Field Training In Wildlife Conservation Research Techniques And Large Mammal Survey At Nam Phui National Biodiversity Conservation Area, Lao Pdr

FIELD TRAINING IN WILDLIFE CONSERVATION RESEARCH TECHNIQUES AND LARGE MAMMAL SURVEY AT NAM PHUI NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AREA, LAO PDR.

FINAL REPORT OF CONSULTANCY CONDUCTED FOR IUCN AND THE DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY UNDER THE CONSERVATION SUBPROGRAMME OF THE LAO-SWEDISH FORESTRY PROGRAMME, MARCH 30-JUNE 19, 1997.

By

Ramesh Boonratana, Ph.D. IUCN The World Conservation Union 15 Fa Ngum Road, Vientiane, Lao PDR.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Numerous persons and agencies have contributed much effort towards the success of this first training in field wildlife conservation research techniques and large mammal survey in Nam Phui NBCA. I would like to acknowledge Mr. Chanthaviphone Inthavong, Head of Center for Protected Areas and Watershed Management (CPAWM); Mr. Vene Vongphet, Deputy Head of CPAWM and Head of the Conservation Subprogram of the Lao-Swedish Forestry Programme (LSFP); Mr. Khamphet Chanthavong, Assistant Head of Protected Areas Unit of CPAWM; Mr. Khamkoun Khounbolin, Wildlife Inventory and Management Unit of CPAWM; the staff of CPAWM; Mr. Phouviang Midara, former Head of Nam Phui NBCA; the staff of Nam Phui NBCA; Mr. Stuart Chape, IUCN Country Representative for Lao PDR; the staff of IUCN Lao PDR; Mr. Bounhaeng Duangprachan, Provincial Governor of Sayaburi; Mr. Thongpetch Phengtawan, District Governor of Muang Thong; Mr. Khammane, Director of the Sayaburi Provincial Forestry Department; Mr. Suriphong and Dr. Yangyong, Director and Deputy Director of Sayaburi PAFO; Phan Aek Siangsuk Phommakhan and Phan Tho Boon Lien, Commanding Officer and Second-in-Command of Sayaburi Provincial Army; the personnel of Sayaburi Provincial Army; Mr. Jan Olaf Lundberg and Peter Hansen, Regional Coordinator and Research Adviser for the LaoSwedish Forestry Programme, based in Luang Prabang. Rob Tizzard assisted with the reptile and amphibian identification. Translation of the executive summary was done by Mr. Khamkoun Khounbolin. This exercise would not have been possible without the interest and efforts of my “boss” and friend, Dr. Clive W. Marsh, IUCN/LSFP Senior Conservation and Protected Areas Planning Adviser. Not least, many thanks to all the participants in this exercise for their commitment and support as I practiced the art of becoming an instructor. My personal thanks to Sao Kamla of Ban Nakhagnang and Sao Chan of Ban Na Sampan for providing the much-needed distraction during my three months stint in Lao PDR. I would like, however, to dedicate this report to the memory of Mr. Chanthone Phothitay’s child, whose life was taken away soon after birth while Mr. Chanthone was actively participating in this exercise. Ramesh Boonratana, Ph.D. A.k.a. Zimbo

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Field training in wildlife conservation research techniques and a large mammal survey were carried out in the 1,912 km² Nam Phui National Biodiversity Conservation Area (NBCA), in Sayaburi Province, northern Lao PDR, from April to May 1997. Participants comprised personnel from the NBCA Management Team, Agricultural and Forestry Offices (DAFO’s) in the Districts of Thong and Phieng, Center for Protected Area and Watershed Management (CPAWM), and the Sayaburi Provincial Army. Training was carried out both in the classroom at the NBCA’s headquarters in Ban Nakhagnang, and in the field while actually carrying out surveys for large mammals. Training imparted included the use of maps and compass, survey and data collection techniques, and lectures in conservation biology, wildlife ecology and animal behavior. Techniques employed to survey for large mammals involved both intensive and extensive patrolling along existing animal trails, particularly along ridges and waterways. Based on past experience, these are the areas where wildlife most often frequents. Survey routes took the shape of loops, originating and ending at the camps. This allowed greater coverage of an area. Camps were moved once an area was satisfactorily surveyed. In 300-man days, the exercise covered 620 kms of trails (including replicate routes), and an area of 240 km². Surveys confirmed the presence of 46 non-volant terrestrial mammals and 63 birds. The number of mammals would have been larger had trapping for small terrestrial mammals and bats been carried out. The list of birds recorded was limited by the participants lack of adequate experience at bird identification. There is probably a viable population of elephant and gaur in the Nam Phui NBCA, and their wide distribution is most probably related to the distribution of mineral licks in and around the NBCA. Some recommendations towards an effective conservation management of the Nam Phui NBCA are summarized below: •

Training should be conducted in the Lao language without an interpreter, and should be carried out over a period of at least three weeks in both the classroom and the field. In addition, future training programs should include office-based PAFO and DAFO personnel, university and college students, and schoolteachers.

•

Unauthorized persons should not be permitted to carry firearms in the NBCA. There should also be a curfew imposed on the communities residing in the NBCA, from 23.00 to 05.00h. Entry into the Controlled Use Zone of the NBCA by non-NBCA residents should be allowed only between 06.00 to 18.00h.

•

Anti-poaching patrolling and law enforcement activities should be carried out regularly, but randomly, and should focus at mineral licks. A checkpoint should be a permanent feature of the NBCA’s headquarters (Sayaburi to Pak Lay road), and should be manned for 24 hours a day. This will curb the flow of illegal timber and other nontimber forest produce going out of Sayaburi along that route. Permanent guard posts should be established at Ban Pak Xong, at the two ends of the ‘North-South Security Track’, and the entrances into the NBCA from both Muang Thong and Muang Pak Lay. The field staff should be fully equipped in order to perform their tasks.

•

Seek the Sayaburi Provincial Army’s cooperation and assistance in managing the NBCA, and maintain the ‘Special Conservation Unit’ of the provincial army to carry out activities beyond the scope of the NBCA management team.

•

There should be regular and open communication between the NBCA management team with all the other agencies with interests in and around the NBCA. The problems of land allocation and planning in the northern part of the NBCA must be quickly resolved. Aerial inspection and photography is needed to map the current habitat condition and agricultural encroachment.

•

Carry out a wildlife survey in the central west and southwest of the NBCA that could not be covered during this project. Initiate a long-term study on the distribution and density of the Asian elephant and gaur in the NBCA.

•

The core area and the areas extending northwards and southwards along its western border should be designated as a Total Protection Zone. All areas within a kilometer radius of mineral licks should be included into this category. The northern part of the NBCA around the settlements, and some area in the south around Muang Thong can be designated as Controlled Use Zones, although with some amendments to its terminology. A buffer zone should be created in the area immediately east of the NBCA towards the NBCA’s headquarters, and can be designated as a Provincial Conservation Forest. There must also be some agreed-upon commitments by the district governors and village headmen regarding the NBCA’s boundary and zones.

•

The NBCA management team should seek the assistance of a long-term adviser. The adviser should have the correct organizational and managerial skills to coordinate programs on research, training and management, and to coordinate with the different agencies with interests in and around the NBCA. The adviser should also be able to conduct negotiations with communities in and around the NBCA, and promote rural development projects in exchange for recognition and compliance with rules, boundaries and zones.

GLOSSARY

Ban = village Bor = well or large mineral lick CPAWM = Center for Protected Area and Watershed Management DAFO = District Agriculture and Forestry Office Huoay = stream IUCN = World Conservation Union LSFP = Lao-Swedish Forestry Programme Nong = pool/pond/lake PAFO = Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office Pong = mineral lick Muang = district NBCA = National Biodiversity Conservation Area Nam = river

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ii

LAO TRANSLATION OF THE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

iv

GLOSSARY

vi

CONTENTS

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

ix

1. INTRODUCTION

1

1.1 Background

1

1.2 Objectives

1

1.2.1 Primary Objectives

1

1.2.2 Secondary Objectives

3

2. STUDY AREA

4

2.1 Introduction

4

2.2 Habitat Type

4

2.3 Human Settlement

4

2.4 Access Within the NBCA

5

3. METHODS

6

3.1 Introduction

6

3.2 Training

7

3.2.1 Classroom Training Outline 3.3 Surveys 4. RESULTS

8 10 14

4.1 Training

14

4.2 Surveys

15

4.2.1 Wild Fauna 4.2.1.1 Status Account of Large Mammals

15 15

4.2.2 Mineral Sources

18

4.2.2.1 South

18

4.2.2.2 Central

20

4.2.2.3 North

21

4.2.3 Pools and Wallows

23

4.2.4 Human Intrusions and Activities

23

5. CONCLUDING DISCUSSION & RECOMMENDATIONS

26

5.1 Introduction

26

5.2 Training

26

5.3 Surveys

27

5.4 General

28

5.5 Recommendations

28

5.5.1 Training

28

5.5.2 Management

29

5.5.2.1 Patrolling and law enforcement

29

5.5.2.2 Research

31

5.5.2.3 Zonation

31

5.5.2.4 General

33

5.6 Conclusions

34

APPENDIX I Staff of the Nam Phui NBCA

35

APPENDIX II List of participants

36

APPENDIX III Field equipment list

37

APPENDIX IV List of wildlife recorded at Nam Phui NBCA

38

REFERENCES

42

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Map of Nam Phui NBCA

2

Figure 3.1 Survey routes in northern Nam Phui NBCA

11

Figure 3.2 Survey routes in central and southern Nam Phui NBCA

12

Figure 4.1 Locations of mineral licks in southern and central Nam Phui NBCA

19

Figure 4.2 Locations of mineral licks in northern Nam Phui NBCA

22

Figure 5.1 Map of proposed zonation in Nam Phui NBCA

32

1. INTRODUCTION

From a biological perspective, very little is known about Nam Phui National Biodiversity Conservation Area (NBCA), in northern Lao PDR (figure 1.1). No wildlife surveys have ever been carried out in the Nam Phui NBCA since it was gazetted in 1993. Plans to conduct a wildlife survey in this NBCA had not been possible in the past due to security reasons (Berkmuller et al., 1995). Species inventory is, however, one of the more important prerequisites towards effective management of a protected area and the conservation of its wild fauna and habitats. Additional data on species abundance and distribution is necessary to determine the full value of a protected area, and to show where management is needed. This report describes the first survey of its kind for the Nam Phui NBCA, and aims to contribute to meeting those needs. This project also aimed to initiate training of the NBCA staff, so as to assist them in performing their tasks and maximizing their efforts in the field.

1.1 BACKGROUND Nam Phui NBCA is one of the few areas in northern Lao PDR with a large intact forest cover. Large mammals that are reportedly present in the area include the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), gaur (Bos gaurus), banteng (Bos javanicus), Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus), Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus), tiger (Panthera tigris), leopard (Panthera pardus), gibbons (Hylobates spp.), and possibly the Javan (Rhinoceros sondaicus) and/or Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) (Salter, 1993; Berkmuller et al., 1995). Nam Phui NBCA is one of the four NBCAs in Lao PDR supported by the Conservation Subprogramme of the Lao Swedish Forestry Programme (LSFP). The NBCA is staffed by a seven-man team headed by Mr. Phouviang Midara (Appendix I).

1.2 OBJECTIVES 1.2.1 Primary Objectives: i.

To conduct a survey for large mammals in Nam Phui NBCA;

ii.

To provide on-the job training to the staff of Nam Phui NBCA and selected staff of the Center for Protected Areas and Watershed Management (CPAWM);

iii.

To prepare a program for wildlife monitoring, anti-poaching patrolling and law enforcement activities for the NBCA.

1.2.2 Secondary Objectives: i.

To assess the current level of hunting and exploitation of other non-timber forest products (NTFPs), including the status of the forest, in terms of logging and agricultural encroachment;

ii.

To assess the impact of a new north-south track within the NBCA currently being constructed by the military, advising on mitigation measures to be jointly undertaken by the military and the NBCA;

iii.

To provide an assessment of the course participants’ capabilities and suggest their future training requirements.

2. STUDY AREA

2.1 INTRODUCTION Nam Phui NBCA, measuring 1,912 km² is located in Sayaburi Province, northern Lao PDR, between 18®12’-18®59’N and 101®04’-101®30’E (Salter et al., 1991) (figure 1.1). There is, however, a proposal to excise 762 km² at the northern end of the NBCA, reducing it to 1,150 km² (Berkmuller et al., 1995). The proposed excised area is mainly degraded forest and land affected by shifting cultivation. The NBCA, covers three districts, Muang Thong to the southwest, Muang Pak Lay to the southeast, and Muang Phieng to the north. The entire western boundary of the NBCA coincides with the borders of Lao PDR and Thailand. Much of this international border is largely sealed due to the presence of landmines all along the mountain ridge that divides the two countries. The NBCA can be accessed from Sayaburi provincial town via Ban Nampouy in the north and Muang Pak Lay in the south, by an all-weather road.

2.2 HABITAT TYPE Nam Phui NBCA has a contiguous, largely undisturbed forest cover (93%), mainly represented by mixed deciduous (88%) and dry evergreen forest (5%). Additional forest types (1%) include tropical montane evergreen and lowland semi-evergreen forest types (Salter et al., 1991; Berkmuller et al., 1995). Only 40% of the habitat, however, comprise denser and mature forest. The landform is steep and rugged, with more than 90% lying above 500 m. The drainage is generally eastwards, into the Mekong River. A significant feature of the vegetation is the degree of local variation. On the ground, substantial area in the center of the reserve appears to be species-rich wet evergreen type. Further botanical investigation of the reserve is needed.

2.3 HUMAN SETTLEMENT There are five established settlements within the NBCA. Ban Na Sampan (pop. 1320), Ban Na Nguen (pop. 470), Ban Na Ven (pop. 385), and Ban Pak Xong (pop. 143) are located in the northern part of the NBCA, along the Nam Phui River; and Ban Mai (pop. 227) lies in the central region, just inside the eastern boundary of the NBCA. The majority of the villagers in the northern settlements comprise the Lao Theung and Lao Soung ethnic

groups, while the community at Ban Mai is Lao Lum. All these villagers practice paddy and shifting cultivation, and gather a wide range of forest products. Besides villages, there are several military camps and outposts scattered throughout the NBCA. Also, there is a nomadic group of primarily gatherers, known as ‘Tong Leurng’ (Yellow Banana Leaf People), present within the central part of the area. Nothing much is known about this group of ‘forest’ people. There are contradictory reports on their social organization, apparently based on their occasional contacts with settled villages outside the NBCA, which they visit periodically to trade forest produce such as bees’ honey and edible shoots with clothes, salt, rice, etc. In the extreme southwest, a new district of 16 Lao Lum villages, Muang Thong, forms an enclave within the NBCA.

2.4 ACCESS WITHIN THE NBCA In the north there is an all-weather road running off from the main Sayaburi to Pak Lay road, at Ban Nampouy, into the NBCA to about 7 kms west of Ban Na Sampan. This road runs along the to Nam Pouy all the way from Ban Vaiangxai. In the central region, there is an abandoned military cum logging track running from Ban Nakhagnang westwards into the NBCA via Ban Mai. From Ban Mai, the track follows the Nam Phoun as far as Nam Lop1. This track is accessible by a four-wheel drive vehicle during the dry season, with difficulty, at least 3 kms into the NBCA. Further south, there is an all-weather road running east west from Muang Pak Lay to Muang Thong, mostly following the banks of Nam Lay. Currently, there is construction work along this road and some limited logging mostly within 20m of the road. There is another track from the north at Ban Na Ven running southwards to Muang Thong. This is the proposed ‘North-South Security Road’ for military purposes. This road runs parallel to the NBCA’s western boundary, and alongside the Nam Lop. Road construction was stopped due to lack of funds, and because landmines were encountered in places. This road could be drivable for about 15 kms south from Ban Na Ven, subject to clearing a few areas of rubble caused by landslides, and several fallen trees. On May 10, 1997, however, work on this north-south track has resumed, but from the southern end at Muang Thong.

1

Nam Lop is spelt as Nam Loy in the currently available maps. Nam Sani on the maps should read Nam Xon and the river flowing south from Ban Mai is Nam Sani.

3. METHODS

3.1 INTRODUCTION An 11-day reconnaissance trip to Nam Phui NBCA was made in early April before the actual training and survey exercise. This enabled the coordinator to assess the level and training needs of the participants, therefore suitably adapting the training program to suit the current needs. During the trip, meetings were held with the officials at both the provincial and district levels. One meeting held at the Provincial Army headquarters in Sayaburi resulted in the formation of a ‘Special Conservation Unit’ within the provincial army. It was realized during the reconnaissance trip that the military’s cooperation is essential for effective conservation efforts in Nam Phui NBCA. The formation of this “Special Conservation Unit’ could possibly mark the beginning of an important cooperative effort towards the conservation and management of Nam Phui NBCA. After a short break over the ‘Lao Pi Mai’ period (Lao New Year), the training and survey exercise took a total of 32 days, from April 23 to May 24. This included three days of classroom training and pre-survey briefing, and a one-day field trip to a weekend market on the Thai-Lao border (18°06’N/101°10’E) near Pha Keo, south of the NBCA, to investigate the wildlife trade that reportedly occurs there. A mid-survey briefing was also conducted where the participants’ performance was assessed and discussed. At the end of the exercise, a debriefing was held at the NBCA’s headquarters and at the Provincial Forestry Office. The itinerary was as follows: April 23 - 27: classroom training and briefing at the NBCA’s headquarters; April 28 - May 8: wildlife surveys in the central part of the NBCA; May 8: mid survey briefing and assessment of participants’ performance at NBCA’s headquarters; May 9 – 15:wildlife surveys in the southern part of the NBCA; May 16: rest at the NBCA’s headquarters; Capt. Sila went to the provincial army headquarters in Sayaburi town to confirm survey plans; May 17-23: wildlife surveys in the northern part of the NBCA;

May 24: debriefing and party for participants.

3.2 TRAINING Training in field wildlife conservation research techniques was conducted in two stages. Firstly, in the classroom at the NBCA’s headquarters (18°47.5’N/101°22.1’E) at Ban Nakhagnang (figure 1.1); and secondly, in the field while actually carrying out large mammal surveys. Training was conducted in the Lao language, and directed towards the particular needs of the NBCA, its field staff, and its wildlife-related problems. Altogether, the exercise was attended by 12 participants from various agencies (Appendix II). Three further NBCA staff attended the initial classroom phase of the training (Appendix I). After preliminary introductions, participants were divided into two teams, to comprise at least one individual from each agency. Team membership were changed during the exercise, as seem fit to the coordinator, allowing both teams to be of similar, if not equal strength. Throughout the training there was a strong emphasis on : •

Teamwork

•

Preparation and planning for fieldwork

•

Check and double check

The training began with lectures on the need for wildlife, conservation, protected areas, and what the training hoped to achieve. This included a brief talk on ethics when carrying out fieldwork on wildlife and in the forests. Since several participants had never had any experience at camping in the forest, lessons began with the different methods of making camps and organizing sleeping arrangements. This was followed by going through a list of equipment (Appendix III), which every field worker should be carrying, explaining the importance of each item. A brief lesson in the correct use and care for binoculars was also given, when it was observed that many participants were not familiar with their use. Detailed lessons in the use of maps and compasses were imparted to the participants. Much time was developed to familiarizing the participants with maps and compasses, emphasizing that competence in their use is the basis of any successful survey and management of a protected area. Then, an overview of the different wildlife census techniques was given, with particular attention being paid to the survey method to be used (section 3.2). This was followed by lessons in making observations and recording evidence in the field, including the art of ‘reading’ tracks and signs. It was compulsory for all participants to take down notes during surveys (section 3.3), to develop a good note-taking habit. A collection of sketches and measurements of tracks of some large Asian mammals was provided to the participants. Participants were taught to take simple measurements and make sketches of tracks and scats. Finally, participants were introduced to the

ecology and behavior of some of the larger mammals. This was to assist them in making observations in the field and provide a better understanding of the need of scientific data towards effectively managing species and protected areas. In the evenings, after dinner, videos on forests and wildlife were shown. This was followed by a brief discussion. In the field, the coordinator also led a sub-team of two participants on surveys. Participants led by the coordinator were changed on a daily basis, to allow closer on-the-job training to the participants. At camps, in the evening, participants were frequently given simple assignments involving the use of maps and compass. Time was also made available to interested participants to ask questions on wildlife ecology and behavior, and conservation-related issues. The theory and use of a Global Positioning System (GPS) unit was also explained to some interested participants. Some participants made use of the evenings to improve their spoken English.

3.2.1 Classroom Training Outline: a.

Introductory Lectures:

-

purpose of training program and survey

-

definition and purpose of wildlife conservation and protected areas

-

ethics of fieldwork (dos and don’ts)

-

attire (field clothing)

b.

Camping and Field Equipment:

-

hammocks, sleeve hammocks, tents and bamboo-based temporary shelter

-

ideal locations

-

field equipment list and purpose of each

-

use and care of binoculars and other field equipment

c.

Maps:

-

definition, types and purposes

-

information from maps (5Ds)

-

description: area’s name, map number and edition , and locations (lat/lon, UTM & 6-digit)

-

details: man-made, vegetation, drainage, and landform features

-

directions: north-south-east-west, true and magnetic north, and general directions

-

distances: map scales, measuring distances (linear and non-linear)

-

designations: names

-

selecting best routes to travel

d.

Compass:

-

definition, types and purpose

-

taking bearings and determining back-bearings

-

shadow-tip compass and clock

e.

Map and Compass:

-

bearings between two points

-

determining locations (triangulation)

f.

Field Observations and Data Collection:

-

taking notes (basic information to record) and sketches

-

data sheets

-

photography

-

identifying species (field guides)

-

hunter and villager interviews

g.

Indirect Evidence:

-

vocalization

-

tracks and signs

-

scats and scat analysis

-

sketches, measurements, aging and determining taxonomic group of tracks and signs

h.

Wildlife Census Techniques:

-

brief overview

-

presence/absence

i.

Wildlife Ecology and Behavior:

-

brief overview with examples drawn from large Asian mammals

j.

Video Sessions:

3.3 SURVEYS Intensive and extensive surveys for large mammals were carried out at three sites (figures 3.1 & 3.2) within the Nam Phui NBCA. Animal presence was primarily recorded based on actual sightings and other evidence left by the animal. No trapping was carried out. Surveys were carried out on foot, and involved the thorough patrolling of trails, particularly along ridges, waterways, and dirt tracks. Using animal trails is most probably the best way to cover large areas. Furthermore, the chances of encountering an animal or its signs are higher when patrols are carried out along existing animal trails. In addition, mineral licks important to many large mammals are usually found along animal trails near waterways. Survey routes were pre-determined from 1:100,000 topographic maps (Maps # E47-47, E47-59 & E47-71). Routes normally took the shape of irregular loops, originating and terminating at camps. Speed of travel when carrying out patrols was maintained between 40 to 60 minutes a kilometer, with regular pauses of a few minutes to observe the general surroundings. This was to avoid missing animal signs (tracks, scats, wallows, etc.). Thus, up to an average of eight kilometers was covered on each route. Surveys usually began between 0700 to 0730 h and ended between 1500 to 1630, although occasionally some teams would return to camp as late as1900 h. Participants were divided into two major teams. Each team covered different areas and moved camps when an area was satisfactorily covered. From each camp two sub-teams of two to three participants would cover different routes. During patrols, team members would simultaneously searched for evidence of wildlife presence. Participants were trained in survey and data collection techniques before actual surveys (section 3.1). One or two participants usually stayed back at camp on a rotational basis, serving as camp guard and

cook for the day. At one camp in the extreme northwestern part of the NBCA, one team had to have the armed participants take turns at guarding the camp during the night due to a security-related problem. The presence of all species were recorded whenever they were sighted, heard and/or from other signs. Basic information recorded included date, time, species, evidence, and location. Evidence such as tracks and scats were sketched, described, measured and aged. Scats were broken-up on site to observe their contents, which might provide further information on the animal’s feeding ecology and behavior. The presence of mineral licks was also recorded and the locations determined using maps and compass, and where feasible, a Global Positioning System (GPS) unit was used. Also recorded were signs of human intrusion and activities. Whenever contacts were made with villagers and hunters in and around the NBCA, interviews were carried out to gather further information on the wildlife present in those areas.

4. RESULTS

4.1 Training All participants showed basic knowledge in wildlife identification, but names of species and families were generally limited to common names in Lao. This was with the exception of Mr. Khamkoun Khounbolin, whose knowledge of the spoken and written English is fair. Furthermore, he has had several experiences carrying out wildlife surveys and working with foreign counterparts. Albeit interests in wildlife and forest work varied greatly between individuals, all were capable of performing their tasks. At the end of the training and survey exercise, all participants were fairly competent in the basic use of maps and compass, and some were even able to train their fellow participants. Team leaders were able to plan their survey routes from maps with minimal guidance, and many participants could navigate with maps and compass. Some of the participants even worked late into the night using candlelight and flashlight, improving their skills with maps and compass. Simple assignments, incorporating bearings, distances and locations were given to the interested participants. As instructed, all participants recorded observations into their notebooks. The quality and quantity of information recorded, however, varied greatly between individuals, in accordance with their interest in this exercise. Team leaders, given the responsibility of compiling their teams’ observations did a competent job of putting together the records of wildlife presence and evidence into a simple format, as ascribed during the pre-survey training. This whole exercise was partially handicapped by the lack of compasses and binoculars. On the average, there was one compass and a pair of binoculars to every three participants. Overall, this exercise showed the importance of on-the-job training and individual contact in imparting skills to the field staff. Such a training program should run for at least three weeks, to allow proper skills and attitude to be developed. Furthermore, a close friendly rapport between the instructor and trainees should be developed to allow the trainees to overcome their ‘shyness’ in asking questions. As a follow-up to this exercise, Mr. Singkaew Phongthai, a staff of the Nam Phui NBCA was provided with materials and the task of setting up a botanical transect close to the NBCA’s headquarters. The botanical transect will be used to obtain information on composition, structure and phenology of the forest, information useful for describing the forest and for future ecological studies in the area. This transect when completed can also

be used for conducting wildlife transect surveys, besides being useful towards future training program at the NBCA.

4.2 Surveys Including replicate routes, a total distance of 620 kms of trails was walked during this period. This comprised 150 kms of trails in the north, 340 kms of trails in the central region, and 130 kms in the south (figures 3.1 & 3.2). This represents an area of 80 km² surveyed in the north, 96 km² in the central region, and 64 km² in the south. In all, a total area of 240 km² of the Nam Phui NBCA was covered in 300-man days of survey, approximately 12.6% of the NBCA.

4.2.1 Wild Fauna A list of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes recorded during surveys in and around Nam Phui NBCA is shown in Appendix IV. Altogether, 46 non-volant terrestrial mammal and 63 bird species were confirmed from the area. This list is not exhaustive, as no trapping was carried out. There were more bird species observed than that recorded, as the participants were inexperienced at bird identification. Some areas could not be surveyed due to the danger of landmines and security-related military operations. Several army personnel reported that there is a high density of wildlife, especially elephant, gaur and primates, towards the central west and southwest of the NBCA. Although remaining to be confirmed, these reports are consistent with the remoteness of this area from any settlement. Furthermore, gibbon calls heard were all from this general direction.

4.2.1.1 Status Account of Some Large Mammals2 •

Asian elephant (Elephas maximus); IUCN Endangered; CITES Appendix I; Lao

PDR Category I: Fresh and recent evidence of the Asian elephant was commonly seen in the central and southern part of the NBCA. Towards the north, evidence was limited to the northwestern sector of the NBCA. Tracks of young animals observed suggest the presence of breeding animals. Based on sightings and fresh evidence, the elephant population in Nam Phui NBCA is estimated between 350 to 500 animals. This, however, is a crude population estimate. Furthermore, there are 135 domestic elephants in Muang Thong, several of which are released to the forest between June to August, and are collected again in November and December (Thongpet Phengtawan, pers.comm.). An immediate threat to the elephants is organized poaching for ivory. Reportedly, eight 2

Threatened list follows IUCN, 1996 and Salter, 1993.

elephants were killed in 1995, three in 1996, and one in April 1997. The first two incidents occurred in the northern central part of the NBCA, and the recent most incident reportedly occurred in the northwest, near Pong Phoy (section 4.2.2.3). As more areas in the northern part of the NBCA are being cleared for agriculture, loss of suitable habitat and forest fragmentation is a potential long-term threat to the elephants. Some rice-fields in the northern sector were reportedly damaged by elephants in 1996. •

Sumatran and Javan rhinoceroses (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis and Rhinoceros

sondaicus) IUCN Critically Endangered; CITES Appendix I; Lao PDR Category I: In all the areas surveyed, there was no evidence whatsoever (recent or past) to indicate the presence of either the Sumatran or Javan rhinoceros. Until all areas within the NBCA are surveyed, there is still a remote possibility that either or both species may still be present. •

Gaur (Bos gaurus) IUCN Vulnerable; CITES Appendix I; Lao PDR Category I:

Signs of gaur were scarce in the north and south, and mainly observed in and around mineral licks. Their tracks and dung were frequently encountered in the central region. These included fresh tracks and dung of an adult and young pair. Based on fresh evidence, a crude estimate for gaur population in the NBCA is between 200 to 300 animals. Gaurs are also threatened by poaching for trophies, meat and their bile, and possibly disease through contact with domestic cattle and buffaloes. Gaur bile apparently fetches US$1200 each in Thailand. •

Serow (Capricornis sumatrensis) IUCN Vulnerable; CITES Appendix I; Lao PDR

Category I: Tracks and droppings of serow were found only in the karst mountain range north of Ban Mai. The main threat to this species is poaching for both meat and medicine. Oily extract from this animal is used in treating muscular aches and broken bones. •

Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) Lao PDR Category II: Evidence of this species

was scarce in the south, uncommon to common in the central and low in the north. This species is mainly threatened by poaching for meat. •

Barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak) Lao PDR Category II: Sighting and indirect

evidence of this species suggest that it is fairly common in the central region, uncommon in the north, and scarce to uncommon in the south. In the south, much of the signs and sighting of the barking deer was limited to the upper altitude (> 650 m) of the Phou Kaothang mountain range. Threat to the barking deer is poaching for meat and forest fires caused by hunters. Hunters in the south (from Pak Lay and Thong districts) frequently set fire to the forests on mountain ridges to flush wildlife. •

Tiger (Panthera tigris) IUCN Endangered; CITES Appendix I; Lao PDR Category

I: One set of fresh tracks was encountered in the upper reaches of Houay Sung Naak, a

tributary of Nam Hoy in the central region. A fresh scat sample containing hairs of wild pig (Sus scrofa) was found in the northern sector, which could possibly belong to a tiger. Tracks of tigers were infrequently reported in the north, northwest, central (including at Ban Nakhagnang, outside the NBCA), the south, and the southwest. There are rare reports of tigers attacking domestic cattle, albeit two of the reports were very recent, at Ban Nakhagnang and Ban Khem (Muang Thong). There is no evidence of poaching for tigers, but one potential threat is the forced elimination of tigers, if they continue to attack domestic cattle. Based on the single evidence found and the area surveyed, the density of tigers in the NBCA is estimated at 0.004/km². This is most likely a lower estimate. •

Leopard (Panthera pardus) IUCN Threatened; CITES Appendix I; Lao PDR

Category I: Only one clear track was found near a small stream in the Nam Phoun/Nam Hoy area. Villagers’ and hunters’ reports of sighting the leopard are infrequent. Possibly rare. •

Clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) IUCN Vulnerable; CITES Appendix I; Lao

PDR Category II: Although villagers, hunters and army personnel report this animal being sighted more often than leopard (Panthera pardus), no track was encountered during the surveys. Possibly rare. •

Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) CITES Appendix I; Lao PDR Category II:

Tracks and possibly scats, although uncommon, were found in all areas surveyed, particularly near human settlements. Threatened by poaching for meat, although not preferred, are nevertheless shot and eaten. •

Golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) IUCN Lower Risk; CITES Appendix I; Lao

PDR Category II: Fresh and recent tracks were infrequently encountered in all areas surveyed, particularly at salt licks and along forest tracks. The golden cat is possibly relatively more abundant than the other cat species. •

Asian wild dog (Cuon alpinus) IUCN Vulnerable; CITES Appendix II; Lao PDR

Category II: This species and the golden jackal were occasionally reported seen by villagers, hunters and army personnel in the southwest, central and northern sectors of the NBCA. Their presence could only be confirmed when their tracks were encountered far from human settlements because of frequent human incursion with their domestic dogs. Recent tracks were observed in the central part of the NBCA. Barking sounds could be heard in the upper reaches of Houay Sung Naak, but it was not possible to determine the species from the vocalizations. •

Golden jackal (Canis aureus) Lao PDR Category II: see above.

•

Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) IUCN Vulnerable; CITES Appendix I; Lao

PDR Category I: Old and very recent claw marks were frequently encountered, particularly in the central region, mainly in the upper reaches of Nam Hoy. It was not possible to differentiate the Asiatic black bear and Malayan sun bear from claw marks, although both species were reported in the NBCA. Some fresh and recent scats were also found in the central region. A set of fresh tracks of a young animal was found along a small stream that led into Houay San Khieo in the southern part of the NBCA. Possibly threatened by hunting for trade. Several of the Parkia sp. trees that were fruiting during the surveys had recent claw marks on them. •

Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) IUCN Data deficient CITES Appendix I;

Lao PDR Category I: see above. Reports of this species are fewer than the Asiatic black bear. •

White-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) IUCN Lower risk; CITES Appendix I; Lao

PDR Category I: Possibly rare. Vocalizations could be heard only towards the Lao/Thai border in the west of the northern region and in the remoter central core of the NBCA. In the north, an army patrol team reportedly shot one gibbon during the third week of May this year, apparently from the extreme northern part of the central region. Army personnel, however, report gibbons being common in the southwestern part of the NBCA. Threatened by hunting for food. •

Phayre’s langur (Trachypithecus phayrei) IUCN Data deficient; CITES Appendix

II: At least three groups observed in the central region and one reported in the northern region. Possibly rare. None reported in the south in recent years. Possibly hunted out. Threatened by hunting for food. •

Pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) IUCN Vulnerable; CITES Appendix II;

Lao PDR Category II: Uncommon. Possibly two large groups of 30-60 observed in the central region, and one group of at least 10 observed in the northern region. One freshly killed adult male was found in a hunter’s backpack in the northern region along the northsouth security track. Possibly extirpated in the south due to hunting. Threatened by hunting for food and capture of young ones for sale. •

Assamese macaque (Macaca assamensis) IUCN Vulnerable; CITES Appendix II;

Lao PDR Category II: Rare to uncommon. Only one group of about 20 animals observed in the central region. None observed in the north, although reported by army personnel. Possibly hunted out in the southern region. Threatened by hunting for food and young ones for sale.

4.2.2 Mineral Sources 4.2.2.1 South There are three mineral licks within the survey area (figure 4.1). All three are located in the upper reaches of Nam Lay. The largest of the three, ‘Bor Lay Chan’ (18º19.7’N/101º 12.8’E), comprised a 300 m long muddy drain and a 50 m² main lick. Tracks of large mammals observed at this mineral lick during the reconnaissance trip in early April belonged to the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), gaur (Bos gaurus), lesser mousedeer (Tragulus javanicus), and golden cat (Catopuma temminckii), Malayan porcupine (Hystrix brachyura), and a civet. At the time of this visit, poachers had recently covered the lick with branches and twigs. In this manner, the birds wanting to feed at the mineral lick were forced into an area where a net trap was laid. There was a blind close to the net trap, for the poacher to operate the trap. There was also a tree by the lick, which had a bamboo ladder affixed to it. Presumably, this is for a hunter armed with a gun to lay in wait for wildlife using the lick. Both the blind and the ladder were destroyed by the NBCA staff. During a second visit to the area in May, Team 1 established a camp, ‘Camp Lay Chan’ about 250 meters from the mineral lick, to allow quick access to the lick for monitoring wildlife and to deter poaching in the area. Daily visitations at different hours of the day were made to deter poachers. During this time, fresh tracks of mammals observed belonged to the Asian elephant, wild pig (Sus scrofa), sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) and barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak). Other tracks were not discernable, due to the presence of 12 domestic water buffaloes that were brought from Muang Thong to the lick to prevent them from being infected by parasites that were affecting some buffaloes at Muang Thong. During the days spent there, there were not less than 200 thick-billed green pigeons (Treron curvirostra) and several mountain imperial pigeons (Ducula badia) using the lick. Two new blinds and bird traps had been built since the reconnaissance trip. These were later destroyed, and the lick cleared of branches and twigs. About 300 meters upstream, there is another large mineral lick, measuring approximately 35 meters by 25 meters. This lick was named ‘Bor Lay Chan II’ (18º19.5’N/101º12.7’E) as we could not obtain any information as what the villagers called it. There was a recently built bird trap and blind at the lick. The lick was covered with branches and twigs. The branches and twigs were removed, the blind and trap destroyed. The third mineral lick, ‘Pong Heen’ (18º19.3’N/101º12.7’E), is about 2 km further upstream, and measured 2.5 meters by 2 meters. There was also a bird trap and a blind, and the area outside the bird trap was similarly covered with branches and twigs. These were subsequently destroyed.

Interestingly, several minutes after clearing the licks, thick-billed pigeons and mountain imperial pigeons came down to the lick.

4.2.2.2 Central There are four confirmed mineral licks in this area (figure 4.1). One ‘Pong Cha-art’ (18º 29.6’N/101º25.4’E) is, however, located outside the NBCA, on the track from Ban Nakhagnang to Ban Mai, besides the Houay Cha-art. This lick measured 20 m by 25 m, and tracks of wild pig and birds (possibly green pigeons). Tracks of domestic dog and domestic elephant were also observed at this lick. ‘Pong Hae’, (18°47.4’N/101°22.1’E), measuring 3m by 1.5m, is also located outside the NBCA, but close to the NBCA’s headquarters, and besides the Nam Gnam River. Tracks of mammals observed at this lick were identified as those made by sambar deer and barking deer. The third lick is ‘Pong Saam Kha’ (18º30.5’N/101º24’E), measuring 6 m by 7 m, is located along an abandoned logging track, about 8 km north of Ban Mai village. Tracks observed at this lick belonged to leopard cat, sambar deer, barking deer and lesser mousedeer. Villagers reported observing tiger tracks at this lick last year. Team 2 reported another mineral lick, ‘Pong Houay Senung’ (18º29.8’N/101º20.5’E) up Houay Senung. Its exact location is, however, subject to confirmation. There were possibly a few other mineral licks in this region, observed and reported by some of the participants. Several times participants mistakenly reported mud wallows and bathing pools as mineral licks.

4.2.2.3 North There are two mineral licks (figure 4.2), ‘Pong Phoy’ (18°45.8’N/101°15.9’E) and ‘Pong Houay Haan’ (18°47.2’N/101°18.3’E) in the headwaters of Nam Pouy River, close to the border of Thailand and Lao PDR. A male elephant was found killed at one of these licks and its ivory removed. This incident reportedly occurred in early April, this year. Just immediately outside the NBCA, in Ban Pak Xong there is a mineral lick ‘Pong Xong’ (18° 53.8’N/101°27.7’E), measuring 150 m by 150 m. The whole area has been cleared for agricultural purposes. Barking deer and some bird species were reported to occasionally use this lick. There are two other smaller mineral licks close to Ban Pak Xong, ‘Pong

Chant’ and ‘Pong Thamphak’, but both had been converted into ricefields. Another mineral lick ‘Pong Haek’ in Ban Nam Xong, outside but very close to the NBCA, is similarly converted to ricefields. Ten vernal hanging parrots (Loriculus vernalis) and a whitethroated kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis) were observed at this lick.

4.2.3 Pools and Wallows An interesting topographical feature of the NBCA, especially in the north is the presence of permanent water pools. All these pools, with the exception of Nong Xae, ranged from approximately 16 m² to 25 m². Nong Xae (18°44.5’N/101°22.6’) measures about 30,000 m ² and is located close to a saddle, along the north-south security road. Elephant and pig wallows were frequently encountered, particularly in the central region. Most of these wallows were located close along the waterways, ridges and saddles. On flatter parts of mountain ridges, frequently used elephant wallows have created little pools of rainwater. These pools are probably an important source of water to several mammal species during the dry season.

4.2.4 Human Intrusions and Activities All areas surveyed had signs of human intrusion. In the south, villagers from Muang Thong and Muang Pak Lay districts very frequently enter the NBCA to hunt and trap wild animals, catch fish, gather edible fungus and mushrooms, and other green plants. Wildlife poachers hunt using homemade and modern guns. Gunshots were heard both during the reconnaissance trip and during the exercise. There were several old and recent makeshift shelters in this area, with racks for smoking meat. Some of these poachers deliberately set fire to the forest, especially along the ridge trails to flush out the animals. Signs of recent and old fires were common. Apparently, harvesting fishes by using explosives occur in this area, although the frequency with which it occurs is uncertain. On May 9, an explosion was heard at about 14.00h along Nam Lay River close to the track that led from Muang Pak Lay to Muang Thong. On investigation by some of the participants, four men escaped on two motorcycles towards Muang Thong. An official letter was reportedly sent by the NBCA’s head to the District Governor of Muang Thong in regard to this incident. During the four days when a camp was made near Bor Lay Chan, numerous people came through the area daily. Some were genuinely collecting edible plants and catching fishes,

but some had only guns with them. Word was put out that there was a big team of army and NBCA personnel in the area conducting an anti-poaching operation. This was in the hope that it would curb hunting in the area, at least for a few days. There was also some evidence of illegal logging in the area. Restrictions to logging operations within 20 m on either side of the new road (section 2.4) from Muang Pak Lay to Muang Thong had apparently been ignored. There was also some old evidence of trees being felled in the NBCA. In the central area, villagers from Ban Mai frequently enter to fish and search for edible plants and mushrooms, usually limited to the rivermouth of Houay Senung. Further inside the NBCA, old and recent signs of human intrusion with evidence of hunting were observed. Villagers, however, reported not going beyond Houay Senung since the NBCA was established. This was contradictory to observations made along the Nam Phoun close to Nam Lop, where campfire and machete cuts indicated very recent human presence (less than 4 days old). There was also a simple blind made on a tree along a major animal trail. One survey team also found evidence of illegal logging about 4kms west of Ban Mai. There were two recently fallen ‘mai dou’ trees (Pterocarpus spp.) with diameters of 165 cm and 129 cm, and heights about 30 m. Apparently, some villagers from Ban Mai were involved in this. This has been reported to the authorities for further action. Towards the north of Ban Mai within the NBCA, there is some slash and burn agriculture. The main activity in the northern part of the NBCA is paddy and shifting cultivation, which is quite widespread. Forests are cleared by the slash and burn method. Since the coordinator’s first visit to the area in early April, there have been further forest clearances into the NBCA. This rapid loss of forested area is undoubtedly due to the rapid rate of immigration. Villagers frequently use the north-south track to harvest ‘mak kho’ and ‘mak taw’ palms and other forest produce. These palms are valued by the communities in this region and are not felled when forested areas are cleared for agriculture. Poaching for ’Mai Ketsina’ (Aquillaria sp.) is apparently quite serious with cross-border trade. Signs of fallen trees were found on every survey route. On one particular 8 km route, not less than 50 old and recent trees were found, including an abandoned camp of not more than three days old. Apparently, these poachers would use the north-south track under the cover of darkness to bring out their harvest. Evidence implies that some villagers had a definite involvement in this. Hunting and trapping for wild meat is closely related to the ‘Mai Ketsina’ poaching and harvesting of ‘mak kho’ and ‘mak taw’. Numerous bird traps were found, apparently placed

there by the army personnel based at the outposts, villagers, and ‘Mai Ketsina’ poachers. At one of the army outposts, there was a black giant squirrel (Ratufa bicolor) and water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator), all smoked and dried. At the same outpost there was also some feathers belonging to silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera), grey peacockpheasant (Polypectron bicalcaratum), red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), and scaly-breasted partridge (Aborophilia cambodiana). The officer-in-command at that outpost reported that a gibbon was shot for food during a military patrol. On one occasion, a small group of both civilians and military personnel was met along the north-south track with a freshly killed adult male pig-tailed macaque. On another occasion, on the same track, a villager from Ban Na Ven was met with a freshly killed black giant squirrel. During a one-day stay at Ban Na Sampan, meat of wild pig and Malayan porcupine (Hystrix brachyura) was sold there, plus a live scaly-breasted partridge. On a trip out of the NBCA, a villager from Ban Pak Xong was met carrying live emerald dove (Chalcophaps indica) and thick-billed green pigeon (Treron curvirostra) for sale, on his way to Ban Nampouy. Wild meat and live animals from the NBCA and the northern region are occasionally sold at the market in Ban Nampouy.

5. CONCLUDING DISCUSSION & RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 INTRODUCTION The primary aims of this exercise were to conduct a survey for large mammals in Nam Phui NBCA, and provide on-the-job training in wildlife conservation research techniques to the staff of the NBCA and CPAWM. This training and survey exercise was later extended to include DAFO staff and personnel from the Sayaburi Provincial Army. Other aims included providing recommendations towards an effective management of the NBCA.

5.2 TRAINING Training in field wildlife conservation research techniques can be quite difficult with participants who have never spend any time in the field, and are from different educational level and background. However, results of this exercise show that it was possible to impart training and knowledge, when participants had to actually use the knowledge and training gained from the classroom in real situations. Participants became more focussed on their earlier ‘maps and compass’ training when they realized its importance in terms of fieldwork and protected area management, besides the risk of getting lost. Mentally preparing the participants for the field by going through the field equipment list and camping arrangements, though seemingly minor, also contributed greatly to the survey’s success. The initial problems of ‘learning-shyness’ and attitude towards fieldwork and teamwork were solved by the instructor’s total involvement with the participants with regard to the daily activities. This was also achieved by conducting the training in Lao language, albeit with occasional help from the participants themselves. Using an interpreter will serve only to alienate the instructor. Asking questions and/or giving assignments immediately after a particular topic was taught ensured that no participant lagged behind during the classroom training. Questions, when asked in an informal way encouraged the participants to participate in discussions. Training through questions and assignments were conducted throughout the exercise. As clearly observed from this exercise, classroom training alone will not allow knowledge gained to be translated into knowledge deployed in real situations. Although participants were taught how to differentiate and identify tracks, scats, feeding and other signs when recording wildlife from indirect evidence, these could only be clarified under field conditions. On-the-job training and individual contact over several weeks are very

important towards the preparation of field and non-field staff for effectively managing a protected area. A confidential assessment of the trainees, training needs and recommendations has been submitted to the IUCN/LSFP Senior Conservation and Protected Areas Planning Adviser, and the Head of CPAWM for further perusal.

5.3 SURVEYS Significant finds with regard to mammals, are the presence of populations of elephants and gaurs, that are most likely still viable. The presence of large carnivores - tiger, leopard, clouded leopard, golden cat, Asian wild dog, golden jackal, Asiatic black bear and Malayan sun bear was also a significant find. Bird density and diversity was highest in the northern region. Some species, such as red jungle fowl, scaly-breasted partridge, thick-billed pigeon, Indian cuckoo, coucals, and racket-tailed drongos were commonly encountered in all regions. The generally relatively low abundance of mammals in the areas surveyed, particularly in the southern and northern part of the NBCA, imply higher levels of wildlife poaching in these sectors. Primates, in particular the more gregarious macaques, were rarely encountered although the habitat is rich in legumes and appears very edible. Of the three areas, the central region, most likely due to less human incursions, had better density and diversity of mammals. In the south, hunting focussed at major mineral licks has reduced the number of large herbivores and some bird species. Similarly, frequent forest fires deliberately set by hunters to flush wildlife has reduced the amount of habitat available to the animals. Towards the north, in addition to hunting, wildlife is seriously threatened by the rapid loss of habitat to forest clearance for agriculture. In all areas surveyed, wildlife is threatened by the presence of domestic animals. Some wildlife species are possibly threatened by disease-bearing domestic animals. Domestic dogs in the NBCA are known to attack and kill wildlife. A serious potential threat to wildlife and the NBCA as a whole, is the increased access into the NBCA that will reach once the north-south security road is completed. Also, there is apparently organized poaching for ‘Mai Ketsina’, and on a smaller scale for timber products. Another significant find in the NBCA is the presence of several mineral licks, and the concentration of wildlife in their vicinity. In addition, the mineral licks encountered were along or very close to rivers and streams. Destruction of the mineral licks and wildlife poaching at these licks will significantly reduce wildlife population.

5.4 GENERAL As was apparent from the reconnaissance trip but further reconfirmed in the main survey, the military’s cooperation is central and far effective towards the conservation of Nam Phui NBCA, as much of the area is under their control. During this exercise, it was observed that the military for security reasons are already carrying out conservation work by patrolling the area for illegal human presence. In recent years, all illegal human activity in the area were related to the poaching of ‘Mai Ketsina’, elephant and gaur. However, military patrols in search of poachers and the military’s findings (remains of elephant or gaur, etc) on these patrols are not known to the NBCA staff until usually about a month or two later. This, is largely the weakness of the NBCA’s management, in terms of maintaining communication with the related agencies in and around the NBCA. Another weakness of the management team is curbing the illegal trade of timber and other non-timber forest produce through the main road from Sayaburi to Pak Lay, which is right in front of the NBCA’s headquarters. Trucks laden with timber can be often heard rumbling down the road after midnight, usually preceded by a motorcycle outrider. This motorcyclist presumably looks out for the possibility that the road is being blocked for checking purposes. Throughout the exercise, the Provincial Army’s ‘Special Conservation Unit’ would instruct the army personnel based at the main camps and some outposts to cease hunting in the area. At one remote outpost, which did not have any alternate source of protein, a dozen young chickens were given by the coordinator as a gesture of goodwill. In general, the community in and around the NBCA is not aware of the purpose of the NBCA. They do know that it is a protected area, and that they are not allowed to do any hunting or logging in it. Several villagers have indicated interest in having a person explain to them the purpose behind conserving wildlife and the forests, and answer specific and general questions that they have.

5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS 5.5.1 Training •

Training should be conducted in the Lao language without the use of an interpreter. This will quickly create rapport between the trainees and the instructor by removing the third party relationship, therefore greatly overcoming the trainees’ reluctance in asking questions.

•

The training conducted along the same lines, lasting for a minimum of three weeks, should be repeated at least biannually, therefore reinforcing the previous participants’ training and imparting knowledge to the new ones. In addition, such training when combined with surveys will allow wildlife to be monitored, and provide further input into managing the NBCA.

•

Extend training exercise to include schoolteachers, university students, and officebased CPAWM, PAFO and DAFO staff. Exposure of this type would provide a clearer understanding of wildlife and habitat conservation. It will also assist the office-based staff in performing their tasks related to administration and policies, in addition to having a ‘hands-on’ understanding of the problems in the field and those faced by the field staff.

5.5.2 Management 5.5.2.1 Patrolling and Law Enforcement •

Unauthorized persons should not be allowed to carry firearms in the NBCA, and legitimate residents living in the NBCA must surrender their firearms. This will not only reduce the level of hunting, but also assist the military in performing their securityrelated duties.

•

Anti-poaching patrolling activities should be carried regularly but randomly, so as not to allow poachers from knowing the patrolling schedule. Foot patrols should be carried out along the smaller rivers and streams, where poachers camp are usually located. Focus of anti-poaching patrolling activities should be on the mineral licks. A work schedule should be developed such that field patrols of at least a week is undertaken each month.

•

Have a semi-permanent shelter made of bamboo built at Camp Lay Chan (18° 19.7’N/101°13’E), about 250 m from Bor Lay Chan. This shelter will provide quick overnight facility to the NBCA staff to conduct their anti-poaching patrolling activities. Furthermore, it is strategically located along the main trail to Bor Lay Chan and Bor Lay Chan II. It also allows quick and frequent access to the two major mineral licks, at the same time far enough so as not to deter wildlife from using the licks. Anti-poaching activities in this area should be carried out immediately, and should be visited with at least a two-night stay every few days for the initial two months. Then random but regular visitations can be carried out. Similar semi-permanent structures can be built at various strategic locations in the NBCA to facilitate anti-poaching activities. This must be accompanied by visits to local villages to explain the new activity and seek

approval for appropriate penalties, ideally approved by the village headmen or District Governors. •

A checkpoint should be maintained on the main road from Sayaburi to Pak Lay, in front of the NBCA’s headquarters. This checkpoint must be maintained 24 hours a day. This road is the only vehicular route to Thailand from this province. Maintaining this checkpoint will at least deter, if not arrest the illegal trade of timber, ‘Mai Ketsina’, wildlife, orchids and other non-timber forest produce.

•

Permanent guard posts, preferably managed by the military, should be maintained at both ends of the North-South Security road. Once the road is completed, use of this road should be allowed only to the authorized individuals. Motorized vehicular movement on this road should be kept to an absolute minimum.

•

A permanent guard post should also be maintained at Ban Pak Xong to monitor the traffic in and out of the NBCA, including checking for prohibited forest produce. This guard post will also be able to keep a check on new immigrants. Permanent guard posts should also be maintained at the entry points into the NBCA from both Muang Thong and Muang Pak Lay. Construction of these guard posts might probably be a better use of funds than the new offices proposed in Muang Thong and Muang Phieng. There is also a need for commitment from the DAFO staff in maintaining these posts.

•

Impose curfew hours from 23.00h to 05.00h to residents living in the NBCA. Entry into the Controlled Use Zone of the NBCA (section 5.5.2.3) should only be allowed from 06.00h to 18.00h, unless with authorization.

•

Domestic elephants involved in illegal logging activities in the NBCA should be confiscated, and their owners penalized. These confiscated elephants should be marked and released to the wild, and should never be recaptured. Radio-collars could possibly be attached to the released animals. This would provide useful information on habitat utilization and patterns of movement.

•

Maintain the ‘Special Conservation Unit’ within the Sayaburi Provincial Army. The objectives of this unit are to visit all the military outposts in the reserve, and collect data on wildlife presence from interviews with the army personnel at those outposts. The unit will also collect data on wildlife presence as they have been trained (section 3.2), en route to the outposts, and in the area surrounding the outposts. At the military outposts, hunted animals, if any will also be recorded. Another objective of the unit is to instruct the army personnel at those outposts to stop from further wildlife hunting, and to provide reports of sighting of important mammal species and illegal activities in

the area. Funding is, however, needed to maintain this unit, in terms of basic field equipment, guide books and operational costs.

5.5.2.2 Research •

Conduct wildlife surveys in the southwest area of the NBCA that could not be covered during this survey.

•

Initiate a long-term study to determine the density of elephants and gaurs in the NBCA. This could be incorporated into a proposed nation-wide survey to determine the status of Asian elephant in Lao PDR (Chantaviphone Inthavong, pers. comm.).

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Radio-collars should be attached to released elephants, (section 5.5.2.1) to study the patterns of movement and habitat utilization, therefore providing management input.

•

Conduct a botanical survey in the Nam Phui NBCA..

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Conduct a social anthropological study on the forest dwelling ‘Tong Learng’. Such a study might also provide information on ethnobotany and more information on the presence and distribution of wildlife in Nam Phui NBCA.

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Ensure the continuation of the phenological study currently being carried out near the headquarters (section 4.1).

5.3.2.3 Zonation •

Mineral licks must be made off-limits to all except those with proper authorization. All trails leading to the mineral licks should have ‘Restricted Area’ signboards at least 1 km away from the mineral lick. One should also be placed at the Camp Lay Chan. These signboards will effectively stop anyone caught within the off-limits area from claiming ignorance.

•

Reject the proposal to excise the northern part of the NBCA (Berkmuller et al., 1995). Although much of this area is degraded and converted to agriculture, there is still good forest cover towards the western part of the proposed excision area. There are two confirmed mineral licks in this western portion, which are being frequently used by large mammals, particularly elephants. They are also the focus of elephant poachers. Most importantly, any excision of the NBCA will further increase immigration into the

area and subsequently further incursion into the NBCA. This, however, will need more attention in a follow-up study. •

Create zones within the NBCA. A proposed zoning of the NBCA following the categories of Article 42 of the Forestry Law is shown in figure 5.1. These included a Total Protection Zone in the core area extending north and south, along its western borders; Controlled Use Zones towards north, and south. The terminology of the Controlled Use Zone should be redefined to exclude logging and wildlife hunting.

•

Maintain a buffer zone, perhaps with the status of a Provincial Conservation Forest, east of the NBCA towards the NBCA’s headquarters. Large mammals recorded in this area included tiger, sambar deer, barking deer, lesser mousedeer, wild pig, and civet spp. Much of the forest cover in this area is still good, and could be developed for recreation and a field training center.

5.5.2.4 General •

The NBCA must acquire basic field equipment for its field staff (see appendix III for suggestions) to assist them in performing their tasks. Radio communication (walkietalkies) should also be available to the field team, should urgent contact with headquarters or other team members become necessary.

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The NBCA’s management must maintain regular contact and open communication with all other agencies with interests in and around the NBCA. These include the military, district governors, DAFOs and the village headmen.

•

There must be some agreed-upon commitments by the district governors and village headmen with regard to the NBCA’s boundary and zones. Systematic process of discussion and negotiation is needed to develop an effective and accepted set of ‘rules’ for the Controlled Use Zones and the boundary with core zones.

•

Continue and improve village development and support programs. There is already focus in the three villages (Ban Na Sampan, Ban Na Nguen, and Ban Naven) in the northern part of the NBCA, where LSFP is already assisting in land allocation and planning.

•

There is an urgent need to carry out an aerial inspection and aerial photography to map current habitat condition and agricultural encroachment.

•

All domestic elephants in the province should be registered, possibly by bar coding them. This system using microchip implants has been successfully tested at the Chiang Mai Zoo, in Thailand. Records of the domestic elephants should also be maintained. This should include the elephants’ biodata, ownership, and photographs taken at yearly intervals.

•

A Lao-speaking individual fully trained in conservation biology with a good knowledge of forestry and wildlife laws should spend at least a two-day session in each village in and around the NBCA. This can be incorporated with a conservation education and public awareness program, and be made part of the NBCA management team’s routine.

•

Seek cooperation from the appropriate agencies in Thailand in preventing incursion along western the border of the NBCA. The western boundary of the NBCA is currently largely sealed by landmines along the mountain ridge that divides the two countries. There are, however, plans to remove those landmines. Albeit this will foster good relations between the two countries, it will also inevitably lead to illegal incursions into the NBCA. In addition, cooperation is needed from Thailand to assist in curbing the illegal trade in wildlife and other forest products from Sayaburi Province into Thailand.

•

Domestic animals should not be allowed into the Total Protection Zone of the NBCA. Domestic animals kept at military outposts as an alternate source of protein should be kept within those outposts. All domestic animals in the Controlled Use Zone and around the NBCA should be inoculated against potentially dangerous diseases.

•

Provide a long-term adviser to the NBCA, whose tasks include assisting the preparation of a sound management plan; coordination of the various agencies involved with the NBCA; coordination of programs on research, training and management; conducting negotiations with communities in and around the NBCA; and promotion of rural development projects in exchange for recognition and compliance with rules, boundaries and zones.

5.6 CONCLUSIONS The Nam Phui NBCA by virtue of its large size, intact forest, important water catchment area and a diverse wild fauna, is an important area for biodiversity and habitat conservation in northern Lao PDR. The populations of elephant and gaur there are most likely viable in the long term, if given the right protection. Furthermore, mineral licks important to many wildlife species, especially large herbivores, are fairly common in the

area. However, the integrity of the NBCA and future of its wildlife and wild habitat are severely threatened by rapid loss of habitat and intense poaching. Although several recommendations have been put forth, it is very important for the NBCA to acquire the long-term assistance of a qualified adviser with the correct organizational and managerial skills, to coordinate the various efforts towards the effective conservation of Nam Phui NBCA.

APPENDIX I. Staff of the Nam Phui NBCA

1. Mr. Phouviang Midara (Head)* 2. Mr. Bhouvanh Thippawong (Deputy) 3. Mr. Sompetch Bounkaewvisan (Administration)** 4. Mr. Singkaew Phongthai (Technician) 5. Mr. Lake Vilaisak (Technician) 6. Mr. Oun Vilaisak (Technician)** 7. Ms. Sompetch Khampha (Technician)** * Transferred to Provincial Forestry Department at the time of writing this report. ** Attended the classroom training at the NBCA headquarters.

APPENDIX II. List of the participants in the field training and large mammal survey at Nam Phui NBCA.

1.

Dr. Ramesh Boonratana (Instructor & Coordinator; IUCN/LSFP Consultant)

TEAM 1: 2.

Mr. Khamkhoun Khounbolin (Team Leader & Supplies Coordinator; CPAWM)

3.

Mr. Singkaew Phongthai (Nam Phui NBCA)

4.

Mr. Outhin Saiyalath (Muang Thong District Forestry)

5.

Lt. Boonsou Thongwaen (Intelligence Corps., Sayaburi Provincial Army)

6.

Cpl. Khampane (Intelligence Corps., Sayaboury Provincial Army)

7.

Mr. Sing Saengphet (Muong Phieng District Forestry & Ban Na Sampan Rural Development Project)

TEAM 2: 8.

Capt. Sila (Team Leader; Agricultural Products Corps., Sayaburi Provincial Army)

9.

Mr. Phuataalune Sundara (CPAWM)

10.

Mr. Chanthone Photitay (CPAWM)

11.

Sgt. Nguen Song (Intelligence Corps., Sayaburi Provincial Army)

12.

Mr. Somsay Livanhseng (Muang Phieng District Forestry)

13.

Mr. Lake Vilaisak (Nam Phui NBCA)

APPENDIX III. Field equipment list

1.

Backpack & daypack

2.

Sleeping bag or blanket

3.

Tent or hammock, mosquito net & tarpaulin

4.

Binoculars

5.

Compass

6.

Altimeter

7.

Camera & films

8.

Watch

9.

Maps in water-proof bags

10.

Flashlight, spare batteries & bulbs

11.

Notebooks, Pens & pencils

12.

Measuring tape & plastic strings

13.

Machete & sharpening stone

14.

Field clothes & cap

15.

Leech socks & insect repellant

16.

Hiking shoes & slippers

17.

Water canteen

18.

Lighter & candles

19.

Whistle

20.

Personal toiletries

21.

First-aid kit

22.

Cooking pot, bowl, mug & spoon

APPENDIX IV. List of wild fauna recorded in and around Nam Phui NBCA

MAMMALS3 Species Northern treeshrew (Tupaia belangeri) Bat spp. Slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) Pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) Assamese macaque (Macaca assamensis) Phayre’s leaf monkey (Trachypithecus phayrei) White-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica) Chinese pangolin (Manis pendactyla) Black giant squirrel (Ratufa bicolor) Variable squirrel (Callosciurus finlaysoni bocourti & C.f. menamicus) Burmese striped tree squirrel (Tamiops mcclellandi) Indochinese ground squirrel (Menetes berdmorei) Red-cheeked squirrel (Dremomys rufigenis) Lesser giant flying squirrel (Petaurista elegans) Red giant flying squirrel (Petaurista petaurista) Giant flying squirrel (Petaurista philippensis) Phayre’s flying squirrel (Hylopetes phayrei) Particoloured flying squirrel (Hylopetes alboniger) Large bamboo rat (Rhizomys sumatrensis) Bay bamboo rat (Cannomys badius) Porcupine spp. Malayan porcupine (Hystrix brachyura) Bush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus macrourus ) Asiatic Jackal (Canis aureus) Asian wild dog (Cuon alpinus) Bear spp. Asiatic black bear (Selarnactos thibetanus) Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) Yellow-throated marten (Martes flavigula) Hog badger (Arctonyx collaris) Common otter (Lutra lutra) Civet spp. Large Indian civet (Viverra zibetha) Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica) Common palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) Masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) Binturong (Arctictis binturong) Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) Golden cat (Catopuma temmincki) Clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) Leopard (Panthera pardus) 3

Lao Loum name

Evidence4

Kretair Kia Ling lom Ling kang Ling Khaang

Si Si Re Si Si Si

Thanee Lin khwai Lin nghiea Daang Kerhawk

Vo Si, Cl Si, Cl Si Si

Kerhawk

Si

Kerhawk

Si

Kerhawk Baang Baang Baang Baang

Si Si Si Si Si

Baang On Toon Men Men Hon Ma chok Ma nai Mi Mi ma Ma nai mai Moo leng Naak Nghen Nghen phan Nghen haang kaan Nghen mong

Si Si Si Si, Fe Si, Fe Fe, Ne Tr Tr Cl, Tr Re Re Re Si Tr, Du Tr, Du Re Re Si

Nghen Mi khaw, Nghenmi Sua nok Sua fai Sua lai maek Sua dao, Sua dam

Si Re Tr Tr Re Tr

Taxonomy follows Corbet & Hill, 1992 Evidence: Si: Sighting (including, trophies, kills and in captivity); Vo: Vocalization; Tr: Tracks; Du: Dung/feces; Cl: Claw marks, Fe: Feeding signs; Ne: Nests; Ot: Other; Re: Reliable recent reports.

4

Tiger (Panthera tigris) Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) Wild pig (Sus scrofa) Lesser mousedeer (Tragulus javanicus) Barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak) Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) Gaur (Bos gaurus) Serow (Capricornis sumatrensis)

Sua khong Saang Mu pa Kaai Faan Kuang Meuy, Kathing Nyearng pha

BIRDS5 Species Chinese pond heron (Ardeola bacchus) Little heron (Butorides striatus) Black-shouldered kite (Elanus caeruleus) Silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera) Siamese fireback (Lophura diardii) Red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) Grey peacock-pheasant (Polypectron bicalcaratum) Crested argus (Rheinardia ocellata) Scaly-breasted partridge (Aborophilia cambodiana) White-breasted waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus) Thick-billed pigeon (Treron curvirostra) Mountain imperial pigeon (Ducula badia) Barred cuckoo-dove (Macropygia unchall) Emerald dove (Chalcophaps indica) Vernal hanging parrot (Loriculus vernalis) Indian cuckoo (Cuculus micropterus) Green-billed malkoha (Phaenicophaeus tristis) Coral-billed gound-cuckoo (Carpococcyx renauldi) Greater coucal (Centropus sinensis) Lesser coucal (Centropus bengalensis) Asian barred owlet (Glaucidium cuculoides) Blue-eared kingfisher (Alcedo meninting) Banded kingfisher (Lacedo pulchella) White-throated kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis) Black-capped kingfisher (Halcyon pileata) Indian roller (Coracias benghalensis) Dollarbird (Eurystomus orientalis) Brown hornbill (Ptilolaemus tickelli) Oriental pied hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris) Great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) Great barbet (Megalaima virens) Moustached barbet (Megalaima incognita) Coppersmith barbet (Megalaima haemacephala) Lesser yellownape (Picus chlorolophus) Rufous woodpecker (Celeus brachyurus) Asian palm swift (Cypsiurus balasiensis) Richard’s pipit (Anthus novaeseelandiae) Grey wagtail (Motacilla alba) Scarlet minivet (Pericrocotus flammeus) Black-crested bulbul (Pycnonotus melanicterus) Red-whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus) Flavescent bulbul (Pycnonotus flavescens) Puff-throated bulbul (Criniger pallidus) Black drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) Bronzed drongo (Dicrurus aeneus) 5

Taxonomy follows Lekagul & Round, 1991.

Tr Si, Du, Tr, Fe Si, Tr, Ne, Fe Si, Tr, Si, Vo, Tr, Du,Si, Tr, Du Tr, Du Tr, Du

Evidence Si Si Si Si Si Si, Vo Si Vo Si, Vo Si Si Si, Vo Si Si Si Si, Vo Si Si Si, Vo Si, Vo Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si, Vo Si, Vo Re Si, Vo Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si

Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si

Lesser racket-tailed drongo (Dicrurus remifer) Hair-crested drongo (Dicrurus hottentottus) Greater racket-tailed drongo (Dicrurus paradiseus) Black-naped oriole (Oriolus chinensis) Maroon oriole (Oriolus traillii) Sultan tit (Melanochlora sultanea) Velvet-fronted nuthatch (Sitta frontalis) White-crested laughing thrush (Garrulax strepitans) Common tailorbird (Orthotomus sutorius) Oriental magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis) White-rumped shama (Copsychus malabaricus) Slaty-backed forktail (Enicurus schistaceus) White-crowned forktail (Enicurus leschenaulti) Pied bushchat (Saxicola caprata) White-throated fantail (Rhipidura albicollis) Asian paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi) Ashy wood-swallow (Artamus fuscus) Hill myna (Gracula religiosa)

REPTILES Species Gekko spp. Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) Indochinese water dragon (Calotes versicolor) Skink spp. Yellow tree monitor (Varanus bengalensis) Water monitor (Varanus salvator) Python spp. Reticulated python (Morelia reticulatus) Banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus) Cobra spp. King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) Iridescent earth snake (Xenopeltis unicolor) White-lipped pit viper (Trimeresurus albolabris albolabris) Yellow tortoise (Testudo elongata) Common Siamese soft-shelled turtle (Trionyx cartilageneus)

Evidence Si, Vo Si Si Si Si Si Re Si Si Re Si Si Si Si Si

AMPHIBIANS Species Rana alticola Asian treefrog (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus) Lao bullfrog (family: Ranidae)

Evidence Si Si Si

FISHES6 Species Common climbing perch (Anabas tetsudineus) Round-tailed garfish (Xenentodon canciloides)? Batrachian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (Poropontius deauratus) (Taxotes chatareus)? ? Hoven’s slender carp (Leptobarbus hoeveni) (Monotreta sp.) 6

Lao Loum name Pla khing Pla sa-thong Pla dook Pla chaat Pla mom Pla thao Pla phung Pla pao

Species subject to confirmation, as list was prepared based on Lao names

Evidence Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si

(Channa orientalis) (Bagarius sp.) (Achiroides sp.)? (Mastacembulus sp.) (Danio sp. or Esomus sp.or Rasbora sp.)? (Hypsibarbus sp.) (Thynnichtys thrnnoides)? (Chitala lopis) Snakehead (Channa marulius)? (Sikukia gudgeri)? (Xenentodon cancila or Hyporhamphus limbatus) ?

Pla kang Pla khae Pla phan Pla laat Pla sieu Pla paak Pla khom Pla tong Pla kouan Pla maam Pla chat-thong

Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si

REFERENCES

Berkmuller, K., S. Southammakoth and V. Vongphet. 1995. Protected Area System Planning and management in Lao PDR: Status Report to mid-1995. IUCN/LSFP Unpublished report, Vientiane. Corbet, G.B. and J.E. Hill. 1992. The Mammals of the IndoMalayan Region: A Syetematic Review. Oxford University Press, New York. IUCN, 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Lekagul, B. and P.D. Round. 1991. A Guide to the Birds of Thailand. Saha Karn Bhaet Co., Ltd. Bangkok, Thailand. Salter, R.E. (compiler). 1993. Wildlife in Lao PDR. A Status Report. IUCN, Vientiane, Lao PDR. Salter, R.E., B. Phanthavong and V. Vongphet. 1991. Planning and Development of a Protected Area System in Lao PDR: Status Report to mid-1991. IUCN/LSFP Unpublished report, Vientiane.