Form 5 Chemistry Folio - Medicine

SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN ？？？ CHEMISTRY FOLIO ( 20？？ )

CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMER

MEDICINE

Heon—[email protected]

NAME CLASS

: :

IC NUMBER

:

TEACHER’S NAME :

Heon—[email protected]

Content 10INTRODUCTION 20OBJECTIVE 30INTRODUCTION 3.1 Traditional medicines 3.2 Modern medicines 3.2.1Analgesics 3.2.2Antibiotics 3.2.3Psychotherapeutic medicine 3.3 Drug abuse

40Discussion 50Conclusion

Heon—[email protected]

60References

Heon—[email protected]

10INTRODUCTION OF MEDICINES

Medicines are chemicals that help to cure infection and maintain our health and well being. Medicines can be obtained from natural sources or synthetic chemicals. Any chemical that is used as medicine is called a drug. Medicines that are obtained from plants and animals are called traditional medicines. Medicines can be classified as traditional medicines and modern medicines.

Heon—[email protected]

20OBJECTIVE • State examples of traditional medicines, their sources and uses • State the types of modern medicines and their examples • State the functions of each type of modern medicines • Describe the possible side effects of using modern and

traditional medicines

• Decribe the correct usage of modern and traditional medicines

Heon—[email protected]

10INFORMATION AND DATA 1.1Traditional medicine Traditional medicines are derived from plants or animals. Traditional medicines are usually not processed.

Any

alkaloid

potentially

is

medicinal

plant

toxic

to

containing the

liver.

Traditional medicines can cause serious side effects. More research on the toxic and adverse effects of traditional medicines should be carried out in order to ensure the safety of these medicines to the public.

1.1.1Some common medicinal plants and their function 1.1.2Animals properties

Heon—[email protected]

that

have

medicinal

Traditional medicine

Uses

Aloe vera (lidah buaya)

To treat skin wounds

Centella (pegaga) Eurycoma (tongkat ali) Orthosiphon

asiatica To treat depression and for longevity longifolia To

increse

the

libido aristatus To treat gout, diabetes

(misai kucing)

and rheumatism

Andrographis

To

paniculata bumi)

Heon—[email protected]

male

treat

diarrrhoea,

(hempedu fever and diabetes

Ocimum

basilicum To treat coughs, colds

(selasih)

1.1.3Animals

and bronchitis

that

have

medicinal

properties Medicinal animal

Funtions

Sea cucumber (gamat)

To

treat

Japanese

encephalitis and hole in the heart

Centipede

To

treat

lockjaw

convulsions

Ant

Heon—[email protected]

To treat hepatitis B

and

Side effects of traditional medicines

1. It is generally believed that traditional medicines have little side effects compared to modern medicines. In fact, traditional medicines are sometimes used to counteract the side effects of some modern medicines. 2. However, taking high doses of quinine for a prolonged period may cause hearing loss. German health officials recently reported 40 cases of liver damage which were linked to the herbal medicine containing kava-kava.

Heon—[email protected]

3. While the use of traditional medicine is rising globally, health experts have insufficient data about how it affects patients.

4. The World Health Organisation( WHO) hopes to set up a global monitoring system to monitor the adverse side effects of traditional medicines.

Heon—[email protected]

1.2Modern medicine Before the 20th century, most medicines were extracted from plants (herbal medicines). Since 1900. Thousands of modern drugs have been synthesised from organic compound. Modern medicines can be classified as follows based on their effects on the human body. Some examples of modern medicines are analgesics, antibiotics, psychotherapeutic drugs. Modern drugs have a trade name and a generic name. For example, the analgesic aspirin (generic name) is sold under different brand names such as Caprin and Disprin. Similarly, paracetamol (generic name) is sold under the trade name of Panadol. Modern medicines usually contain a mixture of active ingredients prepared in different forms, such as capsules, pills, solutions or suspensions. For example, Alka-Seltzer (used as an antacid)

Heon—[email protected]

contains sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), citric acid and aspirin. It is the sodium bicarbonate then neutralizes the excess stomach acid.Modern medicines can be classified into a few categories according to their effects on body:( a ) Analgesics ( b ) Antibiotics ( c ) Psychotherapeutic medicines

1.2.1Analgesics Analgesics

is

to

relieve

causing

numbness

pain or

without affecting

consciousness. Analgesics relive pain but do not cure the disease. Example of common

analgesics

are

aspirin,

paracetamol and codeine. (a)Aspirin Aspirinis

used

for

relief,

particularly

where there is inflammation involved, such as arthritic pain and dental pain. The

Heon—[email protected]

active

ingredient

in

aspirin

is

acetylsalicylic

acid.

Aspirin

has

the

following structural formula.

Side effects: Can cause bleeding in the stomach because aspirin is vey acidic. Can cause allergic reactions, skin rashes and asthmatic attacks (b)Paracetamol Paracetamol

have

the

following

structural formula.

Thus, unlike aspirin, paracetamol is neutral in nature. Paracetamol is similar to aspirin in its effects (that is, reduces fever and relieves pain) but it does not

Heon—[email protected]

reduce inflammation.

Paracetamol also

reduces or relieves flu symptoms such as fever, bone aches and runny nose. An overdose of paracetamol can cause liver damage. (c)Codeine Codeine

is

headache

an

analgesic

tables

and

used in

medicines.

Most

synthesizedfrom

morphine.

in

cough

codeine

is

Codeine

may cause drowsiness when it taken. Abuse of this medicine may lead to addition, depression and nausea.

Heon—[email protected]

1.1.1Antibioties Antibiotics are chemicals that destroy or prevent

the

growth

microorganism.

Two

of

infectious

examples

of

antibiotics are penicillin and streptomycin. Antibiotics

are

used

caused by bacteria.

to

treat

diseases

Antibiotics are not

effective against diseases caused by viral infections such as influenza, measles, or small pox. Examples of antibiotics are (a)

Penicillin

Penicillin is derived from the mould Penicillium notatum. Penicillin are used to treat diseases, caused

by

bacteria,

such

gonorrhea and syphilis.

Heon—[email protected]

as

pneumonia,

Penicillin is only

effective on certain bacteria. For example, it cannot be used to treat tuberculosis.

(b)Streptomycin

Streptomycin is an antibiotic produced by soil bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. It is used to treat tuberculosis, whooping cough and some forms of pneumonia.

Both penicillin and streptomycin are broken down

by

the

acid

in

the

stomach.

Therefore, these antibiotics are usually given by injection and are not taken orally. Patient take full course of the antibiotics tomake sure that all the bacteria are killed. Otherwise, he may become ill again and the bacteria may become more resistant to the

Heon—[email protected]

antibiotic.

The

side

effects

of

antibiotics are headache, allergic reaction, diarrhea.

1.1.1psychotherapeutic medicine Good metal health is fundamental and essential to personal wellbeing and the ability to lead a healthy, balanced and productive life. People with mental illness are not in control of their thoughts, feeling and behaviours. These conditions can be helped with the use of psychotherapeutic medications. Psychotherapeutic medicines are used to alter

abnormal

thinking,

feeling

or

behaviours. These medicines do not cure mental illness. However, they can reduce many of the symptoms of mental illness and help a person to get on with life. Psychotherapeutic medicines are divided into

Heon—[email protected]

three

categories

based

on

the

symptoms for which they are primarily used as shown below.

Heon—[email protected]

The example and side effects of some psychotherapeutic medicines. (a)Stimulant (b)Antidepressant (c)Antipsychotic

Example

Side effects

Methylphenidate

High dose or excessive use

,

of

dextroampheta

periods of time can lead to

mine,

anxiety,

amphetamine

severe

stimulants

over

long

hallucinations, depression,

or

physical and psychological dependence.

(d)Antidepressant

Heon—[email protected]

(e)Antipsychotic

Example

Side effects

Tranquilisers

Tranquilisers

cause

drowsiness,

poor

coordinationor lightheadadness. Overdose of these

drugs

can

respiratory

lead

to

difficulties,

sleeplessness, coma and even death

Barbiturates

Barbiturates cause addition. People

who

rely

on

barbiturates to fight against insomnia themselves

sometimes accidentally

taking an overdose

Heon—[email protected]

kill by

(f) Antipsychotic

Example

Side effects

Chlorpromazine

Antisphychotic

,

haloperidol cause

and clozapine

medicines

drowsiness,

rapid

heartbeat and dizziness.

3.3 Drug Abuse

Taking drugs excessively and without a doctor prescription s called drug abuse. The use of certain drugs like ecstacy causes depression which can last for weeks after it s consumed. The

Heon—[email protected]

other examples of drug is ice causes stroke and injuries to the liver and kidneys.

Any natural or artificially made chemical which is used as a medicines is called drug. Without the drug, a rug addict shoes withdrawal symptoms. Common

withdrawal

symptoms

include

nervousness, depression, stomach cramps, cold, sweat, teary eyes, vomiting and diarrhea.

Abuse potential

Heon—[email protected]

Depending on the actual compound, drug abuse may lead to health problems, social problems, physical dependences or psychological addiction.

Some drugs that are subject to abuse have central nervous system ( CNS ) effects, which produce changes n mood, levels of awareness or perceptions and sensations. Most of these drugs also alter systems other than the CNS. But not all the centrally acting drugs are subject to abuse, which suggests that altering consciousness is not sufficient for a drug to have abuse potential. Among drugs that are abused, some appear to be

Heon—[email protected]

more likely to lead to uncontrolled use than others suggesting a possible hierarchy of druginduced effects relative to abuse potential.

Approaches

to

managing

drug

abuse In addition to being a major public health problem, some consider drug abuse to be a social problem with far-reaching implications. Stress, poverty, domestics and societal violence and various diseases ( i.e. , injecting drug users as a source for HIV/AIDS ) are sometimes thought to be spread by drug use. Studies have also shown

Heon—[email protected]

that

individuals

dependent

on

illicit

drugs

experience higher rates of comorbid psychiatric syndromes.

Heon—[email protected]

4.0 Discussion

Differences between traditional medicines and modern medicines

Traditional medicines

Modern medicines

-they are usually not processed

-they

are

usually

processed

in

laboratories -they

are

derived

from

animals

plant

or

-they

synthesized

substances found in nature

Correct ways of using medicines

Heon—[email protected]

are

based

on

In taking any medicine, we should know why the medicine is prescribed, how the medicine should be used, what special precautions should be followed, what special diet should be followed, what are the side effects, and what storage conditions are needed. In addition, we should note the following points :

1. Self-medication

Do not prescribe medicines for yourself (self-medication)

or for other

people. Discuss with your doctor and listen to him concerning the medicine to be taken.

2. Follow the instructions given

Follow the instructions given by your doctor or pharmacist concerning the dosage and method of taking the medicine.

Heon—[email protected]

3. Medicines for adult and children

Medicines for adult should not be given to children and vice versa.

4. Side effects

Visit the doctor immediately if there are symptoms of allergy or other effects of the drugs. 5. Expiry date

Like foods, medicines also have expiry date. Do not take medicines after their expiry dates.

Heon—[email protected]

Penicillin Stimulant Psychotherap Antibiotics Modern Antidepressant Streptomycin medicines eutic Antipsychotic medicines

Medicine

Traditional medicines Analgesics

• Aspirin • Paraceta mol • Codeine Drug abuse

Heon—[email protected]

5.0 Conclusion

A medicine is used to prevent or cure diseases or to relieve pain. Medicines can be classified as traditional medicines and modern medicines. Traditional medicines are medicines which are obtained from natural sources without being processed chemically. Traditional medicines also refers to health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being.

Heon—[email protected]

Since the olden days, man has used plants, animals and minerals to treat diseases. The traditional medicines include ginger, aloe vera, mint leaves, garlic, lemon grass, quinine and cocoa.

Modern medicines are produced chemically and often involve drugs. Modern medicines are produced in the form of pills, capsules, emulsion, paste and solution. Modern medicines

include

psychoterapeutic

drugs,

analgesics, hormones

antibiotics, and

steroids.

Analgesics are medicines that relieve pain by acting on receptors on the nerve cells of the spinal cord or brain. Examples of analgesics include aspirin, paracetamol and

Heon—[email protected]

codeine. Antibiotics are obtained from mold or other microorganisms. It used to treat infection due to bacteria. Examples

of

antibiotics

include

penicillin

and

streptomycin.

Psychotherapeutic drugs are used to treat psychiatric patients by altering the emotions as well as the behaviour and thoughts of the patient. Therefore, this category of medicine

should

not

consumed

indiscriminately

and

without prescription from the doctor. Psychotherapeutic drugs can be categorized into stimulants, antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs. Stimulants are used to enhance or stimulate the mental activity, emotions as well as the

Heon—[email protected]

activity

of

the

stimulants

body

are

of

the

patients.

amphetamine

Examples

and

of

caffeine.

Antidepressants are used to control depression, grim feelings, worry, anxiety and panic in patients. Some examples of antidepressants in the market today are tranquilizers and barbiturates. Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat symptoms of a type of psychotic illness or mental

disorder

known

as

schizophrenia.

Common

antipsychotic medicines are chlorpromazine, haloperidol and clozapine.

Besides this, taking drugs excessively and without a doctor’s prescription is called drug abuse. The use of

Heon—[email protected]

certain drugs like ecstasy and ice produce harmful side effects. In addition, some types of medicines may cause harmful side effects if being misused without a doctor’s instructions. The harmful side effects posed by medicines should be seriously attended to and the doctor’s advice and instructions should be strictly followed.

Heon—[email protected]

6.0 References

1 ) Lim Eng Wah, Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng Nguan Hong and Umi Kaithom Binti Ahmad, 2006. Chemistry Form 5. Runz Creative Sdn. Bhd.

2 ) Vijaya Viswanathan B.Sc. , Catherine Lee B.Sc.Ed. ( Hons. ), 2007. New Vision Chemistry SPM. Marshall Cavendish ( Malaysia ) Sdn. Bhd.

Heon—[email protected]

3 ) Jess Tan Bsc ( Hons ) Ed, MED : COMPLETE Text & Guide SPM ARAHAN PENDIDIKAN

4

)

Traditional

medicine,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine Modern medicine, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_medicine

5 ) Lim Eng Wah, Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng Nguan Hong, 2007. Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Heon—[email protected]