Facility Location

Facility Location Suhas Rane

Learning Objectives U shd. be able to Identify or Define:  Objective of location strategy  International location issues  Clustering  Geographic information systems

3 methods of solving the location problem 

Factor-rating method

 Locational breakeven analysis  Center-of-gravity method

Facility Location is a Strategic Decision One time decisions Difficult to reverse Affect fixed, variable and distribution costs Affect sales

Your plant / facility may be …. • Near the Raw Material sources (Steel, Cement Plants ) • Near to Market / Customers (FMCG, Perishables Goods, Services) • Best facilities & infrastructure (MIDC, Union Territories, SEZs)

Country Factors 1. Political risks, government rules, attitudes, incentives 2. Cultural and economic issues 3. Location of markets 4. Labor availability, attitudes, productivity, costs 5. Availability of supplies, communications, energy 6. Exchange rates and currency risks

Country Factors

Region / Community Factors 1. Corporate desires 2. Attractiveness of region MN

3. Labor availability, costs, attitudes towards unions

WI MI IL

IN

4. Costs and availability of utilities OH

5. Environmental regulations 6. Government incentives and fiscal policies 7. Proximity to raw materials and customers 8. Land/construction costs

Site Factors 1. Site size and cost 2. Air, rail, highway, and waterway systems 3. Zoning restrictions 4. Nearness of services/ supplies needed 5. Environmental impact issues

Approach to Location Profit maximization (Service industry) Cost minimization (Manufacturing)

Approach to Location Service/Retail Location Revenue Focus Volume/revenue Drawing area; purchasing power Competition; advertising/pricing

Physical quality Parking, Access; Security, Lighting; Appearance, Image

Cost determinants Rent, Management caliber Operations policies (hours, wage rates)

Goods Mfg. Location Cost Focus Tangible costs Transportation cost of raw material Shipment cost of finished goods Energy and utility cost; labor; Raw material; taxes, and so on

Intangible and future costs Attitude toward union Quality of life Education expenditures by state Quality of state and local government

Approach to Location Service/Retail/Prof. Locn. Techniques

Goods-mfg. Location Techniques

Regression models to determine importance of various factors Factor-rating method Traffic counts Demographic analysis of drawing area Purchasing power analysis of area

Transportation methods

Center-of-gravity method Geographic information systems

Factor-rating method Locational break-even analysis Crossover charts

Hotel Location ( Case : To open Chain of Hotels across the country ) Location is a strategically important decision in the hospitality industry Finally, the model considered only four variables - Property Prices of the inn - Median income levels - State population per inn - Location of nearby businesses / industries/ colleges

Telemarketing Location Require neither face-to-face contact nor movement of materials Have very broad location options Traditional variables are no longer relevant Cost and availability of labor may drive location decisions

Clustering Industry

Locations

Reason for clustering

Wine makers

Napa Valley (US); Bordeaux region (France)

Natural resources of land and climate

Software firms

Silicon Valley, Boston, Bangalore (India)

Talent resources of bright graduates in sc./tech. areas, venture capitalists nearby

Electronic firms

Northern Mexico

Duty free export zones

Computer hardware manufacturers

Singapore, Taiwan

High tech penetration rate and per capita GDP, Skilled/educated workforce with large pool of engineers

Clustering Industry

Locations

Textiles

Surat, Ludhiana, Tirupur

Automobiles & Ancillaries

Pune- Chakan, Pithampur, Manesar

Leather

Kanpur, Agra, Chennai

BPO

Mind-space

Reason for clustering

Methods for Location • • • • • •

Factor Rating Transportation model Centroid Method Load Distance Break-even Analysis Qualitative Factor Analysis

Factor rating method Factors

Factor Rating (1 to 5)

Location Rating (1 to 10) Location A

Location B

Rating Product Location Location A B

1) Proximity to Mkts

4

3

8

12

32

2) Tax advantage

5

6

7

30

35

3) Availability of power

3

7

8

21

2

4) Water availability

4

9

7

36

28

5) Community attitude

2

6

3

12

6

6) Infrastructure Development

2

6

5

12

10

7) Support industry

1

5

3

5

3

128

138

Location B is Preferred to A

Centre of Gravity Method – Problem Retail Outlets

Expected Demand

A B C D E F G Total Demand

80 100 120 130 100 150 90 770

Q. : Where should we set up a centralized warehousing facility?

Centre of Gravity Method 16

•B

14

•G

12

Y-Distance (KM)

10

•A

8 6

• Center-of-gravity •E

•C •F

4 •D

2 0

4

8 X- Distance (KM)

12

16

20

Centre of Gravity Method Retail Xi Yi Volume Outlet Dist Dist (Vi) QTY

Vi Xi

Vi Yi

A

4

10

80

320

800

B

3.5

15

100

350

1500

C

4

6

120

480

720

D

10

2

130

1300

260

E

16

6

100

1600

600

F

8

5

150

1200

750

G

14

13

90

1260

1170

∑ Vi = 770 ∑ Vi Xi = 6510 Xc=6510/770 = 8.45

∑ Vi Yi = 8500 Yc = 5800 /770 = 7.53

Load Distance method Used to minimise the load distance product for pre selected locations Matrix Manufacturing is considering where to locate its warehouse in order to service its four Ohio stores located in Cleveland, Cincinnati, Columbus, Dayton. Two sites are being considered; Mansfield and Springfield, Ohio. Use the load-distance model to make the decision.

Load Distance method Computing the Load-Distance Score for Springfield City Load Distance ld Cleveland 15 20.5 307.5 Columbus 10 4.5 45 Cincinnati 12 7.5 90 Dayton 4 3.5 14 Total Load-Distance Score(456.5) Computing the Load-Distance Score for Mansfield City Load Distance ld Cleveland 15 8 120 Columbus 10 8 80 Cincinnati 12 20 240 Dayton 4 16 64 Total Load-Distance Score(504)

Break Even method Cost-volume analysis method used for industrial locations 3 Steps in the method –  Determine fixed and variable costs for each location  Plot the cost for each location 3. Select location with lowest total cost for expected production volume

Cost-Volume-Profit (or Br. Even Analysis) Revenue

TCA

Cost

FCA

Vo Volume of Sales

Break Even Analysis Method • Location A : Annual fixed costs of Rs.3 L, Variable Costs - Rs. 63 / unit, Revenues Rs. 68 per unit. • Location B : Annual fixed costs Rs. 8 L Variable costs Rs. 32 per unit, Revenues are Rs. 68 per unit. Exp. Sales volume 25000 units per year. Which location is more attractive?

Answer -Break Even Analysis Method •

B E Volume = Fixed cost / (Contribution / unit)

• •

VBE (A) = Rs 3 L / 68-63 = 60,000 units VBE (B) = Rs 8 L / 68-32 = 22,222 units

•

At the expected demand of 25000 units, A B Revenue 17,00,000 17,00,000 Variable Cost Fixed Cost Total Cost Profit (Loss)

15,75,000 3,00,000 18,75,000 (1,75,000)

8,00,000 8,00,000 16,00,000 1,00,000

Location B is more attractive, even if annual fixed cost is higher

Transportation method Finds amount to be shipped from several points of supply to several points of demand Solution will minimize total production and shipping costs A special class of linear programming problems

Transportation method

Analytical Delphi Method (for complex multi-location decisions)

1. Coordinating Team (comprising Co-Employees & External. Consultants ) uses questionnaire to illicit information from Forecasting Panel. 2. Forecasting Panel - to identify Future Trends in environment, threats, opportunities. Process is repeated several times till consensus is reached. 3. This information is given to Strategic Panel to identify Long Term Strategic Goals & Objectives. 4. Various ALTERNATIVES are developed.

Thank You

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