0: at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0 sc0: <System console> at flags 0x100 on isa0 sc0: VGA <16 virtual consoles, flags=0x300> sio0 at port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on isa0 sio0: type 16550A sio1 at port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa0 sio1: type 16550A ppc0: <Parallel port> at port 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa0 pppc0: SMC-like chipset (ECP/EPP/PS2/NIBBLE) in COMPATIBLE mode ppc0: FIFO with 16/16/15 bytes threshold plip0: on ppbus0 ad0: 8063MB [16383/16/63] at ata0-master UDMA33 acd0: CD-RW at ata1-slave PIO4[email protected] ãýæ îðóóëààä íóóö ³ãýíä íü çàõèàíûõàà õàÿãèéã áè÷èõ õýðýãòýé. Ñóóëãàöûí ò°õ°°ð°ìæ°° FTP (ýñâýë ïðîêñè íü äýìæäýã áîë èäýâõã³é FTP) ãýæ ñîíãîîä URL õàÿãèéã ftp://foo.example.com:1234/pub/FreeBSD ãýæ îðóóëíà. ftp.FreeBSD.org-ä áóé /pub/FreeBSD õàÿã íü foo.example.com ãýñýí íýðýýð äàìæèãäàõ á°ã°°ä òà ñóóëãàöûã ýíý ìàøèíààñ (óã ìàøèí òàíû àéëóóäûã ftp.FreeBSD.org õàÿãíààñ òàíä çóó÷èëæ °ãí°) òàòàæ àâ÷ °ãä°ã. AMD Features=0x80000800<SYSCALL,3DNow!> real memory = 268435456 (262144K bytes) config> di sn0 config> di lnc0 config> di le0 config> di ie0 config> di fe0 config> di cs0 config> di bt0 config> di aic0 config> di aha0 config> di adv0 config> q avail memory = 256311296 (250304K bytes) Preloaded elf kernel "kernel" at 0xc0491000. Preloaded userconfig_script "/boot/kernel.conf" at 0xc049109c. md0: Malloc disk Using $PIR table, 4 entries at 0xc00fde60 npx0: <math processor> on motherboard npx0: INT 16 interface pcib0: on motherboard pci0: on pcib0 pcib1: at device 1.0 on pci0 pci1: on pcib1 pci1: <Matrox MGA G200 AGP graphics accelerator> at 0.0 irq 11 isab0: at device 7.0 on pci0 isa0: on isab0 atapci0: port 0xe000-0xe00f at device 7.1 on pci0 ata0: at 0x1f0 irq 14 on atapci0 ata1: at 0x170 irq 15 on atapci0 uhci0: port 0xe400-0xe41f irq 10 at device 7.2 on pci0 usb0: on uhci0 usb0: USB revision 1.0 uhub0: VIA UHCI root hub, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1 uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered chip1: at device 7.3 on pci0 ed0: port 0xe800-0xe81f irq 9 at device 10.0 on pci0 ed0: address 52:54:05:de:73:1b, type NE2000 (16 bit) isa0: too many dependant configs (8) isa0: unexpected small tag 14 fdc0: at port 0x3f0-0x3f5,0x3f7 irq 6 drq 2 on isa0 fdc0: FIFO enabled, 8 bytes threshold fd0: <1440-KB 3.5" drive> on fdc0 drive 0 atkbdc0: at port 0x60-0x64 on isa0 atkbd0: flags 0x1 irq 1 on atkbdc0 irq 12 on atkbdc0 psm0: model Generic PS/2 mouse, device ID 0 vga0: at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0 sc0: <System console> at flags 0x1 on isa0 sc0: VGA <16 virtual consoles, flags=0x300> sio0 at port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on isa0 sio0: type 16550A sio1 at port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa0 sio1: type 16550A ppc0: <Parallel port> at port 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa0 ppc0: SMC-like chipset (ECP/EPP/PS2/NIBBLE) in COMPATIBLE mode ppc0: FIFO with 16/16/15 bytes threshold ppbus0: IEEE1284 device found /NIBBLE Probing for PnP devices on ppbus0: plip0: on ppbus0 lpt0: on ppbus0 lpt0: Interrupt-driven port ppi0: <Parallel I/O> on ppbus0 ad0: 8063MB [16383/16/63] at ata0-master using UDMA33 ad2: 8063MB [16383/16/63] at ata1-master using UDMA33 acd0: CDROM at ata0-slave using PIO4 Mounting root from ufs:/dev/ad0s1a swapon: adding /dev/ad0s1b as swap device Automatic boot in progress... /dev/ad0s1a: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS /dev/ad0s1a: clean, 48752 free (552 frags, 6025 blocks, 0.9% fragmentation) /dev/ad0s1f: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS /dev/ad0s1f: clean, 128997 free (21 frags, 16122 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation) /dev/ad0s1g: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS /dev/ad0s1g: clean, 3036299 free (43175 frags, 374073 blocks, 1.3% fragmentation) /dev/ad0s1e: filesystem CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS /dev/ad0s1e: clean, 128193 free (17 frags, 16022 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation) Doing initial network setup: hostname. ed0: flags=8843 mtu 1500 inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 inet6 fe80::5054::5ff::fede:731b%ed0 prefixlen 64 tentative scopeid 0x1 ether 52:54:05:de:73:1b lo0: flags=8049 mtu 16384 inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x8 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 Additional routing options: IP gateway=YES TCP keepalive=YES routing daemons:. additional daemons: syslogd. Doing additional network setup:. Starting final network daemons: creating ssh RSA host key Generating public/private rsa1 key pair. Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key. Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub. The key fingerprint is: cd:76:89:16:69:0e:d0:6e:f8:66:d0:07:26:3c:7e:2d [email protected] creating ssh DSA host key[email protected] . setting ELF ldconfig path: /usr/lib /usr/lib/compat /usr/X11R6/lib /usr/local/lib a.out ldconfig path: /usr/lib/aout /usr/lib/compat/aout /usr/X11R6/lib/aout starting standard daemons: inetd cron sshd usbd sendmail. Initial rc.i386 initialization:. rc.i386 configuring syscons: blank_time screensaver moused. Additional ABI support: linux. Local package initialization:. Additional TCP options:. FreeBSD/i386 (k6-2.example.com) (ttyv0) login: rpratt Password:[email protected] sysutils[email protected] . 230230230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply. Remote system type is UNIX. Using binary mode to transfer files. ftp> cd /pub/FreeBSD/ports/packages/sysutils/ ìàÿãèéí çàõèàíû õàÿãòàé áàéäàã. Èéì õ³ì³³ñ ð³³ çàõèàãàà ÿâóóëàõ õýðýãòýé.[email protected] >-ð àð÷ëàãäàæ áàéãàà ãýñýí ïîðòóóä íýã òîäîðõîé õ³íýýð àð÷ëàãäààã³é áàéäàã. Çàâñàðëàëò áîëîí òóñëàìæ çýðã³³ä íü èõýíõäýý çàõèàíû æàãñààëòàä áóé õ³ì³³ñýýñ èðäýã. Òóñëàí äýìæèõ õ³ì³³ñ áèäýíä ³ðãýëæ õýðýãòýé áàéãàà! <4 horiz. timings> <4 vert. timings> òàãëàà àðààñ íü çàëãàæ ÿâäàã: /³ñãèéí/ìàÿãèéí/áàéãàà/ñàíãèéí <double>14 <edit name="antialias" mode="assign"> false <match target="font"> <double>14 <edit mode="assign" name="antialias"> false <string>fixed <edit name="family" mode="assign"> <string>mono <match target="pattern" name="family"> <string>console <edit name="family" mode="assign"> <string>mono <string>mono <edit name="spacing" mode="assign"> 100 <string>Helvetica <edit name="family" mode="assign"> <string>sans-serif local.conf àéëûã çàñâàðëàæ äóóñààä óã àéëûã unknown <edit name="rgba" mode="assign"> rgb port 0xdc80-0xdcbf,0xd800-0xd8ff irq 5 at device 31.5 on pci0 pcm0: [GIANT-LOCKED] pcm0: at io 0xd800, 0xdc80 irq 5 bufsz 16384 mem 0xd7000000-0xd7000fff irq 10 at device 10.0 on pci0 iicbb0: on bti2c0 iicbus0: on iicbb0 master-only iicbus1: on iicbb0 master-only smbus0: <System Management Bus> on bti2c0 bktr0: Pinnacle/Miro TV, Philips SECAM tuner. Fixed Scanner SCSI-2 device pass2: 3.300MB/s transfers irq 12 on atkbdc0 [GIANT-LOCKED] [ITHREAD] model Generic PS/2 mouse, device ID 0 <job>" 1>&2 exit 1 fi # #-èéí FreeBSD chat çàõèäëûí æàãñààëò (http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-chat) ðóó áè÷ñýí öàõèì çàõèäàë (Message ID: <[email protected] >) äýýð òóëãóóðëàñàí áàéãàà. 10.8.1 on miibus0 ukphy0: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, auto dc1: <82c169 PNIC 10/100BaseTX> port 0x9800-0x98ff mem 0xd3000000-0xd30 000ff irq 11 at device 12.0 on pci0 dc1: Ethernet address: 00:a0:cc:da:da:db miibus1: <MII bus> on dc1 ukphy1: on miibus1 ukphy1: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, auto mtu 1500 inet 192.168.1.3 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255 ether 00:a0:cc:da:da:da media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX ) status: active dc1: flags=8843 mtu 1500 inet 10.0.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 10.0.0.255 ether 00:a0:cc:da:da:db media: Ethernet 10baseT/UTP status: no carrier lp0: flags=8810 mtu 1500 lo0: flags=8049 mtu 16384 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 tun0: flags=8010 mtu 1500 Note: FreeBSD-èéí õóó÷èí õóâèëáàðóóä -a òîõèðóóëãûã ifconfig(8)-èéí àðààñ çàëãàõûã øààðäàæ áîëîõ á°ã°°ä ifconfig(8)-èéí ç°â ñèíòàêñûí äýëãýðýíã³é ìýäýýëëèéí òàëààð ãàðûí àâëàãûí õóóäñàíä õàíäàíà óó. Ýíý æèøýýí äýýð IPv6-òàé (inet6 ãýõ ìýò.) õîëáîîòîé îðóóëãóóä îðõèãäñîí áîëîõûã àíõààðíà óó.)). dc1 íü 10baseT/UTP ç°°ã÷òýé àæèëëàõààð òîõèðóóëàãäñàí áàéãààã áèä õàðæ áîëíî. Áàéæ áîëîõ ç°°ã÷èéí ò°ðë³³äèéí òóõàé äýëãýðýíã³é ìýäýýëëèéí òàëààð °°ðèéíõ íü ãàðûí àâëàãûí õóóäñàíä õàíäàæ ³çíý ³³. mtu 1500 ether 00:a0:cc:da:da:da[email protected] ) óðóó èëãýýíý ³³: •[email protected] , Create [y] ? y Principal: passwd, Instance: grunt, kdc_key_ver: 1 New Password: <---- enter RANDOM here Verifying password New Password: <---- enter RANDOM here Random password [y] ? y, Create [y] ? Principal: rcmd, Instance: grunt, kdc_key_ver: 1 New Password: <---- enter RANDOM here Verifying password New Password:, Create [y] ? y Principal: jane, Instance: , kdc_key_ver: 1 New Password: <---- enter a secure password here Verifying password <---- re-enter the password here Principal’s new key version = 1 New Password:[email protected] Expires Apr 30 19:23:22[email protected] , Create [y] ? y Principal: jane, Instance: root, kdc_key_ver: 1 New Password: <---- enter a SECURE password here Verifying password New Password:[email protected] [email protected] Issued May 2 20:43:12[email protected] íü òýð <username>-ã root óðóó su(1) õèéõèéã ç°âø°°ðä°ã: # cat /root/.klogin[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ’s Password: % klist[email protected] Issued Aug 27 15:37:58[email protected] [email protected] çýðýã) ëîêàë õýðýãëýã÷èéí á³ðòãýëä (tillman çýðýã ëîêàë á³ðòãýë) õàðãàëçóóëæ °ãñ°í áàéäàã. telnet çýðýã êëèåíò ïðîãðàìóóä èõýâ÷ëýí õýðýãëýã÷èéí íýð ýñâýë óäèðäàã÷èéã øààðääàãã³é. ýõäýý õààÿà íýã òà õàðãàëçàõ Kerberos óäèðäàã÷ã³é õýí íýãýíä çîðèóëæ ëîêàë õýðýãëýã÷èéí á³ðòãýëä õàíäàõ õàíäàëòûã °ã°õèéã õ³ñýæ áîëîõ þì. Æèøýý íü [email protected] ìàãàäã³é ëîêàë õýðýãëýã÷èéí á³ðòãýë webdevelopers-ä õàíäàõ õàíäàëò õýðýãòýé áàéæ áîëîõ þì. Áóñàä óäèðäàã÷èä áàñ ýíý ëîêàë á³ðòãýëä õàíäàõ õýðýãòýé áàéæ áîëîõ þì. .k5login áîëîí .k5users àéëóóä íü õýðýãëýã÷äèéí ãýðèéí ñàíãóóäàä áàéðëàäàã á°ã°°ä .hosts áîëîí .rhosts àéëóóäûí õ³÷èðõýã õîñëîëûí íýãýí àäèëààð ýíý àñóóäëûã øèéäýí àøèãëàãäàæ áîëîõ þì. Æèøýý íü õýðýâ .k5login íü äàðààõ àãóóëãàòàéãààð: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Please enter the following ’extra’ attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []:SOME PASSWORD An optional company name []:Another Name[email protected] [email protected] ’s password: *******[email protected] :/COPYRIGHT COPYRIGHT[email protected] ’s password: ******* COPYRIGHT 100% |*****************************| 00:00[email protected] [email protected] %[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ’s password: ***** % telnet localhost 5025[email protected] [email protected] ’s password: ******[email protected] [email protected] ’s password: *******[email protected] [email protected] admin Note: Òà ýíý ìàøèí óðóó íýâòðýõ õýðýãöýýòýé òýäãýýð íü îðæ ÷àäàõã³é áîëíî. 1 problem(s) in your installed packages found. You are advised to update or deinstall the affected package(s) immediately. àíõ òàíèëöóóëñàí þì. ýõäýý òýäãýýðèéã õ³÷èðõýã, óÿí õàòàí äýä ñèñòåì áîëãîõûí òóëä FreeBSD 5.X äýýð èë³³ èõýýð ñàéæðóóëñàí áèëýý. Òýäãýýðèéí àøèãòàé òàë, àæèëëàãàà áîëîí íàéäâàðòàé áàéäëûã °ðã°æ³³ëýí òýäãýýðèéí õ°ãæ³³ëýëò ³ðãýëæèëñýí õýâýýð áîëîé. 15.3.1[email protected] > õ°ãæ³³ëýã÷èéí http://simon.nitro.dk/service-jails.html õóóäàñ áîëîí Êåí Òîì -èéí áè÷ñýí øèíý÷èëñýí íèéòëýë äýýð ãàðãàñàí ñàíàà äýýð òóëãóóðëàñàí þì. Ýíý õýñýã íü jail(8) áîëîìæèéã àøèãëàí àþóëã³é áàéäëûí íýìýëò äàâõàðãà á³õèé FreeBSD ñèñòåì õýðõýí òîõèðóóëàõ òàëààð òàéëáàðëàõ áîëíî. ã°ãäñ°í ñèñòåì íü ÿäàæ RELENG_6_0 á°ã°°ä ýíý á³ëãèéí °ìí° äóðäñàí ìýäýýëëèéã óíøèã÷ àâõàé ñàéí îéëãîñîí ãýæ òîîöäîã. 15.6.1.1 Øèéäýë ATA/ATAPI rev 0 ATA channel 1: Master: no device present Slave: no device present ATA channel 2: Master: ad4 <MAXTOR 6L080J4/A93.0500> ATA/ATAPI rev 5 Slave: no device present ATA channel 3: Master: ad6 <MAXTOR 6L080J4/A93.0500> ATA/ATAPI rev 5 Slave: no device present # atacontrol status ar0 Removable Direct Access SCSI-2 device da0: 1.000MB/s transfers da0: 126MB (258048 512 byte sectors: 64H 32S/T 126C)[email protected] dd of=/mybigfiles/dump-usr-l0.gz[email protected] :/dev/sa0 /usr õ°ãæ³³ëæ áàéãàà áîëíî. geli íü gbde-ýýñ °°ð á°ã°°ä ýíý íü °°ð áîëîìæóóäûã ñàíàë áîëãîæ êðèïòîãðà ³éëäýëäýý °°ð ñõåìèéã àøèãëàäàã. geli(8)-èéí õàìãèéí ÷óõàë áîëîìæóóä áîë: •[email protected] :/usr/home/kmacy/p4/freebsd7_xen3/src/sys/i386-xen/compile/XEN WARNING: DIAGNOSTIC option enabled, expect reduced performance. Xen reported: 1796.927 MHz processor. Timecounter "ixen" frequency 1796927000 Hz quality 0 CPU: Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 CPU 1.80GHz (1796.93-MHz 686-class CPU) Origin = "GenuineIntel" Id = 0xf29 Stepping = 9 Features=0xbfebfbff Features2=0x4400> real memory = 265244672 (252 MB) avail memory = 255963136 (244 MB) xc0: <Xen Console> on motherboard cpu0 on motherboard Timecounters tick every 10.000 msec [XEN] Initialising virtual ethernet driver. xn0: Ethernet address: 00:16:3e:6b:de:3a [XEN] Trying to mount root from ufs:/dev/xbd769a WARNING: / was not properly dismounted Loading configuration files. No suitable dump device was found. Entropy harvesting: interrupts ethernet point_to_point kickstart. Starting file system checks: /dev/xbd769a: 18859 files, 140370 used, 113473 free (10769 frags, 12838 blocks, 4.2% fragmentation Setting hostname: demo.freebsd.org. lo0: flags=8049 mtu 16384 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x2 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 Additional routing options:. Mounting NFS file systems:. Starting syslogd. /etc/rc: WARNING: Dump device does not exist. Savecore not run. ELF ldconfig path: /lib /usr/lib /usr/lib/compat /usr/X11R6/lib /usr/local/lib a.out ldconfig path: /usr/lib/aout /usr/lib/compat/aout /usr/X11R6/lib/aout Starting usbd. usb: Kernel module not available: No such file or directory Starting local daemons:.[email protected] :/usr/home/kmacy/p4/freebsd7_xen3/src/sys/i386-xen/compile/XENCONF mtu 1500 inet 10.10.10.200 netmask 0xff000000 broadcast 10.255.255.255 ether 00:16:3e:6b:de:3a lo0: flags=8049 mtu 16384 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x2 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000[email protected] > þì.[email protected] > íü FreeBSD-Òàéâàíèé zh-L10N-tut àøèãëàí Õÿòàä FreeBSD Öóãëóóëãà (CFC) (http://netlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw/~statue/cfc/) ³³ñãýñýí áàéãàà. Áàãöóóä áîëîí ñêðèïò àéëóóä ftp://freebsd.csie.nctu.edu.tw/pub/taiwan/CFC/ äýýð áàéãàà áîëíî. 23.5.3[email protected] > íü FreeBSD ìàøèí äýýð umlaut áóþó åðìàí õýëíèé àâèà °°ð÷ë°ãää°ãèéã òýìäýãëýäýã õî¼ð öýãèéã õýðõýí àøèãëàõ òàëààð çààâàð áè÷ñýí áàéãàà. Ýíý çààâàð íü åðìàí õýë äýýð áè÷èãäñýí á°ã°°ä http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~eserte/FreeBSD/doc/umlaute/umlaute.html äýýð áàéãàà áîëíî. 23.5.4 íü FreeBSD äýýðõ ðåê õýëíèé äýìæëýãèéí òàëààð á³ðýí íèéòëýë áè÷ñýí áàéãàà. Ýíý íü FreeBSD-èéí àëáàí ¼ñíû ðåê áàðèìòæóóëàëòûí õýñýã áîëîí http://www.freebsd.org/doc/el_GR.ISO8859-7/articles/greek-language-support/index.html (http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/el_GR.ISO8859-7/articles/greek-language-support/index.html) õàÿãò îðñîí áàéäàã. Ýíý íü ç°âõ°í ðåê õýë äýýð þì. mtu 1500 inet 216.136.204.117 --> 204.152.186.171 netmask 0xffffffff mtu 1500 inet 216.136.204.21 --> 204.152.186.171 netmask 0xffffff00 Opened by PID 918 inet 136.152.64.181 --> 136.152.64.1 netmask ffffff00 •[email protected] > õýëáýðýýð îðóóëæ áîëîõûã ýíä òýìäýãëýõ õýðýãòýé. Äàðààãèéí æèøýýí äýýð çàõèäëûã àéëä, ýíý æèøýýí äýýð /dev/null-ä áè÷èõèéã çààæ áàéíà. Õàìãèéí ñ³³ëèéí æèøýýí äýýð, çàõèäëûí ïðîãðàìä èëãýýõèéã, ýíý òîõèîëäîëä çàõèäëûã UNIX õîîëîéãîîð äàìæóóëàí /usr/local/bin/procmail-í ñòàíäàðò îðîëòîä °ã÷ áàéíà. Ýíý àéëä °°ð÷ë°ëò îðóóëñíû äàðàà, /etc/mail/ äîòîð make òóøààëûã °ã°í °ã°ãäëèéí ñàíã øèíý÷ëýõ õýðýãòýé. 28.3.3 /etc/mail/local-host-names[email protected] [email protected] @example.com[email protected] joe-ã root ãýñýí äîòîîä çàõèäëûí õàéðöàãò áóóëãàæ áàéíà. Äàðààãèéí ì°ð°íä <[email protected] >-ã noc.example.net õîñò äýýð áàéãàà postmaster çàõèäëûí õàéðöàãò áóóëãàæ áàéíà. Ýöýñò íü, õýðýâ example.com-òîé õàÿã äýýð äóðäñàíû àëèíä ÷ òîõèðîîã³é áîë, õàìãèéí ñ³³ëèéí ì°ð°íä òîõèðîõ áîëíî. Ýíý ì°ð°íä example.com äîìýéíòîé á³õ çàõèäëûí õàÿã òîõèðîõ á°ã°°ä á³ãä joe ãýñýí äîòîîä çàõèäëûí õàéðöàãò áóóëãàãäàõ áîëíî. 28.4[email protected] >... Local configuration error How can I solve this problem? You have asked mail to the domain (e.g., domain.net) to be forwarded to a specific host (in this case, relay.domain.net) by using an MX record, but the relay machine does not recognize itself as domain.net. Add domain.net to /etc/mail/local-host-names [known as /etc/sendmail.cw prior to version 8.10] (if you are using FEATURE(use_cw_file)) or add “Cw domain.net” to /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. õàÿã ðóó èëãýýñýí çàõèäàë ÿìàð ÷ àñóóäàëã³é õ³ðýõ ãàçðàà î÷èõ ¼ñòîé (example.FreeBSD.org äýýð sendmail ç°â àæèëëàæ áàéãàà ãýæ ³çýâ). ³íèé îðîíä äîîð äóðäñàíòàé àäèë õàðèó àâáàë: # host example.FreeBSD.org > 3,0 [email protected] [email protected] mailhub=mail.example.com rewriteDomain=example.com hostname=_HOSTNAME_ root-ä çîðèóëæ °°ðèéí æèíõýíý çàõèäëûí õàÿãàà àøèãëàõàà ìàðòóóçàé. mail.example.com-èéí îðîíä °°ðèéí ISP-èéí ãàðàõ çàõèäëûí °ðò°°ë°õ ñåðâåðèéã îðóóëààðàé (çàðèì ISP-óóä íü ³³íèéã “ãàðàõ çàõèäëûí ñåðâåð” ýñâýë “SMTP ñåðâåð” ãýäýã). àðàõ çàõèäëûí ³éë÷èëãýýã íü îðîëöóóëààä sendmail-ã õîðèãëîõîî ìàðòóóçàé. Äýëãýðýíã³éã Section 28.4.2 õýñãýýñ ³çíý ³³. mail/ssmtp íü áàñ áóñàä òîõèðóóëãóóäòàé áàéäàã. Æèøýýí³³ä áîëîí äýëãýðýíã³é ìýäýýëëèéã /usr/local/etc/ssmtp äîòîðõ æèøýý òîõèðãîîíû àéë ýñâýë ssmtp-èéí ãàðûí àâëàãûí õóóäàñíààñ ³çíý ³³. Ýíý ìàÿãààð ssmtp-ã òîõèðóóëàõ íü ç°â àæèëëàõûí òóëä çàõèäàë èëãýýõèéã øààðääàã, òàíû êîìïüþòåð äýýðõ ÿìàð ÷ ïðîãðàìûã ç°âø°°ð°õ áîëíî. Èíãýõäýý òàíû ISP-èéí õýðýãëýýíèé áîäëîãûã ç°ð÷èëã³éãýýð ýñâýë òàíû êîìïüþòåðèéã ñïàì èëãýýõ çîðèëãîîð áóëààí ýçëýõèéã ç°âø°°ðä°ãã³é áàéíà.[email protected] >-èéí îðîíä <[email protected] >-ã àøèãëàõûã õýëæ °ã°õ ¼ñòîé. Òà áàñ sendmail-ä õóðäàí çàõèäàë äàìæóóëàõ áîëîìæèéã á³ðä³³ëýõèéí òóëä á³õ çàõèäëûã äàìæóóëàõäàà relay.example.net-èéã àøèãëàõûã áàñ õýëæ °ã°õèéã õ³ñýæ áîëîõ þì. Äàðààõ .mc àéë íü õàíãàëòòàé áàéõ áîëíî: VERSIONID(‘bsd.home.mc version 1.0’) OSTYPE(bsd4.4)dnl FEATURE(nouucp)dnl MAILER(local)dnl MAILER(smtp)dnl Cwlocalhost Cwbsd.home MASQUERADE_AS(‘example.net’)dnl FEATURE(allmasquerade)dnl[email protected] >-ñ èðñýí á³õ çàõèäëûã ãàäààä õàÿã óðóó äàìæóóëíà: :0 * ^From.*[email protected] ! [email protected] ãàäààä õàÿã óðóó äàìæóóëíà: :0 * < 1000 ! [email protected] ðóó èëãýýñýí á³õ çàõèäëûã alternate ãýãäñýí çàõèäëûí õàéðöàãò õèéíý: :0 * ^[email protected] alternate[email protected] { LISTNAME=${MATCH} :0 * LISTNAME??^\/[^@]+ FreeBSD-${MATCH} }. master server : ellington next host to add: coltrane next host to add: ^D The current list of NIS servers looks like this: ellington íü admin.example.org áîëíî) 2006051501[email protected] ServerName www.domain.tld ServerName www.someotherdomain.tld DocumentRoot /www/someotherdomain.tld SetHandler python-program PythonPath "[’/dir/to/your/django/packages/’] + sys.path" PythonHandler django.core.handlers.modpython SetEnv DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE mysite.settings PythonAutoReload On PythonDebug On DirectoryIndex index.php index.html AddType application/x-httpd-php .php AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps mem 0xff9f0000-0xff9fffff irq 17 at device 2.0 on pci2 ath0: Ethernet address: 00:11:95:d5:43:62 ath0: mac 7.9 phy 4.5 radio 5.6 mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 inet 192.168.1.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (OFDM/54Mbps) status: associated ssid dlinkap channel 6 bssid 00:13:46:49:41:76 mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (OFDM/36Mbps) status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode WPA privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF TKIP 2:128-bit txpowmax 36 protmode CTS roaming MANUAL bintval 100 mtu 1500 mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 inet 192.168.0.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (OFDM/36Mbps) status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode WPA privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF TKIP 2:128-bit txpowmax 36 protmode CTS roaming MANUAL bintval 100 mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (DS/11Mbps) status: associated mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (DS/11Mbps) status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF TKIP 2:128-bit txpowmax 36 protmode CTS roaming MANUAL bintval 100 mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (DS/11Mbps) status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF TKIP 2:128-bit txpowmax 36 protmode CTS roaming MANUAL bintval 100 mtu 1500 inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fec3:dac%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x4 ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (autoselect ) status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 2 bssid 02:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpowmax 36 protmode CTS bintval 100 mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 inet 192.168.0.2 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (autoselect ) status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 2 bssid 02:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpowmax 36 protmode CTS bintval 100 A mtu 1500 inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fec3:dac%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x4 ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpowmax 38 bmiss 7 protmode CTS burst dtimperiod 1 bintval 100 hostap ³ã íü óã ò°õ°°ð°ìæèéã òóõàéí ìàøèí äýýð õàíäàõ öýã áîëæ àæèëëàæ áàéãààã íü èëýðõèéëæ áàéíà. Òóõàéí ò°õ°°ð°ìæèéí èéì òîõèðóóëãûã ìàøèí àñàõ ³åä íü õèéãäýõýýð òîõèðóóëúÿ ãýæ áîäñîí òîõèîëäîëä /etc/rc.conf àéëä äàðààõ ì°ðèéã îðóóëæ °ã°õ õýðýãòýé: ifconfig_ath0="ssid freebsdap mode 11g mediaopt hostap inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0" mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 inet 192.168.0.2 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (OFDM/54Mbps) status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpowmax 36 protmode CTS bintval 100 mtu 2290 inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fec3:dac%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x4 ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy MIXED deftxkey 2 TKIP 2:128-bit txpowmax 36 protmode CTS dtimperio mtu 1500 inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fec3:dac%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x4 ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode OPEN privacy ON deftxkey 3 wepkey 3:40-bit txpowmax 36 protmode CTS dtimperiod 1 bintva <Sniff mode> <Park mode> <SCO link> <Paging scheme> Max. ACL packet size: 192 bytes Number of ACL packets: 8 Max. SCO packet size: 64 bytes Number of SCO packets: 8 metric 0 mtu 1500 ether 96:3d:4b:f1:79:7a id 00:00:00:00:00:00 priority 32768 hellotime 2 fwddelay 15 maxage 20 holdcnt 6 proto rstp maxaddr 100 timeout 1200 root id 00:00:00:00:00:00 priority 0 ifcost 0 port 0 metric 0 mtu 1500 port 3 priority 128 path cost 200000 proto rstp role designated state forwarding member: fxp1 flags=1c7 port 4 priority 128 path cost 200000 proto rstp role designated state forwarding metric 0 mtu 1500 ether 96:3d:4b:f1:79:7a id 00:13:d4:9a:06:7a priority 32768 hellotime 2 fwddelay 15 maxage 20 holdcnt 6 proto rstp maxaddr 100 timeout 1200 root id 00:01:02:4b:d4:50 priority 32768 ifcost 400000 port 4 member: fxp0 flags=1c7 port 4 priority 128 path cost 200000 proto rstp role root state forwarding member: fxp1 flags=1c7 port 5 priority 128 path cost 200000 proto rstp role designated state forwarding root id 00:01:02:4b:d4:50 priority 32768 ifcost 400000 port 4 ì°ð íü root ã³³ð íü äýýð äóðäñàíòàé àäèë 00:01:02:4b:d4:50 á°ã°°ä ýíý ã³³ðíýýñ 400000 ãýñýí çàìûí °ðò°ãòýé, root ã³³ð ð³³ õ³ðýõ çàì íü fxp0 áîëîõ port 4-°°ð äàìæèíà ãýäãèé㠳糳ëæ áàéíà. metric 0 mtu 1500 options=8 ether 00:05:5d:71:8d:b8 media: Ethernet autoselect status: active laggproto lacp laggport: fxp1 flags=1c laggport: fxp0 flags=1c metric 0 mtu 1500 options=8 ether 00:05:5d:71:8d:b8 media: Ethernet autoselect-òàé õîëáîî áàðüíà óó. isdn4bsd-èéí ñóóëãàëò, òîõèðãîî áîëîí àëäààã îëæ çàñâàðëàõ òóõàé àñóóëòóóäàä çîðèóëàãäñàí freebsd-isdn (http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-isdn) çàõèäëûí æàãñààëò áàéäàã. 31.8.2 ISDN on ppbus0 lpt0: Interrupt-driven port mtu 1500 mtu 1500 inet 10.0.0.1 --> 10.0.0.2 netmask 0xff000000 # netstat -r mtu 1500 inet 10.0.0.10 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 10.0.0.255 WWW: http://www.freebsdmall.com/[email protected] > WWW: http://www.lpmagazine.org/ WWW: http://linuxcenter.ru/shop/freebsd[email protected] > WWW: http://www.cylogistics.com/[email protected] > WWW: http://linuxcenter.ru/freebsd[email protected] >-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •[email protected] >-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó.-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •-ò õàíäàíà óó. •[email protected] :/home/ncvs (pserver (íóóö ³ã “anoncvs”), ssh (íóóö ³ãã³é)) 948[email protected] :/home/ncvs (cvs login òóøààëûã àøèãëàæ àñóóõ ³åä íü “anoncvs” íóóö ³ãèéã îðóóëíà.) Òàéâàíü : :pserver:[email protected] :/home/ncvs (pserver (cvs login òóøààëûã àøèãëàæ àñóóõ ³åä íü äóðûí íóóö ³ã îðóóëíà), ssh (íóóö ³ãã³é))[email protected] :/home/ncvs (ç°âõ°í ssh - íóóö ³ãã³é) SSH HostKey: 1024 a1:e7:46:de:fb:56:ef:05:bc:73:aa:91:09:da:f7:f4 [email protected] SSH2 HostKey: 1024 52:02:38:1a:2f:a8:71:d3:f5:83:93:8d:aa:00:6f:65 ssh_host_dsa_key.pub[email protected] :/home/ncvs (ç°âõ°í ssh2 - íóóö ³ãã³é)[email protected] :/home/ncvs % cvs login[email protected] :/home/ncvs co src[email protected] :/home/ncvs % cvs login[email protected] :/home/ncvs % cvs login[email protected] :/home/ncvs % cvs login[email protected] > ðóó èëãýýæ áîëíî. Äàõèí õýëýõýä áèä òåõíèêèéí çàõèäëûí æàãñààëòóóäàä òåõíèêèéí òàëûí ç³éëñ õýëýëöýõèéã òàíààñ õ³ñýæ áàéíà. Õýðýâ òà ç°âõ°í ÷óõàë çàðëàëóóäûã ñîíèðõîæ áàéãàà áîë òà FreeBSD çàðëàëûí çàõèäëûí æàãñààëò (http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-announce)-ä á³ðòã³³ëýõ íü ç³éòýé þì. Ýíý æàãñààëò íü ç°âõ°í ìýäýýëëèéí ñèéðýã óðñãàëä çîðèóëàãäñàí þì. C.1.3[email protected] >-ñ õî¼ð (2) àíõààðóóëãà áè÷ãýýð èðýõ á°ã°°ä ³³íèé äàðàà ãóðàâ äàõü óäààãàà ç°ð÷ñ°í òîõèîëäîëä èëãýýã÷èéã FreeBSD-èéí á³õ çàõèäëûí æàãñààëòààñ õàñàæ òýäãýýð ð³³ äàõèæ èëãýýõèéã íü ø³³õ áîëíî. Áèä èéì ä³ðì³³ä, àðãà õýìæýýí³³ä áàéãààä õàðàìñàæ áàéãàà áîëîâ÷ °í°°ãèéí Èíòåðíýò íü ìàø òàíõàé áàëìàä îð÷èí þì øèã ñàíàãääàã á°ã°°ä îëîí õ³ì³³ñ ýäãýýðèéí àðãà çàìóóä ÿìàð ýìçýã áîëîõûã õ³íäýòãýäýãã³é áèëýý. Äàãàæ ì°ðä°õ ä³ðýì, æóðìóóä: •[email protected] > ñàíàë áîëãîäîã. [email protected] > Key fingerprint = C374 0FC5 69A6 FBB1 4AED B131 15D6 8804 CA6C DFB2 2048g/A3071809 2002-08-27[email protected] >[email protected] Key fingerprint = CE EF 8A 48 70 00 B5 A9 55 69 DE 87 E3 9A E1 CD[email protected] > pub uid sub[email protected] > 2048g/80B696E6 2005-11-30[email protected] > pub uid sub[email protected] ) <[email protected] > 2048g/1C4683F1 2006-07-29 pub uid uid uid sub sub Key fingerprint = 655D 519C 26A7 82E7 2529 9BF0 5D8E 8BE9 F238 1AD4 Brooks Davis Brooks Davis Brooks Davis 2048g/CFDACA7A 2003-01-25 [expires: 2008-01-24] 1024g/42921194 2001-02-10 [expires: 2009-02-08] pub uid uid uid uid uid sub pub uid uid sub George V. Neville-Neil 2048g/95A74F6E 2002-09-17 pub uid uid uid uid uid uid uid uid sub Hiroki Sato Hiroki Sato Hiroki Sato Hiroki Sato Hiroki Sato Hiroki Sato Hiroki Sato 1024g/8CD251FF 2001-06-12[email protected] > pub sub[email protected] > Key fingerprint = E2CA 411D DD44 53FD BB4B 3CB5 B4D7 10A2 0E45 1F7D 1024g/965A770C 2001-02-12 pub uid uid sub Key fingerprint = E65D 0E7D 7E16 B212 1BD6 39EE 5ABC B405 68E8 40A5 Kris Kennaway Kris Kennaway 2048g/03A41C45 2000-01-14 [expires: 2006-01-14][email protected] > pub uid uid uid sub[email protected] > Ariff Abdullah <[email protected] > Ariff Abdullah <[email protected] > 2048g/8958C1D3 2005-10-01[email protected] > pub uid uid sub sub sub[email protected] > Shaun Amott <[email protected] > 2048g/26FA8703 2001-03-19 2048R/7FFF5151 2005-11-06 2048R/27C54137 2005-11-06 pub uid uid sub Henrik Brix Andersen 1024g/3B13C209 2003-04-09[email protected] > pub uid uid uid uid uid uid sub[email protected] > Key fingerprint = 661F BBF7 9F5D 3D02 C862 5F6C 178E E274 F816 72C5 Will Andrews <[email protected] > Will Andrews <[email protected] > Will Andrews <[email protected] > Will Andrews <[email protected] > Will Andrews <[email protected] > Will Andrews <[email protected] > 1024g/55472804 2000-05-22 pub uid uid sub[email protected] > Eric Anholt 1024g/80B404C1 2003-09-08[email protected] > pub uid uid uid uid uid uid uid uid sub[email protected] > Mathieu Arnold <[email protected] > Mathieu Arnold <[email protected] > Mathieu Arnold <[email protected] > Mathieu Arnold <[email protected] > Mathieu Arnold <[email protected] > Mathieu Arnold <[email protected] > Mathieu Arnold <[email protected] > 2048g/EAD18BD9 2005-04-25[email protected] > pub uid sub[email protected] > 2048g/63CC012D 2007-04-27 pub uid Key fingerprint = EB 3C 68 9E FB 6C EB 3F DB 2E 0F 10 8F CE 79 CA Satoshi Asami [email protected] > pub uid uid uid uid sub[email protected] > Philippe Audeoud Philippe Audeoud Philippe Audeoud <[email protected] > 2048g/EF8EA329 2005-04-13 pub uid uid uid uid uid uid sub Timur I. Bakeyev Timur I. Bakeyev (BaT) Timur I. Bakeyev (BaT) Timur I. Bakeyev (BaT)