Forex Market
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FOREX MARKET
Ms. Shegorika R Lalchandani
INTRODUCTION TO FOREX AND FOREX DERIVATIVES The foreign exchange (currency or forex or FX) market exists wherever one currency is traded for another. It is the largest and most liquid financial market in the world.
Basic forms of Exchanging currencies:
Outright Swap
When two parties exchange one currency for another the transaction is called an outright. When two parties agree to exchange and re-exchange (in future) one currency for another, it is called a swap.
Foreign Exchange in Spot and Future
Spot: Foreign exchange spot trading is buying one currency with a different currency for immediate delivery. The standard settlement convention for Foreign Exchange Spot trades is T+2 days, i.e., two business days from the date of trade execution. Forward Outright: A foreign exchange forward is a contract between two counterparties to exchange one currency for another on any date after spot. In this transaction, money does not actually change hands until some agreed upon future date.
Base Currency / Terms Currency:
In foreign exchange markets, the base currency is the first currency in a currency pair. The second currency is called as the terms currency. Exchange rates are quoted in per unit of the base currency. E.g. the expression Dollar – Rupee, tells you that the Dollar is being quoted in terms of the Rupee. The Dollar is the base currency and the Rupee is the terms currency.
Continued…..
Exchange rates are constantly changing, which means that the value of one currency in terms of the other is constantly in flux. Changes in rates are expressed as strengthening or weakening of one currency vis-à-vis the second currency. Changes are also expressed as appreciation or depreciation of one currency in terms of the second currency.
Continued……
Whenever the base currency buys more of the terms currency, the base currency has strengthened / appreciated and the terms currency has weakened / depreciated. E.g. If Dollar – Rupee moved from 43.00 to 43.25. The Dollar has appreciated and the Rupee has depreciated.
Functions of Forex Market
Transfer of funds from one nation & currency to another. Why exchange? # Import & Export of goods # Import & Export of services # Tourism # Investment Eg. A US commercial bank has oversupply of pounds, then sell excess pounds, then finally a nation pays for its tourist exp. imports, investments etc.
Participants in Forex Market:
Level 1: Tourists, importers, exporters, investorsimmediate users & suppliers of foreign currencies. Level 2: Commercial banks- they act as clearing houses between users and earners, do not actually buy & sell- Retail market
Participants in Forex Market:
Level 3: Forex brokers- They deal with commercial banks. Level 4: Nation’s central bank: Act as Lender/ Buyer of last resortInterbank market/ wholesale market
Entities in Forex market
Authorised dealers-are commercial banks Money changers- Buy/ sell form customers- deal in notes, coins and travelers’ cheque. FEDAI- Forex Dealers’ Association of India
SWAPS
What are Swaps….?
A foreign exchange swap is a simultaneous purchase and sale, or vice versa, of identical amounts of one currency for another with two different value dates. The two currencies are initially exchanged at the Spot Rate and are exchanged back in the future at the Forward Rate.
Continued……
The Forward Rate is derived by adjusting the Spot rate for the interest rate differential of the two currencies for the period between the Spot and the Forward date. FX Swaps are commonly used as a way to facilitate funding in the cases where funds are available in a different currency than the one needed.
DERIVATIVES…….
Derivatives means……
Derivative is a product whose value is derived from the value of one or more basic variables, called bases (underlying asset, index, or reference rate), in a contractual manner. The underlying asset can be equity, foreign exchange, commodity or any other asset.
Regulation of Derivatives
Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (SC(R)A) Regulates trading of Derivatives in Indian Securities Market.
FACTORS DRIVING THE GROWTH OF DERIVATIVES Growth Driving Factors
Increased Volatility Increased Integration
Development of Sophisticated Innovations in tools Derivatives market
Improvement in Communication system
Derivatives Product
Forwards Futures Options Swaps
Explanation of various Derivatives products:
Forwards: A forward contract is a customized contract between two entities, where settlement takes place on a specific date in the future at today's pre-agreed price. Futures: A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. Futures contracts are special types of forward contracts in the sense that they are standardized exchange traded contracts.
Options: Options are of two types - calls and puts. Calls give the buyer the right but not the obligation to buy a given quantity of the underlying asset, at a given price on or before a given future date. Puts give the buyer the right, but not the obligation to sell a given quantity of the underlying asset at a given price on or before a given date.
Swaps: Swaps are private agreements between two parties to exchange cash flows in the future according to a prearranged formula. They can be regarded as portfolios of forward contracts. The two commonly used swaps are: Interest rate swaps: These entail swapping only the interest related cash flows between the parties in the same currency. Currency swaps: These entail swapping both principal and interest between the parties, with the cash flows in one direction being in a different currency than those in the opposite direction
PARTICIPANTS IN THE DERIVATIVES MARKETS Hedgers Speculators Arbitrageurs
CURRENCY FUTURES
DEFINITION OF CURRENCY FUTURES
Currency future is a contract to exchange one currency for another currency at a specified date and a specified rate in the future. the buyer and the seller lock themselves into an exchange rate for a specific value or delivery date. Both parties of the futures contract must fulfill their obligations on the settlement date.
Settlement of Currency futures
Currency futures can be cash settled or settled by delivering the respective obligation of the seller and buyer. All settlements however, unlike in the case of OTC markets, go through the exchange.
Calculation of Profit & Loss in Currency Futures
Currency futures are a linear product, and calculating profits or losses on Currency Futures is similar to calculating profits or losses on Index futures. In determining profits and losses in futures trading, it is essential to know both the contract size (the number of currency units being traded) and also what is the tick value. A tick is the minimum trading increment or price differential at which traders are able to enter bids and offers.
FUTURES TERMINOLOGY
Spot price: The price at which an asset trades in the spot market. In the case of USDINR, spot value is T + 2. Futures price: The price at which the futures contract trades in the futures market. Contract cycle: The period over which a contract trades. The currency futures contracts on the NSE have one-month, two-month, threemonth up to twelve-month expiry cycles. Hence, NSE will have 12 contracts outstanding at any given point in time.
Continued….
Value Date/Final Settlement Date: The last business day of the month will be termed the Value date / Final Settlement date of each contract. Expiry date: It is the date specified in the futures contract. This is the last day on which the contract will be traded, at the end of which it will cease to exist. The last trading day will be two business days prior to the Value date / Final Settlement Date. Contract size: The amount of asset that has to be delivered under one contract. Also called as lot size. In the case of USDINR it is USD 1000.
Continued….
Basis: In the context of financial futures, basis can be defined as the futures price minus the spot price. In a normal market, basis will be positive. This reflects that futures prices normally exceed spot prices. Cost of carry: The relationship between futures prices and spot prices can be summarized in terms of what is known as the cost of carry. This measures (in commodity markets) the storage cost plus the interest that is paid to finance or ‘carry’ the asset till delivery less the income earned on the asset. For equity derivatives carry cost is the rate of interest.
Types of Margins….
Initial margin: The amount that must be deposited in the margin account at the time a futures contract is first entered into is known as initial margin. Marking-to-market: In the futures market, at the end of each trading day, the margin account is adjusted to reflect the investor's gain or loss depending upon the futures closing price. This is called marking-to-market. Maintenance margin: This is somewhat lower than the initial margin. This is set to ensure that the balance in the margin account never becomes negative. If the balance in the margin account falls below the maintenance margin, the investor receives a margin call and is expected to top up the margin account to the initial margin level before trading commences on the next day.
The rationale for establishing the currency futures
Currency futures enable investors to hedge currency risks. Increasing the cross border trade and investment flows. Currency futures are expected to bring about better price discovery and also possibly lower transaction costs.
Continued…..
In comparison to forwards, futures are standardized products and helps in elimination of counterparty credit risk and greater reach in terms of easy accessibility to all. currency futures could be seen as a facilitator in promoting investment and aggregate demand in the economy, thus promoting growth.
Advantages of futures Advantages of Futures Transparen cy and efficient price discovery
Elimination of Counterparty credit risk
Transparent trading platform Standardize Access to all d products types of market participants
Limitations of Futures Limitations Of futures
Lack of Customization
High Cost
NSE’S CURRENCY DERIVATIVES SEGMENT
PRODUCT DEFINITION Underlying
Trading Hours (Monday to Friday) Contract Size
Rate of exchange between one USD and INR 09:00 a.m. to 05:00 p.m. USD 1000
Tick Size
0.25 paise or INR 0.0025
Trading Period
Maximum expiration period of 12 months
Continued…. Contract Months
12 near calendar months
Final Settlement date/ Value date
Last working day of the month (subject to holiday calendars) Two working days prior to Final Settlement Date Cash settled
Last Trading Day Settlement Final Settlement Price
The reference rate fixed by RBI 2 working days prior to final settlement
Features of Forex Market
1. Location
Forex market is described as OTC-as there is no physical place of trading. Informal arrangements between banks and brokers connected to each other by telephone and satelleite network. Wholesale segment- Is between banks. Retail customers between banks and their customers. RBI’s policy- to decentralise exchange operations.
2. Size of the market
World’s largest Avg daily turnover in April 2004- USD 1.9 trillion. Largest forex market is London, followed by New York, Tokyo, Zurich and Frankfurt. The Rupee is involves in only 0.3% of the transactions taking place in world forex markets. Leading currencies of the world are: US Dollar, Pound-sterling, Euro, Japanese yen and Swiss franc.
3. 24 Hour Market
The markets are situated throughout different time zones of the globe in such a way that when one market is closing the other is beginning its operations. Major markets are situated in Sydney, Tokyo, Zurich, Hong Kong, Chicago and Los Angeles. In India, the market is open for the time the banks are open for their regular banking business. No transactions take place on Saturdays.
4. Efficiency
Developments in communication have largely contributes to the efficiency of the market.
5. Currencies Traded
In most of the markets, the US dollar is the vehicle currency, i.e. the currency used to denominate international transactions. US dollar is involved as one of the currencies in 87% of the transactions followed by Euro (37%), Japanese yen (20%) and Pound Sterling (17%).
Participants
Corporates- They operate by placing orders with the commercial banks. They form the retail segment of the forex market. Commercial Banks- Major playerswork for themselves and for their clients.
Participants
Exchange Brokers- They facilitate deals between banks. In the absence of exchange brokers, banks have to contact each other for quotes. Exchange brokers ensure that the most favourable quotation is obtained at low cost in terms of money and time. Central Bank
Transactions in inter bank markets
Forex market is a market where currencies are traded. Any trading has two aspects: Purchase and sale. In currencies market, the standard practice in the market is to interpret the transaction from the perspective of the market maker (quoting bank) who is the price maker.
Transactions in inter bank markets
Two points to be kept in mind: The transaction is always talked of from the quoting bank’s point of view, The item referred to is the foreign currency.
Transactions in inter bank markets Foreign Exchange Transaction Sale
Purchase
Quoting Bank
Quoting Bank
Acquires Foreign currency
Parts with Home currency
Acquires Home currency
Sale and Purchase Transactions
Parts with Foreign currency
Types of Transactions
Spot transactions Forward transactions Swap Non- deliverable forwards
Quotations in inter bank markets Two way quotation: It means that the rate quoted by the bank (market Maker) will indicate two prices, one at which it is willing to buy the foreign currency, and the other is at which it is willing to sell it. For ex: USD 1 = Rs. 46.1525/1650 or 1525/1650. Here, the buying rate is also called bid rate and the selling rate is called ask rate / offer rate.
Exchange Rate Quotations: 1.
Direct quote: No. of units of home currency for one unit of foreign currency. eg. Rs 50/ $, means that 50 rupees are required to buy one unit of foreign currency/ dollar.
Exchange Rate Quotations: 2. Indirect quote: No. of units of foreign currency required to buy one unit of home currency. i.e. for one unit of home currency, how many units of foreign currency is required? eg. $0.02/ Rs 1, means that 0.02 dollars are required to buy one unit of home currency/ rupees. FF 0.1462/ Rs 1, 0.1462 French Franc per rupee.
Exchange Rate Quotations: Spot rates for a number of currencies (in Rupees) Country CurrencySymbol Direct quote UK
Pound £/ GBP Sterling
66.92
US
US Dollar
43.30
$
Canada Canadia Can$ n Dollar
29.10
Indirect quote
Exchange Rate Quotations: Spot rates for a number of currencies (in Rupees) Country Currenc Symbol Direct y quote
Indirect quote
UK
Pound £/ GBP Sterling
66.92
0.0149
US
US Dollar
43.30
0.0231
29.10
0.0344
$
Canada Canadia Can$ n Dollar
Exchange Rate Quotations: Spot rates for a number of currencies (in Rupees) Country Currenc Symbol Direct y quote German Deutsch DM/DEM 22.94 y mark Euro
€
Netherla Dutch DG/$f/ nds Guilder NLG
44.87 20.36
Indirect quote
Exchange Rate Quotations: Spot rates for a number of currencies (in Rupees) Country Currenc Symbol Direct y quote
Indirect quote
German Deutsch DM/DEM 22.94 y mark
0.0436
Euro
€
Netherla Dutch DG/$f/ nds Guilder NLG
44.87
0.0223
20.36
0.0491
Exchange Rate Quotations: Spot rates for a number of currencies (in Rupees) Country CurrencySymbol Direct quote
Indirect quote
Switzerla Swiss nd franc
sFr
0.0358
France
French franc
FF/ FRF
0.1462
Italy
Swedish SKr krona
0.1931
Exchange Rate Quotations: Spot rates for a number of currencies (in Rupees) Country Currenc Symbol Direct y quote
Indirect quote
Switzerl Swiss and franc
0.0358
sFr
27.97
France French FF/ FRF 6.84 franc
0.1462
Italy
0.1931
Swedish SKr krona
5.18
Exchange Rate Quotations: Spot rates for a number of currencies (in Rupees) Country Currenc Symbol Direct y quote
Indirect quote
Italy
Lira/ Lit/ ITL ¥
43.2901
AU$
0.0360
Italian lira Japan Japanes e Yen Australi Australi a an dollar
2.4994
Exchange Rate Quotations: Spot rates for a number of currencies (in Rupees) Country Currenc Symbol Direct y quote Italy
Italian lira Japan Japanes e Yen Australi Australi a an dollar
Indirect quote
Lira/ Lit /ITL ¥
0.0231 43.2901
AU$
27.76
0.4001 2.4994 0.0360
The Foreign Exchange Rates Definition- An exchange rate quotation is the price of a currency stated in terms of another. For eg. Rs 50/ $ This means that price of one dollar is Rs 50. It is like quoting the price of a commodity.
The Foreign Exchange Rates
Suppose there are two nations: US and UK and the exchange rate is R.
R=2, i.e. R= 2 $/ £ or R= $/ £ = 2 i.e. 2 dollars are required to buy one pound.
The Foreign Exchange Rates X axis- Quantity of pounds Y axis- exchange rate i.e. R R= $/£
Analysis: Lower exchange rate: a) fewer dollars will be required to purchase one pound. b) It will be cheaper for US to import funds from UK. c) Better for us to invest in UK. Therefore, Demand for pound increases.
Analysis: Higher exchange rate: a) Uk gets more dollars for pound. b) They find UK goods to be cheaper. c) They find investing in US attractive.
Therefore, Supply of pound increases.
in US
Analysis:
If exchange rate becomes 3, i.e. R= 3 $/ £, means that now three dollars are required to buy a pound thus, depicting Depreciation of US dollar. If exchange rate becomes 1, i.e. R= 1 $/ £, means that now one dollar is required to buy a pound thus, depicting Appreciation of US dollar.
Factors that affect the Equilibrium Exchange Rate 1. Relative inflation rates- Eg. R= 2$ / £, If inflation in US in higher than in UK, then US goods will be costlier than that of UK goods and therefore, UK will export more goods to US and US will export less goods to UK. This means that value of Dollar has Depreciated w.r.t. Pounds, or Value of Pounds has Appreciated w.r.t. US dollars.
Factors that affect the Equilibrium Exchange Rate 2. Relative interest rates If real interest rates of US are higher than that of UK, then the dollar is said to have appreciated as compared to pound. Real interest rate = Nominal interest rate Inflation If interest rate of US > int. rate of UK (because of inflation, then wrong picture). Therefore, real interest rate should be considered.
Factors that affect the Equilibrium Exchange Rate 3. Relative economic growth rates: Strong economic growth- attract investment 4. Political & Economic risk: High risk currency- more valuable
Numerator and Denominator The higher fraction is supposed to be the numerator and the Denominator corresponds to its lower part. Eg. EUR / USD, EUR is the basic currency (Numerator) & USD is the counter currency (Denominator).
Buying and selling a currency
Buy/ Long EUR/ USD, means that you want to buy EUR and sell USD. Sell / Short EUR/ USD, means that you want to sell the basic currency and buy the counter currency i.e. sell EUR and buy USD. Short sell
Bid and Ask Rates
A bank is ready to buy and sell a currency at different prices. Buy price- Bid rate Sell price- Ask rate Spread- Difference between Bid and Ask rate is called Bid- ask Spread. It is more in retail market and less in interbank market as there is more volume, greater liquidity and lower counterparty risk in interbank transactions.
Causes of spread are:
Transaction cost Return on capital employed Reward / Compensation for taking risk Mid rate- Arithmetic mean of bid and ask rates i.e. when one rate is mentioned.
Important conventions regarding quotes: a) The bid rate always precedes the ask rate. E.g Rs/$ 45.45 / 45.50 b) The bid and ask rates are always separated either by slash(/) or (-). c) The quote is always from the banker’s point of view. Rs/$ 45.45 / 45.50 E.g The banker is ready to buy dollar at 45.45 and sell at 45.50. i.e. Banker’s buy rate= Customer’s sell rate. d) The Bid is always lower than the ask. (ask rate- Bid rate = profit)
Interbank quote vs Merchant quote
Merchant quote is by bank to its retail customers. Interbank quote is given by one bank to another bank. Since, both the parties are banks, then whose quote will be considered. The bank requesting the quote will is the customer and the other bank’s quote will be considered.
Basis Point (BPS)
A unit that is equal to 1/100th of 1%, and is used to denote the change in a financial instrument. The basis point is commonly used for calculating changes in interest rates, equity indexes and the yield of a fixed-income security. The relationship between percentage changes and basis points can be summarized as follows: 1% change = 100 basis points, and 0.01% = 1 basis point.
Basis Point (BPS)
So, a bond whose yield increases from 5% to 5.5% is said to increase by 50 basis points; or interest rates that have risen 1% are said to have increased by 100 basis points.
Cross Rates / Synthetic rates
When we calculate the exchange rates between other currencies with the dollar (or any other currency) as the intermediate currency.
The € / £ rate will be calculated through the € / $ quote and the $/ £ quote.
Cross Rates
Eg. We need to calculate the Switzerland franc / Canadian Dollar (sFr/ Can$) rate from given sFr / $ and $/ Can$ quotes. sFr / $ : 5.5971 / 5.5978 $/ Can$ : 0.7555 / 0.7562 Synthetic (sFr/ Can$)bid rate = 5.5971 * 0.7555 = (sFr / $)bid * ($/ Can$)bid = 4.2286
Cross Rates
Eg. We need to calculate the Switzerland franc / Canadian Dollar (sFr/ Can$) rate from given sFr / $ and $/ Can$ quotes. sFr / $ : 5.5971 / 5.5978 $/ Can$ : 0.7555 / 0.7562 Synthetic (sFr/ Can$)ask rate = 5.5978 * 0.7562 = (sFr / $)ask * ($/ Can$)ask = 4.2330
Cross Rates and Chain Rule Rates in Mumbai market USD 1 = Rs. 46.50 USD 1 = CHF 1.8000 The rate of swiss francs can be calculated by “chain rule” as follows: ? Rs = CHF 1 If CHF 1.8000 = USD 1 USD 1 = Rs. 46.50
Cross Rates and Chain Rule
The rate of exchange between Indian Rupee and Swiss Franc can be calculated by dividing the product of the right hand side by the product of the left hand side. 46.50* 1 * 1 = Rs. 25.83 1.8000
Cross Rates and Chain Rule
Eg. Rupee/ dollar is 46.50 and Euro / dollar is 1.1568. Rupee / Euro rate can be calculated as follows: ? Rs = Eur 1 Eur 1 = USD 1.1568 USD 1 = Rs. 46.50 1 * 1.1568 * 46.50 = Rs. 53.7912 1 *1
The Foreign Exchange Market Types of Transactions
Spot- Spot quotes- Prices in spot market
Forward- Forward quote- Prices in Forward market
Forward Rates
If Forward > Spot = Forward premium If Forward < Spot = Forward discount The difference between forward rate and spot rate is known as the ‘forward margin’ or ‘Swap points’. i.e. Forward – Spot = Margin
Forward Rates
Under direct quotation, premium is added to the spot rate to arrive at the spot rate. This is done for both purchase and sale transactions. Discount is deducted from the spot to arrive at the forward rate. Forward rate = Spot + Premium
Interpretation of Interbank Quotations Eg. Quotation on 25th January Spot = USD 1= Rs. 48.4000/4200 Spot/ Feb = 2000/2100 Spot/ Mar = 3500/3600 The following points should be noted: 1. The first statement is the spot rate for dollars. The quoting bank’s buying rate is Rs. 48.4000 and selling rate is Rs. 48.4200.
Interpretation of Interbank Quotations 2. The second and the third statements are forward margins for forward delivery during the months of February and March resp. 3. The margin is expressed in points, i.e. 0.0001 of the currency. Therefore, the forward margin for Feb is 20 paise and 21 paise.
Interpretation of Interbank Quotations 4.
Interpretation of Interbank Quotations
INTEREST RATE PARITY PRINCIPLE
The forward rate of any fully convertible currency is a function of the spot rate and the interest rate differential between the two currencies, adjusted for time.
Method for finding forward rate Forward Rate = Spot +/- Points Points =
1 + terms i* days basis 1 + base i* days basis
where i = rate of interest
1
Ms. Shegorika R Lalchandani
INTRODUCTION TO FOREX AND FOREX DERIVATIVES The foreign exchange (currency or forex or FX) market exists wherever one currency is traded for another. It is the largest and most liquid financial market in the world.
Basic forms of Exchanging currencies:
Outright Swap
When two parties exchange one currency for another the transaction is called an outright. When two parties agree to exchange and re-exchange (in future) one currency for another, it is called a swap.
Foreign Exchange in Spot and Future
Spot: Foreign exchange spot trading is buying one currency with a different currency for immediate delivery. The standard settlement convention for Foreign Exchange Spot trades is T+2 days, i.e., two business days from the date of trade execution. Forward Outright: A foreign exchange forward is a contract between two counterparties to exchange one currency for another on any date after spot. In this transaction, money does not actually change hands until some agreed upon future date.
Base Currency / Terms Currency:
In foreign exchange markets, the base currency is the first currency in a currency pair. The second currency is called as the terms currency. Exchange rates are quoted in per unit of the base currency. E.g. the expression Dollar – Rupee, tells you that the Dollar is being quoted in terms of the Rupee. The Dollar is the base currency and the Rupee is the terms currency.
Continued…..
Exchange rates are constantly changing, which means that the value of one currency in terms of the other is constantly in flux. Changes in rates are expressed as strengthening or weakening of one currency vis-à-vis the second currency. Changes are also expressed as appreciation or depreciation of one currency in terms of the second currency.
Continued……
Whenever the base currency buys more of the terms currency, the base currency has strengthened / appreciated and the terms currency has weakened / depreciated. E.g. If Dollar – Rupee moved from 43.00 to 43.25. The Dollar has appreciated and the Rupee has depreciated.
Functions of Forex Market
Transfer of funds from one nation & currency to another. Why exchange? # Import & Export of goods # Import & Export of services # Tourism # Investment Eg. A US commercial bank has oversupply of pounds, then sell excess pounds, then finally a nation pays for its tourist exp. imports, investments etc.
Participants in Forex Market:
Level 1: Tourists, importers, exporters, investorsimmediate users & suppliers of foreign currencies. Level 2: Commercial banks- they act as clearing houses between users and earners, do not actually buy & sell- Retail market
Participants in Forex Market:
Level 3: Forex brokers- They deal with commercial banks. Level 4: Nation’s central bank: Act as Lender/ Buyer of last resortInterbank market/ wholesale market
Entities in Forex market
Authorised dealers-are commercial banks Money changers- Buy/ sell form customers- deal in notes, coins and travelers’ cheque. FEDAI- Forex Dealers’ Association of India
SWAPS
What are Swaps….?
A foreign exchange swap is a simultaneous purchase and sale, or vice versa, of identical amounts of one currency for another with two different value dates. The two currencies are initially exchanged at the Spot Rate and are exchanged back in the future at the Forward Rate.
Continued……
The Forward Rate is derived by adjusting the Spot rate for the interest rate differential of the two currencies for the period between the Spot and the Forward date. FX Swaps are commonly used as a way to facilitate funding in the cases where funds are available in a different currency than the one needed.
DERIVATIVES…….
Derivatives means……
Derivative is a product whose value is derived from the value of one or more basic variables, called bases (underlying asset, index, or reference rate), in a contractual manner. The underlying asset can be equity, foreign exchange, commodity or any other asset.
Regulation of Derivatives
Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (SC(R)A) Regulates trading of Derivatives in Indian Securities Market.
FACTORS DRIVING THE GROWTH OF DERIVATIVES Growth Driving Factors
Increased Volatility Increased Integration
Development of Sophisticated Innovations in tools Derivatives market
Improvement in Communication system
Derivatives Product
Forwards Futures Options Swaps
Explanation of various Derivatives products:
Forwards: A forward contract is a customized contract between two entities, where settlement takes place on a specific date in the future at today's pre-agreed price. Futures: A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. Futures contracts are special types of forward contracts in the sense that they are standardized exchange traded contracts.
Options: Options are of two types - calls and puts. Calls give the buyer the right but not the obligation to buy a given quantity of the underlying asset, at a given price on or before a given future date. Puts give the buyer the right, but not the obligation to sell a given quantity of the underlying asset at a given price on or before a given date.
Swaps: Swaps are private agreements between two parties to exchange cash flows in the future according to a prearranged formula. They can be regarded as portfolios of forward contracts. The two commonly used swaps are: Interest rate swaps: These entail swapping only the interest related cash flows between the parties in the same currency. Currency swaps: These entail swapping both principal and interest between the parties, with the cash flows in one direction being in a different currency than those in the opposite direction
PARTICIPANTS IN THE DERIVATIVES MARKETS Hedgers Speculators Arbitrageurs
CURRENCY FUTURES
DEFINITION OF CURRENCY FUTURES
Currency future is a contract to exchange one currency for another currency at a specified date and a specified rate in the future. the buyer and the seller lock themselves into an exchange rate for a specific value or delivery date. Both parties of the futures contract must fulfill their obligations on the settlement date.
Settlement of Currency futures
Currency futures can be cash settled or settled by delivering the respective obligation of the seller and buyer. All settlements however, unlike in the case of OTC markets, go through the exchange.
Calculation of Profit & Loss in Currency Futures
Currency futures are a linear product, and calculating profits or losses on Currency Futures is similar to calculating profits or losses on Index futures. In determining profits and losses in futures trading, it is essential to know both the contract size (the number of currency units being traded) and also what is the tick value. A tick is the minimum trading increment or price differential at which traders are able to enter bids and offers.
FUTURES TERMINOLOGY
Spot price: The price at which an asset trades in the spot market. In the case of USDINR, spot value is T + 2. Futures price: The price at which the futures contract trades in the futures market. Contract cycle: The period over which a contract trades. The currency futures contracts on the NSE have one-month, two-month, threemonth up to twelve-month expiry cycles. Hence, NSE will have 12 contracts outstanding at any given point in time.
Continued….
Value Date/Final Settlement Date: The last business day of the month will be termed the Value date / Final Settlement date of each contract. Expiry date: It is the date specified in the futures contract. This is the last day on which the contract will be traded, at the end of which it will cease to exist. The last trading day will be two business days prior to the Value date / Final Settlement Date. Contract size: The amount of asset that has to be delivered under one contract. Also called as lot size. In the case of USDINR it is USD 1000.
Continued….
Basis: In the context of financial futures, basis can be defined as the futures price minus the spot price. In a normal market, basis will be positive. This reflects that futures prices normally exceed spot prices. Cost of carry: The relationship between futures prices and spot prices can be summarized in terms of what is known as the cost of carry. This measures (in commodity markets) the storage cost plus the interest that is paid to finance or ‘carry’ the asset till delivery less the income earned on the asset. For equity derivatives carry cost is the rate of interest.
Types of Margins….
Initial margin: The amount that must be deposited in the margin account at the time a futures contract is first entered into is known as initial margin. Marking-to-market: In the futures market, at the end of each trading day, the margin account is adjusted to reflect the investor's gain or loss depending upon the futures closing price. This is called marking-to-market. Maintenance margin: This is somewhat lower than the initial margin. This is set to ensure that the balance in the margin account never becomes negative. If the balance in the margin account falls below the maintenance margin, the investor receives a margin call and is expected to top up the margin account to the initial margin level before trading commences on the next day.
The rationale for establishing the currency futures
Currency futures enable investors to hedge currency risks. Increasing the cross border trade and investment flows. Currency futures are expected to bring about better price discovery and also possibly lower transaction costs.
Continued…..
In comparison to forwards, futures are standardized products and helps in elimination of counterparty credit risk and greater reach in terms of easy accessibility to all. currency futures could be seen as a facilitator in promoting investment and aggregate demand in the economy, thus promoting growth.
Advantages of futures Advantages of Futures Transparen cy and efficient price discovery
Elimination of Counterparty credit risk
Transparent trading platform Standardize Access to all d products types of market participants
Limitations of Futures Limitations Of futures
Lack of Customization
High Cost
NSE’S CURRENCY DERIVATIVES SEGMENT
PRODUCT DEFINITION Underlying
Trading Hours (Monday to Friday) Contract Size
Rate of exchange between one USD and INR 09:00 a.m. to 05:00 p.m. USD 1000
Tick Size
0.25 paise or INR 0.0025
Trading Period
Maximum expiration period of 12 months
Continued…. Contract Months
12 near calendar months
Final Settlement date/ Value date
Last working day of the month (subject to holiday calendars) Two working days prior to Final Settlement Date Cash settled
Last Trading Day Settlement Final Settlement Price
The reference rate fixed by RBI 2 working days prior to final settlement
Features of Forex Market
1. Location
Forex market is described as OTC-as there is no physical place of trading. Informal arrangements between banks and brokers connected to each other by telephone and satelleite network. Wholesale segment- Is between banks. Retail customers between banks and their customers. RBI’s policy- to decentralise exchange operations.
2. Size of the market
World’s largest Avg daily turnover in April 2004- USD 1.9 trillion. Largest forex market is London, followed by New York, Tokyo, Zurich and Frankfurt. The Rupee is involves in only 0.3% of the transactions taking place in world forex markets. Leading currencies of the world are: US Dollar, Pound-sterling, Euro, Japanese yen and Swiss franc.
3. 24 Hour Market
The markets are situated throughout different time zones of the globe in such a way that when one market is closing the other is beginning its operations. Major markets are situated in Sydney, Tokyo, Zurich, Hong Kong, Chicago and Los Angeles. In India, the market is open for the time the banks are open for their regular banking business. No transactions take place on Saturdays.
4. Efficiency
Developments in communication have largely contributes to the efficiency of the market.
5. Currencies Traded
In most of the markets, the US dollar is the vehicle currency, i.e. the currency used to denominate international transactions. US dollar is involved as one of the currencies in 87% of the transactions followed by Euro (37%), Japanese yen (20%) and Pound Sterling (17%).
Participants
Corporates- They operate by placing orders with the commercial banks. They form the retail segment of the forex market. Commercial Banks- Major playerswork for themselves and for their clients.
Participants
Exchange Brokers- They facilitate deals between banks. In the absence of exchange brokers, banks have to contact each other for quotes. Exchange brokers ensure that the most favourable quotation is obtained at low cost in terms of money and time. Central Bank
Transactions in inter bank markets
Forex market is a market where currencies are traded. Any trading has two aspects: Purchase and sale. In currencies market, the standard practice in the market is to interpret the transaction from the perspective of the market maker (quoting bank) who is the price maker.
Transactions in inter bank markets
Two points to be kept in mind: The transaction is always talked of from the quoting bank’s point of view, The item referred to is the foreign currency.
Transactions in inter bank markets Foreign Exchange Transaction Sale
Purchase
Quoting Bank
Quoting Bank
Acquires Foreign currency
Parts with Home currency
Acquires Home currency
Sale and Purchase Transactions
Parts with Foreign currency
Types of Transactions
Spot transactions Forward transactions Swap Non- deliverable forwards
Quotations in inter bank markets Two way quotation: It means that the rate quoted by the bank (market Maker) will indicate two prices, one at which it is willing to buy the foreign currency, and the other is at which it is willing to sell it. For ex: USD 1 = Rs. 46.1525/1650 or 1525/1650. Here, the buying rate is also called bid rate and the selling rate is called ask rate / offer rate.
Exchange Rate Quotations: 1.
Direct quote: No. of units of home currency for one unit of foreign currency. eg. Rs 50/ $, means that 50 rupees are required to buy one unit of foreign currency/ dollar.
Exchange Rate Quotations: 2. Indirect quote: No. of units of foreign currency required to buy one unit of home currency. i.e. for one unit of home currency, how many units of foreign currency is required? eg. $0.02/ Rs 1, means that 0.02 dollars are required to buy one unit of home currency/ rupees. FF 0.1462/ Rs 1, 0.1462 French Franc per rupee.
Exchange Rate Quotations: Spot rates for a number of currencies (in Rupees) Country CurrencySymbol Direct quote UK
Pound £/ GBP Sterling
66.92
US
US Dollar
43.30
$
Canada Canadia Can$ n Dollar
29.10
Indirect quote
Exchange Rate Quotations: Spot rates for a number of currencies (in Rupees) Country Currenc Symbol Direct y quote
Indirect quote
UK
Pound £/ GBP Sterling
66.92
0.0149
US
US Dollar
43.30
0.0231
29.10
0.0344
$
Canada Canadia Can$ n Dollar
Exchange Rate Quotations: Spot rates for a number of currencies (in Rupees) Country Currenc Symbol Direct y quote German Deutsch DM/DEM 22.94 y mark Euro
€
Netherla Dutch DG/$f/ nds Guilder NLG
44.87 20.36
Indirect quote
Exchange Rate Quotations: Spot rates for a number of currencies (in Rupees) Country Currenc Symbol Direct y quote
Indirect quote
German Deutsch DM/DEM 22.94 y mark
0.0436
Euro
€
Netherla Dutch DG/$f/ nds Guilder NLG
44.87
0.0223
20.36
0.0491
Exchange Rate Quotations: Spot rates for a number of currencies (in Rupees) Country CurrencySymbol Direct quote
Indirect quote
Switzerla Swiss nd franc
sFr
0.0358
France
French franc
FF/ FRF
0.1462
Italy
Swedish SKr krona
0.1931
Exchange Rate Quotations: Spot rates for a number of currencies (in Rupees) Country Currenc Symbol Direct y quote
Indirect quote
Switzerl Swiss and franc
0.0358
sFr
27.97
France French FF/ FRF 6.84 franc
0.1462
Italy
0.1931
Swedish SKr krona
5.18
Exchange Rate Quotations: Spot rates for a number of currencies (in Rupees) Country Currenc Symbol Direct y quote
Indirect quote
Italy
Lira/ Lit/ ITL ¥
43.2901
AU$
0.0360
Italian lira Japan Japanes e Yen Australi Australi a an dollar
2.4994
Exchange Rate Quotations: Spot rates for a number of currencies (in Rupees) Country Currenc Symbol Direct y quote Italy
Italian lira Japan Japanes e Yen Australi Australi a an dollar
Indirect quote
Lira/ Lit /ITL ¥
0.0231 43.2901
AU$
27.76
0.4001 2.4994 0.0360
The Foreign Exchange Rates Definition- An exchange rate quotation is the price of a currency stated in terms of another. For eg. Rs 50/ $ This means that price of one dollar is Rs 50. It is like quoting the price of a commodity.
The Foreign Exchange Rates
Suppose there are two nations: US and UK and the exchange rate is R.
R=2, i.e. R= 2 $/ £ or R= $/ £ = 2 i.e. 2 dollars are required to buy one pound.
The Foreign Exchange Rates X axis- Quantity of pounds Y axis- exchange rate i.e. R R= $/£
Analysis: Lower exchange rate: a) fewer dollars will be required to purchase one pound. b) It will be cheaper for US to import funds from UK. c) Better for us to invest in UK. Therefore, Demand for pound increases.
Analysis: Higher exchange rate: a) Uk gets more dollars for pound. b) They find UK goods to be cheaper. c) They find investing in US attractive.
Therefore, Supply of pound increases.
in US
Analysis:
If exchange rate becomes 3, i.e. R= 3 $/ £, means that now three dollars are required to buy a pound thus, depicting Depreciation of US dollar. If exchange rate becomes 1, i.e. R= 1 $/ £, means that now one dollar is required to buy a pound thus, depicting Appreciation of US dollar.
Factors that affect the Equilibrium Exchange Rate 1. Relative inflation rates- Eg. R= 2$ / £, If inflation in US in higher than in UK, then US goods will be costlier than that of UK goods and therefore, UK will export more goods to US and US will export less goods to UK. This means that value of Dollar has Depreciated w.r.t. Pounds, or Value of Pounds has Appreciated w.r.t. US dollars.
Factors that affect the Equilibrium Exchange Rate 2. Relative interest rates If real interest rates of US are higher than that of UK, then the dollar is said to have appreciated as compared to pound. Real interest rate = Nominal interest rate Inflation If interest rate of US > int. rate of UK (because of inflation, then wrong picture). Therefore, real interest rate should be considered.
Factors that affect the Equilibrium Exchange Rate 3. Relative economic growth rates: Strong economic growth- attract investment 4. Political & Economic risk: High risk currency- more valuable
Numerator and Denominator The higher fraction is supposed to be the numerator and the Denominator corresponds to its lower part. Eg. EUR / USD, EUR is the basic currency (Numerator) & USD is the counter currency (Denominator).
Buying and selling a currency
Buy/ Long EUR/ USD, means that you want to buy EUR and sell USD. Sell / Short EUR/ USD, means that you want to sell the basic currency and buy the counter currency i.e. sell EUR and buy USD. Short sell
Bid and Ask Rates
A bank is ready to buy and sell a currency at different prices. Buy price- Bid rate Sell price- Ask rate Spread- Difference between Bid and Ask rate is called Bid- ask Spread. It is more in retail market and less in interbank market as there is more volume, greater liquidity and lower counterparty risk in interbank transactions.
Causes of spread are:
Transaction cost Return on capital employed Reward / Compensation for taking risk Mid rate- Arithmetic mean of bid and ask rates i.e. when one rate is mentioned.
Important conventions regarding quotes: a) The bid rate always precedes the ask rate. E.g Rs/$ 45.45 / 45.50 b) The bid and ask rates are always separated either by slash(/) or (-). c) The quote is always from the banker’s point of view. Rs/$ 45.45 / 45.50 E.g The banker is ready to buy dollar at 45.45 and sell at 45.50. i.e. Banker’s buy rate= Customer’s sell rate. d) The Bid is always lower than the ask. (ask rate- Bid rate = profit)
Interbank quote vs Merchant quote
Merchant quote is by bank to its retail customers. Interbank quote is given by one bank to another bank. Since, both the parties are banks, then whose quote will be considered. The bank requesting the quote will is the customer and the other bank’s quote will be considered.
Basis Point (BPS)
A unit that is equal to 1/100th of 1%, and is used to denote the change in a financial instrument. The basis point is commonly used for calculating changes in interest rates, equity indexes and the yield of a fixed-income security. The relationship between percentage changes and basis points can be summarized as follows: 1% change = 100 basis points, and 0.01% = 1 basis point.
Basis Point (BPS)
So, a bond whose yield increases from 5% to 5.5% is said to increase by 50 basis points; or interest rates that have risen 1% are said to have increased by 100 basis points.
Cross Rates / Synthetic rates
When we calculate the exchange rates between other currencies with the dollar (or any other currency) as the intermediate currency.
The € / £ rate will be calculated through the € / $ quote and the $/ £ quote.
Cross Rates
Eg. We need to calculate the Switzerland franc / Canadian Dollar (sFr/ Can$) rate from given sFr / $ and $/ Can$ quotes. sFr / $ : 5.5971 / 5.5978 $/ Can$ : 0.7555 / 0.7562 Synthetic (sFr/ Can$)bid rate = 5.5971 * 0.7555 = (sFr / $)bid * ($/ Can$)bid = 4.2286
Cross Rates
Eg. We need to calculate the Switzerland franc / Canadian Dollar (sFr/ Can$) rate from given sFr / $ and $/ Can$ quotes. sFr / $ : 5.5971 / 5.5978 $/ Can$ : 0.7555 / 0.7562 Synthetic (sFr/ Can$)ask rate = 5.5978 * 0.7562 = (sFr / $)ask * ($/ Can$)ask = 4.2330
Cross Rates and Chain Rule Rates in Mumbai market USD 1 = Rs. 46.50 USD 1 = CHF 1.8000 The rate of swiss francs can be calculated by “chain rule” as follows: ? Rs = CHF 1 If CHF 1.8000 = USD 1 USD 1 = Rs. 46.50
Cross Rates and Chain Rule
The rate of exchange between Indian Rupee and Swiss Franc can be calculated by dividing the product of the right hand side by the product of the left hand side. 46.50* 1 * 1 = Rs. 25.83 1.8000
Cross Rates and Chain Rule
Eg. Rupee/ dollar is 46.50 and Euro / dollar is 1.1568. Rupee / Euro rate can be calculated as follows: ? Rs = Eur 1 Eur 1 = USD 1.1568 USD 1 = Rs. 46.50 1 * 1.1568 * 46.50 = Rs. 53.7912 1 *1
The Foreign Exchange Market Types of Transactions
Spot- Spot quotes- Prices in spot market
Forward- Forward quote- Prices in Forward market
Forward Rates
If Forward > Spot = Forward premium If Forward < Spot = Forward discount The difference between forward rate and spot rate is known as the ‘forward margin’ or ‘Swap points’. i.e. Forward – Spot = Margin
Forward Rates
Under direct quotation, premium is added to the spot rate to arrive at the spot rate. This is done for both purchase and sale transactions. Discount is deducted from the spot to arrive at the forward rate. Forward rate = Spot + Premium
Interpretation of Interbank Quotations Eg. Quotation on 25th January Spot = USD 1= Rs. 48.4000/4200 Spot/ Feb = 2000/2100 Spot/ Mar = 3500/3600 The following points should be noted: 1. The first statement is the spot rate for dollars. The quoting bank’s buying rate is Rs. 48.4000 and selling rate is Rs. 48.4200.
Interpretation of Interbank Quotations 2. The second and the third statements are forward margins for forward delivery during the months of February and March resp. 3. The margin is expressed in points, i.e. 0.0001 of the currency. Therefore, the forward margin for Feb is 20 paise and 21 paise.
Interpretation of Interbank Quotations 4.
Interpretation of Interbank Quotations
INTEREST RATE PARITY PRINCIPLE
The forward rate of any fully convertible currency is a function of the spot rate and the interest rate differential between the two currencies, adjusted for time.
Method for finding forward rate Forward Rate = Spot +/- Points Points =
1 + terms i* days basis 1 + base i* days basis
where i = rate of interest
1
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